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I Lead Structures In A Byproduct Sulphuric Acid Plant (Concluded) THF production of sulphuric acid as a by-product of the smelting of to steam for plant use. The gas con taining a verv fine ore dust leaves the sulphide metal ores is an importantwaste heat boiler at about 800 deg. F phase in the operation of most pri and enters an electrical precipitator mary metal smelters. An example of that recovers the zinc dust. The sul the type of process used to recover phur dioxide gas now reduced to 55d this important by-product is that em deg. F enters a scrub tower where ployed in a large zinc smelter in additional impurities are removed. Josephtown, Pa. From this point on the gas travels in The smelter treats a zinc sulphide ore which is roasted to recover the metallic content. In doing so an im pure sulphur dioxide gas. the basicraw material for the acid, is liberated. Before production of sulphuric acid can begin, however, the gas must be reduced in temperature and contami nants removed. In the process used at Josephtown. Pa., the gas leaves the hearth roaster at a temperature of approximately lead ducts supported by steel straps and is processed in lead lined equip ment. The scrub tower is in two sections and the gas first enters a humidifying chamber, the smaller of the two tanks shown in the accompanying illustra tion, which is of steel construction entirely lined with 12-lb. sheet lead. Because of the comparatively high temperature of the gas at this point three courses of acid-resistant brick are placed over the lead at the bottom 1.300 deg. F and is directed through of the chamber and a 12-in. course a w aste heat boiler that converts water at the sides to give support to the Another step in I he purification process is a letnl-lineu cuke filter box shown nearing completion. Right, foreground, is the mist cottreU und, rear, the steel strapped lead ducts through w hich the hot gas is conducted. The impure hot sulphur dioxide enters (he lead lined xcrith (oner, shown above, where it is cooled und partly purified. lead and to dissipate some of the heat. The gas then enters the second section of the scrub tower, the larger of the two in the illustration, where it passes counter-current to a cooling liquor. The lower is packed w ith fi-in. and 3-in. single -pira 1 rings o\er which the cooling liquor Hows at the rate of about 15 lb. per minute for each square foot of cross section. This section of the scrub tower is also of steel lined with ld-lb. sheet lead covered with a single course ol acid-resistant brick. The tops of the two sections arc fabricated of ld-lb. sheet lead sup ported by 2-in. steel pipe on l it. centers over which are wrapped 1-in. supporting bands of lead. The cooling liquor is a zinc sulphate solution containing 40-14(1 grams per liter of sulphuric acid and is continuously recirculated through lead pipe and lead lined equipment throughout its use in the process. The cooling liquor after leaving the scrub tower where it further purifies and reduces the temperature of the sulphur dioxide gas from 550 to a maximum of 104 deg. F is returned to a 100 ft. diameter settling tank lined with 10-lb. sheet lead where -2 -- L IA25932 11 blurry is settled out and the clear liquor recirculated. Throughout the circulatory system cast lead pumps are used wherever necessary. Before returning to the scrub tower the cooling liquor, which is no longer cool, is circulated through a scrubber liquor cooler. This is a steel structure containing se\en decks of 34 ft. lengths of lead pipe, each deck having 18 lead tubes, all interconnected, through which the liquor is circu lated. ^ ater at a temperature of 5o65 deg. F is introduced at the top of the cooler at a rate of 550 gal. per minute and circulates downward about the lead pipe cooling the liquor * circulating within. From the scrub tower the sulphur dioxide gas now considerable cooler > enters the first of two mist Cottrells. This part of the process was described in LEAD. Vol. 17. No. 1. The mist eottrells remove the sul phur trioxide and the sulphur dioxide now almost completely free of con taminants enters the final step of purification where it is filtered by coke. The gas passes through two rectan gular lead lined chambers, the first of these containing 6 in. of 2 to 5 mesh coke and the second 4 ft. of coke The completed lead-lined coke filter box and the lead ducts used to convey the gas at this step in the process. ranging in size from lVg in- down to 20 to 40 mesh. Both of these tanks are completely lined with 10-lb. sheet lead and the lead tops are supported in the same way as the top of the scrub tower, that is. sheet lead hung from 2-in. steel pipe by means of 4-in. sheet lead bands welded to the sheet lead top. The sulphur dioxide gas now com pletely free of impurities and reduced to the correct temperature is con verted to sulphuric acid by the con tact process. f Construction detail of the scrubber 1 'iquor cooler. The protruding lead The completed scrubber liquor cooler wherein the circulating liquor used to cool tubes are joined together in series the hot gas in the scrub tower is itse/j cooled by cold water running on er the with return lead bends. lead tubes used to convey the liquor. * \ ij In II .1 ' 1 --3-- LIA25933 1 1 * -A Portfolio of American \"* - Lan^ioarks Canandaigua In Central New York Has Many Fine Old Houses No. 42 X 1833 James Stuart, a Scotsman I who had recently returned from a three year tour of America wrote of the houses in Canandaigua. New York. "There is more appearance of their having been designed and set down with taste than I have ever ob served elsewhere. In short, advantage ha? been taken of the ground and its relative situation with the lake to place them in the fittest spots. They are generally separate and distinct dwelling houses, their exterior painted perfectly white, and they recede from the street of the village, the streets of which are shaded with trees enclosed in neatly laid out gardens." This description will still fit many of the houses of Canandaigua, some of which now standing were, no doubt, the very ones seen bv Mr. Stuart. There is little doubt that the "per fectly white" paint was. at that time, pure white lead paint, the same de pendable material which beautifies and protects many of the old houses even today. The charm of these Canandaigua houses has been appreciated bv each succeeding generation and as a con sequence. they have been preserved free of any serious alterations in their outward appearance. The Foster House, built circa 1830, now the home of Glen Jones, painting con tractor, who says it has always been painted with pure white lead. The Paul House, built in 1809, the first brick du elling in Canandaigua, housed the Masonic Lodge jrom 1309 to 1819. Its most recent coat of pure white lead paint was brand new when the photograph was taken. THIS IS XO. 42 OF A SERIES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MAW AMERICAN LANDMARKS IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE COUNTRY THAT ARE PRESERVED FOR THE FUTURE WITH TURE WHITE LEAD AND OIL PAINT. MAW' OF THEM HAVE ALWAYS BEEN PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS. 4-- -- *-1425934 A Combination Hotel and Stores Building Now Under Construction In Cincinnati, Ohio ONE of the few cities in which a hotel is now under construction is Cincinnati. Ohio, and its method of construction is unique. The struc ture will be known as the Terrace Plaza Hotel and Stores Building, and as the name implies, is a combination hotel and store building. The first seven floors are to be devoted to com mercial activities, the lobby of the Hotel is to be located on the eighth floor, in itself an unusual arrange ment. and above that will be located the 400 guest rooms, all with outside The new 400-room Terrace Plaza Hotel and Stores Building scheduled for July opening, owned and operated by Thomas Emory's Sons, Inc., who also own and operate the 4 etherland Plaza. Cincin nati. exposure. The building rises more than 300 ft. above ground and con tains 18 stories. The entirely different uses to which the building is to be put presented many difficult problems to the archi tects. Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. It was very desirous to have as few columnar obstructions as possible in the store floors and yet the hotel floor columns could be spaced at conven tional intervals. However, the archi tects found that this method would entail considerable application of col umn transfers and would greatly in crease structural costs. After all of the various possibilities were studied, it was found most economical to use well as the stores section thus elimi nating the need for column transfers. Another factor that had to be con sidered was wind bracing because of the comparatively narrow structural width. The store part of the building is 90 ft. and the hotel section 50 ft. wide. The installation of the plumbing large column spacing for the hotel as system also posed many problems. The construction was such that in the lower part of the building the toilet facilities are concentrated in several locations and in the upper part of the building each guest room is provided with a complete bathroom. One of the problems was solved by having the vertical cast-iron soil and waste lines servicing the hotel floors enter horizontal waste lines located between the seventh and eighth floors. In effect, what would normally be the basement roughing-in in conventional hotel construction is located on an upper floor. These horizontal lines are then connected to the vertical lines serving the store section of the build ing. The entire plumbing waste system is being installed by E. J. Nolan Corp. of Cincinnati using "lead and soil pipe," a phrase frequently used in the trade to describe those materials best suited for the waste system. To the initiated, a "lead and soil job" means O-- Plumbing foreman and the mechani cal engineer inspecting the spun closed lead stubs before installation. LIA25935 Plumbers at the lead bench preparing lead \tubs tor installation in the Ter- ia< e Plaza Hotel and Stores Building. Cincinnati. Ohio. that, in general, all fixtures will waste into lead pipe, traps or bends and then into cast-iron soil pipe. The same thing will be true of the vent con nections. There are many reasons why a lead and soil pipe installation, properly installed, is preferred over any other combination of materials. The dura bility of lead and cas.-iron. insofar as their use in the plumbing waste sys tem is concerned, has been proven by their continuous use over many years. The flexibility provided the system by the lead connections prevents prema ture breakdowns when building settle ment or movement occurs. This is a particularly important advantage in a building such as this one. where, because of its height and compar atively narrow construction, wind movement is an important factor. The magnitude of the plumbing installation in the Terrace Plaza Hotel and Stores can be best described by the number of water closets installed. Almost 600 were required and each of them was connected to the cast-iron soil pipe by a lead stub. Almost 25.000 lb. of calking lead was re quired to make the joints in the castiron pipe. An innovation on this job was the delivery to the building site of the lead stubs with one end already spun closed. This makes it unnecessary to cap or close the lead stub w ith solder on the job. It also facilitates the inspection and tests placed on the completed system by the plumbing inspection department. Thomas Emery's Sons. Inc., are the ow-ners of this building and Frank Messer & Sons of Cincinnati. Ohio, are the general contractors. Lead Alloy Coated Conductors Resist Sulphur Corrosion ULPHUR. one of the most useful S nonmetallic elements found in in contact with water. Under certain conditions, sulphur and water form nature, has probably contributedsulphuric acid which then attacks any more to technological advance in the of the other constituents of the manu last centurv than anv other nonmetal factured article that is subject to the lic element. Without sulphuric acid, corrosive properties of the acid. For a major product of sulphur, practi many years this condition plagued the cally every industry in this country manufacturers of rubber insulated would be seriously hampered. conductors. Sulphur and its products however, The sulphur essential to the vul have a seamier side, in that they prob canization of rubber would react with ably help to create more destructive water to form this acid which would influences to materials and equipment in tum corrode the copper conductor. through their corrosive action than Furthermore, the catalytic action of anv other element. Sulphuric acid copper in contact with rubber insula itself whenever present in known tion eventually harms its insulating quantities is handled with extreme properties. To prevent these combined care, usually in lead lined vessels: attacks, a coating on the copper wire as a matter of fact, most of the sul was needed to provide an inert bar phuric acid is produced in lead or rier. A coating of tin was first used, lead lined equipment. However, a but this was not entirely satisfactory more insidious side of sulphur is though the destructive action was often encountered and this occurs slowed to some extent. Tin readily when sulphur is a constituent of a alloys with copper at the tempera manufactured article that may come tures used to coat the wire and what 6-- -- actually happened was not a coatin': but an alloy of the two materials, rich in copper at the base and rich Comparative tap water immersion test on tin-coated, left, and lead alloy coaled rubber insulated copper conductors. LI A 25936 in tin at the surface. Thus, in -pite of the tin coating, some copper remained in contact with the rubber insulation. About 20 years ago. research engi neers at the Okonite Company devel oped a method for applying a lead coating on copper conductors. The coating, which bears the trade name Okoloy. has proved to be most satisfactorv. Recentiv a section of Okolov- coated wire was removed for inspec tion from a major railroad right-ofway after 13 years service and found to be in perfect condition. This wire not only had to stand its own internal corrosive action but had the added difficulty of overcoming a very sul phurous external atmosphere. Lead's superiority is due to its basic chemical characteristics. The fact that it does not allov with the copper is advantageous. Also, lead is more resistant to sulphur corrosion than pure tin. and much more so than alloys of tin. Lead does not affect the flexibility of fine copper strands and lead's inherent flexibility results in a rupture-resisting coating that re mains as a long-lived, continuous barrier even when the w ires are coiled in the factory or bent during installa tion. Interesting Lead Work on Fleche of New York Church REPAIRS recently executed on the roof and fleche of the Park Av sulted in the necessity of making new sections by bossing and welding to enue Christian Church in New Yorkreplace the original cast parts. In fact afforded an opportunity to inspect an the entire sheet lead section and some interesting piece of lead work. of the lookouts of the pinnacle were The entire fleche of cast lead sup made new as well as some of the more ported upon a steel frame was made intricate panels lower down. in England and erected when the In replacing the leadwork due re church was built in 1909. The lower gard was paid to the expansion char- portion is entirely enclosed but from the top of the louvres up to the pin nacle it is an open structure with the steel members encased in lead. A scuttle just above the louvres affords access to the upper part. [n order to inspect the steelwork thoroughly and make any repairs that might be necessary the entire lead sheath was removed down to the louvred section. This required very careful work and in some cases re Below, lejt. lead welding the joints in the sheet lead and a detail oj the upper part oj the fleche. f-1425937 *9 I MEMBERS OF THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION ALPHA METALS, INC................................................ ........................Brooklyn, N- Y. THE AMERICAN METAL CO., LTD.................................................New York. N. Y. AMERICAN SMELTING 4 REFINING CO...................................... New York N. Y. BROKEN HILL ASSOCIATED SMELTERS PROPRIETARY. LTD............................................................................................. Melbourne, Australia BROKEN HILL SOUTH. LTD.......................... ........ .............Melbourne. Australia BUNKER HILL 4 SULLIVAN MINING & CONCENTRATING CO.. Kellogg. Idaho CAMBRIDGE SMELTING CO............................................. ...........Carnbridige. Mast, CERRO DE PASCO COPPER CORP............................................. New York, N. Y. CHIEF CONSOLIDATED MI.NTNC CO.................................................. Eureka, Utah THE CONSOLIDATED MINING AND SMELTING CO. OF CANADA. LTD................................................................................................... Montreal. Canada DAY MINES. INC................................................................................. Wallace. Idaho DiCKSuN WEATHERPROOF NAIL CO............................................... Evanston, 111. DIVISION LEAD CO................................................................................. Chicago1. III. E. I duPONT de NEMOURS & CO.. INC...................................... Wilmington. Del. THE EAGLE PICHER CO.................................................................. Cincinnati. Ohio THE ELECTRIC AUTO-LITE CO...........................................................Toledo. Ohio ETHYL CORP...................................................................................... New York. N. Y. ELSTON LEAD CO. (The Glidden Co.)........................................... Scranton. Pa. EVANS LEAD DIVISION (National Lead Co.).......................... Charleston. W. V*. EVANS METAL CO.....................................................................................Atlanta. Ca. FEDERAL MiNINC 4 SMELTING CO............................................. New York, N. Y. FEDERATED METALS DIVISION OF AMERICAN SMELTING 4 REFINING CO.................................................................................. New York. N. Y. THE FIRESTONE TIRE 4 RUBBER CO...............................................Akron. Ohio THE FLEMM LEAD CO.. INC...............................................Long Island City. N.Y. W. P. FULLER 4 CO................................................................... San Francisco. Cal. GARDINER METAL CO............................................................................Chicago, 111. GENERAL LEAD MANUFACTURING CO............................................Denver. Colo. CLASER LEAD CO., INC.................................................................. Brooklyn. N. Y. GOLDSMITH BROS. SMELTING 4 REFINING CO............................. Chicago, III. HAMMOND LEAD PRODUCTS. INC.................................................Hammond. Ind. HECLA MINING CO..............................................................................Wallace, Idaho HUDSON SMELTING 4 REFINING CO............................................... Newark. N. J. IMPERIAL TYPE METAL CO......................................................... Philadelphia, Pa. INTERNATIONAL SMELTING & REFINING CO. (Anaconda Sale? Co.. Agents) ............ ...............................................................................New York. N. Y. THE JOHNSTON TIN FOIL 4 METAL CO.......................................St. Loui. \[0 KAHN BROTHERS ................................................................. ..........Brooklyn. N. Y THE KANSAS CITY SMELTING 4 MFC. CO.............................. Kansas City. Mo* KN APP MILLS. INCORPORATED ................................................ New York. N. Y LEAD PRODUCTS CO........................................................................... Houston. Ter JOHN R. Mac CRECOR LEAD CO.......................................................... Chicago. Hi. METALS REFINING CO. Ilhe Glidden Co.).................................. Hammond. ID,i. MIKE HORSE MINING 4 MILLING CO............................................ Helena. Mont NATIONAL LEAD CO.......................................................................New York. N. Y NEW PARK MINING CO..................................................................................Keer>v^tah NORTH AMERICAN SMELTING CO., INC.................................. Philadelphia. Pa. NORTH BROKEN HILL. LTD................................................ Melbourne. Au-tralu NORTHWEST LEAD CO........................................ Seattle. Wash. THE OKOMTE CO............................................................................... Pa^u.c. N. j PARK UTAH CONSOLIDATED MINES CO........................... Salt Lake City. Utah PHELPS DODGE COKP................................................................... New York. N. V RIVER SMELTLNG 4 REFINING CO.............................................Cleveland. Ohu. ROCHESTER LEAD WORKS. INC................................................. Rochester. N. Y ST. JOSEPH LEAD CO.................................................................... New York. N.Y. SHATTLCK DENN MINING CORP............................................... New York. N. Y. SILVER KING COALITION MINES CO................................... Sait Lake Cuy, Utah SILVERSTEIN 4 PINSOF. INC..............................................................Chicago, ill STANDARD ROLLING MILLS. INC................................................Brooklyn. N. Y. SUNSHINE MINING CO................................................................................... Yakima,Wash. T1NTIC STANDARD MINING CO.............................................. Salt Lake City. Uuh UNITED AMERICAN METALS CORP..............................................Brooklyn. N. Y. UNITED STATES SMELTLNG REFINING 4 MINING CO.. INC.....................................................................................................New York. N. Y. THE VICTORY WHITE METAL CO.......................................... Cleveland. Ohio HYMAN VIENER & SONS........................................... ....................... Richmond. Va. VULCAN LEAD PRODUCTS CO.................................................... Milwaukee. WH. THE WEN5LEY METAL PRODUCTS CO.......................................... Denver. Colo. WESTERN ELETRIC CO.. INC....................................................... New York. N. Y. WHITE METAL ROLLING 4 STAMPING CORP...........................Brooklyn, N. Y. WINCHESTER REPEATING ARMS CO....................................... New Haven. Cono. THE ZINC CORP., LTD...........................................................Melbourne. Australia Associate members The following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, upon request to the Lead Industries Association, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York 17] N. y PROPERTY PROTECTION WITH WHITE LEAD PAINT A 28 page booklet o q the protective value, durability and beauty of pure white lead paint with quantity estimating tables, formula* and mixing and tinting instruction* for exterior aod interior uae. NEW LEAD COATING PROCESS ELIMINATES USE OF ZINC ALLOYS By W. Yonkmao, Engineer, Western Elee* trie Co. A description of a successful hot dip lead coating process with complete instruction* for changing over from hot dip galvanizing using the lime equipment. Reprinted from Product! Engineering, May. 1943. DONT GVMRI.F. WITH PAINT An instructive article on the selection of paint for farm use reprinted from the March, 1942 iaaue of Country Centleman. LEAD, A MFTAL OF MANY USES LN TnE THEATRE By J, Leland Benson A discussion of the many way*, both utilitarian and decorative, in which lead ia or can be osed in the theatre. Reprinted from Theatre Catalog 1945 dilion. COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calking Lead, CS9141 Lead Pipe, C5-95-U Lead Trap* and Benda, CS96-41 Official publication* by the Government Printing Of fice of the above Commercial Standard* a* promul gated by the U. S. Department of Commerce through the National Bureau of Staodarda, effective June 25. 1941. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW-P-325 For Pipe. Benda and Traps, LEAD Part 5 of Section IV of the Federal Standard* Stock Catalog, official publication by the Govern ment Printing Office. STAMFORD'S DOUBLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analyri* of hard lead flawing, white lead paint, lead plumbing, plywood and red cedar Certigrade shingle detail* and installation method-. Reprimed from American Builder, July. 1939. SUMMARY OF NOTES ON LEAD ROOFING A brief description of the uses of lead for roofing and flashing purpose* and the proper practice* of its application. Reprinted from "Sheet Metal Worker'*. LEAD WELDING By Robert L. Ziegfeld and David M. Boreina A conri-.e di-eu -- ioo of the process and method* of welding lead sheet and pipe with description* of tool* and procedure. Includes brief historical note* and a list of commonly used corrosive chemical, with note* on their reactivity with lead, LEAD X-RAY SHIELDING A graphic chart adapted from American Standard* Association Bulletin Z 54.1--1946 "Safety Code for the Indu'tria] Use of X-Rays'* to abow weights per square foot and thicknesses in inches of commercial lead sheets corresponding to metric dimensions in dicated on the original chart. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF X*RAY PROTECTION By George Singer, Acting Chief Radiation Section, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., and George C. Lawr ence, Ph.D., National Research Council of Canada A discussion of the materials suitable for use in shielding X Ray in-tallation*. Reprinted from Industrial Radiography Vol. IV, No. 2. Fall. 1945. acteristics of lead as compared to the steel frame and ample overlaps were provided for both expansion and weathering. Special care was taken to secure overlaps against wind damage. The repairs and replacement to the leadwork were done bv John F. Abernethy & Co.. Inc. of Brooklyn. It is interesting to note that, though the usual work of this firm is strictly utilitarian and concerned with the lead requirements of the chemical and heavy construction industries, the craftsmen in their employ had no difficulty in adapting their skill to the reconstruction and fabrication of sculptured forms and architectural mouldings. OMISSION The name of the contractor. Standard 8" ate rproofing Corp., .Yew York City, who had the contract for waterproofing the Y. Public Library, was inadiertently omitted from the article entitled "Extruded Lead Cap Strip Protects Maionry Joints from Weather" appearing in Volume IT, S'umber 1, 1947, issue of "Lead." This omission is sincerely regretted. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MArL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION LN T1IE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS 155 PRINTED IN V. S. A. BY PUBLISHERS PRINTING COM TAN V NEW YORK CITY LIA25938