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r rji U p, The "DuteA. "Soy BENTONE* HANDBOOK lor tho PAINT. PLASTICS, MASTIC COMPOUND and ADHESIVE INDUSTRIES h?r "1 cr-^e Ro * o 5' 2i - -- ~h * -- O 'f Of ^ rr.f o p? o n s -1 O cO-. o_. o> -- iO 3 3 -3 I3 ^~g n p> ft (O f '*t r 1J : if it 2 i l - 4 i J <l l3 Copyright, y*^nry I9S3, by Kzi Social Lead Company All rleHs referred \ncW4in* the rtM to reproduce this book or parts thereof to -my lorm. Frteted is Ut UKd Slates of America crja d 5- 2| <= o oI - ml s" s ~ " g- a 5 I oo " g 33 s3 .=e- r r 3 CO o O 0 01 1 Z9 ~ Z f - o ^ oI -* O . ^ - CD p-:! '9 . : CL. r=r P-* aoo. -* co g co 1 ssKPirs^o ' "^<5 (j i -?,^w r. -- 2 V CENTRAL ADVANTAGES OF BENTONE 34 (Cortd) 14. Ellect o( BENTONE 34 on ASNnsicn............................................. 15. EUeot ol BENTONE 34 on So It o i* hcltiit.............................. 4 < TI SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS Or BENTONE 34 (GENERAL FORMULATIONS)........................................................................................................... * PaidU . .................*......................-.................................................................. Exterior Mouse Paiits...................................................................... - Exterior Primers ..................................................... Exterior Topcoats . .......................................................... "* ' Sash and Trim PatiXs..................................................................... * Zatenor Hcuse Paints............................................................................. * ' Wall Primer-Sealers. ................................................. 41 Interior Enamels. .................................................. Intenor Hats. ............................................................ 4- 4' * Interior > lata ol Low Solids Cortent..................................... 4' Stipple Paints............................................................................. S Metal Protective Paints ........................................ S'-i Jtubber-Base Paints {Scyreoe-Buiadiene and Chlorinated Kubtx r) ....................... 5'* Asphalt Paints......................... Clear Finishes.............................................................. S'* '* Trallic Pairts. . ................................................................................... *1 Maintenance Paints ................................................................................ 1 Stains. .................................................................................................................. 4 Furniture Stains .......................................................................... 64 Shingle Stains ............................................................ ... 8' Shoe Stains................................................................................................... 6* Mastic Compounds................................................................. ... 6' Putty, CauUiftrf Compounds and U`(*jd tillers ........ 6'. Koa~!niIammable Paint and Varnish Kermrvers ......... 6: PriitiBK Inks...................................................................................................... ! Typographic inks.............................................................. 7< Heat-Set We*>prnt Ink................................................ 71 Other Heat-Set Typographic Inks................. 7] Water- or Steam-Set Typographic Inks .......... 72 Lithographic Inks. .......................... 7? Intaglio (Kit<.vravre) Inks .................... 73 Vinyl Oispersitms............................................................. 73 Plafetuoli and Organosols..................................................... 74 Placets............................................................................................................ 75 Was Reinforcement.................................................................. 76 Synthetic Kevin Adhesives ..................................................................... 76 Other BENTONE Appltcatloaau................................................. 76 Hydraulic I folds .................................................................................. 71 Drawing Cumpuwtbi.......................................................................... 19 Bulling and Cutting Campnundu ................. Tl Polyesters.......................................................................... 76 Colors-ln-dl.................................................................................................. 76 Sttk-Sereeo Printing taka........................................................................ 76 laaKlun System* .......................... tO Latex Paints......................................................... iO Other EmuIslow Sysla in. ...................................................... SI vs cohcusxw................................................................................................................. si VS MATERIALS AND MANXPACTVRCkS.............................................. 13 ! \ I I 3 TZl ** w o m nO I != 2L? ST =5. ol mI 3 -1 c\ *" os g-- I Q.S g'-.l o Si fz O ^ 3 I O yj- 3 I =3 P> I o o 0 01 -si L_ '. >" . *- - 4 r j> i- ' >' I - JKTKOrUCTXM BCNTONt Is a rtflstmd tradtourt of the Baroid OirlsJo# oi tte Na tional Lrad Company, appbed to a class of products resulting iron* ealioa chasi( reactions bctvefi organic bases acd bcalonltr or its ciaf mineral component, cnontmorillorute, the individual proh*cts being Identified by a anaber folio*mg the mark BENTONE. Throughout this Handbook, whenever the mark BENTONE is used, the designation rciers specifically to one member of the class, BI NTONE 34. VtTut happens essentially in the fortr-jOion of these prodc\s is that sodium bentonite, plus as organic ammonium or cnium sk, undergoes an equilibrium reaction to form an or*.\nlc cruuro bentonite plus salt, Insolubility of the onlum be:.tonite compound favorN the resuon to the right. The most versatile material is DENTONE 34, which is dinarchykUoctadecyi ammonium bentonite. It will gel many single organtr liquid systems such as aromatic hydrocarbons and various aliphatic liquids such as petroleum oils. Building un foundation work laid by Or. E. A. Hauser1, researchers at Melkm Institute (under the fellowship of the Bartud Sales Division, National Lead Company) prepared a large number of come* wod* a.id studied their chem ical, physical and rheological properties. Alter evaluation cl manufacturing methods, a pilot plant was built at Mellon Institute. It provided materials lor product development, and processing and equipment data were worked owl for the design of a commercial plant. Use research was split up between Mellow Institute and the Brooklyn Laboratories of the National Lead Company. Potential uses for the BLVTONI in lubricating greases and paints were investigated. Important properties of gelled systems containing BEN TONE came to light. Among them: complete absence of melting at high temperatures; lack of phase change* at any temperature, including very low ones: resistance td action of water, due to freedom front hydrolysis and its by-products; and sta bility of gel structure on standing or undrr mechanical working The following pages of the `'DUTCH DOT" BENTONE HANDBOOK t bit a theoretical discussion of BENTONE 31 (fb. This discussion Is illus trated with gelation data showing the effect of various types of chemical i Uses to Insure mailmom and easy bodying of * considerable variety of late- BENTONE HANDBOOK should prove of considerable value as an aid to f tators in the paint, plastics, adhesive and mantle compounds lodaMrles. following the theoretical discussion, another Urge section of the Handbook Is devuted to formulations demonstrating the me of BENTONE 34 la a great variety of industrial products. 3 O d U3 " X' o -o <J3 ?O 3 -v _ o to' b =r o -e 3 tr o 3 Q> ? o o o ttl Si r y&ra'ar'-ig? II - GENERAL CHEMICAL AND PHVStCAL PROPERTIES Of BEKTONE 34 8ENT0NE M 1 a finely UgS* <ram-coIprrt po.<W fclch ha the property of .mng In liquid orgxnlc srdmj. As prrxicusl; explained, i Is a reaction product ol an organic imnwni cation %-ilh the Inorganic rain eral, mont morUlonite. MortmorilJonlt* lx the chief miner*! constituent of bentonite, wetI knowi lor its Ability to swell in water. The chemical compaction of monimorillontlt is Ideally Al,Oj.4SlO,.2H 0 with Isomor^Oows replacement of aluminum tr other cations. The base-exchange reaction between an ammnmum salt am montmortllunite results In the formation of an etectrovaient linkage betweei the organic ammonium cation and the mineral. The organic cations attached to tie =>attflortllonlte are the component of BENTONE 34 which render it orgmopn*Uc, and thus capable ol swelling ai gelling In organic systems. The type of catwan employed in making a BENTONI governs the ocgamjphllic character uf the product. A Urge number ol BEN- TONES have- been made experimentally iwj bodied thoroughly. The commer cially available BENTONE which has found wide Industrial application 1.. BENTONE 34. BEKTOKE 34 ellecttvely gets a vide variety of organic liquids. B eper atrs best in solvents of low and lnterM<Soe polarity. A thorough dlscussU*. of polarity and ether factors affecting 8EXTONE 34 In use wilt be found i; Section IV. BENTONE 34 Is chemically neutral, an-* does m4 react with the norm- organic systems in which It swells. There Is no free amine present In IN BENTONE, nr Is It estractcd by any common organic solvents. It Is ais resistant to he action of dilute inistmc acids and alkalis. However, pr* Untged ciuUart with strung acids and alkalis may cause drcomposition of ft BENTONE with consequent reduction of gel strength. Because each ultimate particle is rracrdwuha long chain paraffin hydro cartem structure, dry BENTONE 34 U wt easily wetted by water. This is drUntie advantage when BENTONE 34 is incorporated inorganic routing*, sUn M lor reuse* the natural water rrpcIWury of the system. On the Uher ham BENTONE 34 is an excellent emulsifier foe water Ut oil emulsion*. Work w nndrr way also Indicate* that once BENTONE 34 has been incorporated in a emnblon, K cotdrttedes rateable properties to dispersions of orgMic system iw wafer. croa zs --<* d o ** , . c* li-ZS- O, *e C* m cl . H r. o- rt m H c0 3w L ,4* ^ ir .rn R '55`f.* j mi,i,,i _ rrr-''-^ */ -n I U1 - THEORY Of THE ACTION OF BENTONS M Manufacture of BENTONE The replacement of the surface cations on the mortmoiiJlcnite plait ta by organic cations ts t;.e basis of the preparation oi BENTONES. Uoetao: ! orutt U dispersed in water and treated tar the remorai of impurities. A > cable organic base Is then added in the form oi Its salt. The (loccvlaled proc t Is washed, filtered, dried, ground and packaged. n_OwV<T Of THt PWODUCTO* 01 KNTONC 34 Xft l- "Sr a*"wum * bL rua u Figure I* FLOWSHEET Of THE PRODUCTION OF BESTONE M of MuimortUoiile The speelal characteristics of the mineral mootmorUlowlte are Impor lad In the functioning of a BENTONE. MtmtmwrfitonUe Is a hydrous subs** luted aluminum silicate, Hh a mica*, ecus strata nr and an exceptionally ultimate sartlrle site. B Is noted for lie atdIHy to swell in water. Varytm proportions ot calcium, magnesium, and sodium are found Is the calJon esn chaste penHloan of mo*mod 11unite, depending upon the source of f he material. The hsndamental atructure ia coultrref to be an shewn In f igure IL 00 O I .*< ml :o ^ o <9 Ol . C' o- ; -f ET 3=r[t B> I CO cv g o o 0 01 -4 L_ os.jjupmu. nn! r'Vjp ,' ' "5? bbirgiim1 r\ -- iy ------------ /-' 147 1 STRUCTURE Of MONTHOA&XONfTE lets riU- urtf^JCt SJUC1 A*A M A ir.uwjf o r _ tKXy3X(r*?'yKsuesmuTMO io ns o bsst t e sna npR>' STRUCTURE OF MOXTMORlLLONtTE A iMrt of gtbtalte. AI.O,.254^0, U undkkcd Mrt lo layers of (ctntotfrsl siUca. Dr(n| lie process of fjrmalfiu, under suitable conditions, Ankb cations are substituted to varying extents lor aluminum ions in the kbtl lattice. TMs Isomorphic MtetdOMs give.; rise to charges in the struc ture capable of holding cations an the surface of the platelet, and in properly selected samples of mantmorltlonlte, a high proportion at the surface cations are wdm Iona, k has been shown * Urn obuuf |tf( of (he total esrhandc posi tions are an (be basal plane surfaces vttk Ur remainder on the edges of the ir- I* platelets. WlU this assumption, U eon be calculated that mornmoriItcaite, with .11 s bnsc-enchange capacity of one nlUiepivairrt per gram, has an average area per hnse-esrhange paiNlis of 11$ X/ This is further supported by (be fact the bnso-eschanc* capocHy is virtually tndrprnde'* of particle site.* The thickness of t platelet is M %oc approslmdely one millimicron. Tte other tee innilnm are of the order of ISd A, so that the udimsM particle Is s sheet er ptaletet of very small sioe. f.i-ttui.n, wnn *- r-- ~ - * - --it **~ tecv^.uiwawn , `nt.t^uautt.i. p u ew.n.msuuh L - c* ^ ,, .*- I * r _ a o o c 3 a o o o cn ^i r ! K- 4 V UK Conversion ol Mcuf mnrtUunitc to BtCT^TOKC When a platelet ol morOmonllowl* i* coated with hydrcrarbcn-ajnl/ chains by base-exchange, the major significanceoflhea&eratjoa is the jmmc< iate reduction of hydrufthilie character. Ths occurs lr to rrasen*: I. The ba^e-cxchangeable cations which hydraleJ very slruag'y harem been removed, and replaced by mlrtcen-hydrccarUm <x~IigtiratJ<x which do out hydrate. 2- A Urge portion or all of the mineral surface, which formerly adsorb* I safer, has been coated with h>drcrarbon chains. An eirctrovatenl bund is formed fcwiwem Ihe nitrogen atom of the organic an * monium catiuo and the monfmortlTumle structure. In addit ion. the hydrocart- i chains arc held firmly to the surface uf the platelet, along tbrir etdlre lengt: r by attiactivr lurces. Our interpretation is that these chains are held fl. r against the surface n the dry DENTONE before gelation, and this Is support* i by basal plane spacing studies.' Clkrl uf Ratio of the Or.tum Salt to Mortmorilltmitc The gclltng ability uf a DfcNTONE materially affected by the ratio* ' ammonium >aU to clay mineral/ Studies, ustrxglromSOb to ?00( of the amoMk equivalent to normal exchange capacity, show that optimum gelU.-.* abil:r is obtained is the region of ICO( rqwraU-ncc. There Is a rtvstir decrease get n <r> ngth in either side a> toe ammuuvn salt: clay -nincrat ratio diverg' tart hr r from the lyittmum. R > interesting t> note that substantial rvtrnti* . uf amine can be obtained at higher rafiun of amine to mineral than the norm exchange equivalent. This Is xsswmrd lu tar due to phyxeal adsorption of tl. txrew amine un the mine ml surface. An inr reaped separation of platelets obtained. luck appears to be the result uf crowding uf amice chains, but t! gclUag capacity falls ufl. This ellert has been explained as the saturation the adtorptiee forces of the mineral surfare by the free amine. Since gel fo nution is bettered tu depeon pn iduupiin ulthe liquid medium un the plate trt surface, the coatlag of the free amine Irderterea with initial adsorption am nbnequeid aotratlwn by the liquid medium. R in readily undr mtandabfrtltd bmeramine ration would tvsufc In poorer gellfng power. The modmonllonde auriaee with Incomplete amine canting le less aruKyhttr and relatively kesurumpauMn utth an organic getting medium M abutt iOOfc ^lnrr, Ik, .It, d tr wpXc tlU> tnrmm m MM lo Melik, urlxt oi th* u cmnl ftNTOS *h I *. Smns n i ,i U), ( . u mmiim < "W& Q. C ao 3~ ='XJ mZT jjit .r. M hi dimethyMioctadecyl ammonium sate of morimorlUcoit*. Wuh aa Ion of the* size, complete reaction results la NOl coverage. Figure 111 Is a diagrammatic edge-view of BENTONE 34*. X-ray data shews tSa^ 1# PENTONE 34 the normal separation of the platelets Is approxi mate*? 9 A, as indicated in the diagram, due lo the overlapping of the amine r i [7'VV.| ------ t -v-- ----------r*--, x Figure U1 DIAGRAMMATIC EDGE-VIEW OF BENTONS 34 Tbe separation of platelets la BENTONE 34, due to the chain crowding t in Figure Ul.lsadvantagruwsin'he subsequent formation of a gel. Easier is pernutted to the chain and to the active surface of the platelet by r solvent and polar constitucst* TW Formation of a BENTONS Cel. The organic portion of a BENTONE enables K to form gels In organic Mhvda. The solvation energy of the organic medium for the amine chains ts the most Important single factor In the gelation of BENTONE 34. Since such energies are of a low order of magnitude, however, direct and sponianemi* gvtatWm In a hydrocarbon solvent does not occur readrty. If the solvent has polarity, or the proper combination of polar and non-polif solvents Is reasonably good direct gelaticn may be obtained. YK the solveM com* required may not be the optimum one In terma of simply being the bsri byCLrorarbu* chain-olvstlr ageol. This is a basic petrd f great Importance. Tbe form holding the hydrocarbon chains on the surface of the platelet emud be prrbrremtally satisfied in some way, at least temporarily, in order foe L i*A CTJdD Z3 3' EL - tr -- o ,v< r m s I' fV O zr Jb I* 3 rtT =r m 3 1 2 m tao Is I I o o o <n si r ** . N jomt* - .n i i I i j i | t i I f [ I I i .1 *"-**--ir wvyr w 10 solvation of the chains to nc.nr. A second reason (or satisfying the rrmai *f attractive forces of the platelet, is that strong attraction stlU exists u kr BENTONE between adjacent platelets, and this must be overcome is ottu *( chain solvaflon and gel formation. The activity of polar solvents In BENT* <1 gelation is readily accounted (or on this basis. When BENTONE 54 is added to a non-polar liquid, and a polar llq. * s added to form a gel, it Is feund that optimum ge! st rengths arc obtain. J - ii approximately 50% of methanol, 4S-WI of ethanol (95%), and about W- d acotooe, based oathewvlghto(theSENTONE*4. In general, as the chain let ja o! the alcohol Increases, the optimum gel Mrcfvths become progrewsi*. Sy weaker. There Is a reasonably good linear relationship between the amour.' d alcohol required xnd Us molecular weight. The mole fraction of each ale* at required to.* optimum gelation Is generally constant in the series, sugge>: *g that the common k/droxyl group is the key factor Involved In the grist , Similar studies with ether polar solvents, such as eMers and ketoftrs, den. >- strate goud ccrrelallcn between activity and molecular weight. Mac E * has shown that the molar heat of adsorption of methanol on montraonllourt s approximately 11.5 heat, oer mole. This corresponds to about o* the : 1 of formation of a BENTONE.* The adsorption of an organic compound on montmorillanite Ls cedrv 4 by the site uf the m4ecule and its polarity, and the relative activity of t! e materials in pruiMlv BENTONE gelation Mims the same general rwle. s a senes *4 L^ntenr solvents, there Isa progressive tarn * In maximum grlatUm with BENTONE 34 as the substituted group Increase t electron-attracting jsmer. This reaches a maximum with nitrobenxeae, r minimum in alkyl substituted bmsenes, lor this series. The agreement t the generally accepted order of ortmtattcv-directimc power in aromatic stltiAiima l surprlslmcly good. Strong meta-directing groups produce greatest grtniht power, followed by weaker meta-dtreclors, and 0*n the cw * Run ortho-para directing groups. Toluene i% adsorbed by nwtmrilkutr much more readily than snu ated aliphatic kydrurarfems" , and it Is found in practice that BENTONE gels much move readily la toluene alone than In aliphatic hydrocarbons aim v *1 minis S. S WL C-. ?m lvmlt . a M*-4t tMUU. mJ i c> _ ~S * c , *< * r |3m ' a. ; <* 0 hw: ^{39 o o o cn CT-0 0"<* C O 05 ^ "fs s.CO r* -- -H* *< CO aJ<* S^ .--- ^2 , ' Oc or 3 "3 3 r+ ?32J9 3m Figure IV Illustrate* the dllfercace brtn toluene aad a-kepta getlb^ agents fur BENTONE M. These wrmetitoUalwd by petak allUa| 7.5% of BENTONS 34 la each solvent fur 24 huars, and Ika euuria| their tOMslstcnctc* with a Brookfield Viscosimeter. The much greater geUttaa Hi toluene la apparent. AtthiwKh the use of the Brwfcfield ifudrwmem la stad/fsc (low properties Is theoretically Ur from perfect, a reasonable isdftcatiaa of the thlaotrupic nature of a system Is talerred frum the amour! of cervrtwre a* dflerei* shear rate*. As a refereare pNd, a Ncslontaa liquid pm a vwrtleal atniaW Uss Mdrr these cadklaa. A plastic system glee* a straight liar sth a degree of slope which Is characteristic of the iwbiHhui system. Adilaiaad system would glee cwrratere sMrl If s reverse U that la Figure nr, shoolag l*c resa le* appareef viscosity at higher rates of shear. Actually, a psewduptaatlc system could give nmtvrv which Is the same as that tor Uusctrapy this Mnaed. This la tree because ihlmotrepy Is deflaed by a aemrakkdl* lereact la reeowery as ataadlag, which la ad meamrvd property by the aauat Brm*ftel4 method. Par the sake of almlkky la this HwdMh, wa are de sertHag these ewrees as tfctsutroptc, reaUalag Uut pmdapUmfe Htecta may ha prvsem, hut that they da wot alter the cwchskaa arrived at vegardtag the rad aero of the BCKTOKK. Plfirr IV frmnaatrates effeettvelythat wtH gelsbar el the BCKTONB occurs, the thimdrupte properties f s WTO** L - >-\> yt---- r IS dispersion are met developed. Many other taws cwW be dirt, inch is \ relative activity odaliphatlc aJcobols previously mentioned. The t*mer*\ principle holds that two factors tnu^t be present: I. Some part oi the systrm must br tcadi>; adsorbable by the mine J platelet surface, with erouph adsorptive lorce to release the hydi carbon chains tor solvation. t Solvation of the hydrocarbon chains must be reasonably food. Is Figure IV, toluene forms as effective fel because it meets bot:. of these requirements. N-bcptane aee<s thesecond requirement, since it solwes hydrocarbon chains without difficulty. 8 (aits to fet 8.STONE 34 when u H alone, however, because it does not meet the first requirement, and does -.m make the hydrocarbon chain available for solvation. If the first requlremei.' a met with the use of the proper amount of polar solvent, n-heptane win :tl 8&KTOKE 94 so effectively that its curve will practically superimpose no :Se toluene curve la Figure IV. -- - t-*- __ c5 = * ao> v< . o> a cx. o. c Z^Z Oc: Orf ^ 3 ^r a zt ~ DO L Fitfurv V EFFECT OF POUMTT ON OCNTONC 94 CELATION IN N*NCPTANE The eftect at several pwUr tohtdi the (rialfeat of SCNTONC J >heptane u shown la riem V. In lbs ttgwrv, the area Uustet by v t .ScaidSHalair* -r,s~ a i ii I! ~i vg / Brookfield Tar** la eaeh case Is platted against (he coorrnlnilOQ of polar additive. Thus, each curve represents a number of determinations at different levels of polar additive. It is apparent that methanol Is by far the moot active of the alcohols. Maximum effectiveness in lhit, system is found at 304 methanol, based on the weight of the BE.VTONT. The difference between *54 ethanol and pure ethanol emphasises the effect of polarity sharply. The high polarity of water Is shown to be quite effective when a suitable coupling solvent is present. The very sharp peak in the acetone curve shows that, in practical use, acetone mu*t be bandied carefully. In contrast, the high plateau of the 9$4 ethar.ol curve shows that a good factor oi safety exists for its industrial use, although its gel strength is r4 quite as high as the optima for methanol and acetone. The JO$ methanol and 60 4 acetone maximum points arc interesting In that these amounts represent almost exactly the same molar concentration of these two materials. Figure V shows that acetone, methanol, and 95 4 ethanol are the mist effective additives for DENTONfc gel formation In ext rvmety nun-polar systems which arc normally di.ficutt to gel, as for example, the modern paints and other pigmented systems based on odorless mineral spirits. The optimum amounts of these add.!vcs are stru^Iy adsorbed on the p!atc!rts, and present no cdor problem. Ifrttr or vaftvmc Mouanorv &* at*To*. so cturo* i'-- fci rtncoit ruM m *#?** figure VI trrtcrpr v a h t in c a j u j ma t ic j t t o w o k v t o n e u g e l a t k w - sr-rs " 1", \ > IBP UiM*JL!JiWJOMtfL JWJIy'kSW* a I S' i i i \ ^4 fe-.; , c r- H* cn u> to VO r. U Figure VI shows the effect ol varying aromaticity oo the frialior 4 BEKTOKE 54. Mixtures ol n-heptane and toluene have beeo used to lUus:it# the range of aromaticity prevalent in a variety of thinner* and ether petrol* *a derivatives. Figure VU shows the results obtained by adding polar solver: to each of these mixtures. The higher maximum points on the curves and :he lower requirement of polar solvent, as aromaticity Increases, are Ui gem raj agreement with the forrgoing discussion. Tl*e experimental results show s< ue variations from the expected order, which was apparently due to change- la dispersion in those mixtures which tended to gel in the pebble mill* t/rtCT 4 eceawr* v u t < uovtr< courier 1 o o it o * u cennoo SO\ TOUCUC j so\ mrtwn \ n% nxucwt t n\ oo\ roLuxc OOX -errs** n% Toeutac n\ ***?** <e'<4 i< save twt rtgure VU EFFECT OF POLARITY WITH VARYING AROMATIC CONTENT OH BZSTOSZ 34 CELATION Ideally, H should be possible to gel BENTONE , which U complete! cta4 by hydrocarbon chains, to the maximum point tn any organic system whlc would solvate the chains. If enough energy we re pvt into the system, the piale. ernitd bo forced apart, followed by solvation of chains and adsorption of th organic medium on the then unrooted portiun of the platelet surface. The mo bility of the gel formed would depend upon(he energy of adsorption of the a*d~ hso* since twspdSkM by way of desorption and Inter-platelet attraction algM occur. Polar solvent in smart amourds Is s practical way of tattsfylj* Ow dtncUvt forces and lowering the required energy input, i itlmt polar solvers 3 ;Af. *-:r< . r* . -tp-V-'-'T'- ` e L_ -"?W. t ol !co ol ml ~ 2. cx =J* o s* o *v 3 . Utlon c Uustrai etroleun divert t and th* a genrn *aw socv hange* 1: or vitii less polarity, It Is possible to rmb U detimt nd by Ucrtuisf energy input to overcome the barrier of plate attraction This can be done through mechanical energy, such as work ou the system by milling, or in many cases by teaL. Sometimes a combination of the two is most useful. The appli cation of these methods In a practical way will be discussed m detail in Section IV. Thus, the successful formatter* of a BENTONE 54 gel depe;.ds cn the proper balance of polarity plus energy input. The nature of each organic sys tem to be felled is the governing (actor. II no polar effect is contributed by the system, a fixed amount of polar solvent Is adequate if the BENTONE Is properly dispersed. The ana oust of added polar solvent required Is determined by the number and type of polar groups and its molecular weight. In the applications of BENTONE 54 for practical Indus!rta* purposes. It niU be kept tn mind that maximum gelation is highly important In the devel opment of the desirable properties whichthe BENTONE Is capable of imparting. Added to this Is the obvious advantage ol more efficiency, and therefore, the use of a mlnt-rn amour* of BENTONE to do the given Juh* Characteristic* of the DE STONE Cel Thixctropic Structure The seaable aspect of thixotropy is characteristic ofa BENTONE-organic solvent get* A I Pi BENTONE 54 gel In toluene is a smoUh, homogeneous, light colored get, *hen agitated, the system liquifies readily to a fluid sus pension of relatively low viscosity, and then reforms to a gel reversibly on standing- A reasonable measure of this effect Is Illustrated by plating the readings taken at four different rates of shear with a Brookfield Viscosimeter (See Figsre Till). lii&l i ! CD W O ^r C 'C. ODp i ' si ~ a i 5 -- n ^=7 ce "P> c- o. 5 =f o 2J _ 5 -3 3 re zr -- g Ja 3 O O 0 01 ^1 i_ _.L. t As the shear rale iwcreane*, the iffireit tJirofcy^raps procteaat.vly love . When the shcartBg force i* rcwd, the *ei body of the lyrtea builds up a$ai . The imhlMse o( Uiis (lo prcpeety a iadulr1%l ippUchkes is ehricus. Wber ever it is desirable to Auk as trfaaic cohm or trtkl.1 resistant to no* ( Its own accord, and yet no harder to work than the ori&Mil mqtelied syster., the rdditivs of the BEKTOXE hcmsei the tha^utropac Oo*r properties ir. t very satisfactory manner. We may visualise or bdcrprct the thixotropic structure of BEKTONrerfMAic yds as follows: The active ultimate unit is the platelet, which is b e surrounded by a rompaaattveJy Urge ^envelope** of vehicle-bydrocarbco ch.s solvate. Effective coniinocus * structure is based on a handle of such nvctoped platelets, which are stall held in adjacent parallel oriented fashion by residual attractive force* in the mineral platelets. These (el bundles act by association with each other, and are believedtodjsassoctafe to a certain e> t* under shear, the* rcnuurU* when the shear force is removed and the syst* a* Is at red. From the practical umboid of wtul BENTOWC 34 contributes to the floe propertlesof a jtltca system, the method of measurement Is very Imports:-*, it is well known today, for example, that a slnjtle-poUt measurement, such u a paint consistency laics with one speed of stirring on a Stormer Vtscoaimet r, docs not adequately define the Oov characteristic* of the pals*. vauj L o o 0 01 M ^ ____ fc^crtles In t Ac extreme rase is shown la Figure LX to Illustrate the point. Curve A represents a structure which breaks down under shear, l.e. eithrr thixotropic or psrudoptastic. Curve B Is typical o( a dllatant structure, one which ex* hibits progressively greater resistance to shear force as the rate of shear U increased, if a single-point consistency measurement were taken at point C, the two completely dissimilar systems would provide Identical readings, eve* Uuxigh thetr performances in either high >har ranges (brushing, spraying, etc.) or low shear ranges (sagging, runoff after dipoing, etc.) would be com plete opporites. The application of curve measurements, taken under system* ailcaJly varied rates of shear ratherhan single-point measurements, has prov en enormously helpful In studying the performance of paints, inks, and ether pigmented systems. Paints, for example, have rather definite limits within which their flow characteristics must fall for a given purpose. They must flow readily and smoothly under the action of the rush, and then alter application must level cwt under the surface tension of the vehicle so as to prevent brush m.\rks and other non-uniformities. They must not run down on inclined surfaces or >ag off the underside of horizontal ones. ThJs combination of properties caa to obtained only In a system which has a yield point high enough to prevent sag ging or running and at the same time has a marked degree of thlvutropy, readily becoming fluid under the action of the brush, then "setting up'* after brushing is completed. The use of sufficiently high pigment concentrations Is paints has beer the classical means of achieving the desired combination of flow properties. At low concentrations, the viscosity of a suspension of pigment In an oily ve hicle is established by the size and mass of the liquid films separating the olid particles, and this in turn depends on the particle size, shape, and uni formity of shape of the pigment. At higher concentrations, the interaction of the dispersed particles alters the flow of liquid associated with the particles, and the plastic viscosity of the system is usually found to increase logarith mically with increasing pigment concentration. Many pigment-vehicle suspen sions exhibit thixotropic How properties at high pigment concentrations. Flat paints in general are good Illustrative examples. Other ways of controlling the 0ow properties of s paint include many variations is vehicles, the addition of gelled ntructures, and balancing the type and amount of pigment. Figure X shows measurements os three different semi-glass enamels, swing the Brookfield Viscosimeter. &. lb a> <rm>. -- ol ma :3 is. : o cx d <X CD p > Z*- 3 re =T O O o CJ1 \ -it ^pupfagy.,^; u. fnww) s &" a .. : ,r-y-.y * n SI I I I cr -O mw 5` * <o - -s*< SI 3 -r _ _. m < s o o c vaeoiin m Fleur* X FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE ENAMELS Eiuatl A Is loo thin and too tow in thixotropy, and la oncTtal t . I sagged and ru fxccsslrtly. Cfumet C, or> the other hand, did not Mg or m, but leveled poorly, showing excessive brush marks. The intermedin* p id B was found to have the proper balance of food brushing and ler*t*g. wit t sagging. The relative areas covered by these curves correlate well wttt be deal performance of the paints. Single*?** measaremtsCs would Call *Urely short os guides to the actual flow properties Is the case.* iUustrs A. BOOTING AGENTS Polymerised Oils Whee t gel structure of soot type Is added to a pigmented iysi% d as a paint, the effect as flow properties Is usually additive if there isneb r leal Meracllon. The addition of polymerised oil, or uimiL**- polymer, u B t increase the viscosity of asysteis. This type of modifier Is usually a cn r ttshsd or three-dimensional structure which holds a considerable was d tidier or liquid vehicle la the structure uf the geL The rml of hah * O o 0 01 -4 m CO co -r > tical tests : i sag or iw mediate pain line, vKifcow sell viththi<uld tall en- tUunrated thinner la such a structure Is a reduced evapo ioa rale or slower rolvut release. While certain of these fels show this rapic How properties, they usually <iave mixed e.7ect* In which pscudcplastic or dilaiarS structures are equally Important. Their action is so mixed that tbe retire system has to be adjusted to reestablish the desired balance. The stability of polymerised all additives on aging Is usually poor, due te their tendency to polymerise further or to react with pigments or other vehicle components. Metallic Soup CeU Another common method of Increasing viscosity employs metallic soaps. Cels of metallic salts ot fairy acids are formed la ergaric solvents by heating. Mod they resemble t'e gelled vehicles described above. The soap gels vary considerably according to the chain length of the tatty acid and amount of free acid present, and fi* particular their strength and stability are critical visit respect to the heat history of the system. Heal usually increases the get strength up to a maximum point; then additional he'd usually causes a marked decrease of gel strength. The flow characterises of a typical soap gel are mixed. A sub-dud Ial amoiud of dJlatancy is usually present, which accounts for the viscosity Increase Is as organic system when measured by an instrument which rejects the re sistance to shear at a single point instead of a curve. The fact that an Increased tendency to sag waists, which is not shown In this determination, is sometimes misleading. Nevertheless there Is a variable proportion of thixotropy la most soap-type gets, and in the past, (he use of metallic soaps has been a highly necessary adjunct in compounding pigmented organic systems to specific prop erties. BEKTOKC 34 BENTONE 34 offers as entirely differ** approach Is controlling rtst characteristics, since any change tt imparts Is completely U the 'direction of adding thixotropy without Introducing dflaiasey. Whew property gelled, dtp nut sensitive to the heat Malory of the system and dors *u affect the chemiesS reactksu involved Is film formation, or the adhesion of a film to a cooled por tae*. U summary, BENTONE 34 Is inert for aU practical purposes, and B confers purely thixotropic gel structure to orgaafe systems. Concern ration of BENTONE - versus - Coatfirwily of Geljlfwctwr* There Is a drtlMte eotatlonahlp between the cmtniniioa of BENTONE to an organic system and Hie fotlmlly of Its gel mrwrturr. It seems evidest that there must be emmgb gelled BENTONE psrtielespresevg to reach a reels* .<' * .... Z > f~, -. n i crx 3 - Z| 5 = o ol : 3 - -- S' " rx 5 = o| I --- "ml ,3 - *-- --r- i r* s-=| --*' " _ =r -- 3 I * (O O O 0 01 'si oaJnismm averse* li ttanre between particle*, *Qo"toc therm to Itoera* by physical attractive fierce*. This can be TisaallrcdmaAly la l^c cue of "b :yia(" a* organic ttii--i f Actually Um 1* aJway* a ertkal cMcotnU* la any complex system, Mae wh*cb BEVTOWE gels mil p*e plgmeto suspc* . u| resistance charufieristits. and yet impart no nnumbk teertns Is the viscosity ot the system. Is trpical paints, fms critical potto U ns^. .Up around two to three roc--tr of BEVTONE J4 per one hundred gallons ol p. X This la a lower amrestrtoson of BEXTOffC tha* wo*id be necessary tor a ntlnuoos gel structure an a pore solvent. The presence of other gelled struc tures (vehicle) promdri 9 frxmnort, materially reducing the mobility 0/ chr BEhTONE gel panjcto*. and providing a Urge number of attraction po4*t> im reinforcing the gel structure. An Interesting way of checking this "critical concentration* 1* to dt'ermine bow much BOfTOKE U necessary In a xtfcoie system to give a a*Meeding heavy get. to erdma ry aromatic solvents it is found that about 4 fc d properly gelled BEXTWE >4 gives a continuous, nor-bleeding system. E Urn this amount, some separation of gel and pure sotvem may occur, even tfc some time may be reign red tor it to happen. gfleet of BEKTONX Cel an Complex System* Complex Wesia-Vetocte-Solve at Systems It has been pcatoed out thri a vehicle gel structure can lower the r k u i amount of BOTOhE mpirH tor gel cmdineity, by providing a set* or framework upon utoneb the BESTONE gel can Tuilf*. This leads to o the most Interesting hrsm of BEirTONE gel*. The hydrocarbon cfcak the BENTONE hm ntovtors wnh a vide range of organic system*, : aliphatic thinner* tn arwu X ki, to poise solvents sack as alcohol* and ketu and to ester*. Even togh molecular weight ester*, net as polymerised dr *tt, aUtyds, and other vetocles, can be gelled separately. When BENTON: Is present and prims'll topmi there l* no prthrtWUl gelled state weD-biesded mutsrr to rampaitble organic tonpesrtu This is rrcdlly U tested. If a eoltolon to ptoymerisrd llmced tol in bensene U gelled with B TONE W, the sytoem to homogeneous and remains so indefinitely. If tb* fr mass to aHqwedtumaml<m**tothc.r, the bensene wtn evaporate to pracU tf the same rase a* from the ungeOed snttonre tol the ctl. lithe ma)*rtt the bessene U nflimed In evaporate, the gelled torurterc remain* ntohoul to toendure to any stage to the cvsportolcm. Actuary ft continues to exist hr* the oil dries he a hard fib*, as alms by the him reiaforcemeto and to shrinkage to the flkto. h U an 'OvHw concWiinn that to a complex sy the BSKTOHE got ewtosrmtlm unity tongslttbrl ms wmnthe vartom compos v- /- 9 - --*---------------- --- r er o i O Cl > 5" . 2So - ?O 3 -* m <z a o o e f I l i O O o i ai ! ->j f i -- iUff.mrgy***'*** v t jr * 147 fj: * : of pi . *' rj- lor i t >. r','^` 'filed t/1 C- 1 *bthty of > ` v points jf irl is to drt> rl ^ c*ve o- v ; about if t ^ 4b , Brl a , even tko h 21 ctf the fjm, and always holds a substajtiaOf quantitative mixture la the hydrocarbon cfcala-*olvate gel structure. tt Is peculated reasonably that there U free mewessest frt and out of the solvated (rl, susce the gel continues to exist during the changes of the quantitative balance as u system. This tendency to "couple" Mrveral phases of a complex syvtem & a tremendous factor la lasproving its kng'tena storage, and it is tie key to the proven practical ability of BEVTOSZ to increase the storage lile of complex systems, In the package, several- lewd. K U not necessary to elaborate lo^-ntse importance of preventing phase separation, and combatting effectively ue tendency of molecules to agglomerate and perhaps react chemically as a result of their proximity. ftMcie-Pifaeal Systems The role of pigment wetting In a lyp>ca* organic system Is closely allied to the -cabling'' property. The wetting c4 a pgstrnt by the vehicle Is rsseaUal to proper euapersloo. The adsorption \ x least a mono-molecular Layer of rrhKJf result* in the satisfying of attrasiiew forces in the pigment particle which would otherwise trod to be sal lalied tfcr-mgfc agglomeration with other partlclrs. tn practically all commercial *Mgwat*d systems, the problem of settling vcwtd be minimised if agglomeration dartopoor pigment writing cou*d be presetted, .and II some agent could e anfli % which ouid effectively and permanently keep the dispersed particles irons settling to a hard cake. Ac-* cording twPokes' law, the variables governing rare of settling are diameter of the particle, viscosity of the medium, and ifcr iUJerrnce between the specific gravities of the two. One app-oach in numeraleg settling is to b^rrase the viscosity of the medium. This Is one of the reasons why a Mghly thixotropic psiat Is drstrabf*. Unfortunately there ire yrartcal limitations which restrict the extern to which the viscosity can be lac reused. Stare the relative specific gravities are Owed lor any gifts plgmetdvehicle combination, presenting igglontrxim frei Increasing the effective particle dimeter of the pigment la impemnaa h especially important. This Is where the action of the BEKTOM gel m of treat advantage. The organic portion of the vehicle which Is adsorbed au thr pigment Is oriented, wtth polar groups at the solid surface and won-polar fragment* emending oaft aad sway from thr particle. These organic chains er rags are solvated Ia such vy that they are Included lathe BENTONE ge. structure together with other mateeUls is the system, such as ilunner and hue vehicle. The coupling actios of the gel Urn null Is s much larger rOtrtni costing or envelops of vehicle arcund each ptgmerd psrtkfe, reducingthermeedae*:Ung and actually preveeg* hg hard gtheenMm of particles which IwafTy do kettle. I i cr j q c: t " tO 3 o - i i*' ^ - 1 <0 -- ia g | fi> o. <x5 a }O o O vU- - I C ^ 1 3 rv S jr.i r^Wifiir r ft-- rV-.ll i n An iftterfsting qurdlon arises as lo whether or not BENTONE M affect actual soap formation *Juough surface reaction with fhe pigment. The genera picture of normal behavior is a Urge number of paint systems leads us to isle' that BENTONE gels do not affect soap formation in any say. Al any rate. Un coupling action described above will be operative with the non-polar portion t ' the acid chain after a soap has formed. Multiple Pigment Systems Another common problem encountered in pigmented systems is flooding. This behavjor usually shows up in paintstormuiated wfh two or more pigment which frequently dry to a different color from that of the paint in the vet stale. The differential separation of pigments, which is responsible for this, alterthe hue of the dry film because one o' the pigments concentrates at the surface al the paint. Flooding is not limited to any specific pigment combination. Difference 1* panicle size are important. In the process of evaporation, finer parIJclr are often carried to the surface of a wet film by the streaming action resulting from the movement ol solvent froM the body of the paint film towards the sur face. Large differences (n specific gravity, and the relative extent to whir!: they are wetted, are factors to be considered in mixtures of pigments. Th viscosity of the system l*quite important, andwhere it can be kept high enougt. flooding is minimized. BENTONS gel* have been found to be very useful r reducing the tendency to flood. The same general principles explained abov la connection with suspension ol pigments also apply here. The Inclusion solvated particle-cuaiing material in the BENTONS gel structure promote the maintenance ul a homogeneous system even as solvent evaporates. Asolvent leaves the vet film U is continuously replaced by more free vehicle \the gel structure, and the mobility of the pigment particles is reduced great Iby the impeding gel st'wcturesurrcundingihem. The practical benefits Is color esiJoemtty control for imertof flat vail paints, as described Is more detai Is Section V, Is as excellent example. Solvent Release Characteristics Examkmtoa < the general physical properties A gel structures hi wsoally gives support to the theory that a network of micelle structvres eslst? H4 ol Iho work reported is the 111 eratvrehas been based on ^ gets. is tl UmUUr.caa* of sodium ufeate Js water, colloidal micelles fTmvtdltM o< hy drattd particles d Ih# soap are prevent. These micelles hold nMuti ammnds cd water ts layers around the sodium atoms, through poise attract!* tomes. Eve* meev water U probvbiy cmdtoed to void areas which exist. k ; j nds us to taiei At any rate, the alar portion of 'Cl''5 *4 Hooding. U/J;nvr* pigrarots f'y. the *rt stale. f.'Sior this, alters "-4 it the srUct *4 <Vj ^ Differences ._<jGj finer particles ^vj < tn n resulting *-s i*4rd^ the sura, dcnl to uhieh t 'laments. The Jf <r -. ^ : high enough, ry useful tit above Inclusion of re promotes f.* 'A uporates. As -V^rrc vehicle l* *r^Jurcd greatly ^rrfih la color "fdin more Mali a Ajfl pil (nxlurrs has the aetwork formed by a three-dimensional of these hydrated asieeJ>*. Tae same situation Is believed to exist is the case of a gel formed by the adlen of a metallic soap U an organic solvent. Xa tvs case, solvation of the hydrocarbon chains Is the operating factor rather than water solvation of a coruane atom. Micelle formation is based on multi-layer chain solvation and the revocation nt the soap molecules, aad a similar three-dimensional network Is ap which holds solvent la excess. The evaporation rate of a volatile thinner which has been gelled with a nOc soap Is greatly retarded In comparison u-.ti. is r- of evaporation la tie *ca~gl!ed state. The kormalien o< the gel usually requires : substantia! XxpJL at energy, in order Io solvate ihe chains ar.d diverse the soap particles. Deviation Is slow and dJIflcutt. There Is little, l. axy, spontaneous tendency at the soap molecules to reaggregale ind Liberate sr-tvetd. so that the desolva- Qx process receives no help from this quarter. Adied to the entrapment of Sofvtsc in voids In the gel network, the tangling asd curling of the organic chaim, resulting from the absence at forces or structures which might pre nerve some tar* at regular at.gnatcar, trap larger than norma! amounts at In the resulting heterogeneous gel system. These factors appear to upc*arl logically the observed retention of larger than norma! amounts of vol- st.-Je solvents is such systems. These factors are equally tmportr.nl in exr-lala- U| the same behavior In cross-linked getting struct*res, such as pot)mere, bo*cd ells, etc. BtXTONS gels show an Imereatlng eoedrast he their behavior to the ordinary type of three dimerulooai organic gels. BENTOHE gels have Hltle or no eSect an solvent release. A thinner evaporates at aimout the same rale from a BEXTOKE gel as U does Is the free or ong-lied state. The explanation ts set actually known from rigorous proof, but the (acts are tc accord wuh the general theory of BCKTOKC gel structure which lof lews; At all times the hydrocarbon chains, attached to thn norillooHv platelet through nitrogen atoms, are held to a regular cvenly-spneed pattern. They ex tend from the platelet In two general m nrnslwm ratheg tfun three, since the edges at the platelet* are so Uda, that they may be dLscomed * term* n -n i= 0.-0 o !- O 3 ~ cO 3 3 re =r -- -3 C=Df m 3|u ** <o YT.*rr CMf k ts rtktlly replaced by oofcroUlk t t Wc Im or mlv, at* dtmut t eehmaxy- If a o replacing organic medium is present in the system, rtku 013 kcccttf'ishH easily due *.o the attraction of the platelet surface tor tk in* hydrocarbon chain. When solvent is released, chain etOaafknet i ing. red by the regular spacing of the amiae-hydrocarboo chains, aided b the hand structure of the platelet. The advaidage of B E NTON E gets, in Increasing viscosity vttkat retiffhg sotvetd release, is obvious In coollogs of all types. The ecadrof of pcne&rxxin becumes independent of the rate of drying, which widens the scope for the lormulator tremendously. Tempt i arsre Independence The unusual nature of a BENTCNC gel, as discussed in connection with rnbid release, is evident in other ways. The viscosity of toluene gelled with ETCNT 21 changes very little with change in temperature. Many practical ftnacsrS4ons have been given, but perhaps the most sinking one is a compari*n &' cup greases made from a common lube oil stork. Cones of grease made Ino lube oils gelled with B E NTONE Jt do not deform upon heating even p be Ov fire poirtf, whereas the sane oils bodied with other gelling agems thin at ai..1 run at the same elevated temp* rateres. TV 1st erpretailon of BENTON E gel structure, discussed In the section rrlease, U In accordwtth the temperature independence of BENTONS The organic medium is quite mobile throughout the gel struct?re, m4 t hr pnetured as moving freely In and out of the platelet-solvated chats atrue - TV gel arts as If M were essets tally linear rr two-dimensional, with mdy SgM cruus-Unking `setween bundles thrtmgh van drr Waits* lorces. Fnos d association, nuch as van der Vuj'i lorces, cbmieridkalJyls* creme at lower temperatures and decrease at elevated temperatures. This Is a wqn factor la viscosity change with change In temptraWr* In My liquid. A csM laqwid is more vfseoas than a hut one because its molecules are assocMM an a greater nt. SlmiUrly. any get structure depending on the vm Are W**m* association type of lorces is semtUveto temperature changes. The nsigM hrtavior of a BENTONI get must be attributed to some ether type of grt taeh*g Mocfc than the commonly kaova three-dimensional structure. The impisf mt Carters are (he organic chats bonded to * fined plate. Instead ol foot * sad the solvation of this chats by a solvent rather than Jus-' The effect of temperature on a BENTONE griled aystem, there ">* *? the association of the molecules of the miitir <her can he changed to any a^reclahte eaters by hnf. Events* 94 hacanao the dispersed MOTOffE get system ott daw cr ia c: s'S ol : -* *< - 0 m I :li 3 : Ob __t ay g ;i no 3 ^ re im3 3O p> CO i hr control of as the scop* imcctloi* with - gelled with ,ny practical U a com- k:'::5i of grexse ' healing e>* t-mof i{nts n the section at IBENTONS Ur l vac der Waals* association between molecules of the frame od* faun, in practice, the viscosity of a complex plgmetfred system, cortaiaing a smrZl amoust of BENTON E, la usually less sensitive to temperature changes than a system with the same viscosity nc* containing BENTONE. Limitation* of BENTONE CeU Throughout the major portion of this Handbook, * have called aUndiaa to the many unusual advantages of BENTONE M in bodying organic systems. There are, however, a number of minor limitations in *be use of BENTONE which should be noted. One of the Important properties of BENTONE M is the water repellency which K Imparts to the system In which st is used. By virtue of this decided aversion to water, it would follow taat 11 Is net easily wetted. In addition to the foregoing, BENTONE 34 cannot be maed in highly polar solvent systems, such as those noted in the (otloving Section IV. in Table 1, "Polarity Classification of Organic Systems As A Cuide For Use In BENTONE Celatlmi**, BENTONE 54 wilt not satisfactorily gel solvents *n Croups I-A and 1~B. This subject will be thoroughly discussed in Section IV. While *stall tmoutf* of the highly polar compounds isCrwps i-A and X-B of Table 1 materially aid in the bodying of BENTONE 54 dispersed In or* psk compounds listed In Table K * certain degree of caution is necessary tn the us* of these highly polar materials, since excessive amounts of them iU result la degellUg the BENTONE. This also :* discussed In Section IV. lure. BENTONE 54 has good tolerance for organic arUts above propionic acid. CT .O oc Z1` ft> --I oI oa c a. o * ll 3 O O O Ul Nl t " ' ' '< VTf35i| iY ' l " -.! u V --7' s; t-* H M M tn u> 4* M r IV - FACTORS AFFECTING BENTONE 34 IN USE la order to deretcp the excellent properties of BENTONE W la organic media, tt has been shown that U is necessary to disperse the BENTON E thor oughly throughout the system. Energy must be applied to the BENTONE la the organic system to obtain the ultimate dispersion arid the resultam thJcjtruplr properties. This energy may be Imparted by mechanical shear actJen, by the application of moderate heating, by the introduction of polar solvents, or acornb.nation of these three agencies. Mechanical Shear Action The characteristics of all the components %Jll markedly aUect the shear force required for a given 8NTONE-organlc system. They wilt also determine the maximum gel or thickening possible with BENTONE, and the ease of dis persion or thickening. One of the most obvious factors is in the initial viscosity of the material U'itg processed. Sufficient viscosity of the base medium is accessary to give adequate resistance chiring the grinding operation, so that the system Is sub jected to a high shear force. Industry Is veil aware of this requirement in most instances. for those systems requiring a grinding step during processing, addition of the BENTONS to the initial mill charge before grinding is normally the best method for incorporation. The inclusion of BENTONE 34 lathe original pig ment grind Is highly desirable for two reasons. First, adequate shear action is assured, and secondly, there Is no need for a separate mechanical operation for the dispersion of the BENTONE. The shear force Imparted by a particular piece of equlpmeri wiU be changed by the characteristics of the system itself, but. In general, a pebble mill, roller mitt, or colloid mill can be used effectively. Pebble Mill The BMet efficient grinding apparatus for BENTONE dispersion Is a pebble er belt mlU. In addition to Ha high efficiency, the use of the pebble miU aiaa permits the grinding of IENTONE In straight solvent systems usich are in many cum toe volatile and too fluid for processing on a rotter njlk The pebble mitt Is an escelWut piece of apparatus for producing high BENTONE com erg maslerbntcbeo. By the use of this technique, K ta possible to disperse the BENTONE thoroogMy In a nun* polar solve* in high concent ra tio* ottb a nMnvm of gelation. Thus, the mlU cad be easily discharged aod the dlspereed BENTONE can be readily gelled by the Mbsrgsim addition of >1__0--0 3 - __ % ,5` e*. o' -- ir+ a a> O " m ~o 3 __ t CX r**e o P ZT :! * I [Icz ^ o re cO ~ I3 a> ~ zr 3' (U (O I o o o <J! L_ 27icrvrr specially selected poUr wtreots. This Latter select Is treated fai detail later La this section. Roller Kill A roller mill may be used to disperse the BENTONT V certain principles are followed. This will sormaity entail the addition oC a wffkkit quantity of BENTONE to yield a paste that will fsraisk enough resistance to grinding so that sufficient shear force is imparted to the system, haoat eases the three-roll paint milt is quite adequate, especially whea other pig* ments are preseat which contribute to the shear and grinding actio* an the BENTONS. The roller mill can also be used to make BENTOVE masterhodeftes. The addition of approximately 2i% BENTONE to mLaeral spin!*, to famish ft paste suitable fur grinding on a roller mill, is a good example of this technique. The roller mill Is more versatile than a pebble mill In handling heavy pastes and vehicles of high viscosity. Colloid Mill The colloid mill Is used La the manufacture of a vide range of BENTONE gels. The colloid mill Is capable of a hl<h degree of shear force, so that if is often passible to obtais the maximum gelation from the shear force and fric tional heat without polar solvent. It Is particularly well adapted to getting relatively high melting materials, such as waxes and asphaltic compounds, where it Is necessary to process at elevated temperatures. Uft* the roller mill, the colloid mlH Is well suited for cofdlieinwu qprraLkm, permittlnp high production rates. Stirring It Is not usually possible to produce a satisfactory gel with BENTONT N by stirrirg atone. In a number of solvent systems, however, where iwlmuiu dispersion Is not desired. It Is possible to produce a BENTONE 34 get by Air* ring. U many cases, suspending the BENTONS and thoroughly wetting ft In ft san-polar liquid, followed by addition of proper polar ftotver* to this nun in* slon, results in s satisfactory gel *tth stirring alone. This is particularly true where heal can be applied to the material being stirred. In all ei these cases, the stirrtf* apparatus should be capable cd drvek*** *gft r*e of S '< L r i j 147 1:i : / a Mastcrhalchlt^ la those rue where U Is desirable lo use the BENTONE la /rtu* la vfeicb sufttcie* shear action cannot be applied, or where the addition at tW BENTONE Is done after a p'gme* (rind (as (or a final elscosity adjustment), it is possible to add the BENTONE as a masterbatched paste in organic solve*. It is recommended that a concentrate oi BENTONE la solve* be prepared, aa4 that this masterbatch be added to the major portion of organic solve* system vtth *lrriAg. Any of the previously mentioned type^ of gri'ding equipment can be mod in masterbatch preparation, and the optimum BENTONE concentration trill depend on the type of mitt and the organic medium. The typical range moa mended is 15 to 25 ( BENTONE by *vyht- The masterbatch grind wfJj develop the maximum gelation of the BENTONE, aAd provides a concentrated gel which caa be conveniently handled and stored. Addition of a BENTOK-*oive* gel pa(r of cup grease viscosity to a normal paint system will require high speed (100 RPM) agitation or stirring to Insure a homogeneous dispersion. This paste may be let down by adding more solve* to the gel, with high speed agitation, before addition to the en4 products. Addition uf BENTONE in very dilute gel systems will entail con sideration of the total solve* being added, since this may change the solids* (o-solve* ratio. There h another method used In the pal* industry to increase the vis cosity of a finished pal* with BENTONE. This consists of adding a higher thorn normal amou* to a portion uf the finished pai* and tbea grinding In the normal manner. Thin over-thlcheced pai* ran ttars be used lo adjust the consistency * a lower viscosity pal*. Thermal Effects One of the many adva*ages of BENTONE at a thickening age* Is the fact that excelte* gelation in generally obtained by grinding, without the nrcessJty foe suing he*. This rote hoMb in the majority of canes. However, K has been aided In several hedanrm that moderate Increases In the temperature at the organic whvd hare led to easier dispersion of the BENTONE in the nai ve*. This Mthn may be ascribed to the to!lowing effect*: 14Initial spreading "f the mNnr.ltfmgr platetetn by thermal energy through mhdHn d the attractive !->rces brtnrtnptatrkt and hydra' ritbo rhatn, an vetl an between platelet*. tllMMIw towering n the solvation energy level uf the hydrocarbon STAX'S L '-o ^ ST 21 S ~ - 3* .*"< S " mo|l 5 " r. I &S| S ~ * =| 5 - 31 3 ,, =r -- 3-. 3 3 O> 0 ri (o I o o 0 01 *>1 14btraA^ki of greater ockcvUi thus affording mkr peadraLi of tV inter-platelet space* by the solve*. The temperatere ranee to taclULdc (eUtl<* Is 1W*F 17S*F. Oft** tie Irlcticui beat developed 1* tbe milling operatic* b sufficient to Increase the ale of over that of the shear action alone. Brat also ha* the effect, in many systems, of reducing th* ama** of polar softest repaired lor maaimum gelation. VhUe *e have dbms&ed the effects of beat is the initial formation cf BEYTOtrE {cH, ve should like to emphasize at this potat (hat, once maximum fetation has been achieved in a system, temperature changes no longer affect the behartoe of the BENTONE gel. As a matter of (act, the viscosity of such a gd Is independent of temperature er se. For this reason, it U especially L that inti fetation be obtained in the laitUJ processing. ^ofarity of the System The problems involved In the dispersion of BENTONS in various organic are fundamentally the same as those generally `nvohred In pigment The vetting characteristic* of a compound are based on its chemical structure. Differences are noted between aromatic and aliphatk structures, and even between branched chain and straight chain aliphaks. The presence af acids, esters, alcohols, unsaturates, and vclones usually in creases the ease of dispersion uf a pigrae* Is a systrm. AIkyds will differ from phenottc* In -Jetting properties, as wilt a high acid content linseed otl compared to on alkali refined linseed oil. The relative polarity of a particular compound is a function of Its vetting properties. Although there Is > difference Is pofa/ity between loktene and an a'iptak hydrocarbon, for the purpose* of this presentation, are classifying as son*polar such materials as toluene, V. K. I P. naphtha, mineral spirits, fudiM, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Alcohol* and ketone* are clarsiOed as puliir. I* a dll on, there are many compounds af (ntermcdtoie polarity which have fair iidhg characteristics, such as a high arid contest vegetable off. TABLE f I* presetted to serve aa a guide is the application of BfNTOhC M s variety f organ*g systems. k win be noted that TABLE I consists d Croup t, Polar Compounds, and Group IE ffm Fhltr Compounds. Individual tUuUkdiwu In the table are defined ta term* of effective structural group;<s. A considerable i nber of i lllustralian* in eorh sub classification. - 5-/-rj 1 ^ **-*??** * ) crj o 3 ;*2| mCo o8 l -- p je -- -h 5 S o| ^'O 'J 1 ^__ a 1 rt B> -I rr - S' 1st s?-g| rt o o o i Ol i >1 ? L_ f > cr.o rj f?> c: o 3 ;CO -- --o O ml <rt> --v> ft- _* 1 3 O o o o Nl vV-dg'S* rr- " Ti . M m U1 CJ o\ I r Crwpi l-A and I-B arc material* which are soi effectively gelled by BENTONE 3f. by virtue of their strong polarity. The primary function of these pobr compoinds In BENTONE (elation U to serve a5 additive* to increase the gelation of system* based on compound* lower in the table. Croup I-C compounds gel moderately welJ with additives. The same I* true for Crwps 11-A and II-Bin some Instance*. The genera* rule may be made that In going fromCroipl-C toGroupH-D, the gelation of the BESTONE range* from moderately good to zero, without additives. It should be remembered that the foregoing statements are based on -thoroughly dispersed BENTONE. Many systems. In practice, are a combination of Croup I-C and some member of Croip II. In such systems, any tendencies toward BENTONE gela tion are cumulative. For example, ar. aUryd (Croup l-C) cut in toluene (Croup D-M gels much more readily than one cut la odorless mineral spirits (Croup Q-C). In fact, the position of the organic medium la this classification govern* the axmxmt of polar additive and the amount of energy Input (either shear fore* or heat) required for gelation. CrMpt I-C 1* of great practical Importance, because It contains most of the materials used Industrially as binders. non-voUtile vehicles for coaMngs of all types, and plasticizers. There is a range of gelling properties for any one member of this group, depending upon its molecular weight and hnw it is modified. For example, a long oil alkyd generally wets easier and gels better than a short oil alkyd. A bodied linseed oil. having a somewhat higher acid umber. I* more readily gelled with BENTONE than a purified raw Uneed oil. Melamine resins and short oil phenolize are usually more dliilruli to get. and require a correspondingly better gelling thinner from Creep II for gaud gelation. For all members of Group I-C. these factor* must be considered, and compen sated for In three ways: t. Choice of thinner* from Croup Q. 2. Amount of polar additive from Croups I-A and I-B. I* Amount of energy Input required (heat and/or mechanical shear). o co 13 H I^ ~ < - <* o| rn 2\13 75 o a 3L 4 B> y *1 *=5 S1'*s- m- s| 3 rf -or ; `3 o> <0 L r_=y x* -v >'*r**s" - 1 ! In Crtvp U-l, eompoucds vUh high aromaticity, food gelation of BE34TOKE W fairly easily obtained, la general. Croup U-A Is effectively gelled with BENTONE by the u of mechanical work with only a minicram I polar additive from Croups 1-A or I-B. The gelation ol Croup 11 -B (medium aromatic content) by BEfcTOJCE ts somewhat more difficult, since Croup Li-8 consists of mixtures of ccmrtitscats havieg high aromaticity with larger amounts of sonpolar Ingredieits. BENTOKE X ran be gelled directly with V. M. & P. naphtha, but only with some diUVcshy, and by the use of Urge amounts of shear force, or shear fore? and heat. The moderate aromaticity of this material aids slightly ta the gelling of toe BEXTC&E. Compounds in this classification generally require the use of small mu of polar solvents from Croup 1-A and I-B for ease of thickening. Since Croup D-C kas extremely low aromaticity, and Croup U-D has es sentially no aromatic content, they are much poorer wetting solvents and hence require more sbrar action, and more polar solveU, to obtain good BEKTONE gelation. These iijna are very useful in pebble mill masterbatching, where gelation ! the null Is undesirable. Groups 1-A and 1-B have a very Important effect on the gelUng charac teristics of foapn into low In polarity. Smallammmts of these materials make gelling of BE.VTO!<E much easier, and In many cases Increase the ultimate strength. The relative effectiveness of the members of each group varies considerably. Alrobads *vd ketunex appear to be effective at the lowest con centrations, Is any pwa homologous series, the lowest molcrvlar eeigtt com pound is the most effective. In practice, methanol, ethanol, and acetone are the most widely wed polar additives. Trlctbyl phosphate Is of special Interest where low voirtlbfy t aecessary, such as In was and resin applications. The amounts used In grtbng BEKTONE 34 vary according to (he additive. The imoutg addbtiee employed should always be based on the weigh* of (he BENTOhE w*d The general range for BEMTONE X Is from lUte 1091 of additive, trpndht on the combination of factors outlined above. An a specific example, BEXTWE X in heptane (Croup U-Dl requires 30% methanol or $0% acetime inr maitmum gelation. ItWTONE X In toluene (Croup U-A) reaches maximum grtmkcu stthonly 13 (methanol. These figures for BENTOXE X will vary acewdstlr Ax' other systems, or for the same system where Irma efflcieid dispersion methods are used. Order sf Adddlon sf NUr Con-dtloeid Ip samd case* In desirable to add the polar ccMHwd atev the BX- TOKC and other nSemlx have been processed by milling. The getafkm of a - 'mgBJB& V * ] I t ! i I o ( i o 0 01 Nl as t" Ol U) 4* 00 '' -jy- - ' ~ry . < - - 147 alalile aliphatic hydrocarbon by BENTONE 34 is an exceltest example erf thin wetbod. Because erf volatilMy losses and flumaUbty haxards, tbe grinding of BENTOSE 34 hi low nohwqf mineral spirits Is best arcaeapUabed to a petbte mill. Formation erf a high viscosity paste would complicate tbe dincharge of tbe gelled batch from tbe mill. Since low solvency mineral spirits has poor wetting characteristics, because of its non-polar nature, normal pebble willing of BENTONE 34 will net gel the system udil a polar narrial such as methyl alcohol is added after tbe grind. Addition erf tbe methyl alco hol with good stirring, after tbe pebble milled batch is discharged, completes the gel formation. This metbed permits easy handling of a thin paste through the pluf before the batch Jstiucfceaedtotbe final viscosity, and allows a higher solids cor*eat mill grind. On tbe other hand, iocWsion of the polar additive during the initial pig ment grind of tbe bar system Is, in some cases, the best procedure to follow. The presence of polar soirrerf during the grind, shortens the grinding time necessary for ultimate gelation of the BENTOSE by reducing the amount of shear force required. In addition, the tendency of pigment particles to reagglomerate during 'he grind is minimized by the action of tbe BENTOSE get. The polar solvent is often essential in the ca>e of poor vetting vehicles and pigmettfs, as for example, with phenolic dispersion resin systems. Deget-ilon )| has been shown in the foregoing section regarding the polarity of BEN- TONE systems, that the Judicious use of polar additives mafcrs it possible Id produce uptlmom BENTONE gels with a minimum of mechanical or heat ener gy input. Experimental data prure that while small amounts of polar additives progressively Increase gel strength to s maximum point, when more polar sol vent Is added, tbe excess plar constituent bring- abut sorted loss of gel strength. This toss of gel strength, beyond the factor of dilution, is often quite sharpy and may be termed degelotion for purposes of IMs discussion. Tbe phenomenon of drgeUlion <4 BENTONE gets may be attributed, therefore, to tbe same factors which originally prumtrrf ease of di-persiem. This Is shewn in Figure XI illustrating the effect of increasing amounts of methanol on the gelation of BENTONE 34 is pure heptane. These data were obtained from s T.Si suspension of BENTONE 34 In -heptane which had been pebble-milled for 34 hours. Broodfiettf curves were run after I he addition of methanol wMb stirring. The significance of Um BrouUirll curve method shown has been dis cussed in Section 02. U---V ! i 1 XT ; f9 z 1 = ~.CO r* oa cr O'* OI i . CO lizz ; o. zi e; o a. c o_. a> P> _. O ee ~3 -33 1 3 -- h : = i =r 5- 3 3O rf P 1 (q I o o o cn Nl St ' --ft EfFECT OF METHANOL AOOtTION TO BENTONE 34 CELS M A NON-POLAH UOUO JO 20 JO *0 SO 0 TO 80 90 100 110 120 liO WO ISO PERCENT erH4NCL BASED ON BENTONE WEIGHT Fimr XI C> ITCT Of WTTHANOt. ADDITION TO BENTONE M GELS V* A NON-POLAH UQtlD ft v;a W m+r4 |n ttr oim ltut I2 geUtlow ul BEN*TONE M U >w<4 by Ike aMM of ffitthinnl op to a* tyillmvn piift at 30^ Mtfcanol (te-e* o or r>M id (hr rE.NTONE). WHh increvive lmnmmt* of iwlluiwii, Ue ti itjwwftth U1U oil rapidly. To avoid r mlxcMcepIkato* fta* to dthjtk*, aii *enMaJuti *r*r* adjusted *o IhM addiitv*-phta~fccpUM *a a cotktoft IttaL Tto #plaliai U otolowly Aw to greater mmw of polar atohrtwL 0*r gtoin ** * indicated that the rate** polar udvtm traftaalty fittialtbry Or Wiaiit tore** betorrw Uw plain thnMgfe prefereotiai atf~ aofptka, to d* pMt dirt all attractive forrra brttm the pUteicU km bm uutciof, wjdtot to a completely dlwporaed irwp *4 pUtrkts arttaft : i 3-7-rj * t o w-rr-*e'.-*3 i" ^ s 5 sj 3 S. ~ ~I gO o-->-- o -*.* II BENTONE 3t has found application in a wide nmtj of uetds where Ute unique properties of BENTONE gel* solve many problems. Such problems are often interrelated, so the effective useol the BENTONE results in solving more than one problem at a time. The purpose of this sect:** is a general descrip tion of each beneficial action of BENTONE 34. Wberwrer possible recommenda tions sill be made as to the approximate amount e< BENTONE necessary to olftain these benefits. I Improved BrvshabHity The sh-irt, "buttery** gel structure of BENTONE It greatly enhances the brushabilily uf paints which tend to pull u ruler the brush. With the advent of the alkyd vehicles as replacements for olc>*resinous vrhectes, there has been Increased need lor suvh a th*<jtrup*c gcilant. The 'soapy** nature of low sol ids content paints can al>o be corrected by the u.>e -jt BENTONE 34, to proride a paint with a higher apparent viseusityt<^;ether with a desarrd short gel st ruelure. RECOMMENDATION: 1 to 8 lbs. of BENTONE per 100 gallons of pair*. 2. Sag Prevention Sagging has item a pressing problem In thr cidr bekf of coolings having a low solids content or a ! % visc<*ity vehicle. BENTONE 34 Is especially effective in paints jodvinylpEistisolsbyprovidir*1 a gel %heh will flow smooth ly under working conditions, imt will tlhcrwise tie rru^iaoi to flow of lls owt accord. The t^imum amount if BENTONE used nun* be determined for each particular system to prevent nagging and yet allow twr sufficient levelling. RECOMMENDATION: t to 2* In vinyl pUMUoU hoct os the resin, or 2 to 4 Its*, of BENTONE per 100 gallman of paint. 3. Improvements In Spraying and Dipping Application* BENTONE 34 greatly reduces the stri^uMs* Ml cobwebblng frequently encountered In spray*cikatirg cprrallunn. The short TnttrrjT gel imparted by the BENTONE insures a smoother, thicker single cm*. while at the same time H acts as a rrlarduM to flee in the baking eyrie. These drwirabie character istics are aUo apparent In dtp'Conling paints and ptast loots where a thicker uniform single rout l desired wdhuut teardrop lorsutkw KCCOMMENOATfON: I to 21 in plaMUols based mtkt resin, or K to 4 the. U BEKTONE per 100 gallmw of pm*. :< i... - f7-r& y&r "-> >ry* P' m I cr -o r> -- ^ :p ^ " =yl A> I p> :*l "CO at 0 I CO 1 * . 4. Pigment Suspension Properties The hard settling of finely divided salica Mlers and metal primer pig ments can be very easily remedied by thews* at BENTONE 34. its continuous gel structure effectively cushions the setting particle. In this vay, the pres* eace of the BENTONE gel insures easier reunccorporation of the settled solids. The exact amount of BENTONE to be used to achieve soft settling depends an the specific gravity of the pigments and cache original viscosity of the vehicle, and thus varies with each pair*. RECOMMENDATION: Z to 6 lbs. of 9ENTQKE per 100 gallons of paint. 5. Bodying Action and Viscosity Cmtro4 One of the outstanding features of BENTONE 34 is Its thixotropic bodying action. For each organic system, e-g. paints, piastisols, stains, etc., the con sistency is raised proportionately with each small increment of BENTONE added. The viscosity Increase is predictahtic, mdits reproducibility from belch to Latch is exceptionally g>xd. BENTONE. 34 dues not require aging to develop maximum gelation, since body is utearned uamcdiatcly wheathe proper combi* nation of shear force, heat, and polar addiervr is applied to the system. RECOMMENDATION: 2 to 10 lbs. of BENTONE per 100 gallons of pail*. . Temperature Independence of BENTONE Cels Normally, the viscosity of gelled organic systems Is inversely propor tional to the temperature. The BENTONE pci* are quite remarkable in that they do not follow the clxssfcal reUtiasortup of v(scneily to temperature. In BENTONE gets, the only change ot viacunuty with temperature change lathe normal variation of the ba."*e Hqv-id. Du's BENTONE 34 is except tonally well* suited for retarding the excessive Rr irvrkprf during high temperature curing or baking cycles, c.g. In pixitlsshK giaatigela, hot spray paints, dipping pa1st*, vases, priding Inks, etc* 7. Package and Aging Stability Systems cisSaiaing BENTONE 34 4> sd tar reas# In viscosity or thin out on aging. In properly formulated palms Inr example, package stability tests of t$ and 34 months duration shoe that tutgiaas from Inlltal viscosity are lean than Si. Such a properly Is highly drstruhieSor trade sales Kerns where there may be a considerable time lapse between production of the nderial and con* tester application. E Color listfortuity through Reset ratios The costing of porous or ahuurhs-- ter. with paUd, preseigs a eery of stucco, cement, and pUs* proMess due to the tendency Inr -v :i SKsn --/- 3-7--T* 'SO r* o | < - rr:| i3 IS - - ~1 r?: = sj l|3 r+ =r CO * o o o cn -"4 L - *-/ r nKrnerpn?*sei /> 147 rxf*if penetration of ooo-volatti? vehicle ir*o the surface. BEMTONE 34 is outstanding in effectively gelling the vehicle so that its penetration ran be controlled, and yet provides a short gel which will brush easily. Thessecf BENTONE sill help eliminate "shiners** and other color son-uniformities socialcd with uneven peoetratiuo of a paint* >. Color Uniformity through flooding Control BENTONE 34 insures color unif>rajtjr by its formation and retention of a homogeneous pigment-echiee gel structure. This is must actable la systems where the color is a Function of more than one pigment, each having varying specific gravities and settling rates* A green paint where iron bloc and lead chromate are the color bodies is a good example, in such systems, the SENTONE gel prevcntsseparalioool pigments fromcachuher and from the vehicle, which eliminates color striatlons and variations is color density. At the same time, the tendency lor pigme.4 flotation (flooding) in certain pa)<Ss is cnwttfacted by the BENTONE gel structure. tO* Water Resistance The hydrophobic nature of BENTONE 34 is highly desirable in organic ystems in which moisture resistance is of great importance. The metal primers, adhesives, waxes, and mastic compounds are the most netante appllcations. In addition to being hydrufihubte, BENTONE 34 serves t<* reinforce the film against prolonged !tamer*i*i in water by means of the continuous gel structure which it forma between ptgmerC and vehicle. This is a nucwoithy property, since many other selling agcrSs are water susceptible, and Usd to accelerate the dvferioeatitm and failure of the protective film. II. Chemical Resistance BENTONE 34 improves acid and alkali resistance In palrds and other protective Coatings by decreasing the wcUaMtttyof the film. Panels Cunted with two l.S mil layers of red leu4-PTriun*rhbrinalrd paralfiw-BENTONE 34 paltd, when Immersed in an I4t bydrurhWlr acid solution fur 4< days, showed marked improvement over the control pafid >.lhut BENTONE. Likewise a red lead*rinc oxide-RUolde-chlixinaUd paratlin- BIXTONC 34 paUd, when immersed In 2d sodium hydruside soMlan, showed definite Increase In durability over the control paint containing no BENTONE. j i"s-} 3 2 ~ = OI mI | rt a> P> ,,1 5 I=r -> C Og ^ ~3 T3 II 3^-2: a zr -- 3--1, ZD O w D I rt fQ I o o 0 01 Nl L The "coupling- gel bdwnn the BENTONE sodvehJ-cleserves to strength en paiat films, *j im, adhesives, etc-1* Typical Plioiite-chlorlnaCed paraffin cadaiaUf BENTONE 14 show remarkably Improved durability. Pali* films ccrgainirg no BENTONE show severe checking or allifcatoring, whereas atter f months outdoor exposure, iKisa paint Ulota containing BENTONE 34 (6 to 14 tbs. per 100 galls of paint) wrath, red w.th no indications of these film drfectsu Is paraffin wu having a sharp melting point at 12$*F,,ihe In clusion of 81 BENTONE 34 hardens, reinforces, and bodies the wax so Chat It wiU not melt, but <nly soften, at 160' F. I IX Platting Action in Clear Systems II Although the primary function of Inc BENTONS Is that of gelation, it exhibits a moderate derree of flatting In clear varnishes and lacquers where i a soft or satin finish is desired, Unlike mtot flatting agents, BENTONE 34 does not present a svUhng problem. One of the Ideal uses cf the BKNTONF. Is Its addition to ether (tatting agents to prevent hard caking of such materials at i the Vstorn of the container in storage. RECOMMENDATION: 2 to 8 Its. of BENTONE per 100 gallons of paint. i 14. Effect of BENTONE 34 on Adhesiuw i Laboratory tests show that BENTONE 34 exhiUts no adverse effect* upon be adhesion of paint or ot'er films to surfaces which they are coating. These i reswfcs with OENTJXE are in marked contrast to a great number of suspen- Akm agenda which cuntnli to poor adhesion because of their undesirable i butrieating action.11 9 11 Effect of BENTONE 34 on Solvent Release The presenre uf a BENTONE gel dues nut adversely affect the drying i time of a paint system. The rates of evaporation of straight solver* and BEN- TONC-gelled solvent are almost Identical. Vnllhe other gelfing agents, BENTOItS-hudied systems do nt trap solvent, and therefore they do mU pro long the drying * tj* ***** (IIm> "1 ;- p .oca o O ; -..vg 39 m " ZT pa Z* ^3I rt =T L -- /-,T ,'Ji - -- a.-. Far maximum efVclittwsa, exterior primers must possess certain def inite qualities uhich are readily obtainable through the use of BENTONE. BENTONE 34 frill afL*dth<* point* goudptgmenr .urea>Joa and easier brushabiHfy a* a higher apparent vi^cuctuy krrl The strong continuous film devel oped by BENTONE 34 ia ?rimers provides an excellent base for the topcoat. The (ollcrving gme*"*! V.-earulaiun containing BENTONE 34 will serve as a starting point lor the f.srmwlator, and >!!-*>trates the highly desirable proper ties of BENTONE 34 U euenoe primers. Primer (Exterior) PfliiMh Basic Silicate Vf Lead-ISX T1TANOX RANC Magnesium Silantr (Medium OU AbmorptNAl BENTONE M* 264 104 342 EsMrtt Mav Limserd Oil Pale Heal Bodied Urns red OM (1J Ho n *01 Ester Cm* Sahdhw w Light Mineral Spirits Light Mineral S^rts U*.U Ort*r' Puii- pv n% Weight pea Ciihn 12.T Bs. JT4 Iff 33 144 ..l. 1774 n m tiet Cjlinu 40 3.1 14.4 0.4 22.3 2X1 4.3 22.0 XO *-- 100.4 :i mm m -"'ir - ~r*- - - L WI|SiWWLlV..H 3~ <* -- a. o =r a> o_ c a o o *- cr 3^ c d zr z? a> o o o cn * / * 147 j W h h 11 *i 11 I l I 1 1 40 Exterior Topcoat* The iuorpancka of 0ESTOKE 34 In topcoat formulations results la a paint superior is performance and final appearance. B ENTONE 34 provides Uvie paints with a ccn reliable increase in viscosity and easier working prop* erties. Its m tapeoats Insures better color control by preventing undue penetration and flcuituf. The incorporation of BENTONE 34 In topcoats gives strong film reiaiocfenxat without impairing the other characteristics of these faints. The (uUerug formulations are general examples of exterior topcoats containing BENTONE 34. FORMULA 2 Topcoat (Exterior) Pigment Basic Sitirdr llwtc Lead-45X Tine OW CVmi'ir) TITANOX A (3104 UiCMshm SibrSe (High Oil AboepUm* BENTONE 34* Pounds no 331 m * Gallons $.3 4-0 4.2 10.0 0.4 Vrhicle ,,A Vuwt Otm&n Dutch Oil Aflwd No. ! Pale Ned Art Unseed Oil Uf^t Mineral Spirits U?>* Ortev' PubtUm' 3M II 10$ $0 21 Tm 33.1 11.0 11.2 12.0 1.1 i5CT PY - 31$ Wcigtt I3.TI I *U_ w ! > < ^ n aiMfc fw* t - sr-r V- . l"--~ memmmmmmm S<B*''-==e os=> 5" o^ " ~S g _-*< " m01 i-' 2, - 2- = o -- Q. r p rr ro 9- r. 5 g-s ST - Oc o ^3 33 3 rt 7- =r 57 3 2. (PO> o o 0 01 "Nl L Brsismt Topcoat ttanH Pigment TiTAHOX A 1M <*CH Zinc Oxldr (Artrxlxr) Mxgixxltxt Sifxese (Mrdraa OU Absorption! BEjnroNE y*` =~* mJ u u u Vehicle Alkali Refined Linseed OO ~X~ VUccXJ Ussred OU Light Miatrxl Spirits S4 Cxlciiut Mspttlwsxt* liCotaK Kaptoheoto* Polar Sohrd* 321-9 1CT.1 ISU U u U4U PV - 2*.74 Weight per GsUc* - lit I CilVto u M U <li IU 2U OLt Ost Io o j i M. W* W-11 I SirtioiTrta Pitots Wktt rtodtoj < la toe factwIjOcn d wk a4 iria palid* KKTONt M cvtrlbiiH ittfy knrficul properties. Cdd i '.<<tkcv t* Uw mkf lwu<V MiM| rMUi| iroi* < durable tfftnt to UiMinff. Ttvm Uto dan^dd el rtAil totiitof. rto ante* el ItSTOKC M to adtaMe to Ike ettmtoattoe d uol^. BCKTONC M ttU alee lewie itoe*y to rotor and gtoas lto><l Ms ctonl el fleodtoa and pntoniito. The faOeete* fortoeldlneeetoetotoc BtNTONC M yrendi m eareUrto mampim to a satoedtoe paito tor the taMUl cttotonOto to tor ptoto tor--Itonrw - sr~jrx i XT?* t i CTj 3 r C D o -* ! =? o r . 3 -% _ ~ ! r~v " CP CO 3~ I O O 0 01 L t^*p j w j ^jr " r /1 f o r mu l a 5 Wall Prlmef-SfAkf Queriof) Pigment Pounds TTTANOX RCHT Atoailf Zinc Oxide (Fine Particle) BENTONE J4` 300 tui too U 10 Oil ts 1.0 Vehicle Phthallc AAhydr>de~SjU)wer Alkyd (0>t Solids)1 270 J$ Scary Mineral Spirits 105 >5.0 Light Mineral Spirits 237 35.0 24 ( Lead Naphthenatt T.S a* (1 Cobalt NapMhenale 4 1) 4l Calcium Naphthenatt 2 IS li Antl<SUnnlng Agent 1.4 u Polar Soiree*1 -- " 1052 1 10X5 PV - 44.4% Weight per Cation * 10.2 I U in *mjn 1 >-1 r~t~ *-- --r**-* MViiwn. 'Tw i -- - * rt + pw * *-* * * TOM M. Mw , m. hlwkr fiiarh__ BENTO** 31 Is ^alte eltenh. Is ttetac IntrMor enamels s UMscSrepIc etactsap, sltli too* bmfcabillty. * a*. iwmutpiTTtsiis as* rood colof * aifensitf. T*e (to* U< Ibe riumrl tmm to M Impaired ae *ul Da. ct BXNTONt 14 p> 1M |*Io m ol pu are 'rd, pruaitfin* t*e SEKTONE Is Mll-craad 4 Mipri-- * At li<tr> BENTONE cneMnllas a *OnM aaia-Hk* llaHle* .Beet Is aduetm*. T* Wlwsi lotwmlMUmm, raMUsla* :i *^ .- . => =r z o> = o " c 3 =r -i " -' " O -^< m 3'~ zOL IT O---------~ A --A. O 3 cO^ :3 to CO L qywy ^ rggg&'.-PWW^^MPs'- J3PRSL r. - fa r* CD C *r CD Q- C _ CD co Zj CO Ort 3. 3Z* 3 ^ r- - ^ e (S '~-3f "-V- *-'..> ' ....... _ *. X '- s_ ,->b !--'*--* X r -- n t ~-r d U u FORMULA 10 si Interior Flat - Tinting Bw PiemenC Pounds Gallons TIT A SOX RCHT LORITS BENTOKE U` 503.9 irr.2 T.O IK.Y CO 11 Vfhiti* Ott VjrnUh1 200.1 3C2 P Ester Cum Solution' Light Mineral Spir'ts II.I 116.2 10.6 2M E KeroMM 21.2 3.2 Lead Naphthcnat* 9.1 1.0 51 Cobalt Naphthanate 2.1 13 Polar Solvent* v'? uJW loW ii I f I I 1 " "gjalBK n ' **3&m*iK* i L_ cr -O 3 OdO 3' ~ "_. ~< 2" a. om| i" ^ -I 4^. *"* * 1 O rt 3 3 I Se?3l > ? ^ 3 I 2. o> o> I + <o 1 O O 0 01 1 ! I I LTl --- O n I mI a* Tt m **" --- m ci ! i A stipple paint Is usually applied over a seated surface and aitoved to partially set, before the stippling design is imparted to the surface. By using BENTONE 34 la stipple paint, the stipple effect may be produced immediately ' ao application of the paint to the base tool. BENTONE 34 stljiple paints elim inate the usual waiting period and the Irregularities shich often result. BENTONE 34 effectively controls the sagging or running tendencies, %'ithwt Im pairing the workability of the stipple coating. Shown below are two stipple paints based on the use of BENTONE 34. FORMULA 13 Flat Stipple Paint Pigment TlTANOX RCKTX 400 Mesh Silica LORJTt "DUTCH BOY** TRIBASE BENTONE 34* 527 ta 99 2.0 9-11 19.4 4.0 4.1 0.04 0.5-0.7 Ardaaco V-140 (Umtf Linseed 0*0 Heavy Mineral Spirits 24 l Lead NapNhenale 61 Cota* NapMhenate Polar SofveM1 350 145 1.6 0.* airs w*n Wefgtt per pll - 12.2 lbs. 49.4 21.9 0.2 0.1 Wtm l rnm HSTWO M ** MTO>l I :i -'iHpjwu 17- J L j i $ \ I *> ~ \3 in 3 i 1 i O !O O ; cn ! ->i r f I I I < w In _ oO IC* T IP* ^ 1ZT -* O rr {* ^ I => zr -- 1 Io 3 c* o I i-%: r r METAL PROTECTIVE PAINTS S3 The bemellts arising frocs Utf action ol BENTONE 34 is metal pr elective pQifti aft x r k S unignf. Th# nait d c (iblt ol these coftfitwiions Is the escellene augment suspension made possible by BENTONE 34. BENTONE 34 imparts innnroced moi ^tur* resistance and ater repellent jrt insuring a film strongly reintiurred apa in_>t lhe damaging effects ol weathering. The working properties. 5toes>e pair** are (really improved when they certain BENTONE 34. It l s pusatiide to apply thicker, uniform, single coals *itb lavorabte reduc tion ol BENTONE 34 has sm adverse cllcct on adhesion ci the paint lo the mrtil sartaff^ and offers to impairment to drying. The following general formulation* *re examples ol the ox ol BENTONE 34 tn metal prvdcitive patids. FORMULA 13 Red Lead-AIkyd Primer Pounds ,Wl ITOTOVE 34* 1302 tl* 0l 5 Jtsl*VC*L AMpsift Solution5 Lk M Hiarral Spirits (ICdsl Najrthciude nsisr Tntrid* S04 104-4 M 11*0 44.S 14.1 0l 2 "HT rV'4L2( prr Oaikn - 19.4 Dm. . w w. 'r-w n*. t** * (w so* } 1 C7-J3 3 -- 1 C O " , ! 5" e. = sr . -2 s "r rr o rr o ! "* - : ;,, : =r - C o. : ~s ?- 2 ~S = c: ^ = 3 *- zr - 3 a=T m a= f o ;O O ! cn 55 i. f M U1 U) CTi VO f r St 147 I Iw m Mixed Pt<al-Angel Primer PifOMt Pounds M Lad, Ki tine TeUov Mica, 323 Mesh (Wjlr Grcm*$ tafia* Bed Magaestnm Silicate (Medina Oil Absorption) BENTOKE M* 330 10 35 10 ISO Vehiete Attyd BesJn Solution* ticM Minrra! Spirits 01pea toe 2l| Lead Naphthrnate | Cdal Naphlheaate PoitfSohed1 413 190 73 4.1 4.7 .... 13517 Gallons 3.1 n u 0.2 4.1 0.4 51.3 21*4 2.3 0.3 0.4 .... TUT.r M-J5t ><M per Calk- - 1J.I I m-im, r> x n> 4 K*n*< Tfc* lodoMriMf formuUliuA is Cor * mciil *11of printer, based 00 Military 3pertfc*ll* hUL-P*4W$A- II mstr*tr lhua< BENTONE 34 u * ptgaesft > spending *^rel \n * prlaervhlcfc must eet * Wf sellUrg Irkt. Tm speeittraUan tnt, ImulTlm tMk t*u volumes ui lobtM Md (teemilut at the pif an UaAni, Is rd marly dilltoll to meet it rtftUi gUd prudiKtlos. The lonmbtlcs iimlelo* passes this teak occrsshkJlr, *e lo the irtim e* BCXTOffC 34. non cr-O c: }^ * CO ~- *< ml a> o. c: cx c 3 ^5-3 <s 1 O O o cn --o -- r* 0> O *< m :3 paints. BENTONT 34 gels an otherwise thin ors'jupy paint la a higher appar*^ viscosity without any lou In good working properties. 3ENTONE M Improver fubfc>er-bise pajots without retanLi^j the solvent release of the volatile portico of the vehicle. This Is in marked contrast to the action tl moot caher |tiUrt*, which generally prolong drying and soften the paint film. Tests coo<hKted oo the following typical iorroulaitons will demewstrale the performance of BEN* TONE 34 in these paints. FORMULA U Styrene-Butadiene Concrete or Stucco Plid Pit* Pounds Callous TIT*NOX RANC ' DtTCH BOY" DYPHOS 1 BE.VTOSE J41 JT4 I0.T S flLOS ft 0l 4 Vehicle PUelKe S-5 Cblorwti 40 Raw Tui* Oil Hi-flash Naphtha Light Mineral Spirits Polar $hnt1 300 30 10 314 314 **Toil 2U 3.1 IJ IRS J3-t *ST PY .li Wrl*) per CLillia - 10.4 0m. 'wtc* far SIMM. ! CTj O kT 3* * z **< 3% o. O m o w zy. o 3 r+ =r -- (D o o o cn si T 1 TITANOX RANC "DUTCH sor DYPHOS1 BENTONC m! Vehicle Parlon (19 cps) Rezyt 869 (I09i Solid*) Xylol Epkhlorohydrl* 24 ( Lead ffjphtbmjt* fi Cobalt Naphthenal* Polar Solvent* PV - 26.91 Weigh! per Cj Uo * - 10.2 lbs. `-t*TC rwr or****. a--* % **-j kaiii* aMI i*r ** l tt *m Mr * UM l.ki. I yM M kta VM-I M*|rrtl*rM. ** * l>V^W* w ki* * k at kr * f * * * **ai 23* 13 1C 0J 0.4 It) 12) SIS M 13 as -- lOli S3 n.) 10.) o.ot at at --MM io iVi r Ofc --a<. ***rk pm p * ri M *r1 -4 *r* tfrlia <' aM -4 I. -- ru>* am* MIOk& vr-. :i - S'7-tz jnrf" I o o 0 01 si Chlorinated Rubber Concrete or Sinceo P>lt TJTANOX RAHC Time Oxide (Aclcular) Mio, 325 Mob (Water Ground} MLacnraivm Si1ica*e (Medium Oil Absorption) "OVTCH BOY" 0YPKO* BEWTOKE 34* Vehicle Parlon (20 cps.) Ctonfla 41-3 Tbermotyied Tu a| Oil (O'Brie* 0nptn D-S5A1 Aromatic Mineral Spirits* Aromatic Mineral Spirits4 TarpedlM CptcAJoruftydris l Cobalt NapMh.no*. Polar SolTM*' w-usi Aalsht per Gallon 11.4 Oat* 222 44 TO in t 21 M IS i> 2S 341 I3J 30 O) u ***** TTO . 1.0 3.0 4.9 0.1 1.9 4.4 U 1.9 3.3 4T.9 IT.9 3.0 XVj 0.04 ***** UT cr-o 2 - z| ^5 IS! 00 -- S O I -5^ * m I 5" ^ 51 Hi o3 co ; 3 ^ =r O O 0 01 L vw. '*ajeg> jg^^W^^rTSB . .; *- :-*C ^--: gqiogifcjwifrj *. *: - .T^Etr /> 14' i , ^gur-jr^rr-r-rT ASPHALT PAIHT8 Exposure durabtUty to the major problem wdh these pxlMx, aad to here that BEKTONE J4 to especially ellecti-e to relailocctod the pata Ota. Stoteninc ol the coattof motor the hot to the sea and embrialemeto to cold weather are nisimired bp this Mm relnlorein* action The tewdracy to these paidi to saf is overcome by smalt amcores to BF.STONE M, which at the same time does not adversely atlect the solveto I elease and da-pof time. The Itolowtng formulations are eetl suited lor dip or spray application FORMULA 11 Asphalt Palis (For Metal Sertaces) Gll-wm** Ccituwwvd Pile* bex t o x e m1 Rc QaH UftrH 0.1 Heal bodied Lo-ved Oil U(M Mineral Spirits TwrpeMlne KeraMM Polar Solwd1 Weight per Called - T.S tba. tit Ol 4t u 1* out SftO 114 M tu its 2L0 30 U v "W TBCT M. * K(*W. J*-M. L 4__r --j'- ??-* * *> tras rt c: aS2 S. p rr -a wo ar-. --' -S ?r* rc> o 3^ r3r 3 r-to IT* ---- Z7 ^<C A3t tit *> - S o *< - m Citoootto C^tu--ro4 Pttcb CWrk * Rasta IlNTOM M1 Nrfl.'irO LtaaeeO Oil 1 k(M MLtmrral Spirits Hravy Hiacnl Spirits PoUr V4wt* porGaBoo * I S9t 134 20 10 30 303 19 "TO 31.4 0.3 3.3 0.1 4.1 40.3 13.3 13CT nrr-a#*. Wrt ^i w k i irr fslayo# to aapboH palais, abhowb Ibo ** Am talon*. i mi above cental* mm. b laelcAm, BENTONS 34 o*tr- COOM bar* ttba( tt (bo oxudi pl|wt. emu nxgwo BCNTONC M Im ew^lnulir otlortlve la laamlai tbo *ok* bf of clear ftaton. Beth mo U| an* nJuQ*c m (really re*KrO by Ha m, Marroff, tbo re l m ^ymubb rtbtilai to fhma or clarity at tbo Onlab %br* tbo BOTOftE 34 (I to4 tbo. par 100 y aikmo) U thocoofkN pmH by prbbto oiA yftMiiy. A* murtiMy sort, Mila QaUh to afelaloe* obro Urptr I n iO I at BCKTONC 34 are m4. It 4or* M a brtlttt* ynMto, mUI ooH cUtr flattlf* rO. Ao lbi applM-atbat for MNTONE 34 U to fiogaftiai o*b ubrr fUttint i0 to la** l*r* trgoa Mttllng Mr4 BENTONS 34 atoo ymoifrt you* wahnuty la *rl finiako* by auioilalat IlMKHl o o o o i**ma i tbo fuua| piyjaoot* ba tbo Islloviac - V'^awqfmr... forttuUlkm, BENTONE M is 19 Improve the performance ai the sllic* (UUi&c ptgancet fas a typical flat nnM. FORMULA n Flat OkvrewMnVmlsk PbMoiir -PC-Rosin - 1 Castor Oil Varals*1 SajOret C CSiUca Aerogel BUTWI M1 Miami Scants (A<Jpoi ladrsusd eombtory) MS 30 13 M CsM. 1 I m* ay t--*m MTV. M( rnsrnc w u s t s Tralllr f1*1* 1M wc asrkiBC raids it* lonwbW lor CaM lav irci'ir ifnrns. Mai mbuats, sad Mh abraaloa raslaaaaca radar satara cnMas at vaar. BtSTOM* M is a|arlallr oralal la tars* palMa baaxaa a la fsasiat* * > acMara hodriag '* mardia* aotaas* rataaar, allaaUM IM p-- la sal au*a a ira alaSn altar apoHattloo. Oaa IrcMaa at k s Xs *- satMaaa* lava* ot trar (tuta la tu tarlrdr (tasa brads * radIa la tba raadr a>at paiid. Tba hard aacUaa ot thraa brads haa bars a parMaas i : --A S'T-.rs cr-o 35-2 ; -3 I <0 -- m a> a o o co CD CO o o o cn *>i { iL+fwm*. a Ca. ?P*r | | | `I I 1 | * f | * *| \1 irWc* u successfully eliminated through the us# of BEXTONE. BENTONE M *** ** affect adhesion of the paint *llm, which la as icpcrtaM consideration Is the anehorlaf ol the glass beads la the finished preset. U addition, the BENTOXE film reinforcing action is aa asset la prooctb* durability of the paiU la use. EPRafuut 24 Pigment t t t a n o x jtorr LORITE BENTONS 341 Vehicle Traffic Palrt Ut iU S CaOo 1U u u ArvpUx I04VV Sohillon (50J Solid. Prtthalte Anhydride ALfcyd) Trail. Spirit*7 JH Lead KapMhenate l Cob.it NapWNnut* Aifl-Sttnnlm Acn: Polar Salyfd1 520 41 10. t.i 0.2 mi) By - 4S.H M^ M I.t U SIS ---- IOQl B ; cr- 3 ! c: o [5 ^ < ~ s ol w ml :? 2. -- P TJT3 a p> <o O O 0 01 Nl :^ , IJZ? - -Ait! L J I f ! i i i t > i ! t L_ f- t cr j z, '9 w \S -<o ~ 2 O o m f- o D :* J 3 Cu (O t !O 01 Nl .r. -**1" "-- flggasr ' "> 147 ` r-s 3TAPIS A state te a special type of coating with 1ow pigmentation, which te designed primarily to impart color effects to a surUce, ruber than protection. TV coloring matter may be a pigir ?t or some form of natural or tjntVtic dyrstuii. The range of vehicles used Is very targe, Including water and waterdispersible binders, alcohol, turpentine, oils, natural and synthetic resins, and many combinations of these materials. Many stains are quite tow in viscosity and must be applied very carefully In order to minimise streaking or the formation of pools on horizocaal surfaces, and sagging on vertical surfaces. Small amounts of 8EKTONE 24 are highly effective is controlling the flow characteristics, and consequently, the film thickness of the stain. This makes the application technique much less critical for obtaining a smooth, even appearance on the finished work. 8ENT0NE 54 also controls penetration, which is especially helpful in obtaining even shades on surfaces of Irregular porosity. "Bleeding** or migration of colorant imo other coatings Is minimized by the mineral-organic matter "coupling-* effect of BENTONE In the dried film. Ooe further Important ad vantage Is the package stability Imparted to pigmented stains through greatty improved pigment suspension. A example of an exterior shingle stain and an tmerior etl wood state for furniture, employing BENTONE 54, are shown below. In general, the amount of BCSTOKt 34 necessary to improve the application and performance of a stain may vary from 2 to 10 lbs. per hundred gallons. The quantities depend largely on the degree of bodying, sag cant rot, and penetration control desired. njRsmmc s t a t u s BEKTOht 24 greatly Improves pigment suspension as shown In the fol lowing pigmented stain. Uniform application te raster because of Hs excellent Uow properties and controlled penetration Into the wood. I t er j q 3 | m %z o i ^ 2; !<0 O at CD CB Q a> Ol rr oc <O- (B Z3 3 L 1 Band timber BEKTONE 34* 200 LI 4 0.3 1 Vehicle ! Olcemiaoui Varnish* TO 0.0 I Raw Uojcrd Oil Limed Riti Solution 144 ( Solids 2* 2.4 in Mineral Spirits) T.t 0.0 i Light Mineral Spirits st TS.0 f | Maryra^cse Taltale . 241 u-id T.IUI4 VU u 4.T 0.0 PoUrJdm*' { "TTTT ~WX PV - 34.3* Weij(tt per Galfan 7.11 . Mmm I*. M-M. i / SHINGLE STAINS TImm stain are uiuily applied by dipping or broking. BCKTOH1 X will effectively cot rU the bod nagging ud draining tendency o< mh pro*t. boler application, enilorm film thickness. and iMprovnd penetration codrql are Immred by BENTONE 3*. Poor package <W to pigment packing and wooifono ntalmnc revoltin* from U*y ptgmee* dlstHtaittm, are alee MJM Mixed. Sxr-1 I :i L_ i er -o =7 - w ow i s cea. r~-r -- (O = s s CO o 3 ra rt cr- =T O CL Q-c ^ o o3 eo 3^ o zr O O 0 01 Nl "t <J1 u> 00 147 '.E Shingle SlaMft C P Chrome Green (Medium) BENTONE Vehicle 701 Solid. Soya AUcyd* Aromatic Mineral Spirits' Light Mineral Spirits i\ Pentachlorophrnol Solution ?4& Lead Naphthrnaie 1) Cobalt Naphthenate Polar Satmo' Pd * Ui Wei|hl per Gallon * 7.7 Ibet. 41 loS Oil 34$ 104 27$ $.2 $.2 !.$ 78J.1 4LI 14.4 42.1 0.4 0l $ 0.1 -- 103.0 'c*t** r*fy itov. t t m. r.^ t. cw. A. *.. Vto >*. 'Tto mini to n to p-W o..*-- *' --u to m nt*roo m m. SHOE STAINS SKue (ali m tlnllar in principle to *oorf slain*. They corals dyea, usually with >om nxn, which aretneorporatcdinloa relatively small a of vanish to form a heavy pa.-4r. These mUr are then Ml down with aotmu to very low consistent***. BENTONE M provides unrivalled coHiul of body and plgmerf annpenilcn In these system*, rntrlbutlai greatly (e nay appli cation and Milam resuRs. The remfurermrnt *f the wax and varnish budtrs by BENTONE, and the Improved resisbanre l water, enhance the dsrabtkjly of the stained surface. -3 cr _q r> c D - rr ato -- - O w --* *< s OR mI 3. ~ -- - i 5 " S* ' g-Z?| g-|- <*> zr ^ EJ I 3 PI o o o cn -m V-";; * i t' i i c ss tr* M I-* M <J1 U> CO N)  -! /i 147 i MASTIC COMPOUNDS PUTTY, CAULK3SC COMPOUNDS. AND WOOD FILLERS There are several basic problem* in the production and performance of these hignly pigmented systems which BENTOSE 34 solves very effectively. The Initial vetting of whiting and other fillers by the non-volatile vehicle tt Improved by the action oX the BENTOSE gel In preventing re-agglomeration of particles. In actual practice, the need lor "sweating* a freshly prepared batch Is virtually eliminated The storage properties of the putty, cautking compound, or wood filler are strikingly Improved with BE STONE 34, Package stability tests with swell compounds, for as long as two years, show very Uule oil separation or Kar<kt* tng. Small amounts of BEKTONE 34 keep the composition homn^rnetwa. This rliminairs most of the tedious rework,ng which has usually been required be* tore application. The beneficial effect of BENTOSE gets on pliability and spreading char* acteristics is valuable tn maintaining the prrpe r balance of working properties. The adjustment of How properties can be made without affecting the adhesion, rate of eU*ng, or final hardness uf the pnxhict. BENTOSE 34 Improves the perform a-re uf the putty, caulking compound; or wood UUcr after it has been applied. Due to the reinforcing action of the BEKTONE gel system, dimensional stability Is improved. The molstare re sistance of the compvsvitlun is increased by the water repellent nature of BENTONE 34. Since rate of setting, adhesion, and hardening characteristics are net charged by BE NTONE 34, It Is nU accessary to reformulate a proven trade Uem in order to take advantage of these brtwilU- BENTONE gels are <;ulte Independent of temperature, and they teed to minimise ttoges of working properties le mastic compositions with changes in temperature. It In thus pueslMe to formulate a single jndty or caulking compound for both cool and hut weather apphcNton. from 1-5* to 2.51 uf BEKTONE 34 (based on the oil cartml) Is recomriTirtnl foe putty, caulking compounds, and wuud fillers. The best practice In to grind ike BEKTONE Mo a small portion of the oil an a roller mill or eoOc44 mill prior to tnrorpnralitm with ike ether ptnrdm While it Is somewhat less elBcient, direct Incorporatlm In a Baker-Perkin* miser or In a putty chaser In used successfully In Industry. The follow fog typical formulations give e sampten of the me of BEKTONE 34 tn a wash putty and a paste wood filler. t-y r-Tj i___ t p **- u-yjjasq*- i J 5T z| {S' e. =r. - SI ----------- 3 ol to o 3 ^^ O(B. r_+ ----'TP rr w o. . c ~. CX CO S ~ S y- l I53 a 3I 2. P> I /* 147*7 * t-ezzzr.z Sjufc Party oounc r* No. S5 Pv u j Pokin' BEVTWE M K UmHOII LJ4M Mistral Spirit* Liqwid Drt*r' 1230 <10 11 1ST A 1 IKI.i <**. it -^*i. rw* l >Mlw * * >tlBlR IM IT, U. Callon* H.9 ta.3 0.3 3U M 1.2 100.3 roBiwu a Pa4e Woud Filler Puinds PvfrvrtMd Slttra OUloaxYuu Silica MnTtm SiUr*. |Medium Oil AteovptM mx t o k c > Raw UaMTdOII limit Rnla SuMlim (44 V Solid* k* Miacnl Spirit*) UcM Miami Spirits Twktrm* l Mmiam Tali*. Mi Lead Tall*. <75 m 190 I 111 4.2 1X2 41 3LS S.1 14SVJ Callon 21.4 24.3 . 0.2 IU 0.S IU S.T 4.0 U 101.9 i i I I I I*^ w rt -- S. 2 ?!-.*<- g1 O S-" L s _. = Q, :i<9 nr*> 3 O _m. II "I o o o Ul N| r 1 1 I ^-e 3 * z > < w O O => - S1 =! ~ 5 o -%*< m O. " 0 C* ZT Cl o_ _ zr O rt 3 " c O ,,3 o o o cn ^4 r^'-Tyy* e'V* opentioa, and IKe line of drying are all bait factors *Wch drteraiee thl Mtnury *orkift{ r(u)lilin for a satisfactory lak. The constant aim of the pritfinf industry has bees *o Increase press speeds. This has required printing inks which set rapidly. Resin-based sys*terns which can be dried by water, steam or hot air are graAjally replacing the drying oil*. Modern high speed presses require inks which will set In a matter of seconds rather than minutes. For high speed printing, inis must maintain a proper balance of tack, penetration, and body control. Too high a degree at tack may cause the paper to tear or the ink to mist at high press speeds, ink with insufficient tackiness will not transfer property in the pnrt operation. U penetration of the ink is too great, the print becomes visible from the opposite side o( the paper, or causes blurring of figures. Poorly corgroffedpcnetrat'onmay resuK In smudg ing after the ink has been supposedly set. As ink must have body to prevent centrifugal throw-oil at high press speeds, tndisen mutate bud>ing, however, Is nut the answer. Too viscous an Ink will sot flow properly from the fvwntains to the rollers. Suck variation in the cuoddlcas that are to be met makes it mandatory for the Ink trade to rely on a large somber of formulations. Basically, however, the performance of an Ink, whether it be letter press, lithographic, or rotogravure, will be established by its lluv properties. BENTONE 34 is an rlferttve aid in the manufacture of Inks. The gel structure wf Bl.'NTONE 34 la priming ink* Is invaluable in obtaining the proper batanre of working properties, k has proven advantageous in rolling con sistency, tack, and penetralltm. The addition of 3 lBENTONE 34 to a newsprint Ink will reduce tack and eliminate *n*l uf the normal mlsttng on presses eper attng at speeds of 900 In I&00 linear tret per minute. Addttiun of 4 ( of WK- TONC 34 to the same Ink virtually eliminate* this throw-oil. BISTONE 34 r job In cmorulliig consistency w a host adversely affecting solvent relean* during the priming and setting atwraUims. Penetration of the printing Ink is clotefy cum rolled by BENTON E 34. This allows the use of euhntaMtsl guaM Bins of low boiling volatile sofvems, useful In futrh-drying inks. TTPOCKAPHtC ISK3 Typographic or letterpress kb vary from the highly fluid news inks lo m Z-9 => z| 2_ t % OI a -- -- -i ~^.ss| I =r e- -> ?| s-5 z o 3t| cO 3f 3 ~ --Z ? 5 3I o o o cn Nl ^ L_ newspapers, telephone books, etc. are usually printer) on porous stoc* at high press speeds. Newsprint inks dry mainly by penetration and absorption, although *one heat Is utilized to speed drying and prevent smudging. Casts being of prime Importance, newsprint Inks have been formulated traditionally with relatively cheap Ingredients. BENTONE 34, by controlling viscosity and tack, and therefore penetration and centrifugal throw-off, fulfills a pressing seed. A sample black Ink formulation is as follows: FORMULA 31 Keal-Set Black Newsprint Ink Mineral Oil Dark Wood Rosts Carbon Black BENTONS J41 Pounds too 4 13 t-4 is , ifluHnxH. SSTTOMl M MtfwM * lUil t* Mil r4i Is the above formulation, mineral oil may be replaced with a portico of fa'rly heavy bodJed asphaltic residues, aUed with varying ammmts M light petroleum fractions. These fractions do not volatilise rapidly *1 room temper* stores, but are readily evaporated when high temperature forced air heating la applied to the paper brlmt printed. Blacker news Inks can be made by In corporation of i smalt guar*tty of methyl rMct toner or similar blue color*.*. Satisfactory Inks of other colors may be made by substituting other colored oil soluble dyes or towers Is proper quantities to give (be Ink the desired color and Row characteristics. Other Weal-Set Typographic Inks, I High grade inks for periodicals, f a gwaMy superior to newupeUt Inks, rosesis vehicles (essentially tenders plus solve* ) which are volatile* room temperatures. The following I* a gm* eumpte of the use of BENTONE 34 Is a better gustily typographic Ink Is which lark, body, and pew* ratios are tmd lulled. :-l L_ CT./3 -3 OuO =; o> a> __' wo = - ?5 3?!I 3 --) -- _ O O 0 01 '|gj fegygsji V' ff-'" . v.q' H l:: ~ -' as t-1 M M M Ol U> CO Varnish (Modified P&es^-FonuMrM* Eiler Cits Vanish; 40( SoUdh) Ho. i Litbo Vanish (Bodied Uaseed<K9 Cartoon Black TI: Prussian Blue la Lisued Oil Alba tine Blue la Uvced Oil (t0*> 8ENTONE 54* p**art#to ik ^<rtf Ml U n Inks of this type are eatreaelf fleaiWe wd i veil and set rapidly at high Itapenum. ~amu<4<lng. They prist Water or Steam-Set Typtrithe Into A water- or iliia art tall stay ha Bribed MMltzb wMtk a c-erUia portion of the vehicle comprises blither alcohols oeglycols, which ire alaelMt is water, mined vMft mcr lasohaMe mtas. When wel aa ink to applied. It may he water-set or steam-set by kMl| the wa.er miscible portion of the vehicle la such a manner that the remaiatap roots precipitates and sets rapidly* The we of BEXTORC M la dean* or water-set inks will not greatly affect the body, doe tn the poUr solved rated. The presence of BIXTOKt M will control tack, by prwdoclag a rbaraeleetotk shortness ia the Mu The s overall yddlig prpfrtln of the iak at Mgh pewan speeds will he grwatly to- J 7 - *7-S- L . - 7 _* - w *' v.'.i-- ^vf* i r:sr C-eOi Oz-sr- yozI| of - - m| q " L.| -- 2 ~'l a. 21 .1 ~ 0.1 2J X n> rr !lO r- CO II o o o tn ->4 r w-U^LjyjTW"! * -y^ ' 0 CO ~ Vc -- r o * m o ^ rr = ~3 3 ^-- =r 5T 3 2. .p* O O 0 01 >1 feu.-** If 147 ' A fluid mixture of dispersion resin, plasticiser, a.d pigments Is vsal>y defined *s a plastisol. The addition ol reimiv^ly volatile thinner* or dh*ems produce* a eonpsitlon known as an orfaMMt A plistisof thick has bee* thickened to a pu*ty-liW consistency is termed a plastigel. Clone viscosity control is rdre-wely ln*poftard m the application of vinyl dispersions. The vinyl disnersion must have sufficiently good flow properties to allow smooth, even application, and yet mg oe too fluid. BENTONE 34 has proves to be an effective How control agent (or such compcsmds. It prevents eacessive sagging. run-off, and penetration, through its ability to increase lhiropy La the system. BENTONE }* >c*?arts a marked degree ol dset* sional stability to vinyl dispersion systems a* curing or fusion temperatures, which aJloirs the retention of ur Uorrmiy and detail. PLASTISQ(.S and OltCANQSOLS The reproducibility of the bodying act km of BENTONE 3d IS outstanding iAplastisois. Since the amount of BE STONE gelation Is predictable, the ton** viator can easily cord rot ptaslisnt viscosities from tutch to batch. From I to 3^ of DESTONE 34 (based ui the resin content) l* a dipping plastlsot con*rots sagging, penetration and pigmetw settling. As the amount c4 BENTONE 34 is increased, the compounder can easily produce piastisoU rang* iig from dipping to Iruwt-lable consistency. When the BENTONC 34 U I** creased to 3 (o 5R, the pfvUinof become* stiff and dough-like. A major problem Involved in applying oeganusaU and oUstlaola is to obtain a uniform coat. DEKTONE 34 elfedlvely ctrvU sagging. pnwtr<tka^ and the Ihtckacw of the coating. In this emmertton, i`c unique properly of BENTONC gels in bodying, vithud affecting sofvem release, l* of tremeefcam advantage In forming a stronger and harder dim. The lotlowing formwlatiun Illustrate* the one of BENTONE 34 la A typical pUMlsof. <=r-^ ^ =* i: O -^vc *" m 2 -- rt r W P rr -> 5 O. O 2* o 2* 3 O rf 3 ~ S ^3 3 T-- <* rr ; r 3 (O <o C o 0 01 Si L_ 11 :* K.T*T4f ^ ftrwy; ? 5" c2 I a ?!. -- -- ICO --- O => O m 3w ^ V F " ~ <i .- -g->-- P cn O' ^-- 3- 1 3 I-* 3" f 5" 3 = l____ r- y* * ** '-v .awwywgT-t $*___gi J m :t w a x KEiwroHCEitEyr It Is oftea ecoocraicallv dcsinbtt toiacnisetheaetsf pmto, to* wrf tensile strength of the cheaper waxes in order to uprvdi the gene*aft characteristics ol I he more costly and scarcer hard xs pdbctf. BENTONE 34 Is highly effective in upgrading a wide variety of saxes, regardless <d whether the wax is of mineral, wtetjb'e, or animal origin The incorporation of BENTONE 34 is a wax raises Che stotening P*- ^ the pore or untreated wax. A BENTONE* reinlorred ea does not melt* and eves aft (he firepoint of the wax. It does not become a trwe BqaidL BESTOKE >4 wiU increase the tensile strength oft waxes two-laid and mi aware. InThe amount of BENTONE 34 necessary ieprowe the physical proper ties ol the waxes is usually I to U>1 by weight, torwyantw* oft t to l&i oft BENTONE 34 In typical paraffin waxes, increases the Mtnug poied by 5S*r. The tensile st rength of a beeswax containing 1 to 41 BENTO* E 34 Is more thaw iSjubted. The same beeswax Curtaining 10$ BENTONE >4 chars U4 does act Lqoefy ad 350* T. The exact amount of BENTONE 34 required wB vary depending opes the type oft wax employed, and the particular physical prtpfrtio desired. BENTONE 34 Is an excellent bodying agent lor bgmft wanes. X wD b* preveid hard settling aft crystallized wax particles and Unbidt their rrdbpersicn. The film deposited by a liquid wax ccethiuic BENTONE 34 nhhfts a marked Improvement In uniformity and durability. The water resistance d the film is also improved by BENTONE 34 due to Us inhi.it wafter-repellet nature. BENTONE 34 should be thoroughly Incorperdfd to nedee In obtain the advantages in the finished wax conpmHicn. ft hs preferabfe that BENTONE 34 be ground Mo the mottew wax an a coiknd aBlw Uher sneahfte grinding equipment. Other methods, snchxx stirring a pee-grt into moften wax, have also heen employed, ft is ad* i=able to Incorporate sassfi amusds oft pofir sotvert (usually 30 to 40& based on the weight uf BENTONE 34) to facilitate complete dlspersiCH of the BENTONE (see Section IV. pp 9-X%. TW choice oft polar solvent Is determined by the waa processing tmBn in i, and ft may be lolalltlird. if sremary, from the finished bodied m SYNTHETIC HE3IN ADHESITEB e-third uft the urgator adhesives Is wne teddy i ytohrtlr resin adhesives. The chief types of these are to Ur arid reslan, urea and melamine resins, inwrrtowft h and elastomers such as robber and synthetic pUymerm. t be classified w ft m phenotie and ! torther detail 1 : cr-o =3 5 c o !-* -- J --"o . qf 7+ <1 :S -- . ft e ft O r* 3 gC~ !o O ; cn i -n i i '< i i h i y i as to the many and varied combinations the modern adhesives formula!or de velops from these bases, his ultimate aim Is to achieve two prime requisites la aa adhesive: ft) Reasonable handling and application characteristics. (2) Satisfactory performance in holding joined surfaces together. The Introduction of BENTONE 34 provides the resin adhesives industry with a new tool for modifying several properties which are important in reach ing this (O&L la solvent-type cements, the gel structure of BSTON 34 builds up aa expanded adhesive-gel lattice, whicn increases the yield-point charac teristics of the product. This permits the use of lower solids content adhesives, and effectively reduces the resin or elastomer solids applied per coat. The result is easier application and better :trength characteristics. The soft get structure which BENTONE adds to the system greatly improves brushabildy and iprayabihty, with excellent control of cobwcbbing. InUv? case of a heavier bodied spreadir^ typo of adhesive, the BENTONE gel structure improves knif ing properties, cutting down the tendency of the material to ball up or form a bank ahead of the blade. Excessive "striking la" of a relatively thin adhesive Is readily controlled with BENTONE 34. Unlike other thlckcnir* agents, BENTONE raises the vis cosity without affecting solvent release, and consequently curing time is un affected while strike-In Is Minimised. BENTONE 34 reinforces the cured or dry synthetic renin adhesive bund markedly, and at the same time Improves its water resistance. Other rein forcing pigments which build up shear strength are available, but n<nc with the unique combination of water resistance and bund-strengthening possessed by BENTONE 34. A typical Buna N-phenollc resin cement was tested to show the effect of BENTONE. The following figures show shear strength tests made os s bonded aluminum-wood combination. Mkmn altrcvrv 24 hours after water Isaersio Cemetd without BENTONE 720 pni* 325 pel. Cemeid with .BENTQSa. MS pmL 4*0 pi. TWf* *r* many cintpla ud tirird furmwUClwM .mplcryed 1. Ik. *T--~ thctlr mu .JlveUrrr tiHWUry. For llw purptme at lll*lrlnc tlw u* al BENTONE 34, w clrnTmlprl>'>hnnl>rlci.. Thl I. lwr lbr puck CfMd, n.iu.17 oid I>l4m or .null c j iu . In moro lorol.nl loranUIOM Mirk lark* nuny mathhrr*, Ihr u *mrl wtlfilli. hold. tn.. Tk larorpor*Ra prlnclpln fl*rrr-<J >* &rctl< IV itaiM k lolloorti. :! - 5/ J-J t -.r-- * --1 I Icr^> 3 "r ? 5 s-12 oI m| i:lfb --ict _ c O - 3:| 3 -=:5-Z T-g I 1 o o 0 01 >1 * ________J - - ' *9 v , rf ZZtr --=~. it FORMULA it Tube Patch Cemetg Povwta Ho. I Smoked Sheets BENTONE M Bcftseae too IS 1200 ISIS Gallons 1X2 1.3 l&U 171.4 OTHER BEKTOWE APPLICATIONS The advantien x k J special characteristics cl BEitTONE |rb hare bee* thorroiihly discussed, beh In theory and In practice. There are a treat masy specialized lields and products In which BENTONEMaupplles Its unique prop erties to treat ad/arcafe. Some ot the applications outlined lathe foUoslng panes are well established la IndustrT. white others are In a preliminary state ut dcrclupmctd. Undoubtedly there will be additional hdure nses tadslde the scope a4 this section. Hydraulic Fluids Many types ot hydraulic fluids most be desifned to meet special serrtce cisidttluns* Some ot the moot riporous requirements are lewnd la hydraulic fluid* lor aircraft. The eaamnes ol temperature which are regularly mac tered in normal alrcraR operation create a problem In malnlaiuiag unilores ulseimlty. ' The bodying of a lam (reezind point organic liquid edh 8ENTONC 14, to the proper consistency, in an rtiectlse method ot obtaining the desired properties. Drawing Compounds Draw lute compounds are compositions tied as die Urtcult I* the Prem ise ol wire and tubing. M<ml ot these product* are essentially a suspension el graphite Is mineral oil oe some similar base. The larorpsmk-r id BUTTONS 34 has eliminated the lone rtandin* problem ol (raphlle settling is rtorage. Tbs BENTONS Hsell corSritudes materially lo Imprweed lubrication, and com rots the Hoe p.-operiles al rlesjaed lampsrrtwees. Suiting and Cutting Cumpmads These diapersions <d sbmatre malrrlala la mttable organic Uqsld ear- I cr _o 3 --- ^ o"; {'|f'S f -**< - > r 3 O ^ CL f I ex tt o o o U) ^4 - < V J *' suspension of the abrasive, making relneorpc ration easy and prevefuing mint ration of the particles. In addition, they are quite effective in redneieg the tendency of tbsue compounds to fly off from the wheel during polishing or grinding. Polyesters The effective thickening of many monomeric esters by BENTOWE 34 provides a useful method for controlling flow properties, and permits Iriqirwd application before polymerization. The thickness of dipped and spread coot' tags, and the shaping of complex forms, can be controlled without running or sagging during curing. The finished product has improved tensile strength and dimensional stability. Colors* In-Oil For many years, master painters have been accustomed to the woe of Tube colors** in meeting their particular tinting requirements. In modern practice, this has been extended to national trade paint systems, in which standard blending bases are converted to any of a multitude of color jhadrs by the householder. The high pigment volumes la colors-ln-oil, and (he necessity of long term storage in the package cortribute to an acute problem In hard packing. Hard packing makes the removal of the product from the tube or can very difficult, M even more important, any resultant streaking or tamping seriously impairs the control of color tone. The properties of BE.VTOJll H gels are ideal for coioes-ia-oil. BENTONE If is now successfully used tw prevent hard settling and to maintain far brtter color uniformity, particularly in mixed pigment systems. By preventing phase separation and keeping the tinting system homogeneous, the BENTONE gel structure helps the color* to mis more easily and completely with the base paint. The gel also asonds Is t luting nnlformity in the finished palat, whether pastel crdMp tone* Silk-Scree* PriMlsg take Many printing inks and paint-like compouttlono are developed espeetaBy foe the silk-screen printing process. As such, careful control of How proper Hen l a prime requisite. The general advantage of BCWT^NE 14 m thee* protaacls is H etaUty In sdd tttstarcplc body is a purely tacit and trek steal way. Without sSfectu* chemical reactions, drying time, adhesion, and drhrm^ty hnlmved plgmem-rehtcl# commentions. Eacettam cotaroi of pen*rattan caw he scMeeed wHtant basic charmrv In IWmiaHw. Where necessary, the Him mdids depooued ts the priming process can be re*ctd by the add*** si It*TOMPgeOed Udaner. c<*r-= 3 -- gz "g ? o !~o o I3 i <3. g: " "- ~ g-S - O rf 3 ^ c o f3 3 -* k =r ^=*3 3 < W Q> j -* Jz o o o cn N| 'mSL -< ->.V - It-: $0 Eb w UIc h Sjstfmi Al lint glance it would seem that the water-resistant nature of BENTOKE M la organic lilms vouid reduce Us usefulness in emulsions. Actually, wU* tlnM containing BENTONE can be prepared quite satisfactorily, and several desirable and unique properties are contributed to these systems by the BfcHTONE One method ol preparation Is the emulsification or an org^Aic liquid tm which BENTONE has been previously gelled. This is particularly useful where a pigment grind In the organic phase is normally earned out. The prop erties of the BENTONE do not include any appreciable effect un the viscosity of the etnuhion, and actually are confined to the organic portion of the system. Tbe action ol the BENTONE comes into play where the emulsion breaks, as Is the deposition of a film, or when mechanical properties ol the organic phase predominate, as In suspension ol abrasives or pigments, surface activity, etc. While there is much work yet to be done on the action of the BENTONE *n emulsions. It would appear that BENTONE is ancrienting structure 2uch does id have soap-type characteristics. It contains an organophiLc phase, (the hydrocarbon chains) and an inorganic base which is hydrophobe under the proper tales Paints Paints based on a colloidally dispersed organic pha-e la water have at tracted very great interest In modern paiid technology* Because of ther ad- rantages la cant and application properties, they appear to >jre a most prom- hiqi future. At present, they f-tce heverat baste shortcut*tags, which have ytwrta difficult to overcome or minimise In their termstation. The properties d BENTONE 34 are ideal for these points is which latex paints are deficient. I contributes reinforcement, water resistance and film forming characteris tics, coupled wfth ehemleal Inertness, la the latex paint before application, pigment settling and the reagglomeratlon ef pigment particles are greatly re- dserd by BINTOKC. Through the Impnsrmrd in the wetting of pigment par byticle* the organic phase, BENTONS 34 prolongs the useful package life of the latex paint. Alter the paint has been applied, BENTONE aJfethe process ol ftlm formHim by Imprmlng the coalescing of the discrete spheres of ve hicle. This help* to being about tighter ImtUt film formation, which is tv Bret atep towards better performance of the print. Similar te the conxnkuil grid systems ymisnly dlsewed, the wee of BCNTCNE 34 rrmits in the nr- Wdsrcament and Inrreme* ndnvrr resistance ef l> doed film. Tims, the resultant film shows Improved scrub resistance, in addition lo these valuable Imprwremcnte In Che Ute* p*M system, the BENTONE is inert and doe* and MeHevw *Wh 4hr enamel renetlvttiee act up by the lemddor. - i i rjr ^ z> to a> NC CS o rr n 3 --v tr ee __ Q, 09 P* o ^ => CO. wmn iwiiyu'-wan *UUU "'Wnwjsyi ; a-r * .> 't; r Si i 5* 147 OUff Emulsion Sfteai SI Cb n UUe i poMilMi and* ckioer* coMUtute one of thr nort promising field* for the application of BEXTONE. Improved pigmect suspension and refarfonejcd of the finished film are of specialinterest ta awto, floor, furnUutt, ilnr. nd mdl polishes and cleaner*. A tarfe class of commercial cutting oih is baaed an l-la-waier or ntrr>it*oll emulsion*. The lubricating properties of the short BENTONE gel aid IL capacity for suspending particles are particularly beneficial. A novel application of U>e pigment suspendirg property of BENTONE gels ha4 been made is emulsion rug cleaners and in dry elesmne soap systems. The presence ot BENTONF Is the emulsion prevents redrpoftuuanand reagglomera* Iks of carbon blackandcthere*irarteousmatter,atter rernoval from the fabric. Some other typical commercial emulsion products n *Wch BcNTONE 34 fcs of lfterest Include uaa textile *4zings, disinlectaft^s and deodorarts, and i cr-o ;i|co -* y o i *< ml 3% \ CD Q. 9c e ZT | <a I ri|o -* 5 co zr - - l 3 3 <S l m am m as* l| I I Jl I I 1, The foregoing pages have IndlcatH the general usefulness of "WICH BOY** BEKTOKE 34. The wide sailety of appiicatkms and specific problems, bower*r, which the formulalor in the paint, plastics, mastic compounds and adhesives industries eocourters are bryood the scope of any manual. The Re* search Laboratories of the National Lead Company and the Research Labors* lories of the Baroid Division are constantly working to Increase the over-all knowledge in th? application of the BENTONES. As additional iulormatioo be comes available and new products are developed, factsal data will be prom(Sly issued to industry. Representatives of the Technical Service Department are available at all times to discuss individual problems Is confidence and Indicate the best meth ods for using "DUTCH BOY** BENTON E >4 based upon research laboratory data. The reader is cordially invited to write orcaU the nearest Branch Office of the National Lead Company and will receive prompt attention in getting all thr information and technical assistance available. NATIONAL LEAD COMPANY, III Broadway, ] r York 6, N. T. BUFFALO 3. NEW YORK 116 Oak Street CINCINNATI 3, OHIO Of Freeman Avenue CHICAGO 8, ILLINOIS 900 West 18th Street PITTSBURGH 12, PENNSYLVANIA 1374 Rarer Avenue ST. LOUIS I, MISSOURI 722 Chestnut Street LOS ANGELES 23, CALIFORNIA 3133 East 24th Street CLEVELAND 13, OHIO 1776 Columbus Hgad SAN FRANCISCO 10, CALIFORNIA 2240 2th Street DALLAS 2, TEXAS 939 Terminal Street PHILADELPHIA 23, PENNSYLVANIA 2607 East Cumberland Street ATLANTA, GEORGIA 400 Blshcp Street, N.W. SEATTLE 4, WASHINGTON 112S Went Spokane Street BOSTON 6. MASSACHUSETTS NATIONAL LEAO CO. d Massachusetts 00 Albany Street Canadian Titanium P)gm.4s Limited 30 Dorchester Street West Mum real, Quebec, Canada Caintu Titanium Pigments Limited Terminal Warehouse r4 d York Street Twwtk Oman Canada '! CT X* = 5 z| <* w 5' * a - SI ?lco ~ 2 2 o I ml :li p (8 P I"* zr -y-- o. C r* O eo- <=> a = C ,, 37 I* 3 ip O O o cn L V\ "4't T 4. VIII - MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURERS We ir* avrare that mar y of the products used ia the fonmiialioM which appear In the "DUTCH BOY" BENTONE HANDBOOK may be unfamiliar to the reader. Accordingly, we have compiled the following Ustol materials together with their respective manufacturers. It should be remembered that this list does not Include the names o( all materials useful in these formafallens. All products could not be tested. Product Manufacturer AA Varnish Oil No. 37................................National Lead Company Admerot 400 R3..............................................Archer-Daniels-Vtidland Company Aerosol OT.......................................................Aacrkui Cyanamld Company Ardol......................................................................Archer-DameU-Midiand Company Ardanco V-160. .............. Archer-Damcls-Vid'and Company AroyUz 108S-V.............................................U. 3. Industrial Chemicals Company Atomlte ......................... Thompson- Wclrunan and Company Bakclite DK-396J..........................................Bakelite Company |Div. U.C.C. Corp4 Bake lit c DR-9400. .......................................Bakclite Company (Div. U.C.C. CorpJ Basic Silicate White Lead - 43X . . . National Lead Company BENTONE 34....................................................National Lead Company Castunp 103 CH.............................................Baker Castor Oil Company Ceiite 281..........................................................Johns-Manr* He Corporation Chiorowax 40..................................................Diamond Alkali Company Ck>ra(ln 42-3 .................................................Hcrruks Povdcr Company Duraplcx D-8SA.............. Rohm and Haas Company "DUTCH BOY" DS-207..............................National Lean Company "DUTCH DOT" OYPHQS.........................National Lead Company "DUTCH BOY** TRIOASE..........................Natumal Lead Company Dutch Oil Refined No. ft..........................Natlcmal Lead Company Ccun 121................................................................R. K. Goodrich Chemical < LOniTE................................................................DcLore Dtv., National Lead Ca OOLITIC r.........................................................OeLcee Dlv., National Lead < Pale Heat Bodied Unseed Otl (Zj> No. 3$ .... ..................... ... National Lead Company Paraplex G-SO.................................... Rohm and Haas Company par km ...................................................................Hercules Powder Company Pentatyn G........................................... Hercules Powder Company PUollte 3-3................. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company No. S3 PuUy Powder....................................3eLore Olv.. National Lead Company Jtecyl Ml.................. American Cyanamld Company Santocel C. . . . . ..................... ... Monsanto Chemical Company Shell 42 Thinner...............................................*heH Chemical Company Sovasot No. 3........................... 3oc--y 'Vacuum Oil Company Syntes 70.............................................................Jones-Dabney Company J Srxtea 1200 B..................................................Jcmra-Dainey Company Thermclyaed Tu** Oil............................. O'Brlew Company TITANOX Pigments....................................Titanium Dlv., National Lead Company VlayMe QYNV. .......................................... Bakelite Cmnpany (DIt . U.C.C. CoryJ 1032 Wallkyd ..................................................RrkiPnld Chemicals, Inr. Wllenrh p.................. WHeo Ckrakai Company L_ } ft I I m O re 3 CO : 3 rt =r : o o 0 01 >1 r nore The mUKd)ti<n!i nude ia this booklet arc baaed on our and the research c< others, and are believed to be accurate. No guarantee ad their ac curacy la cade, Jvnftff, and the products discussed are sold eitbocd ear- raidy, esprcss or implied, and upon condition that purchasers shall make tbrtr ova tents to ortrrmiae the suitability of such products for their particular purposes. tUfce-sise, statement* concerning the pcstsible use o4 these ifLxhrts are sot Mee*Vd as mgmnmdiUoiu to use these products tr biriigtscd oi f I ' I "mm* S-7-. L cr j q c S' 5L to ~ -*<< CO Cl . O O CL 3 a> ra O O 0 01