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' : - - ;1' to O to o O'OOO'O'OOOOW'OIOIOOOOO Q^r"fiO-'OONNOOO'ONNNlOiOOlO ^to'0oooc0'00\*oootootoio'0'0'0c--r-wr -- OOOO----CMNf0^"<J"O'OC000OOON E xternal In c h e s 1 co.2 ---NNn^iO'0C000OOON 178 Chapter 11--Pipe, Fittings, Valves and Pipe Welding of purity of the iron base and to the purely mechanical resistance to the progress of corrosive action offered by the slag veins. The exact degree of superiority has never been determined. Identification of Wrought-Iron and Steel Pipe. Wrought-iron pipe is marked at the mill with a spiral line the entire length of each bar, either knurled into the metal or painted in red.or other bright color. Otherwise there is little difference in the appearance of wrought-iron and steel pipe but there are several tests which readily identify the materials. The fracture of wrought-iron pipe is ragged, dull gray, and fibrous. By hammering A piece of pipe flat"the fracture can easily be observed. The fracture of steel is even, bright and crystalline. Wrought-iron pipe, when threads are cut on it, gives a crumbled chip, due to the fibrous structure. Steel pipe, when threaded, gives a long spiral chip. A microscopic examination of polished and etched specimens is an. infallible test. The presence of sl.aig: in- the wrought iron is unmistakable, while the steel is almost without slag. '' Seamless Pipe. Steel pipe or tubing without -the -lap or butt weld is frequently used for high-pressure work. Its advantages are its somewhat greater strength, permitting .the use of a thinner wall, and in the small sizes its freedom from the tendency of welded pipe to split at the weld occasionally when bent. Furthermore, the inherent physical properties of the steel used in its manufacture are somewhat better and a variety of combinations of carbon content and heat treatment are available. Seamless pipe is made by either of two different processes, depending upon the size. The piercing process is used in the smaller sizes and the cupping process is sometimes used for tubing of 6 to 8 in. diameter. Cast Ferrous Pipe. There" are now available several types of cast ferrous metal pipe made of a good grade of cast iron with additions of nickel, chromium, etc. This pipe is available in sizes from 1in. to 6 in. and standard lengths' of 5 or 6 ft with external and internal diameters closely approximating those of extra strong wrought pipe. Cast ferrous pipe may be had coupled, bevelled for'welding or ends plain or grooved for the several types of "couplings. It is readily cut, and threaded, as well as welded. The fact that it is readily welded enables the manufacturers to supply the pipe in any lengths practical for handling. Alloy Metal Pipe. Steel pipe bearing a small alloy of copper is some what more resistant to corrosion than plain steel pipe. It is recommended usually for atmospheric corrosive conditions, i.e., for corrosion caused by alternate exposure to air and water. Expansion and Contraction The proper provision for the expansion and contraction of piping must be made in all cases where water, steam, or gas is to be used at high tem peratures, and is usually accomplished by directional changes, long sweep bends or expansion joints. In instances where it is impracticable-to install the piping to obtain the required flexibility by directional changes, it may be advantageous to insert expansion bends in the line. Such expansion bends may be (1) a complete unit such as the expansion Z7-bend, the double-offset expansion Z7-bend, or the circle bend (Fig. 1); (2) a built-up bend composed of several of the smaller curved pieces illustrated in Fig. 1; .179'