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HIGHLIGHTS An engineer of the water department in America'* largest city tells of the excellent performance of calking lead and lead ser vices in New York. A few actual examples of the great durability of lead pipe in service in different parts of the country are cited. This month's Portfolio of American Landmarks is de voted to one of the love liest mansions in old Nat chez, Miss., painted inside and out with white lead. A famous old Massachu setts church gets its peri odic freshening up with white lead paint. Large private real estate de velopers find lead plumb ing and white lead paint fit well into mass production of houses. A commercial photogra pher gets fine service from lead-lined wash and waste and hypo tanks. Pouring tunl calking lead joints in a 20-in, cast-iron water main in .New York City, forming a part of A etc York's great distribution sy>/em of 5,000 miles of cast-iron mains with lead joints, and thou sands of lead water services Two views of a 60-in. cast-iron water main with lead joints in New York City installed in 1850. Despite its 91 years of continuous service no trou ble with either pipe or joints has been recorded. Pictures were taken when the main was recently relo cated slightly Ii Calking Lead and Lead Services Have Fine Record in lew York City ONFRONTED, especially in the C Borough of Manhattan, with one SPECIFY of the most complex systems of sub MATERIAL demonstrated the superiority of this material. A noteworthy example is a 60 in. main laid in 1850, which during surface structures of any municipality in the world, New York City has long relied on lead-calked cast-iron water mains as well as lead services as em bodying the utmost in dependability and long life. mail tubes, ducts carrying high and low tension power lines, telephone and telegraph lines, and subway and rail road tunnels. The water mains must either be routed around these other services or the services themselves re its 91 years of service to the city, has shown no record of a single failure, either of the cast-iron pipe itself or of its lead calked joints. The Department engineer in charge of construction for the Borough of The construction and maintenance located. During this process, great care Manhattan, made the following com of the water distribution system of New York City has required expert engineering to overcome the many is taken not to disturb the surface or elevated railway structures or adjacent service installations of utilities. ments during a recent interview on the experiences of the New York Citv De partment of Water Supply, Gas and problems encountered in this city. Because of these many problems as Electricity: When a new main is to be laid, the city sociated with the laying of water mains "We have a number of problems water department must ascertain how and the necessarily high cost of such that are peculiar to this city and which long the water may be permitted to be operations, every effort is expended to must be carefully considered at all shut down in any given block, this time make the work as nearly permanent as times. Manhattan is being constantly usually being limited by the commer possible. All operations are under the rebuilt underground as well as on the I cial interests which depend on water to constant supervision of a water depart surface and all possible care is ex keep their businesses operating. Traf ment inspector. Materials used are se ercised to protect our water mains fic must be kept moving. When the trench is dug, it often discloses a mul titude of Other utilities, all of which lected for their ability to give troublefree service for many decades without further attention. The consistent use against any undue disturbances. The flexibility of the lead-calked joints in cast-iron mains takes care, to a con must be identified. Among these may of lead for calking cast-iron mains and siderable extent, of any movement of be gas mains, sewer mains, pneumatic for services during the last century has these mains without dangerously I [2] LIA25654 stressing the pipe itself. This same flexibility of lead protects the joints against the damaging effects of vibra tion which may be transmitted to the pipe from heavy overhead traffic. In a like manner, lead services easily stand up under vibration or shifts in the sub-structure. "Lead-calked joints in cast-iron mains and lead services give us little or no trouble. We have 5,000 miles of cast-iron mains representing about 98 per cent of our water distribution svstem; connected to these mains are many thousands of lead services. It is remarkable how few failures of either lead joints or lead services are found. "Every joint poured is supervised by a Department Inspector on the job. SPECIFY ftAlOjr *PP*OV*^ MATERIAL DAYTON SNYDER Lead connections joining old lead services at left to a new main in Mew York. Note goose-necks to pro vide for movement High pressure mains are tested to 450 lb., low pressure mains to 125 lb. hydro-static pressure. When we close the trench, we feel assured that the mains, short of unavoidable accidents, will need no further attention for decades to come." All calking lead and lead service pipe purchases bv the city of New York conform to rigid specifications which are identical in substance with the Lead Industries Association Stan dards for these materials. They are also in conformity with the new Com mercial Standards promulgated by the United States Department of Com merce through the National Bureau of Standards, just announced, which become effective June 25. SPECIFY MATERIAL Lead Pipe 50 to 100 Lears in Service FIFTY-ONE-YEAR-OLD lead water service pipe, 52-vear-old lead water, waste pipe and fittings, and lead waste pipe between 75 and 100 years old--these are only a few scattered examples of the permanence of lead. None of these have come to light because they outlived their use fulness; all are in perfect condition after all those years of service; all had high salvage value and had performed w'ithout maintenance expense. The first of these is a lead service pipe installed in 1890 in Philadel phia, the date being established by the permit in the possession of the Water Bureau. This service was 28 ft. long with an inside diameter of Co in. In the words of Joseph J. Quindlen, the plumber who removed it. it "is in as good condition as it was when it was installed; the only reason we took it out was the ferrule was stopped up." Service pipe is subjected to difficult conditions including soil corrosion, ground movement and traffic vibra tion, yet this 51-year-old service is typ ical of thousands of lead pipes in the ground still functioning faultlessly after a half century and even more of constant use. The second example comes from the old Governor Bushnell residence in Springfield, Ohio. There lead water supplies, waste pipes and traps which were installed in 1888, were found in such perfect condition in 1940 when the building was remodeled that none was removed except where structural changes made it necessary. Most of the original lead was therefore left in place by the Victor Plumbing Co., do ing the plumbing remodeling, to con tinue its useful work for years to come. The third example, unearthed by Chief Plumbing Inspector James R. Walker of Waterbury. Conn., is lead waste pipe recently removed from a nearby farm house where it was in stalled between 75 and 100 years ago. The information comes from the pres ent 82-vear-old owner of the house who states that his grandfather had the installation made. This pipe. too. was in perfect condition. What better recommendation could any material have for buried service pipe and concealed plumbing than such countless records of reliable, permanent performance of lead. Lead waste pipe between 75 and 100 years old recently removed from a Waterbury farm house DAYTON SNYDER Pieces of lead service pipe in perfect condition after 51 years of continu ous use in Philadelphia [3] Perfectly preserved lead water and waste pipe in use 52 years in a Springfield, Ohio, residence LIA25655 Melrose, A Gracious Ante-Bellum Mansion HE southern tradition of gracious Tliving which was so completely a part of the Ante-Bellum South has been preserved through the years by the romantic charm of the beautiful and stately mansions which still stand there today. Visitors in the south frequently find in Natchez, Miss., the embodiment of this romantic atmosphere. Much credit is due the Natchez Garden Club for the preservation of the traditions of this country by the organization in 1932 of the Annual Natchez Pilgri mage, which next year will throw the doors of some twenty beautiful Natchez homes open to visitors be tween March 20 and April 6. Of the many fine examples of ante Melrose, in Natchez, Miss., built in 1845, is a perfect example of the stately mansions of the old South and one of the best preserved of the ante-bellum homes. It is fronted by a classic portico upheld by huge col umns, smaller copies of which frame the doorways. Pure white lead and nil protects this beautiful landmark bellum architecture to be seen on this Pilgrimage. Melrose is considered to be the most outstanding and the best preserved. Built in 1845, the excellent condition of this mansion today is a silent endorsement of the pure white lead paint which has protected it in the past and which now protects and preserves both exterior and interior The dining room at Melrose has the great punka or fan suspended from the ceiling, kept in motion during meals by slaves or servants pulling on a long silken rope. In this room and the rest of the interior, pure white lead paint, either white or tinted to pleasing shades, gives last ing decoration for the admiration of future genera tions. PHOTOS COURTESY NATCHEZ GARDEN CLUB Rear of Melrose, which is one of the few mansions still following the old custom of housing kitchen and servants' quarters in a separate building at right. White lead is used on both structures The front drawing room of Melrose, containing many relics of the old South, is, like the rest of the interiors, painted with pure white lead THIS IS NO. 8 OF A SERIES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MANY AMERICAN LANDMARKS IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE COUNTRY THAT ARE PRESERI ID FOR THE FUTURE WITH PURE WHITE LEAD AND OIL PAINT. MANY OF THEM HAVE ALWAYS BEEN PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS. [4] L IA 2565 6 A Historic Sew England Church Gets A New Dress of Pure White Lead The lovely 121-year old First Church of Christ, Springfield, Mass., has just received another freshening with pure white lead paint, so well able to aid in the preservation of this his toric edifice Painters applying white lead to the side of the church, using long exten sion ladders Swinging boatswain s chairs were used to apply white lead to the lofty steeple Painting the imposing front with pure white lead paint, working from extension ladders PHOTOS BY STANDARD PHOTO 5EBVICE [5] UNCE more a fresh coat of V J white has been applied to the Meeting House. One can hardly view it from across the square at such a time without a feeling of love and veneration for the old church as it stands with its new dress, the symbol of light and purity." Quoted above are the opening lines in the booklet published by the First Church of Christ of Springfield. Mass., to celebrate its three hundredth An niversary in 1937. This spring the 121-year old church has another fresh coat of paint; and this time, as it was last time, the paint used is pure white lead and oil. Organized in 1637. the First Church of Christ has literally grown up with the city of Springfield. The present church building is the fourth that has stood proudly on Court Square which now is surrounded by commercial and governmental buildings. Occupying such a prominent location in the cen ter of Springfield makes it even more important that this church be painted with not only a durable material but also one which will never fail by un sightly cracking or scaling. The pure whits lead paint which has been used in the past more than adequately ful filled these requirements. The white lead and oil which has been applied this spring will serve the church in the same trustworthy manner that has characterized this material for cen turies. The painting of a church of this size involves more than the ordinary amount of skill and experience. All painting of the sides was done bymeans of long extension ladders; the steeple, which extends to a great height, was painted from swinging boatswain's chairs. All paint was mixed and applied by a crew' of five men working under Vining & Borrner, painting contractors of Springfield. This historic building might well have been included in our "American Land mark" series, but the present painting seemed to warrant special attention. LIA25657 > (k Painting By The Sea unusual rather than merely exception Slight Formula Adjustments HE belief that paint of some spe ally severe, is that so-called "salt Tcial or "doctored" formula is re water", or rather salt in the air, has quired in the vicinity of salt water isan adverse reaction on an oil paint usually based on some misconception film. Science disproves this theory as to the limitations of a paint film. because the fog and precipitation re Most common is the failure to recog sulting from the evaporation of salt nize paint as a temporary coating, the water contains no salt, only fresh durability of which bears a direct re water entering the atmosphere. Where lationship to climatic and other en salt water or spray mav come in con vironmental conditions. Consequent tact with a painted surface, as in the ly. with weathering at the seashore case of docks, boat houses, beach cot being more severe in manv respects tages. etc., there is. naturally, some than that experienced elsewhere, it is acceleration in the breakdown of paint to be expected that even the most films. However, washing away of the weather-resistant paint should prove film is not excessive if the pigment in less durable than when exposed to a the paint is basic carbonate of white milder climate. lead, because it is not only insoluble in water but highly resistant to the ac Conditions Not Different, but tion of salt solutions as well. But, science aside, it is only logical that More Intense the same white lead paint which is Probably the major error in the reasoning of those who believe paint of Tegular formulation inadequate near salt water is that the climate is not only exceptionally severe but un used extensively for the protection of all marine craft, from ocean liners down to rowboats, should prove ade quately resistant to occasional wetting by waves and spray. Although painting should never be attempted during periods of fog or excessive humidity, paint is readily applied during what might be termed normal "sticky" weather at the sea shore with but slight formula varia tions necessitated by the exceptional climatic conditions. A slight reduc tion in the usual linseed oil content will harden the paint, the better to withstand a moist environment, while an increase in liquid drier expedites the setting-up of the paint film. This reduction in oil should never exceed 10 per cent from that contained in the standard formula for the surface to be decorated, while as much as a quart of drier can be added per gallon with out reducing the durability of white lead paint. To maintain brushing con sistency. one-half as much turpentine should be added to the mix as the lin seed oil deleted. Onlv local experi mentation can determine the optimum variations under specific conditions. Although even these changes from usual factors are involved as well. standard formulas are frequently con I Granted temperatures go to extremes, humidity fluctuates widely, fogs are Actinic Rays of Sun Most Destructive sidered unnecessary near salt water, extra care as to application is essen frequent and storms heavy, but these Contrary to popular belief, the ac tial at all times. When frequent pe elements are also met with, to a greater tinic rays of the sun are probably the riods of fog or excessive humiditv re or lesser degree, wherever paint is ap most destructive element to paint in sult in "sticky" weather, the poor dry plied. Taken in combination with the a marine environment. Failure is par ing conditions necessitate an extended sun's rays intensified by water and ticularly rapid in paints containing period between coats to assure the beach reflection, they do represent a considerable quantities of extender firm setting-up of a paint film. Many severe test, but, chemically speaking, pigments, i.e., chalk, sand, barytes, a failure blamed on paint formulation they do not present any unusual prob which become transparent in linseed is, really, the result of faulty applica lems requiring special solution. In oil, allowing destructive actinic rays to tion. other words, the pure white lead paint penetrate the film, greatly reducing its which has proven the most durable durability. On the other hand, white COMMERCIAL STANDARDS decorative treatment in Arizona and Iowa likewise is the most effective coating at the seashore, there being few localities from coast to coast which, during the course of the year, fail to run the gauntlet of a wide variety of climatic conditions. One of the fallacies of the argu ments of those who believe the weath lead is opaque in linseed oil, and paint composed of this most durable pig ment is not only resistant to actinic forces, but the resulting firm and elas tic film is sufficiently pliable, as well, to withstand surface movements due to changes in temperature and surface moisture conditions. This type of paint film is able to stand more abuse As this issue of LEAD goes to press, announcement has been re ceived of the new Commercial Standards for Lead Pipe, Traps and Bends, and Calking Lead promul gated by the Department of Com merce through the National Bureau of Standards. Full particulars may be obtained from the Bureau in Washington or this Association, and the next issue of LEAD will carry the complete story. ering of a seashore environment to be than any other. [6] UA25658 h i ......... I miBWffli Two views of some of the houses in the Hartford de velopments. All are painted with pure white lead paint and have lead waste pipe and fit tings in the plumb ing as shown below PHOTOS BY WYCKOFF MILLS Lead Plumbing and Paint Well Suited to Large Private Developments HILE government financed painted with pure white lead and oil. Whousing has been in the spot These projects are both developments light so much of late, private buoifldN . K. Winston & Co. of New York, shop under the best working condi tions where it can be planned to flow smoothly through the shop in any ers are moving ahead apace to do their which plans further projects as land kind of weather without interruption. share in providing much needed can be acquired. ^ Lead is unique among plumbing ma- homes for defense workers and others The developer states that finer terlils in that respect. at costs within their means. This is homes are being provided at lower White lead, too, adapts itself ad particularly noticeable in such de cost by use of "assembly-line" pro mirably to these methods. InS^ad of fense manufacturing centers as Hart duction methods. He says, "These are purchasing small amounts of a num ford. Conn. There are several good the same methods employed in huge ber of different kinds and colors of examples in Hartford, such as Hill automobile factories, where raw ma- paint, a large amount of one product, f side homes, a development of 70 houses already completed by John Howard Payne Homes, Inc., and Say- LEAD INDUSTRIES' white lead, can be bought and mixed for the various purposes and condi tions and tinted to the desired colors. brooke Manor, consisting of 64 homes Furthermore white lead, properly in the $5,000 to $6,500 price class terials are purchased in vast quanti mixed, may be used satisfactorily for now under construction by Lifetime ties, where every step of production all kinds of painting conditions such Homes. Inc. "Lifetime Homes," inci has been developed scientifically to as winter painting when necessary dentally. is an aptly applied name as assure maximum efficiency at mini (LEAD, Nov., 1940), or painting exemplified by the plumbing, which mum cost." He further mentions the along the seacoast (pg. 6, this issue). employs durable lead bends, lead "specially trained crews of crafts Plumbing in both Hillside Homes drum traps, lead waste pipe for tubs men" who do the construction. and Savbrooke Manor is being done and lavatories, and lead roof flash It is interesting to note how well by Austin J. Burrows. Hartford ings. Lead is similarly used in the lead in the hands of plumbing crafts plumbing contractor. The painting plumbing in Hillside Homes. The men, adapts itself to these methods contractor is Connecticut Painting Co. houses in both developments are because most lead work is done in the of Hartford. At left, the plumber is preparing and wiping up the lead waste pipe, traps and bends, so they can be installed, as shown at right, with no wiped joints having to be made in place. This results in fast, efficient work [7] LIA25659 Lead-Lined Sinks Function Well in Commercial Photographic Laboratory I EAD is an extremely useful material I for handling photographic solu tions both in the commercial photo graphic laboratory and in the ama teur's private dark room. Materials coming in contact with these solutions must be resistant to attack by the solu tions. many of which are corrosive, so that thev will have long useful lives and so that they will not contaminate the solutions and spoil the pictures. They must also be adaptable in many cases to widely varying construction conditions and must be reasonable in cost. Readers will be interested to know that the many excellent photographs taken by Dayton Snyder of Stamford, Conn., appearing in this and other is sues of LEAD, have emerged from the depths of lead-lined tanks. In Mr. Snyder's laboratory are two tanks lined with sheet lead, each tank being 36 in. long. 24 in. wide and 5 in. deep. The tanks are wood into which the lead lining, with "burned" joints, has been set. There are cooling and heat ing coils in the bottom of each tank. One tank is a wash and waste tank, while the other is for acid hardener hypo containing glacial acetic acid and alum. These lead tanks have been in con stant use for over three years and are in perfect condition today. Mr. Sny der has pointed out that in his 20 years as a professional photographer he has never had tanks so suitable as these lined with lead although he has tried a great many materials. DAYTON' SN YDER Lead-lined wash and waste tank. left, and hypo tank in photographer Dayton Snyder's laboratory at Stamford. Conn., after more than three yeari of use In these days of wide use ol pho tography, where equipment is in stalled under manv different condi tions. lead is extremely useful because it may be so easily fabricated to fit varying construction requirements. Thus size, shape and other factors are no obstacle where lead is used. The following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, upon request to the Lead Industries Association, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York City. WHAT TO EXPECT FROM WHITE LEAD PAINT An attractive 28-page booklet with charts, formulas, and mix ing instructions covering some of the problems of painting and how white lead meets these problems. PAINTING YOUR HOME by Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Products Laboratory, Madison, Wise. A discussion of house painting reprinted from American For ests, May, 1939. SOME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS By Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Prod ucts Laboratory, Madison, Wise. Reprinted from the National Real Estate Journal, Sept., 1939. STAMFORD'S DOUBLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis of hard lead flashing, white lead paint, lead plumbing, ply-wood and red cedar Certigrade shingle details and installation methods. Reprinted from the American Builder, July, 1939 SHEET LEAD INSTALLATION DETAILS A detailed analysis of the principles and application of lead flashing and sheet lead work for small homes. Reprinted from Sheet Metal Worker, June, 1939. BRUSH UP ON YOUR PAINTING A practical article on the selection and application of paint reprinted from House Beautiful, June, 1941. LASTING LEADWORK IN MODERN PLUMBING By T. N. Thompson, Technical Editor, Plumbing and Heating Journal. Reprinted from Plumbing and Heating Journal, Feb., 1939. HOW LUMBER AND PAINT KEEP YOUR HOME ALWAYS IN STYLE A brief digest of the advantages of painted lumber homes with color-styling suggestions and other interesting information. LEAD CHIMNEY CAPS Notes on the installation and advantages of lead chimney-cap protection, reprinted from American Artisan, May, 1940. NEW SIMPLIFIED STANDARD FOR LEAD TRAPS AND BENDS File size leaflet with new standards for lead traps and bends as well as existing standards for lead pipe and calking lead, and other informative data. * Not previously listed. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE. TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION, IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS PUBLISHED BY LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 420 LEXINCTON ATE,, NEW YORK CITY 155 PRINTED IN U. S- A. Y PUBLISHERS PRINTING COMPANY NEW YORE CITY ' Li *25660