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Wggiie'd ^monthly in the interest 'b accident prevention and 'industrial health ' -ontentsfor NOVEMBER, 1936 Volume 34. Number 5 pr,--iflent's Address--Cassius H. Watson. M.D................................ 11 Rules for the Game of Life--Hon. Harold G. Hoffman............. 13 lioning Safety for Tomorrow's Railroads--Ralph Budd................14 tvr Jersey Salutes Safety--Carman T. Fish.............................................16 Seers of the National Safety Council, 1936-37 .................................. 20 otion Study Is Safety's Partner--William R. MuU.ee........................ 22 rtroit's Drive for Safer Driving--C. F. Scheer.................................... 25 it Handling Means Fewer Injuries--P. H. Hunter...........................27 urd at the Congress......................................................................................30 Bunting We Will Go.!................................................................................ 32 ier Known Facts About Occupational Diseases-- Robert B. Hunt, M.D............................................................................... 34 rosilicon--Industrial DataSheet D-Chent. 20................................... 38 u See It at the Exhibit?--C. H. Miller........................................ 52 ihy Winners in Sectional Contests....................................................58 ional Officers................................................................................................. 62 REGULAR DEPARTMENTS rial ................................................. 9 Imaging Director's Page___10 Safety Exchange....................... 31 rial Health................................34 ulletin Board........................... 40 Instruction Cards...................48 The Safety Library............................64 Asked and Answered ....................... 66 Personals .............................................. 73 Corning Events.................................... 77 The Honor Roll..................................89 With the Manufacturer...................90 i N T. FISH. Editor OtSHAW. Potter Editor ' C. F. SCHEER, Associate Editor C. H. MILLER. Advertising Manager : No**h*T. IfM br NiiImsI |f CmocII. ll H. A. ird u --rwwl Him iMHsr t Ut iSit <lr* ii Oileigf. ItL. iMdr Mrvii J. 1*71. Addltlwal entry n Sl Jwph. f-r sjhrv mb*er1pUn l* s* **7KTT MRA la *4.** twr /Mr. {Uncle tits Ha-doetrd tsiuH/ prim fr j--rtj ivA- crlpflM* and datlr m mwit. BwKocrtpQesia are mlltbla mtr ( w>iii f ikr Nattaaal Bliiv CmniL Hemtof A4U Bmmm wt ClfvvUfttaA. . TM a>MlM la lidnad is Um lwhatflij >cti ladu: . ftilfMHi and iduantf la flgaad artkln are MHMul uiimlwM rf (Mr urttart. am (Imm mt |k* Nallatal Cadl IXIOQ ruplei of 1 Ain lamte were prlalH. National Safety Council, Inc ?H Wewe*le W II C A v National Safety Council Officers, 1936-37 Ca.vmvs H. Watjok, M. D. Preiideat II. IJ. Kcxnkl, Vl-Prldeiti for Pub lic Relation* Ha*t PL Fnuat, M. D. Vice-Preaidant for Health John R. Giisom, Vlcr-Pretldeot for Safely Cotmclli How. Haftotj (*. Homeax. Vice-Presi dent for Public Safety Auorr S. ftusuiu. Vtce~Pre*ldent for Encineerln* . A. V. Ron wensa. Vlce-Prnideot for In dustrial Safety ft. T. SoLN*TK>*. vice - Pre/ident fur Membership Alm*t W. Wnttnct. Vice-President for Education . WfUUAK E. WoaTK. Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer W. H. CaMmon, MaoafiD* Director Executive Committee Members at Large Thk Asm Omoni AND: HiMU S. Bnnwsnx. The American city Hsaav Cnunr. The Pallsua Co. and Sorely Co. Haaar CeiLaaSr. The Pollman Co. Wiuua C. Kxoau. Mllweokce Safety Commtsslon Eswus J. Xmn, Portland Cement Assn. f. W. Miluu. Industrial Gloves Corp. Howls L. Mixes. EL L doPont dc Ninoors A Co. Gsooca E. Sixrau. 6enerel Electric Co. C- w. Sene, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.) Safety Counc3 Represents trvei Roeeer R. Wdua. Worcester ' Safety Council Walts* Dbkt Sene. Delaware Safety Council Cist L. Sana, Cleveland Safety Council E. J. O'Barax. is. Louisville Safety Council R. B. Forrcrx. IsMtb Valley Safrt> Council W. J. Meltuu. Chippewa County Safety Council . Sectional Representative! lend J. AaasrsL Paper and Pulp C- M. Allcx. Metals f. \V. Dexreirr. Food C \V. Gibus. Minina K. C. Hocaex. Jit, Marine - Haaav J. KsLLjrr. Wood Products D. L. Rom. ASSE-Enalneeioa Past Pruid Itoaearr tV. CiantU Isv n. Pioue CHaaLas P. Tof.UA* Airan M. Yoras Maacvs A. How l.swix A. DsflLois Pail B. Avu Cn aalas n. .Scott Walts* G. Kikc Lt.-Col. Hewer A. Hikibca' C. Eucexe Prmuoies Caai. W. lliaoQt'ixT Jamss 1. Hahasm Joitx E. Long Honorary Members narr w. caw^bcll tew * a iy S3 fit i- E ?K \ QnduAtAmL f cn' ' ` Apartment for Physicians and Laym en Lesser Known Facts About duce the original disease with all its <|;S. comforts. Occupational Diseases By ROBERT B. HUNT, M.D. Atncricam Muluat LtabtlUo Insurance Companu ROBABLY the leader in the pa the discomfort now produced by in P rade of industrial diseases is an acute or chronic inflammation of dustrial dermatitis. the skin which we call dermatitis. TMhiestals disease may present itself in any type of shop, factory or foundry. Any paste, powder, gas or liquid which comes in contact with the employee's skin, even the water supplied by the town in which he lives or works, may be the potential cause of such a skin disturbance. The wide diversity of causes, to gether with the varying susceptibility of different individuals, makes the problem of control difficult. Much investigation is under way to determine why one person may be sus ceptible to a certain substance while an other is noL It has been proved many times that a poisonous substance formed within the body has been able to prolong the action started by some external in fluence. A printer developed a marked dermatitis from ink which persisted for two years. Finally food tests were made and showed that he was susceptible to lettuce. Removing this from bis diet cleared the skin. He returned to his usual occupation without a return of symptoms. The poisoning of allergic substances is usually an accumulative process. It Lead: The distribution of lead poisoning is quite extensive. The skin of the body is a protective covering, and as long as it remains in tact it does a good job except in the case of tetraethyl lead, which is used in blending gasoline and which is readily absorbed through the skin, having a tendency to create changes in the nerv ous system. The effect of other forms of lead, through that avenue of entrance, is practically nil, which explains the ex tremely low poisoning rate in typeset ters, painters and others who continually come in contact with metallic lead. Lead in any form, introduced through the mouth, acts rather slowly when com pared with the inhalation of lead dust or fumes. However, no matter what the portal of entry may be, lead is acted upon by the body fluids and so con verted that it may eventually be de posited within the bones. Those bony safe deposit vaults may retain their lead contents for days or for years, and if the exposure is removed, may also free the employee of all signs and symptoms of lead poisoning. But lakes time to produce a manifestation of imagine the surprise of that supposedly disease, but let any other substance cured person when years later, perhaps cause the disease, and the irritating food following some type of infectious disease may be of sufficient strength to mag or the excessive use of alcoholic bever nify its action. ages, he awakes to find that he suffers All cases of dermatitis cannot be the aches and pains and paralyses of an cured by eliminating offending foods, acute lead poisoning. As the body fluids but further investigation along these alter lead that it may be deposited, so lines may give us a clue with which to may those fluids xttrmnr One can readily see, then, that in somf cases investigation of previous occupa tions is quite necessary to determine the original contact with lead. Heating of molten lead causes a black scum -of lead suboxide to form on its surface, and the heat from the metal disburses the fine powder into the air. Hence, in the process of smelting ores such as zinc, copper and silver, mixed with lead, we find a rather high lead poisoning rate. Those engaged in the manufacture of lead wire and cables, batteries, glass, pottery and rubber industries, plumbers and users of dry colors offer their share of lead poisoning cases. Probably the greatest source of lead poisoning may be found among those who sandpaper, scrape, chip or burn iead paint, for the dust and fumes caused by those activities are rather rapid in their action. Such workers may become in capacitated in a few days because the inhalation of lead dust causes the maxi mum amount of absorption into the blood stream in the minimum space of time. Chxomium: Chromium is a nifeal" widely used as a foundation for colors, and dusts from its various salts may produce lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the nose. Chromium plat' ing by electrolysis may cause fumes which are similarly irritating. Although chromium poisoning does not usually cause death, the number of days of ab sence from work on account of mcapacity which it causes is gradual'.'; ,n' creasing. Otheb Metals: The most efficicn' portals of entry of foreign substances into the body are the nose and mut ^ The smaller the dust (the size of partides for example, the greater t speed of absorption by the blood. Fumes from hot metals carry not only P0'* ' '. iits/X "* *CCi <s. .uiuii^ ' When men are so employed over a niiud, particularly when (icuiing witn silicosis and asbestosis, relates to the the industrial field has been widely (|,s. tributed and most important. Lej prolonged period of time, the constant progression of such disease. When carbon tetrachloride and its chemicallv inhalation of fumes and dust might pro changes occur within the lungs as .a re associated members, it has furnished ,n duce symptoms of the metal upon which sult of the presence of such dusts, nature dustry with refrigerants, excellent sol. they work. In the shipbuilding trade, forms scar tissue to heal such lesions vents for rubber, wax, oil and grease particularly in the construction of metal but may fail to stop when the job is thinners for lacquers and a very [;ne ships, we find occasional cases of metal- finished. As a result, the continuation household necessity for the removal n/ fume fever. "Brass chills" and "spelter of that healing process may lead to such spots from clothes. Hospitals have been shakes" from zinc are names applied by structural changes within the lungs that using it more and more for the removal the lay people to-such diseases.- The ter partial or total incapacity may follow of adhesive plaster. _ rific heat applied to some of our com mon metals and alloys by acetylene torches produces sufficient fumes to cause a temporary incapacity in 24 hours. Permanent disability from such months or years after the employee has been removed from his dusty occupa tion. Benzol-Benzene Due to the non-flammability of car bon tetrachloride, it is used in fire ex tinguishers. The rapid evaporation pro duces fumes which may smother a small blaze, but we must not forget that ex causes is rare, however. Benzol is a distillate of coal tar used cessive heat of the actual fire may bring Diseases Due to Dust extensively in industry. It is an essen- about combustion sufficient to produce trial ingredient in the manufacture of such by-products as hydrochloric acid Twenty-five per cent of all workers exposed to high concentrations of inor ganic dust are expected to develop changes within their lungs due to that agency. We are at a loss to explain why the other 75 per cent are not so affected. Mining, quarrying, foundry work, grinding, sandblasting, abrasive soap manufacturing, asbestos work, the mak ing of emery and carborundum products and many other occupations offer op explosives. It is an excellent solvent for grease, oils and Cements, and because of that property it is important in many phases of the rubber and cleaning indus tries. In the manufacture of shoes ben zol may be an ingredient of the dressing applied to the leather and of the cement which fastens the heels and soles. Not only in the shoe trade but in other branches of industry where employees work with gummy, sticky material, tbe workers soon learn of the solvent and and phosgene gas . Like its associated member, choloroform, it may produce sleep when inhaled by an individual, and only 1/350 of an ounce in a quart of air is necessary to produce such action. That thought must be remembered when .i large quantity of those liquid products is spilled on the floor, perhaps accidentally. Action should be started at once before the liquid gasifies, and employes should be notified to keep their heads up to avoid the low ceiling of gas. portunities for employees to inhale mic deansing action of this liquid and use Chemists have developed and intro roscopic dust particles and create a foundation for possible future inca pacity. it freely for that purpose upon them selves. The subsequent outbreak of skin afflictions may be the first indication of duced to industry many new products, the basis of which is the chlorinated hy drocarbons. These derivatives of petn- We are interested particularly in such unauthorized use. leum distillation are frequently combined those men who work with sandstone, Benzol is extremely poisonous, enter with those from coal tar to form valua quartz, flint, granite, and sand, because they expose themselves to silica, and the chemical changes between that dust and the body fluids, in the presence of tuber culosis, may and usually do lead to a fatal ending. ing either through the nose or mouth or absorbed through the skin. Its action within the body is varied and may pro duce a multitude of signs and symptoms. The bone marrow becomes affected which in turn alters the character of ble chemical combinations. They have been placed on the market so rapidly that medical science has been unable to determine their physiological effect upon the health of man. We have known that some of these chemicals are capable ni It is safe to say, in light of our present knowledge, that the action of other in organic dusts is much less virulent and incapacitating. That, however, does not allow us to lower the vigilant methods the blood; hemorrhages are common; it may cause death. The fumes from benzol are heavier than air and lie near the floor, which is an important point in the engineering creating changes in the liver, anri-yniv^ recently in a city in Massachusetts one of these newer products caused the death of two employees and a battle to retain life among two others. to improve dust control and protect em problem of ventilation. ployees, because all dusty occupations The members of the benzene group Carbon Monoxide are potential trouble makers. Although the actions of various dusts differ within the body, the exposure to asbestos fibres, present in the weaving and grinding of dry asbestos material, offers another type of dust which may cause fatalities among workers. llie organic dusts from cotton, silk, wool, tobacco, flour and similar sub stances are practically harmless. Such dusts rarely reach the lungs but may cause irritation of the windpipe and larger air tubes and result at the most in are absorbed through the skin, and more cases of poisoning are found when men perspire than when their bodies are cool. Probably the answer to that is that the fumes may solidify as they cool and the powder may settle on the skin. The sweat on the body may dissolve this dust so that it is more readily absorbed through the increased surface blood supply. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons This group of petroleum derivatives You remember the adage. "Where there is smoke, there is fire." We michi add to that, "Where there is fire tln-re >- carbon monoxide." This odorless but poisonous gas occur in any industry or in any home, but the poorer the ventilation the better the chance of producing physical m- capacity. Since tbe advent of the motor c.if whose exhaust pipe may pour forth high as six per cent of carbon mon-' id* sra ill ibil *-* a../ car uuc*aica auuui ttw cubic feel per minute, and one can readily estimate the physical damage that may be done if such a motor is " Ferrosiiicon allowed to run within the doors of a poorly ven'ilatcd garage or shop. For Ck.. . tunately, serious cases of such poison ing are not common among those em Industrial Data Sheet D-Chem. 20 , ployed in public garages, but many em ployes are likely to complain of head ache and faintness at the end of a day's " work, especially in colder weather when doors and windows remain dosed. In the steel indus'ry, where gas is used as the heating agency in the blast furnaces, care must be taken to provide proper ventilation. Within the mines, workers are warned to allow enough A. Problem 1. What are the hazards of ferrosii icon and what precautions are necessary in its use? B. Hazards 2. The principal hazard is that of poisoning by inhalation of the gases that ized by general and abdominal pains nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemor rhages, loss of consciousness, dilated pupils, cold clammy perspiration and coma. Cases of poisoning have been mistaken for cholera, gastro-enteritis. ptomaine poisoning, pneumonia and in fluenza. time following blasts for the escape of may be given off, especially in the Pint Aid this gas. presence of moisture. 6. When a person displays anv Infection C. Discussion symptoms of poisoning because of the inhalation of the poisonous gases lib The skin is a protective covering of the body against infection and is ex tremely efficient as long as it remain in tact, but allowing it to be broken or punc tured introduces bacteria, and a battle ensues between the offensive agencies of infection and the defensive powers of the body. The winner of such a struggle may determine the presence or absence of incapacity. Infections are common throughout industry, but two types are particularly prominent--infection re sulting from anthrax, and infection among meat packers and fishermen. 3. Ferrosiiicon is prepared by melting iron ore or steel shavings with coal or coke and ganister or quartz at a temper ature of about 2,000 degrees centigrade (3,632 degrees Fahrenheit) in an elec tric furnace. In making steel, ferrosilicon is used for removing objectionable gases and oxides and also as an alloying dement. When alloyed with cast iron, it affects the carbides and renders the iron soft and gray. More concentrated silicon alloys are sometimes used in cer tain processes for making hydrogen gas and in the manufacture of explosives. erated by ferrosiiicon, be should be promptly removed to the fresh air and. if conscious, be given a mild alkali drink. If unconscious, the prone pressure method of artificial respiration should be started immediately after the patient has been removed to the fresh air. In nil cases of poisoning the services of a doctor should be promptly obtained. Precautions 7. Ferrosiiicon should be stored away from such places as offices and work rooms or living quarters of any descrip tion. Many of our fur, hair or wool- 4. The hazard in connection with fer 8. All buildings in which ferrosiiicon covered animals may contract anthrax. rosiiicon results from very small percent is stored should be well ventilated and The germs of that disease defy the ages of phosphorus together with other dry. (See Note X.) Ordinarily, in an ordinary methods of sterilization and elements which may be present as im open factory building the natural venti may linger on hides, bristles or hairs for parities originating in the raw materials lation through monitors in the roof or long periods of time. Tanners, wool used. In the presence of moisture the through windows is sufficient if the fersorters, and hair or bristle workers may phosphorus compounds react to form rosOicoo is kept dry. introduce the anthrax spore beneath phosphorated hydrogen or phosphine. 9. If men are required to handle wet their skin and undergo much physical This is a gas which in sufficient quanti ferrosiiicon in a confined spacer actyjciai suffering and sometimes death. Infections are frequently found among meat and fish packers and those engaged in deep sea fishing^.- Although death rarely occurs, the loss-of fingers, hands and nasty septic wounds are the result. ties Is decidedly poisonous. It has a strong and distinctive odor somewhat re sembling garlic so that its presence can be readily recognized. The stability of ferrosiiicon depends upon its silicon con tent, grades below 48 percent and above ventilation should be provided. 10. In case phosphine has been al lowed to accumulate in a closely con fined space such as a closed room or box car, so that a strong odor of the gas '? noticeable, no one, unless he is wearing Summary 65 percent being entirely stable and a suitable gas mask or fresh air hose I feel that the time has come when an ferrosiiicon in these ranges does not mask, should be allowed to enter the employer must demand of a manufac give off any appreciable quantities of room until it has been thoroughly ven'-- turer the answers to two questions: phosphine, even in the presence of lated. (See Note Y.) t. How will your product affect my Ixim- noi > 2. How will your product affect the health of ray employee* moisture. It is, therefore, only in the intermediate range between 48 percent and 65 percent that there is any appre MOTE X. Detailed Information on *nlilJ* lion will h found In .National Safety Couoct Safe Practice* Pamphlet No. 37 "fodufitr**1 Ventilation." That employer is entitled to honest answers based upon sufficient chemical and physiological examinations of the ciable hazard. Symptoms of Poisoning NOTE Y. Detailed Information on fre*b *' how maaka will be found in National >***' Council Safa Practice* Pamphlet No. ** "Itoolftlftfs, Mask*. Hose Ua*k* *n llmrihine Anooralu*." questionable product. Too many lives 5. When a person has breathed poison have been lost or jeopardized by too ous gases -liberated from ferrosiiicon, National Safety Council, Inc. little knowledge of a product's action the symptoms of poisoning usually de- 1--- ------ 1 .1 J-. -_.l . 20 North WacJcer Drive \\\ mention io statisrcctly. Get statis- show you where it t can stimulate L" because deep man honestly beood as somebody iiow it. he meeting is ad* I Occupational Diseases PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT FRIDAY MORNING SESSION October 9, 1936 ' The session was called to order by the 'Chairman, Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Vice-Presi dent for Health, National Safety Council, and Chief Surgeon, Chicago Rapid Transit Co- Chicago, who presioea, introducing The speakers. The Lesser Known Facts About Common Occupational Diseases By DR. ROBERT B. HUNT * , ^ Medical Advisor, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston Probably the leader in the parade of industrial diseases is an acute or chronic inflammation of the skin which we call dermatitis. This disease may present it self in any type of shop, factory or foun dry. Any paste, powder, gas or liquid which comes in contact with the em ployee's skin, even the water supplied by the town in which he lives or works, may be the potential cause of such a skin disturbance. The wide diversity of causes together with the varying susceptibility of differ ent individuals makes the problem of control difficult. Much investigation is under way to determine why one person may be sus ceptible to a certain substance while an other is not. It has been proved many limes that a poisonous substance formed within the body has been able to prolong the action started by some external influ ence. A printer developed, a marked dermatitis from ink which persisted for two years. Finally food tests were made and showed that he was susceptible to lettuce, which, when removed from his diet cleared the skin. He returned to his usual occupation without a return of symptoms. The poisoning of allergic substances is usually an accumulative process. It takes time to produce a manifestation of dis ease, but let any other substance cause the disease, and the irritating food may be of sufficient strength to magnify its action. All cases of dermatitis cannot be cured by eliminating offending foods, but fur ther investigation along these lines may give us a clue with which to lessen the loss of time from work and the discom fort now produced by industrial derma titis. Lead Metals The distribution of lead poisoning is quite extensive. . The skin of the body is a protective covering, and as long as it remains in tact it docs a good job except ir. the case of tetraethyl lead, which is used in blend ing gasoline and which is readily absorbed through the skin, having a tendency to create changes in the nervous system. The effect of other forms of lead, through that avenue of entrance, is practically nil, which explains the extremely low poisoning rate in typesetters, painters and others who continually come in contact with metallic lead. Lead in any form, introduced through the mouth, acts rather slowly when com pared with the inhalation of lead dust or fumes. However, no matter what the portal of entry may be. lead is acted upon by the body fluids and so converted that it may eventually be deposited with in the bones. . 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V v u- v >.> K ^ X^ ^ ,= -3 " w c s S 2 - _ .= h * f 5 --o --y y 3-- cj -3 js w-- ec = __ -- ~ C t: -- 3 -- " <J u 2 C"= '-= 22 y C tO -- -X<-K--- e --3 5,sBsi y -- 73 Vyi >u-- M oc vi o wv> _rr. o 3 *o -- ^ s tc a, -a R >> = = 5 S & P T7 *ft "Jf c o~ -- o f- irt <J i2 JZ I. 3 o -- c. o u 5 r C. = 3 32 32 3 C CO 5 O 'o o U <D TO tO .vj B3 c_ .2 ra r- u CM s ra c x -- a E _o f _ E a i o u a bo c OS M uT ^ *cu S U3 vi HJ da hj > .5 .c S QO >* w 03 o S y y _ wv- -- J 5 - *=,= si" " " = ^ -:-y.^rct-.- --=ft -* t,-r CX _,, _________ x = " .r -- F = 'C *" - - -- -1 r- -- Z -- .. - r. z - X -- - - r- O c c ;- r: 3 ' w " = - "-- frt: yv w fj ^ " j^ o^ M ^ ^ ^ -- o 3 > .Ji " * ^ "3 w. ~_ -- j; ^ oJ -- ^ r * n 2 L .3 > *- O in 5= 2 yo _ * M tfl U U u t ft " -- . " r ' *c o -- C n r _ *5 1 =o O2 0 i3 | "r o-- v o --r > ^ ft c Si = -= o t ~ *3 ^ V r= w r .E --c s > o u 'z - .x it. X'.*i -- * H *7^ . ^ t?~o^ ^ y ^ I* ; ~ -j ft JZ -- --u o-- #u ^- j 'is. U k.- V vi ; = -= rt ft r: - ; r. . W rs t> -- -- * ~ '> to >- y ^ft :wc uo *~o 3 -- -- - u w-- . V-- u* ^ *t IT. = w o v: ^ C -- v. -- ft s^-i 3 tC ft -- p " -' v. i/ "ui; 5i --** --3*3*- u trt ; 3.3 tr r. - r= t_ 22. o ---- -HQ. tf ft ^ tft .- w - o ft vT ^ . unS tj w -- .Z ^SjiE -3 -- y f1 ^ o t> c =o o ^ .2 -- - w - .w 5 ^ u u 5, > c^ '>^ --^ ccy >o FX!" c c r. 2T |a = ^ ^] W l_ = t - c u .r *"3 _>* tJ >s -- > s 5-Is! = J " u= . *> 'Z 3. s Vi c c ft 3 -3 C-^t 32 'H L '"33 _w wo - s. - >>Nn -- uU i^---ftox .--t- f=wtru_ t^^o3cu'.--=r*rr3ij--:J3---'v-. - -- c c ^r-2to-i <y w UO "3 w 73 sflo -- CO 3cW g.--I --5 r ^ J ? >N - -- OR O v. t? _ mw ry wu =S -- cr r2 ort ^ 25 'U(`WE.*C- y > c. s "2c . -- u. ".J '"- c t? v ^ .= *3 cy "C U " ~ o tc i *I--fl --_ u r -- au o ^ Ji ,w i|`| U ^ 6*. C VI C u= 3 s 2 It -- o - w it -' it - " c -- y c;w .j = :*c 55^ c u-i _ t. *3 ft -- y u 5 "* -6 c. o -r ^ * . v ; ** : *2 It jz y- "O X > .1 E y o^ o > -- -- ' 15 c `5 S * " ^ -5J2 v, 5 b 3 '2 rt t. bD o .b .2 --7 th ft -- y 3 -<2 W * * >^ X " " /j tr : 2 C t/ m - J5 > *o y y -- w a " c" i: ^ 3 2 -= 3 *" > ,2 2 JJ v: C X O -^ tc 2 >v.s"=s v. -- *3 *o-- uO 03 s ?_rJ v. -- S *5 ,: o " * J S-s !1;=5 C L. "3 CT _ sis?; .=13*5o; 5 v> " V o 73 ,, - ao o ft u X = J2 o = -^ B -- . -- O 5 -- -- , #o B l CJ .2.? - r. E o XCr .7*3f U 73 o g jO; gwn ,= g 7g3 y wso ?I -a o E ~ X c -- -- 73 ^ g w c; g _ y ft j "" -3 "u. O " X v*. S" o --, ky s a - lg*" y . c S = 3 ^ X id`o = X rt ^ 2 t; U . U u, C. U C *2 = s * U rt ft -- O _ o w -- .5 | J2 u o -- i S -p *^*5 x> *S--3 T>c*5I--u1 :: --ft ^ v v> j; w o o* g "3- --ft - g" Xu. ' y m n VI Z O~ " X 3 P Ift . u_ O ft c 22 1-y yc o i:jry v3; v O u 5 w"2 c ^-- (ft* O3 J. -= = !; " x s a VJ ft ft -- S.I 2 i 1? w ,, t s w JJ g v * > > ft ^ g W t; =1 . ti C -- W 7J & gv __ fcO -- .X c = C-- y -2 c - = 73 o " ft v> w -- 2oS - c. y t __ -- xr g-- u z -WEy ^tyc cr* - ? 5 - gex ft k. 3O c -f VVk.II M y Cc _r. 3y *t *-* tx "a > tx o iils-i- *3 3 X k o Z -- 2 y 2=5 & -8 S = 5-S'- =5 S'g 2 t: Jf ct -- y. "H * ft o 5 a&' y-- - 1; ft y E-- . -- O ! 1 g*|S|2r-= = 5 = oC o o ^ , - *E n g S6 _ O VI I * ~ ft -- y- yv 2 -- Jr t 3 O cy ya oZ >y C1 . ft X3 | * ~ = *r *- ft 32 k i * J I -- y -b *5 5 *-- 3y y ^ c: "" jjtiy.ifft 5-5=-S = ^.2 ^ e'-g . 5 5 U k A ft A 3y X ^ S" fe = 3< = X- _ _. ^ -- o -* C-.2 2 y u ir g y -5 3 .o y* vi 3 y y y -- ___ _ - ft "--r K-^ ff3cf Owft 2I2 7v nuft "pU* Kr-3 . - W y^.r'-r'Sfr^cycy^O y *C - w V. 2 _ ' 3 .i- y 3 C w O -- - -- Os = -- o J?*f5t =5 > Si =" 3y !?=! *3 y "3 O< . ii3. -T oPo. i ft _ k. o'ft w ---- .3 o . .b y )2 V) Q 3 --- J V * V. ySvs-- c>ux wy-- J w-- rt - - e. ^ -7 w w^ *. ^ -- u *2 *.= 8 S g, $ E 51: tc~~ r- *. r: y ^ > r - t "^* vi 3 " Zy * oy u -2 ^ -- f. t/ -- y --' 4r 0 - o ^x ^ M O g g " ,, q ft X sr. 33 vi ^ *w 32__ Cfs .A0*w* E3 a-2.0 *iQw '*3 X3 3_ s t: *5 Ht y y-- 03 C c .= 52 Z w ft.oi = r 53 ? ? ^ = = *1 <2 -- _ _ -- 3 C* U 3 -I? 5 ,7 CO t _g ^ ^ y y rt g b v; c4"* sCc 5 u ^ 2 v. 3 _ ___ __ 3 y ---- o-- w r? - > --"--> yx-i3- 7y? ? ^g r; - C 2 fi t" -1 = c ~ r-.-s y o. w'' t^: O^f 2 ^2=i=j oil si-r^-s- Is i i^iif - *a- *Z re C " Z'1 3 y -c U C 3 J C3P jJ -3 "= = - S = S ----------- 2="=-E-=S j; C - " j= n --= i XI*-- -- t> A--. -I-'1 N- -ft ^p 5V) t -- O V. ^ C 3. C, L =^^-- j= -y ,/ 3- -3. 3 o^2 = c 0 nn J! O _v - w W B 3 wy S' a A 3* to s >; --- y C * w g* ft g tc u & Pw o0 - ow,2 2 fl -* -y 7y h/ 7y3 *Or*" y3 *V3> X ft X vi vi 3 y g S,, e. = S" "= SS- ^ J .= "=-" --z ^ u zx =t C. ft 3 ft o _3 O v. -- * S- "a =. v-v nr5 ?"s g-SiK rs .r v. 3 ----Vi ft . c- t: o re ^ ui -- -- y r-g - =J = o ~-- S ft -- *C m = . > y-- -- y-- 73 S & = s J " s s -= - y . C aE *" 78 c 0 = 5 0u =o -- " K= -- y y X *3 cc. *y Vo> -- a y m ..y gZy .2! - p .5 o 3 JJt ~ _ _ tc _ ** " = 3 5 o 2: Jr y o ft 2 * 2 -i E o | 5 = it J - 2 c. H a 20 C t -- -O " y r; i sf c. X -- T ft Xxc-:^ZCO yr80 ^3o~ -- v-- fE=l ^ft -a y cr * . Vi P -3 W A-- X o y < ^ c Co S - c * -- S = c' X" x ii o5 ft 3 3 U jx x Z y w 'a -- 'cc Vy ^^ -3 __ y. ft AZ ESc*:;:-'11 = = _ 5 = - = S 2 tt j, = * a - o "" - x x -o >3 y 7? AO U ** O - w 3 ?:.3 -------------------- ^ y ^ >^r - 2 > > s 5 Sy c?2^ C - - y =3 3 n g k t ** - ^ = _ SEC--3 2c -- -- .2 c yo k o - " y W O y -3cs3J3 , A. V2. A. 3 (J *3 vi 3 y1 > A> 7 y *c3. b ~ -5 - y -D j=XyjT,* -- .-1 i '" ft ^, =v. cayo -- - ---7 c-- c*r-oc-^ s - oy . - _ Crt 3ycviS'">*ft-? 5 Z * 3 y o^ tr 7: o . ft 1 a _ o = l_&=0&^^re_Ef3 3 y X 2 5 .0 2 -="2rtf=-u^- - .. ^ 2 - 2 ^ 3 -c)i ft .3 Aaa Eon. *- - = * o- s O -- co =OA ,ST.'S cSr x ? ft 3 9 S = *-- ? _y r. y lo ~ =. -- o ^g e. c. *2 x~ EEZa u 2 S;i8 f& Oy 3 - 7 Io" .1 T 3o " k <a S " V w l- - aa-' > e _=-.? te-ssgoS "2 -~ - o -- _= y Zj2 > a y -- ft tc = -i2 -- 25 o=_ .-- t # -- " C> bo cc "= .= -S s 2 o U C/3 *o o re ok* rNe E o 4>i. IV. c ore CO -- C/3 .E5 13 --i to WQ o_ ~ ^3 o- Q .2 iQ-J rCel cC =(j lo w o re U re C' 22 O2 HH "* < K5 Ho M i; uH Jo a if D^ S ug > s '5b c W u u U c. nw uw *c O > w S o <- -- t w n-- / -- ou . o or X-- 'Z b; i --- - ~F JT -- 3> y. c/ -- tc S.S. = - _ * .r --r -- 11 a II I.* I i ' : i: ;. ii i i i ! i? ! '5 !i 5 U" 126 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress tilation. Instead, high velocity ventilating apparatus should be installed, functioning as closely to the point of generation of the harmful substance as is possible. _ Individual machines should be so equipped if possible. Baffles may be in troduced to prevent air stream disturb ances or to increase the intake efficiency at the nozzle. Down-draft systems should be preferred for the collection of dust or gases of high specific gravity. Even after the installation of exhaust systems, the engineer must study the type of maintenance required to keep them operating at peak efficiency. Noz zles should not be permitted to become covered nor moved out of proper posi tion. Exhaust piping must be kept dust tight. Blower efficiencies must be con stantly checked to insure that intake ve locities are proper. The best ventilating system is a false protection if it does not function properly or if it is so poorly maintained that it falls below its designed rating. The engineer must exercise' ex treme care to provide a clean source of replacement air for the work place. He may find it necessary to install filtering and heating devices. The engineer must study the proper disposal of the collected or expelled material to be positive it will not drift back into the work place. Employee Protection. While the pri mary engineering means of protection against possible occupational diseases should be mechanical correction, the en gineer will find instances where even the best systems must be supplemented by individual protection. He must carefully study such exposures to provide the high est efficiency of protection, yet obtain a device easy for the operator to wear con tinuously. When the engineer has been successful in obtaining such a device, he must educate workers to use it. Sanitation. Clean washing facilities and toilets should be provided. Lunch rooms should be not only clean but also well lighted and attractive and should be un der the supervision of the plant physician. Scientific Tests. Up to this point the engineer has deduced that, an exposure exists, and from accumulated data has devised his means of prevention. How ever. the engineer interested in ascer taining not only exposure but also effi ciency of control should realize control cannot be fully effective nor the efficiency of any protective device determined with out scientific tests. Assumption, guess work. unscientific procedure or apparatus have no place in an engineering program. The engineer must test each step unless it has been previously proved, carefully cal culating in advance to avoid false protec tion. He must be familiar wjth dust counting, air sampling, and chemical analysis tech nique. having such determinations made by established and proper methods. If such tests are beyond the scope of his ability or equipment and if the engineer considers such tests absolutely essential, then his executives should permit him to obtain experts qualified to make such sur veys as his problem may require. The need for an accurate engineering approach to any control measure cannot be over emphasized. . Conclusion. Every engineer realizes control of any industrial disease expo sure is divided, part of such control fall ing within the jurisdiction of the indus trial physician and part within his own engineering province. Medical knowledge is invaluable in the detection of early symptoms and in the administration of suitable preventive treatment. The en gineer should gladly obtain the services of an industrial physician to make a study oi the plant, to assist in the classi fication of the hazardous operations and working locations. By such coordination he will speed control of the exposure. Each individual occupational disease exposure must be studied, analyzed, and controlled individually. While general data may be available upon common ex posures. the solution can be found only in individual treatment. Such exposures cannot be compared to ordinary safety engineering efforts. A 'circular saw is a circular saw wherever it may be operat ing. but industrial disease exposure varies within plants and certainly varies between different manufacturing establishments, even though . they may produce a like product or article. ADJOURNMENT T1-. Chai: free tifie wir.acri' cost mar. tha: unu F and into Ma fou: gen of ' dat sail sir-, wn' req aci Lo rca lot: m V tes; tiui our be!' ha-. 1 an-