Document qm8x7M6nRNEJgdJDVEypv5gaR

FILE NAME: CERAMICS (CER) DATE: 1939 Sept DOC#: CER020 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Trade Journal Article - Fatalities from Silicosis ans Asbestosis - Their Incidence in Industry HUNTER L tttit tn d m e lt efficient v o rtex tu rn e r ) fo r every |U G et tu rn e r* w ith O il tu rn e r) In co rp cn ted G il tu rn ers ttk ln j tw o p m tltern ttlv tly tftWFR ECONOMY HURST, NELSON & CO , I f _r . MOTHERWELL R A ILW A Y ROLUNG STC o r every otscm m oN WMMM _ , Lt*#H O^t* I _ ' T*m Mo* Cteotery V. ** k t CI W A r.O N l 9 0 * SIM PLE H IM IRON & COAL TRADES REVIEU LONDON: bEPTCMSCR 9. 19 Iron-Ore Extraction in the Midlands' OPEN CAST WORKING AND UNDERGROUND MINING METHODS OF SURFACE WORKING I A LL irocutooo m tk i U id lio d i * m originally g ot b y band aitb r 1 out* crop or n o t m or th a n 19 to 3 0 f t. tolom the turfsce. Tti rtin sU tem en t of such U od for agricu ltu ral u m unm o d io tely (U r th e working p resen ted n o difficult. No g re a t m u t i of tubtotl bod been d tftu rto d ; tb topsoil w u m erely th ro w n o n on tid e nod then returned w ithout nay oont for haulage. At the turn of tb century m ill teem excavators w ith sh o rt>*rxn jib w ere intro duced for th e purpose of rem oving th o v e r burden, b ut all lend w u till restored by hsod. W hen s quarry was about to become loo deep for restoratio n it w as ab an d o n ed or mined. E x c av ato rs w ere th e n in tro d u ced for removing th e ore laelf. I n th ex p ansion of development due to the W ar, th e A m erican keg jib and m echanical digger with a wide dumping radius eras introduced. A bout this tune some areas wer first left unrastored. This was a t first n o t so m u c h d u to lechoictl difficulties to a com pany going out of business. TV position bearns Mrioni vha, in tb 'thirtie, Stewerts ad Lloyds lft Scunthorpe Tb appended description f irea-wre extrae* tia ia tbc M idlsads bas b e ta u k e a from tb Report* f tbe Cemaaiuec a tb R csterstioa f L ead Affected by lro a Ore W orking. aed deals' w ith method e f rem aviag tbc aver* burden, end winning in underground workings navvy following op behind d r |lm e A and load ing the trontlone into wagons B. Th fac at D graduait; raced as tbe ironstone is removed The working n like a movable cliff. (2) A short jib excavator may bo used is conjunction with a conveyer a ia Fig. 2 Th sca*ator A romoves overburdes from th face B ed thn empties tbe load into a small truck, o r dumping trum , on tk stoel-framd conwynr at C- This ru n s up to the ether nd a t D and tips over. The function of the con venor is tksreforo to movo the damped ever, burden away as fer as possible se th a t there is no d an g er.o f th# navvy which is roaoving tbe irrmstoae becoming beried. The overburden is dumped by tbe conveyer in a ndge and furrow formation similar to tb a l which reults from the es* of a long jib oxcavatar bet ia a rather more wavy liae. Tbe ene of bill eod dalo * s m i He n., with tho 4pth of vorburdoa. u m th tho eseovator osd vari* generally. *n* depth of tho ovorhordea U U whiri can therofo r o 'talk of a ** normal " si, o and dalo for a p articular depth of o*rt> if i t io uaderotood th a t ooly a very g t n r / tiowehip ie meant. Tho gvaorcl Undcucv m atter af importance ia eonoect iea wn* em u of levelling Wheo the cu t is eba a beai gullet is left. This * t y he ef th* of 200 to 300 ft. wtde and GO f t deep. may form a considerable difficulty in accese to the quarry, particularly fer m i u rvstorsuoo wars. Local Objections to Large Excavsio f t is th operation of mm machin > has alarmed local opini ud whK-h .* atU n tio a to tho helo qumltoe of th i. working of ireastoa in eh tt country T reaction to th coming of the | r| et u u > has been to seggo th a t they are net iht1 is won th a t ironetan was * Wlo * machines came aad i t m oggestod tbi aught, in view of tho devastating canten j le U revereioo to older methods or eovery of yet newer ones. If it u pointed c reply th a t iron*tas could not be get m s ally a t 60 f t depth by tb eld worthed; sometimes ergu*d th a t, if th* produrmi in e b ria i i top w i n F io. 1.--Dnae-Liuu U n t o s o r EsvaeCTtos. aad carne to NorltosU. Since tbay waro Ut*, rem>ri th? feuad all tho araos of oastly got oro ootroUed by othor g n u , aad thoy wera forood le leas# a n a s of dee* ovorburdo. They bagna cerfc os tbeoo with s s oloctricnl ssoavatar ebicb, with a cab. yd. bocket ( l uh. yd. represento vory apwreiimetely I ton), - dump-* mg radiss of 10! fi., and a duaspisg beight of B fi., eould doal with ovarberda p lo s t o i t ft. in dptb. * In n i eoa ie e s t by n tumbar of d iffam i achia whoso essruttons bava oemewhst differoot ffecto. Ttoy indole tb drngHae bieh varks n tb frimetuto f a rato; tha traustor r MJigger*' v i a bori nns (tb* " j b " ) dumping t o e e--vsyur r wagonj tto toag.jib acavatar whieb dispsnim with tb Utiar. aad tb Lubekr (laad) drodgor wbieb eaa damp sand r tbor vary light sell voaly. Tbe dredger croatos m prakfsm I levelling b*> c e t f Um number o f mall barkst lends d..s.m...p...o.d...,..b...u..t...f.o..r...t..h..is m m H la aaly efficient la mad r light sL Tbra aro a grsst aambr e f omhianttoas f tbene mnrhia, with ar without head Ubeur. which ara aeed ia d iffa m i q u ic k s , sod H would bo difficult to givo a oomptoto ton ai f barn. Tb Mtowtag ara dari> ito ef tb vurk in Urne g u a n i which aro rvpmsaUtive of cortnia typical a g it leas. (I) A 1) cab. yd. draglia at A (Fig. 1) remom tho EH , varbaraaa (including 9 ia. f toUMit) sad deposits it at C ia a vary sksflow " biD aad dsto * formsto which is then torcitori ty tbs |th cch. yd. draglia a t C. Ths two is then comptotod ky a t-esh. yd. . " . E t m r * T- * - (3) Tba verburdea eaa removed sad Jumped by a lesg-jih xcavstor. Tb sketch (Fig. g) a n of a l-cub. yd. excavator at work. The machinas aro tbo largest ia Europe, aad thay bar# an oatpnt of aboat 900 tons per hr. each. la fnct tba whola a m ansasi tba aopaet of baring gigantic farrows, which ara locally known ns " bit! and dala.*' Tbo ridg consist predominantly of suhoail, and in them tha toptoil is irretrievably last. Tbo aise of itone furrows dspeads on tbo tine of tbo navvy mead fer tb escavati. Where tho Urgmt saw ara ia a , tbo distaace from oust to erect ts from 40 to 90 ft., tlm depth vsryiag (rum 10 f t to M f t , bat obero smallar navators bar* toon aeed la tb past, tb ram to crust distane is bolwu K ft. ad 90 ft., and tbs depth in n 0 ft. to atoat 10 ft. Tb shape ad i f tb bids and datos d sp sal nt oanily ono ^itoe 'typ f machinery asad far matting tbe motorini bul ale o a th eagtleo of rnaopw af tbo 4daapod amtoriaL Tb a s tarai aagtio af rapa f any Crtkulnr soil campsaittoa viB generally only to in i wtoro it to (n o to tncbto; s .f ., a the topo of tbo damped sutoria! strotohiag dew to tto quarry Soar. Meosuremseto are often mad of this aagto for d i t e m i mstwinIs and mmbiantka* of storiala, to r s o it is this agio that detonato tto distance between tto top of tto damped overburden and tto face of it o oscevaUea. Ttosa measuromests shew that aa svsrago aagto af rapan is 1) torisaaulty to 1 vertically. ahtoagh it may to la tta r ia toatder clay tora tbera is a goad deal of slipping *d tee par ia Umwtoaa. Tbo sagto of actaal bill aad dato to nearly always la tta r tbsa Ito atto f ropns proper to e Ito sto ria i pnrtiaOy aproad as it is empttod f a n t t o excavator. p o i to it, they sld ia v sa t ew metbodt wwuU atolish or modify bill sad date Ps s g u o e n a g devetopMu ss they appesi u Cammittos f r a tb v id sa p u t tofor - ia d o d o d :-- (1) Aa s tU m p t ig h t to mede te impror n w u w . n , ,m M t aI tb.. ta actiM *f t k , o l i a i *f t k . jik aad ni ( I , af rapali M tk* 4aad li n o i tkaa. i n i M m a o t s ^ . U n k>li UU. f a m a r iw o n n . I f t k , Im i U , | tk. aM k , n i M U ifkllr a ilk A kackat I U n kin t r i f a k d t k , ,ra M ,t c k .t. a a a lf I O k , f, m ad u d aarfa a, w U c k ie k , if n r j im ( U r , awald k , u n k VSSid M . I f t k , I u ( t k r i t k , jik m ixvrifj bw w tvr , M to givo a che ire f pis^ whieb each bueto t auld to vmpued, th , f I to atixu ashi, whieb i alresdy 900 tona, would t o incroesed to su imprxct f cto n i. F e r tto r , if aay attem p i werv msJ dump nutarisi ssywtoro asar tbe excnnisv aagto of rapato f tb* lippod osti would n th s t t t o acavator hself wuuld to hunod. (t) A to oavuyur kt d n ifud w t i u r i wkick n ld k , ,lw ra d W l- r * . ,, >Md p M a a k l a a anali a t t a N <0r p. i1U d tkn, hrt ak, O u n l i w . 11 t a Mitlkafj daraii f aal. T V , m attain O H M k, * d wkn tkar, m . < r i attrkttrd r i M a tka, 40 It. M ea,, tk , atfttitt kick ,, I d k, in p n ^ *poa TO r i tk, n m ttjr i v k u tk* track >> firn 7 fra iu pnat r i attpforv It m i t h t UT. tkirtfw ,. U duiftt M iatrar ul vmld pradttM kMUr mmha ttk .rbm r i <0 ft. r ara i d ^ tk t k . , ara fi. tk , p r u t u , vitk m a k ir d n *f 0 ri 336 The Iron and Coal Trades Review September 8, 1939 Fatalities from Silicosis and Asbestosis '" w {ficisnt su b stitu te s for siliceous m stcnsLs THEIR INCIDENCE IN INDUSTRY . Tbc problem oclotcd with licoi nd labeilotio among! induatrial worker are receiving cloae attention. Tbe form er haa tended to increaac, and the latter, on balance, to decreaae, in recent year A SECTIO N oi tha A nnual riej/orl* tb e .a-eupat.ua th a t of p airin g tha .lira hr.cli Chief I rutpec tor of F acto n ea dealing l-aing, of aUol furoacea or eonaertara, one a pot aitli healtli refer to the oucation of dual " '* " " "*> !" in and lU effect, including ailieoala , ,, d *d grinder of r ^ prow w i ,oll_ P ro g re ss h as been m>J i ` " g proeciM a convidvrabla in others it n lonfi u ckaicl ^ p o n m .n u , th - pror^ A lum ina for flint is china bedding, (2> slumt" for siliceous m ate ria l in p a rtin g powders - noo-niioaoua abrasives (or sand or flint in b l it ' m g . (4) nofi.f ilicevas m aU risl for k ew lsu :.' used in tb a slow cooling of s te s i, se d >5' r<a ilieeous m aterial for silica bricks for hoing *. and other furnaces. ooaHSweattiumaiisi I*t i t. *pTo in te d . .o.u t t h. a.t |io r t o m, e_ jrenra pnat. p orticulara of U.e to ta l ..u m b er of death from theae tw o cauoao. which have been iiivnligA tcii by th D ep artm en t. hve bo e e n g iv e n ann du ub rou u g h..t. u p t~o d a te . T b e e e figure h av e b een apecm lly u aelu l from th e w' "ith' " p'Tro cbern,ecsk*i'n ltkh** 'g"ettin<g*,cru>sh'i"ng . g--ricnid.iiondg anH o f r.fr .c to r j ntauriala. * Th, u M . , | ,, ^ ,owt th, from n>b*tovi m il t i k i W i i with tuberculosis com- .mng, 1to0 th e I.,,naspeecct^or 'a knowledge. .annod .in v esatli.ga.ttwedl during th . .an. in q u c i.o n . The ( g u m g.ven Hydraulic Stowing in India (Concluded /re m poj* 335.) livers sealing w ater to tb octiou gland of sand pump. Seaitag water may bs ltd fnxa ,11,, ,Uell h .n th . n v .r . (ood`u ,, n u , lh, . ,, , rp .. p rart.cn l point of n e w in aiding th e m atalla- under Other Com. of F ib re. ' ore th . num- f ; , bu ; l.u t d r . p.r.o.1. ..I lio n o f p r e v e n tiv e m e a s u re o f th e n e c c e io ry or of caos in which n h ro ai* of the L u n g s " J c - r B ja f i e ^ , JB j ,, , m .., a tlea n rdla rrdl in nprAo cneaiiatae*a Se xflpVoMsSe idl 1to/1 priualkl. O f was e n te re d on th o* d eath certificate* u tb s - assaalm.Og. wa te. r. .ias okbtoaianMedl dl4ilrfeac.lt fIfrAofn .' m u c h i m p o r ta n c e a n d m o re g e n e ra l i n te r e s t . *"!*[* **LU** of * " .* * *** ,UP' n r e r . Tbo uetioo pip* u ubm erge'l s rd how ever, ia th a tre n d of m o r to litj rate from th ea e nd iia.e. a. .a.e.s. w intnh or w itnhoouuat vi uubueerrccuul.uoa.i.t.. which doe, w hen com parison is m ade ite r ? !IOa n l,b* .n * * " l.r * r C* " , , *L U h " "(ro*m^ fihro>K1"| ,,#I,(V lhWt tifati " |h , majority th* occupation of tbs deceased appsarsd attached b ; a tpecial on*, to the pump . raised.....o..r....)..o..w.....r..*..d.....b..y.....a.....w...i..n..c..h.....m....o..o..n...t.e..d. os pontoon. Dy this a rra o g s m e n t flexible lme num ber of je a n , refleot th e effecliveneaa of the preventive m easures installed. For this purpose, com parison of th e figures of tw o su c ce ssile year* is of no v alu e a n d a o m e tim e * m islending Table I how, deaths a ttr ib u te d to silicosis (with or without tuberculosis) during tbe last Tabic I --DvaiA* /rom ftb a m t of tAt /.*. mlnitng S t h r o t t t a ad Wekretoete (faptead end irelae). 1035-38 p i--aaa and industry. 1038 I 103 I 103? Sibcoets Hrfractonee induatnee Pottery, manufacture of Struts ton quarrying and Hreaamg .. .. Sanrlttone masoaa .. Meta! cnndmg .. . Sand blasting .. .. Steel dm aing and desti mg nf restine* . Stone, peblde, flint, and and crushing .. Scoainng p t v i i t r i , manufacture of .. Enamel and glass makers .. .. Compo mixer (Tnpob).. Abraaiee-whacl man* facture .. .. MillatOM d m ain f .. Slate drveaing with sand Ekctnciaa a t steal foundry .. . Slate quaif^ir^ and dreemnf .. .. Granite quarrying and dm ainf .. .. TonneI mining (savag* works, etc.) . . .. Grave digger* . . .. Coal ruining .. .. Gold miniag (Seeth Africa) .. .. Tin uiiu tg .. .. Iron ore (haam abte) mining .. Lead mining .. Copper mining .. Barytse mining Mining enfiw ere 19 12 G4 48 /.. / 12 25 13 1 __ I Total : aOicoais ,,0i' u, h a n 'irv sU ^ 'rie k 'lriiiliT iir T r^ iL e ttM ! and it m well rscogm tcd th a t fibrooii may bo du* tn e.-uiici o th er th an th e in h alatio n of d u st Tlies* retu rn * aro indispensable inr*. from tim e 10 tu n e, they provide th e ta rtin e point nf fu rth er investigation which provide* valuaM# "form ation * Sillcoala and A tbeatoaia an d C ancer of th* Lung In recent sears the suggestion haa been made in medical publication* th a t th e re is some re la tionship between iilicosi or asbeetosis and can cer of the lung The question it a difficult one. and the figures available are not yet large enough for it to he *afe to draw conclusions from them In exploring th is question th e field to Ian covered i* widor th a n appear* a t first lig h t M ajor points which will have to be settled are T)oe* silica o r aebeato* o r tho fib ro in of th e lung they produc* tend to inhibit cancer of th* tung nr to produc* it? If th* la tte r, do eith er of theae two substance* a c t a specific carcinogenic Coots liko U r, or U it th a t th* diseaae they pro duce only prepare* th e soil for th* o m irra n c * of cancer? Th* following inform ation has heen cko.l.lekc_te_d__fr_om the In_s1p_e_cLtor_*___re.c_o_rd_*__N__o__c_o_s* baa been included in which a post-mortem esam iustin ha nnt been mad*. Among M3 fatal caaes in which nlicosia or silicosis with tuberculosis a* proaeat, canoer of th* lung wae associated ia 23 ease* (2 4 per c e n t.). Of th*e 23, in 17 it v u o o n ad ered t h a t the caacer v u th* prim ary caoM of d*ath, and in 6, ilieoais o r stlieoaia w ith tubrculo*!, Among 347 d**th which w ere invovtigated d o ring th e same period owiog to th e pnaaihilv of ilicosia being preaent. porl-m ortem exaepnation revealed .>? tilioosis b u t canoer of th # lu n g was found in 17 case* (4 2 p e r o s a i.). Sim ilarly w ith as beatosi, am ong 103 fata l eaae* in which aabeetoaia o r asbesto*! w ith tuberculosis was p rsa a a t. can cer of th e lu n g wax associated in 12 casa* (11.6 per oe*.). Of the* 12, in 6 i t was eonaidered t h a t th* eaneer th* p rim a rv cao*o of d **th, a n d ia fi. asbesto*) or asbostosif w ith tuberculosis. I t is elaar from theae incom plete flgerse th a t extended inquiry and collection of date an valuation of age incidence and *go distribution ar* necessary bofore nay conclusions can be q,'uuannt!ittyr" e( u m Jd "ttoo' waatteer^ Visiregu"l*s*t'-' d eu ..< From tha delivery tid a of the pum p the >i and a s te r n n stu rs n conveyed be mran* c ' , arm oured flexible liose pipe to a hna of ( *le*l pipe* in Ifi-lt to fhtt lenglhs fitic-! * Victaulic j o io ts . tbe pipe raag e i* c a rrin , llit in th e stream The p 'p e u a s <ic!ic,'\ .snd-water m ixture into a cooicsl separiull.c cate of 8 ton* per mm The sand-* u n it.ir e i fed on to screen p'a te t .th , W c* th e relucity of the m eom irg r u i n * v> ac!uced th a t sand u deposited in the >. ` ..f the separator aod fsirlv clear s s te r 1 tl,touch the shute* at ths sides of th* i p j '' I lit *nnd contaiaa too much a s te r hc*e t he delivered d irect to the belt cone*. * 1 the sand is fu rth e r dew atered on a d r> ir^ - S an d -D ry in g Device The sand-w ater m ixture--by w eight ap?- i m ately 4 p a rts of sand to 1 of w ater-- u . from tha bottom of the s e p a ra U r t h r o j u 1' i on trot valve over a d istrib u tin g p iste on ts 4 ft wida d rying belt Tha drying bell <-%.* of a scrim of shallow tra y s, 2 in deep c m - rollers, each tray contain a trnxtu *ffrBded. sla*g w hic. h i kae'p t in . p,lace hYr .11 > r run plate* p erforated with i in hole* belt i driv en a t a peed of 40 f t per Three rollers or sqoeetec* are placed equ.dn sinng the upper belt surface, and a u n i ' prongs placed in *enet along the belt tu rr ,, ,, j e r4 r a it is c a rrie d forw ard. The rohr- t n g prong* help a th* dew atering of the u c : -hilst th * lag ia th* tra y s allow w ater to ; . ^nt not th* aaod. t j1# ta o Uumg from th e d rv in g b e't U ln , ^y votum* approxim ately 10 per e ra : v t U r . T he sad is d s lir tr e d from th* r r d th d ry tn g ' bell dicaci on to a Jfl-ift. I f o u t'li beit coovuvor which deliver* it ia to th s t. b u n k sr. The bell eonvvyor levate* th# *' 4 ) f t in 130 f i. t u r to th s top of Ole burli oo acr* aat of ibi grada oaly fairly dry u : ran be carri ed. The sand is deliv*red by tha bell conrevor _ ^specially _c_o_n_s_te_u_cted b u a k e r holding_ apr'< `i ^ i r V.iooo' ton. On the endersiHe fu n , t>M tingla ra il arnund wlnr^ - Mmj korkvU of th* anal ropewar g f it.u # j U r b*m g d elirared fm m th e rope.' On r> Aabveteme .. Other caeos of Grand total MX WO 083 Ut four year, together with th* indoitn** eoncerned. In factory caaes, th* cause of death has been born, o u t by departm ental investigafinn. The variety of industrie* will b* ootod, and if a,pace p. e rm itte d to .give in d e ta il th e .pre- C1M n rc u p .tio n l k U to r j in M ck c u , t f i, .1 7 arrived at. The im portene* of th* m eet eartfo l pnat- m ortem exam ination is emphasised h r a m arn i esw* in which n a k e d ^ r o e x a m io a tio a revealed only advanced abeeto*is, b e t w hat appeared te bo a small blood d o t ia a broncha turn ed o u t on micmoropienl exam ination to ho a carcinom a, and aim another cuso in which silicosis, tobarc ir a i MIBs war* ^ 1 p r e g n i i.n_ th * lu n g i' J' " "-- S u b .U ru tlo o ot SIIIclou bjr N o n -S U l o a ,,He th e re aro 7 botes which deliver *snH th# burke; the regulator a t the bottom o ' - w o trollm g the and outflow to th* '* ^ e f B siaiple typo, aod i k e p t in place b' balance weigh. A ooe-tea capacite Kur-k'i 0 ^ th ro u g h oeo of the sbutei - -- -- L uxqexqm b u r g : I r a n a d S te e l O u r p u t. iu. , . . j ,, , to T idnj.rv.d t.r . .1 t i . rUk -o o ld k . t i l l m or. n.lpnt. F o r rnpW. n f r a r to r i ' in d tirtn include m o o p t t i , 65 f.U litiM I h r w bo-r M .U ri.U j ,, preMMW ,, .k i c k t i m k of iiUeoU i u ,,ou> end unttrUkU or n n lj rtiollj con. , J i l l ^ u n . (1U W J .- / J, . ll7K H uu ni J o lj. IM I). t - l p r .!. -.. i n 141 tona in J u lj. . u n r t UT le t ton" m J , -- . ,, .------------ --- -----: ------------------------------------- tro l b h lr tk n ro rin tio o o f .U iro .il l i n o itk r r and 1 IJJ ton. m d o la . I A Volai ol y 1 .A ' r L n - . . V-- . in lu b rtilB ,, P k j k o ralo M m .U r i .U o r o t tk o n w . - m u. VUrt oo J . l j I.