Document qab7XqmGYYw5M8YXLJB2vaVjn

IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY/ PENNSYLVANIA CIVIL DIVISION - ASBESTOS i JOHN PATTERSON, Executor of The Estate of Vonida J. Patterson, and JOHN PATTERSON, Individually, Plaintiffs, vs. USX CORPORATION, et al., Defendants, vs. A. P. GREEN REFRACTORIES CO., et al., Additional Defendants. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No.: 95 - 359 DOCUMENTS PRODUCED BY USX CORPORATION MADE EXHIBITS TO DEPOSITIONS GIVEN BY USX CORPORATION C ALSO SOME DOCUMENTS IDENTIFIED AT USX DEPOSITIONS NOT PRODUCED BY USX CORPORATION** ) SUBMITTED IN RESPONSE TO USX CORPORATION'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT May 15, 1997 RICHMAN & SMITH, ATTORNEYS AT LAW 200 Washington Trust Building Washington, PA 15301 (412) 222-5100 GREENFIELD, BREWER, BAILOR & KAY 1035 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15219 (412) 261-4466 USX Exhibit No. No. 1 5 6 7 8 9 13 14 INDEX TO EXHIBITS Description Of Exhibit Memorandum from Merle Bundy to All Administrative Physicians, et al., dated 2-14-72, regard ing threshold limit value for asbestos dust exposure. Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) with attached article by Bernard Gee, M.D. and Federal Register Vol. 41, No. 55, Friday, March 19, 1976 and Vol. 37, No. 110 - Wednesday, June 7, 1972 Memorandum from J.B. Masaitis to General Superintendents, et al., dated 4/6/81, regarding corporation asbestos guidelines, with attached Guidelines For The Protection Of Employees Against The Hazards of Asbestos Dust Exposure dated February 5, 1981 Industrial Hygiene Services, IHS Guideline 12, Guidelines For The Protection Of Employees Against The Hazards of Asbestos Dust Exposure, revised April, 1984 IHS Guideline 12, Guidelines For The Protection Of Employees Against The Hazards of Asbestos Dust Expo sure, revised February, 1985 Safety Meeting Minutes dated 1/13/77 Safety Meeting Minutes dated 1/20/77 Memorandum from T. R. McCune to M. T. Barry, et al., dated 7/28/81, regarding health hazards of masonry work Memorandum from W. C. Janes to Mr. A. S. Patterson, dated 10/18/79, regarding guidelines for removal and disposal of asbestos material USX Bates No. 0000808 0000357 0000373 0000432 0000506 0000503 0000489 0000351 Asterisk indicates that the document had not been produced by USX Corporation but was identified at a deposition given by USX Corporation. USX Exhibit No. No. 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Description Of Exhibit Interorganization Correspondence from J. B. Masaitis to Safety and Environmental Health Representatives, et al., dated 10/17/80, regarding procedures for removing insulation materials containing asbestos with attached Procedures For Removing Insulation Materials Containing Asbestos Stipulation As To Medical Records of John Patterson Guidelines for Medical Surveil lance, Asbestos Exposure, dated 10/15/80 Memorandum from Frederick M. Toca, Ph.D. to Plant General Managers, et al., dated 4/27/84, regarding revised corporation asbestos guide lines and radiation guidelines, with attached Appendix 1, Guidelines For Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure Letter from William C. Marshall, M.D., to P. X. Masciantonio, dated 7/18/84, with attached Guidelines For Medical Surveillance, Asbestos Exposure, dated 6/26/84 Interorganization Correspondence from William C. Marshall, M.D. to All Holders of USS Physician's Guide, dated 7/23/84, regarding guidelines for medical surveillance asbestos exposure with attached revised guidelines dated 6/26/84 and USS Physician's Guide dated 7/23/84 Document titled, "Air Sample Studies for Asbestos Performed at Homestead Workers" with cover titled "Representation By USX" - 12/6/95 Memorandum from K. M. Morse to F. R. Smith, Jr., dated 7/18/73, regarding asbestos dusty survey open hearth, with attached asbestos dust survey dated 6/25/73 Memorandum from R. H. Deibert to Kenneth M. Morse, dated 10/22/73, regarding Asbestos survey, Carrie Furnaces, with attached Table No. 1 dated 9/5, 10/3 and 10/4/73 USX Bates No. 0000353 None 0001012 0000946 0000930 0000935 None 0000180 0000773 USX Exhibit No. No. 25 27A 29 31 32 45 46 49 50 51 Description Of Exhibit Memorandum from W. C. Janes to F. R. Smith, Jr., dated 2/1/74, regarding asbestos dust survey with attached Table 1 dated 10/24/73 Memorandum from J. F. Quealy to W. C. Janes, dated 2/5/76, regarding OSHA inspection - Homestead Works, with attached "Samples For Analysis" dated 1/7/76 Memorandum from W. C. Janes to Mr. Dean Wilson, dated 4/13/76, regard ing asbestos survey- Forbes Shop, with attached Table 1, Asbestos Clothing-Survey, Homestead Works, 3/29/76 Memorandum from W. C. Janes to Mr. Dean Wilson, dated 6/8/76, regarding asbestos survey open hearth division, with attached Asbestos Exposures, No. 73 Furnace Reline, Open Hearth #5, Homestead Works, May 11, 1976 Memorandum from T. M. Civic to Mr. Dean Wilson, dated 7/2/76, regarding asbestos survey, 160", 100", 48" and 45" Mills and Wheel and Axle Plant, with attached Table 1 dated 6/8/76 Memorandum from J. B. Masaitis to K. M. Morse, dated 5/21/73,1 regard ing asbestos open hearth Homestead Works Memorandum from J. F. Quealy to Mr. Frank S. Pokrywka, dated 11/5/81, regarding analysis of insulation material Memorandum from Kenneth M. Morse to General Superintendents, et al., dated 7/3/72, regarding Proposed Permanent Asbestos Standard Memorandum from Kenneth M. Morse to General Superintendents, et al., dated 6/26/72, regarding proposed Permanent Asbestos Standard Interorganization Correspondence dated 12/10/71 from Kenneth M. Morse to General Superintendents, et al., dated 12/10/71, regarding Threshold Limit Value For Asbestos Dust Exposure, Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) USX Bates No. 0000185 0000173 0002266 0000199 0000204 0000183 0000769 0000849 0000339 0000845 USX Exhibit No. No. 55* 56 57* 58 59 60 61 68 Description Of Exhibit Treatise: "Asbestos-Related Disease In Employees Of A Steel Mill And A Glass Bottle-Manufacturing Plant"/ Richard S. Kronenberg, et al./ Annals of the N.Y. Academy of Sciences/ Vol. 643/ p. 398/ 1991 Interorganization Correspondence from Kenneth M. Morse to D. W. Brown, dated 5/17/71, regarding asbestos protective apparel Treatise: "Letters to the Editor Asbestos Hazard from Protective Clothing", H.A. Bamber and R. Butterworth, Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 13, pp.77-80, 1970 Interorganization Correspondence from E. M. Gordon to Plant Managers, et al., dated 8/24/83, regarding Mon valley Works Guidelines for the Removal and Disposal of Asbestos Containing Materials with attached guidelines Interorganization Correspondence from S. A. Bennett, Jr. to Plant Managers, et al., dated 4/9/84, regarding revised Mon Valley Works Guidelines For The Handling and Removal of Asbestos Bearing Materials, with attached guidelines Memorandum to File - Analysis of Insulation Material - Main Steam Line for Homestead 48" Mill Engine - 2/84 Interorganization Correspondence from Walter D. Holloway to Holders of USS Health Services Protective Apparel And Equipment Manual, dated 6/16/83 Interorganization Correspondence from A.S. Patterson to All Division And Staff Heads dated 12/28/79 regarding Guidelines For Removal and Disposal of Asbestos Materials USX Bates No. None 0000865 None None None None 0000571 00002862 I USX Exhibit No. Description Of Exhibit No. 69 73 Znterorganization Correspondence from T.R. McCune to Division Superintendents and Staff Heads, dated 5/8/81, regarding Corpora tion Asbestos Guidelines and attached Guidelines dated 10/15/80 Interorganization Correspondence frmo William D. Miller to Safety and Environmental Health Represen tatives dated 11/21/83 regarding Asbestos - Emergency Temporary Standard and attached Standards V USX Bates No. 00002868 0002893 -' K ! J t Unitxd Tr All Administrative Physicians Plants, Mines, and lieneral Offices United States Steel Corporation Ifitsraryanixstisn CsrrtspoRdsnes amk February 14, 1972 (ns; Merle Bundy, M.O. Director-Industrial Medicine Threshold Limit Value For Asbestos Dust Exposure Federal Occupational Safety And Health Act (OSHA) Attached is a memorandum from Mr. Kenneth M. Morse, DirectorEnvironmental Health, concerning the revision downward of this standard under the OSHA-70. It is recommended that chest x-rays of employees exposed to asbestos dust be done at the time of pre-employment examination and yearly thereafter. If exposure continues beyond one year, even though at or below the standard, x-rays should be continued on a yearly basis so long as the employee remains with U. S. Steel. Because there is some early evidence that "smokers'* in an asbestos exposure, admittedly considerably above the present standard, have shown a much, much greater risk (90-1) for the development of lung cancer than non-smokers, every effort should be made to encourage the smokers in any asbestos exposure to "kick the habit. " The relation ship of smoking in the development of asbestosis is not yet understood. A recent article from the Harvard School of Public Health and an Editorial in the December 2, 1971 issue of "The New England Journal of Medicine" are enclosed for additional information. MB/rp Attachments t l * * 4 # .0 0 The New England DITORJAJ.S Journal of Medicine IS 17 ACTION ON ASBESTOS Aiurroi worLen > arc unintentional victims of industrial propress. They are at risk of pulmonary fibrosis, pleural calcification, mesotheliomas and lunp cancer. Asbestos cs|xnure is non* eklcpnattl, involvinp not only air but also drinking water, wine and beer.' Filters have iteen found in the Inns* of people without industrial ashestn* ex posure. Whatever the eswt nature nf asbestos nr ferruginous bodies may be. there is no doubt that electron microscopy of the lungs of urlum dwellers has shown the presence of chiysotilc asbestos.* Al though tliere is no evidence nf aslrestus-linked dis ease in the general imputation at this time, -the presence of asltestos in their lunps is duturbing. Aslicstos is relative); resistant to destruction In' most chemical and physical means and can float freely in the atmosphere for prolonged periods. Asbestos diseases have a lonp latent period. 20 years or more. Wr therefore believe that more sweeping decision* on the control of asbestos must be made now, on the basis of "reasonable probabili ty** rather than after a delay for a precise definition of dose-respome relations. These thoughts are reinforced by the work of Murphy and associates in this issue of the Jovmsl (p 1271). Their studies of pipe coscrers involved in nev/ hip *rw*nwrinn include better than usual etpwsuic dau and indicate a hi;1' incidence of a*bestnsis (35 per cent after 20 years) at what have been previously resarded as "safe** dust concentra tion!. A second Mud; of Murphy et al * reports two cases of pleural disease (one mesothelioma) in workers who s.mdcd asliestm flour tiles- Since the decree of asbestos espnsurt- was unknown, the au thors simulated the working conditions and found concentrations nl 1.3 fibers per milliliter of room ait. This concentration is less titan I/S of currently used threshold limit values. A fiber per anillihtcr of room av means tiiat a worker breathing IS liters per minute for eight liours inhales some HP fibers every work day. Although only a fraction of the inhaled fibers remains in the lung, these figures suggest that an alarming numiier will still accumulate over a Hb year period. A recent Committee report prepared by a Nation al Academy of Sciences panel* has called foe control of asbestos emissions at the source and foe protec tion of those w!k> arc eaposed in their occupations. The report alio calls for further research on the biologic effects and the physical characteristics of asbestos fibeis; such data are urgently needed "if a range of safe esposurc is to be established with confidence.- Although we endorse these recommen dations, we want to underline the urgent need for technical controls based on existing knowledge. Epidemiologic monitoring, -physical studies of as bestos and othrr. fibers and analysis of their effects on cells and tissues are important and mutt be con ISJg tinue*!. But tlterc is now a clear m**I fur more divi sive action on cntitml uH'SMirt* ami the (a ch|ui.i.al Sirfrit and Health Act u! IU7II d\ the stage lor sudi action. Application nf the technic* of imlnorul )ivl*ii*h' must lie accelerated Tlic prmi'iii thii-dwihl IihiiI value for nlmlm standi! Im- lmv-r*l iar Ih-IouSOtne recent |Kii|atuh. National .uliiiinistialivimccluiiums hi iuitialc and implement iicimn aic available -- (he it* cull; established X.iti.nial lnn. tute for Oeiii|iatonal Said; and Health ami the National Advisors (jtiiiiiiittce mi Occupational SabtvaUnl Health fuieiiNist aiiMitig ihnn. The StT-n-t.irv -ul fdmr, under (he jhncineninMi(| Ad, i i luicul with the setting til standards and lu the tight ( entrv into and in|Kttimi of pl.u of cmplmmcnt Thus, enforcement ami ivtiuUiiri incvh.tuiMim aveil av advisors foidtvs liave Ik-vii cvt.ihhvlied l. law. Among the mau> problems th.il the; late, as bestos slnmhl liave high ptHints. Trchimlugii dv- vehipmrntv aic needed in in.un aic.is: sophisticates! dust control; liettcr and lurniless asl*rsiin vuimititles; and improved iniHiituring of Imth the wrakt-iand their rfliimnm?nl. Adriptaiel; devived Us |ihcies could provide incentives for industry to cleen the air and protect the workers. Such policies, by genc-iating action in each plant where a risk evists. can rapid); and considerably amplify efforts im the national scale. Ktswin C.n. M.D. Airsi) Dmiivvi. M.D.. Pu.l). RurntsctS t CiMmist* MU. tssintAi saNn Vm, m Mtmir, aal awiisr Viiw, ii>mvii ji; mi I lpf AM. UUiS U Vmh V f SnssMi vKrvr* Wp at Kimt Sis >an ( } ai.-s laiaai HiAl 21 Mi jlsl. Hit I M|| XL. lasmr 1W At kutu I >. n si Mr wviUU Men m wwtt at MlUM it|sm Aw lit Mrsf> Or, 10a Us. 9*t. 1*71 * AsOrtiut Thr arcs far wi IiaMVii at at m'--iwf cimtai trin as Asarwas l ai-:.t laupt Efim rtf Airr>|*nK SaSaums UuMsrws DC Dmh uf UnKl' ktrscr. V,.- aaaM liaatl Cawastl. 1*71 os**00809 I L SUlfS AND SEQUUmONI for your INFORMATION D. w. BROWN omrcTOH or afciy m at. tee. Tltte 29--Labor FARTMENT OF LABOR BART ItID--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS tendard far Eepaaura to Aahoetae Punueat to aacttena of the OeetxpahcBol Safety aad Boatth Ac* of UK (M BULIMS. UH;29 VJLC. M, (57), Baa itary of Later'* Order No. 13-71 Of PR #794). tad 2* CPR Fart MIL 11910J001 (DU) of Fart M10 of TRJa 29, Coda of Federal JUrulatkaa, la hereby amended to the manner act forth Balov, to order to extend the retendon Sorted for aabeatee expeetaa menrtorto* raoordi from three yean to twenty roan. December 1, 1171 a TR 23207). lamed an eaerytacy temporary ataadard aa aebeetoa to reopooae to a pe* tfttea by the laduetrlal Vakm Drparvmest etf the APL-CXO. puraaaat to aae> ttea t(e) af the Act CM SUL MM, 22 DA.C. 033). Tfcto emoigoacy temporary ataadard vae detlc&ed primarily to teomedlately reduce and eeetrot occapa tteaal exposure to aabortoo dual ocnceatrattoni, aad did sot nnriUVn record' keeptoc procedural. However, on Janu ary 12. im (27 PR M). OBHA pUbhahed a propoaed oocnprtheaatre ftandard for aabaatoe azpoeure which did taehide racoidkeepl&t provteteaa. Parapraph (b)(1) of the proposal (27 PR M) prodded that czpoaure monltccto* reeordi, aad rooorda af medical cramisalient, be matnUtood far a parted af twenty yean. After public haarlmi the Secretary prenul*wted a new. pennaaast OSSA atandard for aebeetoe cat Adi 7. 1279 (27 PR llllt). to accord ance with eoetton 0(b) of the Aet CM 0UL IMS. 29 VMJC. 003). Ttate new ret- wtdeh appeared ae 29 CPU 1910.91* peter to reoodtfVwttcn. am* Oalaed a Tbieo-yoar requlrcmaat far ro> Utotac rj-"1"* moaltortot xaccede, 29 aun ii, mi USX0000810 turn AND BCOUIATIONS SIMS') m uiojlaum) tomr .38 CTO *31040010) <1>>. __ . On July 37.1373, pursuant to section (I) af toe Act, (M DUX. U37,33 UDC ggS),a patltieiffor Judicial review of fee asbestos standard we* filed with tba United BUtca Court of Appeals far tba ZMatrtet of Colombia. Tba principal peti tioners. tba Industrial Union Depart* cat, APL-CTO. objected to aovoral aab- (tuttn r***<M of tba standard, ineludtnf k~ ft--**-g with raeerdkaeptBg. Tba Coart affirmed tba Secretary's judgments aad tba standard's validity aoccapt for two prortaloBa. aaa of which waa tbe retention pasted for exposure monitoring raeorda. "laduatrial Union Department. AFl-CXO v. Bodnoa." 4M r. 3d 407 (CAJ>. 1374). Tbe Court directed the Secretary to re-examine tba standard with reaped to tba three-year recordkeeping proriston aad to recon sider whether sueh time period ade quately aasured employee protection from asbestosrelated dteraaa* In thia iaeuc, tba Court soted that many of tbe problem* facing tbe Secretary In developing an aabaatoe standard were directly attributable to tbe lack of Informatios concerning aaho*toe-related diaaaaat. aad particu larly to tbe lack of reliable date ee pact exposure lerela. Noting tba eloaa fune- ttonal relatlancblp between medical rec orda and expoeure records, and the tact that tbe ctandard required that madlraJ records be maintained for at tout 30 yean, the Court expressed eurprue at tbe abort three-year retention parted for monitoring records. After reviewing tbe Secretary'a obligation under the Act to require retention of records' neeae- aary fbr the development of tnformatioa concerning the causot of dlaaaia and the Importance of cipomut data in estab- this rental relationship, the Court remanded the recordkeeping require ments to the Secretary "for sueh modifi cation or clarification as may be nacas- aary to ensure that the statutory objec tives will be fulfilled** 43t F. 3d at *44. Foment to the Court's direction. OSHA has completed Its renew, aad has concluded that tba opinion expressed by tba Court is aa accurate reflection of the record, sad that the agency's inttlal Judgment warrants eonaction. OSHA bellma that extension af fee recordkeeping requirement for areas uii monitoring from three years to tatty yean as originally proposed would be m harmony with the twenty-year retention parted now required for employee modi- eel records. 33 CTO 1310.10010X3)0). As the court noted <433 T. 3d at U>. the two acts of record* when read to gether would provide a mere complete record of an employee'a history of **- Poeurt. a factor vitally important with respect to aabeetoa-relatod disreset. Tbe extended period for retention, with re sultant data accumulation, will bo crit ical to medical and aclenUftc tavaatiga* ttena studying such question* as deer- response relationshlpe in tflrrases caused by oeeupatloim] exposure to asbestos. This decision would also be responsive to fee moeyi declared sanesm that tba post inadequacy of health and aoBltertng records have htndared tsaasrth tote Wu Bonsaoucncaa of asbestos eiTM at to# workplace. 37 TO 11310, Jme 7.1373. Tba tong latency ported! aaaodatad with asbestos-related djaoaaaa. and tbs sonaequent need for a standard to take such latency periods tots account, ware tarotnlierl by both tbe OSHA Advisory --a. on Asbestos Dost (proooad- togs at pp. 103-103. February 17.1073) and tbe NIOSH Criteria Document for a Wersimmmfltil Standard as Aabaatoe (ganarslfyehapter* X and B). 3a nddi- testimony by two wltnaasaa at tba OSHA baarinss also supported longer re tention periods for evpuauie monitoring record* (Tr. at 337.334.March 17.1373). A consensus of the evidence In tba record tedtoetee that exposure menitertog mootda should be bald for it toast 38 yean to order to make such a requirement meaningful to view of what b generally raoognlsed as the minimum latency pe riod for many asbestos-related diaaaaat. OSHA b of the view that the Interests of worker health would be best served by requiring the retention of exposure mon itoring raeorda for a parted which re flect* an appreciation of this mroenhart lmT factor. Accordingly, pursuant- to tbe Court's remand for furthar consideration of tba retention period for monitoring records, we have eoncluded. based on tbe sedat ing record and for the reasons stated above, that a 30-year retention ported Is supported by the rvldenot and neces sary for the protection of employees. It Is noted that tn a new proposal on ex posure to asbestos (40 TO 47333. October 1,1371). which reflects the most recant aetenttfle and medical developments in the field, a 40-yvsr retention period (or the duration of employment plus twenty yean) for both exposure measurement and msdiral records has been proposed. rot the raainna stated above, the exposurt records provision of the asbestos standard win be eerrveted to require re tention of expoeure monitoring record* for at least 30 rears, effective March 18. 1373. OBRA believe* that a delay in tbe effective date ei this requirement la not warranted since this rule only requires that affected employer* retain records which they non already compiled and tberaiora does net impose a new burden af actiaa. and stoce tbt mitial tone year retantian period for sueh records has now lapawl and tb*M records might ba daatvayil Lom of sueh records would be mtparahie. Continued ooeeas to such record* by aS concerned la otsmtitl In the public interest, and la an appropriate means of effectuating to* goals of Im proved worker safety and health under too Act. Oood causa is found, therefore, pursuant to section 4(d) (3) of toe AdmlnistraUrt procedure Act (l DBA. 331 <d> (3)). for making this rule effective. Accordingly, pursuant to too direc tion af to* United State* Court of Ap peals rindustrial Union Department, API--CIO v. Hodgson, supra**), and toe above referenced authority, paragraph CD (1) of 33 CTO 1810.1001 BMadod to mad sa follows; 11910.1001 Urns CD Aareifflsrpton fl) Xxporurt rec ords. Steer employer shall -<"*-** rec ords of nny personal or onvtronmantal monitoring required by this section. Acc ords shall bo maintained for a parted of at least 38 year* and shall be made avafl- abte upon request to tbe Amtatani bec- rstary of labor ter Occupational haiaty and Health, the Streeter of the National Znstttste for Occupational gaiety and Health. and to authorised representa tives of tathcr. u ... . . 9 dMsttM.Lii-4M.Miui. last, teas ( OAjO. ***. art): S*tmtai7 at loborw crssr aa. is-Ti (as yn s?M); as era iwv. UU). Wgnod at Washington. DC. this 13th day of March 1373. frfihflytaw coor. JUtUtaat Seerttarr of Labor. ^ (TO &K.73-773! ftisd -l-7a;t:a am] vtnoAi. tsotrm. vex et, no. i--mooat. auaot t, im I UlCS AMO EGUIATIONS ' tmtihite fer Oocapatiimal Safety sad tlona Bacardi shall be letatoad by XMJth. and is anthonied represent*- employers for at least 30 yuan. uh of duw. _ (U) Access. I7te contents of the rvc- ' (3> Oidsee sees**. Beery sanrtoyae ards of the medical esaminaUcsis ad lormtT sapIcrR shell As** reatoa- required by this peremph (ban be made ahte mw Is car record required to be available, far Inspection and eapylng. aasmutacd br subperacmph (1) af lias to the Assistant fiscretary at labor tar paracraph. which ladiesf the amptoyefe own exposure to asbaetm fiber*. Occupational Safety and Bseltfa. the Olraeter at KXOSH, to authorised physl* (31 tmatopee moWlcatio*. Aar B> dans and madieal consultants of either atom foim<J to bare bsea exposed at say of Um. and, upon the raqueet at aa um u> aimorsc concentrations of asbae- Plom or farmer employee, to his physi os film la skosss of the UmiU pre cian Any physician who aonducte a scribed m psimcrmph (b> of this aecttte medical txaalaatloo required by this shall be notified In wrlttns of the rtpoesre as soon se practicable but hot Max than 3 days of the Undine. The employee aiudi alio be timely notified of the oeersdivt action beins tabes. () Medicat axamtaottoaa--(1> OesersL Tne employer shell prMdr armada paragraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee an the fafor* mahoo specifically required by this puwnph, and any ether medical in formation rclatod to aceupaOenal a* posure to sehartru fibers. available at his sort, medical examine* 3. A new 11310.13 It added to fiuhpart Bens relative to exposure to aabaetot re B af Part 1310, madia* as fallows: quired by this paragraph. (3> treplaemncaf. The employer shaO 11*10.13 Idmulwt . prprtd* or make available to each of hie Ssritoa 131033a shaO apply to the sx* employees, withla 30 calendar day* fol- posure of ovary employee to asbatos towtnc his first employment In as dust ta ovary omploymenl and piaet ertmettoa exposed to rdrhonse eon* af employment oovered by 11310J3. cantrauons of asbestos fibers, a compre 11310.13.11310.14.11310.ll.ariui0.il. hensive medical examination, which shall la heu at any different standaM on as* include, as a minimum, a chest root* posure to asbestos dust which would Ktnoqram (pcsicrtor-aatertor 14 x 17 otherwise be applicable by virtue at any Inches1, a history to elicit eymptom* of tboae aacMooa atoioo of respiratory dSaceae. and pulmonary funcoon tasU to taetadc loreed vital capacity <TVC> and forced expiratory volume at 1 earned CTTV^J. O) Aenaaf cxesitaallons. On or be fore January 31. 1373. sad at least aa* stuaSy thereafter, every employer shall provide, or make available, comprehmi* am medical elimination* to aach at his ompioyvc* entered in occupations an* posed to airborne ecoeentrahoas of asbestm fibers Such annual examination shall include, at a minimum, a cheat rent *tneram <poeterlox*anterlor 14 X 17 tnrhesi. a history to elicit eymptom* omloo' of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to Include forced vital capacity tyvci and forced expiratory volume at 1 second CTTEV. J. Kgeattat dole. Paragraph fb>f3) at I tliOiSi dhafi beeeme effective July 1. 1370. AO other provisions of II 131333a. 131033. and UlO.U shaO became Cffac tive July 7,1372. The current emergency temporary standard mains ta offset unto July 7. 1373. a A 34 oteuite..4Isex as car at hw is-n. se ra. amt at Washington. Off. thh fid day at June 137X t4 O. C. Oramon. Assistsat teeretarg of Labor. It ' prm miTHnt mIMsS to-U;l:U NSW 4* rerewaahoa at employment. The employer snail provide, or make avail* able, within 30 calendar days before at after the termination of employment at any employee encased In aa oceunattce exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical eximiniuoo which shaO include, as a minimum, a chest roentevnocram fpos* eenor-smertor 14 117 inchest, e history to chctt eymptof&stolocr at respiratory disease, and pulmonary function mu to Include forced vltaj capacity (FVC* and forced expiratory volume at t ascood trrv... (* Aecewf cxamfaohons. No medics! examination Is required at any am* ployre. tf adequate records show that the employee has been examined la ac* rordance with this paragraph within the s**t i-yeer period. ' kfedicai records--(1) Mete.lt- . wsar-c Employers of employees examined lairvuam to thu parasraph ehaQ cause to be maintained complete and accurate records at all such mediral cxamlna* SX0000812 nuui ttomtt. tree ir, ro. ns-wtMiusr. tom >.. l I i 'Qencnl Superintendents "PlantMsneger* 1 *i*t ferocration Asbestos guidelines fctsrarjaaiaUM Cmi^MtMi teApril , 1M1 B. Mastitis Assistant Manager toviromantal Health Attached for your infesswtien and use is a copy of Corporation guidelines zueently ^velcped by Headquarters finviromental Health far the protection of our aizplcyeea against the hazards associated with agcsun to asbestos. As indicated in these guidelines, primary efforts should be directed ixwards the substitution of non-asbestos materials for those appliestians which previously used only asbestos products. 2n addition to eliminating the hazard, this step will preclude the necessity of cuiplying with the costly provisions of the OSH* asbestos standard, such as monitoring, medical surveillance, record keeping, etc. In this regard, we have also enclosed, for your consideration, information gathered by the AX5I Ccrauittee on Manufacturing on asbestos sub stitution activities within other companies. This data includes the results of field trials conducted on specific alternate materials. v f attachments f DSX0000357 GUIDELINES FOR THE PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AGAINST TBS HAZARDS OF ASBESTOS DUST EXPOSURE l UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION USX0000358 % V \ - TABLE Or CONTENTS . Pane j. introduction * 1 -- IX. The Health Hazard of Asbestos............................... 2 SZZ. An Integrated"Control Program to Protect Employees Against the Hazardous Effects of Asbestos Exposure ........................................................ 3 A. Environmental Monitoring....................... 4 . B. Medical Surveillance ............. 5 C. Controlling Employee Exposures to Asbestos Fibers................................................... f. 1) Substitution................................... 6 2) Encapsulation ...... ................................. 6 3) Exhaust Ventilation.................................... 7 \ > 4) Isolation ...................................................................... 7 5) Work Practices .............. 8 4) Housekeeping.................................... 8 7) Personal Protection ............................................... 9 a. Aaspirators ........................................................ 9 b. Protective Clothing ...................................... 10 8) Removal of Insulation Materials........................ 12 B. Education ; ................................. .... 13 USX00003S9 I. Introduction Asbestos is s generic ten used to describe e variety of naturally-occurring, fibrous, hydrated mineral silieatet. There are two main types: serpentine and amphibole. The serpentine variety is called ehrysotile and aeeounts for more than 90% of the asbestos used in the United`States. Amphibole asbestos includes the fibrous forms of the minerals amosite, eroeidolite, tremolite, aetinolite and anthophyllite. Asbestos fibers are generally characterized by high tensile strength, flexibility, heat and chemical resistance, and favorable frictional properties. Certain grades can be carded, spun and woven, while others can be laid and pressed to form sheets or used for structural reinforcement of materials sueh as eement, plastic and asphalt. There are over 3,000 known asbestos produets used ir, industry, commerce and the home. Examples of these include building and pipe insulation materials; produets sueh as millboard, roofing felt and beverage filters; rope and braid; asbestos-cement pipe and sheets: vinyl-asbestos floor tiles; automotive brake linings and cluteh plates; > paints, coatings and sealants; gaskets and packings; and reinforced plastics. For all practical purposes, asbestos is a ubiquitous substance, i.e. almost everyone is exposed to it in some form and to some degree, everyday. % USX0000360 yhe Hlth Hazard Asbestos Knowledge of diseases associated with the use of asbestos apparantly dates baek 2,000 years. Bowever# the association of asbestos with ehronic respiratory disease had to be rediscovered in the modern -- ra. Zn very reeent tines, asbestos exposure has'been -shown to have a causal relationship with a variety of disease entities and pulmonary abnormalities including: A. Pleural Effusion, Pleural Thickening, Calcification * Flacucs - Asbestos exposure should be considered whenever there is benign effusion in the pleural cavity. The effusion Bay be aeeompanied by pleural thickening. Pleural thickening, usually bilateral in distribution# may occur# however# without previous evidence of effusion. A pleural plaque is a localised fibrous thickening of a parietal pleural surface. Microscopically#* plaques consist priBarily of connective tissue# often containing deposits of calcium. They do not interfere with pulmonary function to any significant extent# nor do they necessarily indicate the presence of pulmonary fibrosis. An association between pleural abnormalities and exposure to asbestos has been clearly demonstrated in several studies. Although pleural plaques do not, themselves, appear to be precursors of malignant disease, a reeent study showed that bronchial careinoma was 2-1/2 times more frequent in men with pleural plaques. 8. Asbestosis - a diffuse, interstitial# non-malignant searring of the lung. This is the most common disease produced by exposure to asbestos. Zt is a sometimes fatal condition that results from significant# but not necessarily heavy exposure. Lung infections, such as pneumonia or bronchitis, are extremely threatening to people with asbestosis. C. Bronchogenic Carcinoma - a malignancy of the interior of the lung. A high proportion of asbestos patients may develop lung eancer. The cancer risk is much higher for eigarette smokers suggesting some synergistie relationship between asbestos fibers and tobacco smoke. Zt has been estimated that asbestos workers who smoke have almost 90 times greater risk of lung caneer than the non-smoking general public. I S. Mesothelioma - a diffuse malignancy of the lining of the ehest cavity or of the lining of the abdomen. This condition is axtzemely rare in the general public: however# the incidence of these caneers has been increasing and their peculiar re lationship to asbestos fibers has received considerable at tention. Mesotheliomas can occur even after a limited ex posure to asboste* dust and may affect people who were not directly Involved in handling the arterial# sueh as relatives of asbestos workers who may be exposed \o dust carried home on work clothing. X. Cancer of the Digestive System - asbestos may also produce disease when It is Ingested. *A number of studies now indicate that the increase in ineidenee of eancer of the stomach and colon among asbestos workers is two or three times the number of expected tumors. USX0000361 - 32ZZ. An Integrated Control Program to Protect Employe#* Against the Hazardous Effects of Asbestos Exposure Four key elements are neeeaaary to insure the success of a program designed to control the adverse health effects of asbestos fibers in sun's environment. These basic com ponents include: ----Air monitoring and analysis to determine the level of exposure to asbestos fibers. --Medieal surveillance to assure that no physiological changes are occurring as a result of the asbestos exposures. Physical control of human exposure to asbestos fibers, i.e.r to reduee the.contact between the worker and the fibers. --An educational program to inform employees of the potential hazards of asbestos and to train them in the proper implementation of procedures designed to minimise exposures. ) USX0000362 A. Environmental 'Monitoring The first determination that must be made is whether or net there is an actual exposure to asbestos. St is meaningless and often costly to arrive at a solution where mo problem exists. There are numerous fibrous Insulation materials used throughout the Corporation whieh may or may not contain asbestos. Where there is uncertainty, a bulk sample of the smterial is sent to Beadquarters Environmental Wealth to ascertain the possible presence of asbestos. Tiber morphology is examined under phase contrast microscopy and the crystal properties of the fibers are studied under the polarising light microscope. A wet chemieal screening test* specific for magnesium and iron complexes, may also be eondueted. . 2n most cases, these tests will confirm the presence of asbestos or eliminate the possibility of it being a component of the bulk material. Zf there is any doubt, the sample is forwarded to USS Research for positive identification of the fiber using electron microscope techniques. When employees work with materials known to contain asbestos, their exposures are evaluated with personal monitoring equipment whieh can detect and measure the concentrations of asbestos fibers which may be released into the worker's breathing sone. With such equipment, the exposures can be monitored over short, peak periods or averaged over the entire workshift. The OSHA asbestos standard requires that periodic monitoring be conducted, at intervals no greater than six months, on those employees whose asbestos exposures may reasonably be foreseen to exceed permissible exposure limits, however, any initial deter mination of such elevated exposures would be an immediate cause for concern, and corrective action would be promptly taken by V. S. Steel management to implement control measures to reduce asbestos exposures to the lowest possible levels. USX0000363 B Medical Surveillance \ The OSHA standard further dictates that all employees exposed to airborne asbestos fibers, regardless of concentration, oust be given annual medieal examinations, Ineluding chest X-rays and puimonary function tests. However, es pointed out earlier, asbestos i.s such a widespread substanee that virtually everyone has some measurable exposure. OSHA has apparently eome to understand this premise and under Program Directive 300-16 (October, 1971) has defined, for medical purposes, exposure to airborne asbestos fibers as a minimum of 0.1 asbestos fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air (i.e., 1 fiber per 10 cc). At U. 6.'Steel, we use this 0.1 fiber/ce exposure level to Identify those employees to be included in the medieal surveillance program. Separate guide lines detailing the medical surveillance procedures were previously sent to plant physicians by the Director ef Industrial Medicine. A copy of these guidelines is attached. USX0000364 - C. Controlling Employe Exposures to Abttei fibers 1) Substitution of Alternative Materials Cling *non-asbestos*'materials on applications whieh previously used asbestos produets Is the first choice of controlling exposures sinee it eliminates the source of the hazard. Some of the alternative materials that have found common usage as. substitutes for asbestos include fiberglass* kaolin wool* ceramics, mineral wool and various plastie fibers.* Zn certain individual applications * eaeh of these has exhibited adequate tensile strength* hast resistance* flexi bility and durability to satisfactorily perform functions previously served only by asbestos products. Some examples of "asbestos-free* materials being used at operations at U. S. Steel facilities include: --the widespread use of ceraaie fiber and kaolin wool as pipe insulation materials. * -non-asbestos mortar compounds for heat resistant cement applications. `fibtTqlM* and aramid fiber textile produets sueh as welding curtains and heat resistant clothing. --various hot-top products at ingot teeming operations. Although the use of asbestos is well entrenched in many important applications* it is likely that sub stitution will play an Increasingly significant future role in reducing health hazards from asbestos. 2) Encapsulation The mere presence of asbestos insulation materials does not constitute a health hazard. Zn this regard it is not U. S. Steel*s philosophy or intention that all asbestos insulation materials ,be torn out and re* placed with alternative materials.* However* onee it is determined that such insulation has deteriorated to the point that fibers may be emitted into occupied . areas* steps should be taken to control the hazard. USX0000365 , A -feasible alternative to complete removal of asbestos insulation is encapsulation* i.e. trusting tha material with an acrylic or elastomeric'polymer protective coating to seal the fibers in place and prevent further deterioration. Although aaeh ease arast be considered on an Individual basis* encapsu lation can often be a preferable solution because it generally jeosts much less* does not cause long-term disruption of operations* and does not require the intensive decontamination efforts necessitated by complete removal. Examples of these asbestos con tainment treatments are Hydro-ban by EEC Corporation and Asbestos Guard Fiber Fix (719) by 0. Coatings Collaborative* Znc. Xaybestos Manhattan has developed a produet called Novatax which is an asbestos textile encapsulated with an aerylie resin. A neoprene coating may give ad ditional protection. Movatex cloth can be used for welding curtains* Insulation applications* and for aluminized and non-sluminised. protective bodyvear. 3) Exhaust Ventilation Any operation whieh auy conceivably generate air borne asbestos dust concentrations in exeess of permissible exposure limits should be provided with loeal exhaust ventilation. Where sueh ventilation is used the exhaust hood should be located as dose as possible to the point of dust generation to achieve maximum capture of tha released fibers. Examples of operations where local ventilation may be employed include the mixing of asbestos mortar compounds and the use of saws* drills and grinders on asbestos materials. 4) Isolation Operations whieh have the potential to generate high concentrations of airborne fibers should be iso lated to the extent feasible to minimise hitman exposure to the fibers. The removal or teardovn of asbestos pipe insulation is an example of this type of operation. U. s. Steel guidelines outlining procedures to be fol- lowed during this task stipulate that the vieinity of the operation be designated a restricted area* thus denying access to employees whose presence is not required. ( ] * I Ji USX0000366 5) Work Practices Changes in work practices suiy often be the most cost-effective way of reducing occupational exposure to asbestos. When conducting an operation which in volves the handling of asbestos materials. considera tion should be given to performing the task in such a unner that the emission of asbestos tibmru into the air will be minimised. Some of the ways, in which work practices may be modified includet --the use of a slew band saw er hand saw in lieu of a high-speed circular table saw to eut Transite asbestos board. --thoroughly wetting asbestos materials prior to use - such as immersing a coil of asbestos rope in water prior to applying it mm m sealant around furnaee er oven doors. --the purchase of pre-cut and pre-drilled materials sueh as brake shoe lining containing asbestos. -- --using a vacuum eleaner instead of a compressed air hose to remove dust residue from mobile equipment brakes during inspection and repair operations. --removing asbestos Insulation in as large of sections as possible to minimize the amount of fracturing. --using hand tools sueh as chisels er knives, rather than power tools er saws, to cut and remove asbestos insulation. d) Housekeeping Good housekeeping practices are essential to main tain low levels of airborne asbestos fibers, bust on floors, ledges, equipment and workbenches may become airborne when disturbed by work^activity, air move ment. er vehicular traffic. Dry sweeping should be prohibited in areas where asbestos is used because it meraly redisperses the fine fibers into the work room air. Instead, vacuum cleaning is the preferred method of removing dust accumulations. USX0000367 Waste materials such as rejects* scrap, shavings or ether debris should be collected and plaeed in plastie bags or some ether impermeable container. The containers should be sealed shut* labeled as to the contents and haxard, and disposed of in aeeordanee with applicable Federal and State regulations. 7) Personal Protection . The control measures previously diseussed under this section should always be the primary means of a^.nimizing employee exposure to asbestos Tibers. .If, however* these measures are not sufficient* or if some specific operations are not amenable to such control* the use of personal protective equipment will be necessary. While respirators and protective clothing should always be available* it must be under stood they serve only as a complement to* not as a replacement for* engineering and work practice control measures. a. Pespirators Pespirators may be neeessary to control asbestos exposures in some instances, sueh as the removal of thermal pipe insulation. Since these devices plaee a burden on the respiration of the worker, it must first be determined whether the wearer can use the equipment and still perform the assigned task. Zn sueh a determination, consideration should be given to: the physical condition of the worker, sueh as possible pul- senary or cardiovascular impairment; the physio logical demands of the task, such as required oxygen uptake; and the presence of faeial hair which may negate an effective respirator seal. 1 The type of respirator needed will be dictated i by the preceding factors as well as the concen tration of airborne asbestos fibers. With fiber concentrations less than IP times the permissible exposure levels a properly fitted air purifying dust sespirator will provide sufficient pro tection. .The type of respirator selected should * | be specifically approved by N20SH for protection against dusts containing asbestos. Xt should be noted* however* that single `use,-disposable respirators are not permitted within U. S. Steel \ for protection against asbestos. I: USX0000368 10 When the fiber contamination level*is between 10 and 100. tines the permissible exposure level, powered air-purifying respirators should be worn. Zf exposures exeeed 100 tines the acceptable limits# a type "C" supplied sir respirator or pressure-demand self-contained breathing unit should be worn. Respirator wearers should be instructed to wash the masks# end change filters# where ap plicable , daily. Proper fitting instructions should also be given. When respirators are . issued# it is important to comply with the appropriate regulations governing the use of respiratory protection. Per those facilities under OSKA jurisdiction# these regulations aze stated in 29 CFft 1910.134. MSHA requires a respirator program consistent with the provisions Of ANSI 111.2-1980. . b. Protective Clothing In regard to asbestos# it is important to con sider protective clothing in two ways. First, it may be neeessary to provide special elothing to employees who are required to handle asbestos to prevent work elothing from becoming contaminated with the fibers. In this instance protective clothing is a control measure to protect not only the worker but also family members who may be ex posed to dust carried home on his work clothing. Second# some protective elothing articles# in tended to provide thermal protection for those in close proximity to high radiant heat sources, are made from asbestos materials. Reports in the literature indicate that this type of elothing, through gradual deterioration with use, is actually a source of asbestos exposure to workers. We will consider aaeh type of protective clothing separately.1 1) Protective Clothing as a Control Measure When employee asbestos exposures exceed a *. "ceiling limit" of 10 fibers/cc the OSHA as bestos standard requires employers to provide "special clothing" 4eoveralla# head coverings, gloves and foot coverings)# change rooms with USX0000369 - 11 - two lookers (one for ths employee'* street clothes and one for bis contaminated work clothes), transportation of contaminated clothing in sealed impermeable bags or con tainers* and laundering facilities. The necessity of complying with some of these provisions can be eliminated by issuing employees disposable protective garments. Disposables may Include bard hat liners, coveralls and shoe liners. The coverall garment should be without pockets or euffs. A good example is DuPont's Tyvek protective garments. Tyvek is a durable spunbonded olefin with high tensile/tear*strength, chemically resistant and due to a relatively sliek surface, it does not tend to entrap particles. A vacuum cleaner should be used to remove loose fibers adhering to contaminated work elothing. Employees should not attempt to dislodge these fibers by brushing them off nor by using compressed air. In addition respirators should continue to be worn until contaminated work clothing is removed. ii) Protective Clothing Made of Asbestos Material Occasionally. employees working in areas of high radiant heat, those who are exposed to mol ten metal or weld spatter or those who have to handle hot objects or tools are reauired to wear heat-resistant asbestos elothina. Eventu ally there may be sufficient wear and movement of the fabric to cause the release of appre ciable airborne fibers into the employee's breathing sons. As previously discussed, the primary method of controlling asbestos exposures is to substitute a non-asbestos material. Zn this regard* there have been several reeent advances by prdteetive garment Mnufaeturers in developing Incombustible* thermal resistant fabrics. Some examples of these are aramid fibers (a high temperature nylon) sueh as DuPont's Domex and Southern Textile's Goldengard; poly-, eerylonitrlle fabrics like Gentax's'Preox. which also comes with an aluminized feeing where heat reflectivity is crueial* as in teeming operations; and glass fiber produets, including Zetek by Nevtex Industries and Pyroglas by Jtaybestos Industrial Products. USX0000370 12 t) Utaievil of Insulation Materials At 0. S. Steel*# the. graitiit potential for high exposures to asbestos is the removal of deterioratinc insulation Materials sueh as pipe coverings. Specific guidelines to protect the employees during this operation were developed by Headquarters Environmental Health and distributed to all Corporate facilities. These procedures included provisions on work practices to minimise dust generation# personal protective equipment# exposure monitoring# personal hygiene# housekeeping# restriction of area# a^loyee training and waste disposal. USX0000371 0. Education Employees will be more apt to cooperate with management** attempts to control their exposures to toxic substances if they are made aware of the nature of the hasard and its consecruenees. 2t is actually beneficial to the workers and the Corporation to develop and implement an education and training policy regarding exposure to asbestos. The goals of the program should be to in crease the employees' knowledge ofs 0 * ` ' --the nature of the asbestos hasard --work processes involving asbestos and the potential for fiber emissions --diseases that may result from exposure to asbestos fibers and how these diseases are manifested --the eoneept of risk* --environmental monitoring procedures and objectives --the purpose and nature of engineering and work practice controls --the purpose* proper esc* and limitations of respiratory protection equipment --the application of decontamination and waste disposal practices --the elements of the medical surveillance program and the reasons for it --the role of related factors in disease production, such as smoking Xt is strongly recommended that supervisory personnel be included in any education program. A well-informed supervisor may personify Mnagement's concern and insistence that operations in- . volving the us* and handling of aabestos produets be conducted in a safe and healthful Banner. February 5, 1981 USX0000372 Industrial Hygiene Services Environmental Health............................... IBS GUIDELINE 12 GUIDELINES FOR THE PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AGAINST TBE HAZARDS OF ASBESTOS DUST EXPOSURE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION Revised* April* 19S4 USX0000373 CU3DEL3KES FOR REDUCTION (. . rLSTOS EXPOSURE TABLE OF COWTEKTS 1. Introduction ............................... 1 S3. The Health Hazard of Asbestos.............................................. 2 231. An Integrated Control Program toProtect Employees Against the Hazardous Effects of Asbestos Exposure......................................... 4 A. Industrial Bygiene Monitoring ................... 4 B. Medieal Surveillance ....................................................... 7 C. Controlling Employee Exposures to Asbestos Fibers .............................................. 7 1) Substitution ................................................................ 7 2) Encapsulation 8 3) Exhaust Ventilation *... 9 4) Isolation and Restriction .of Area .... 9 5) Work Practices......................... ........... 10 6) Housekeeping ............... 11 7) Personal Protection.............................. 11 a. Respirators....................................... 11 b. Protective Clothing ................................ 1 . 13 ) Personal Bygiene ...... ................... 14 9) Waste Bisposal........................................... IS 10) Removal of Insulation Materials.................... IS D. Education IS TV. Appendices Appendix 1 - Guidelines for Medical Surveillance of Asbestos Exposure Appendix 2 - Asbestos Substitute Materials (AZSI) 17" 23 Appendix 3 - Asbestos Substitutes (USS) A. literature Search B. Plant Survey (1972) __ 3S 39 USX0000374 2. Introduction Asbestos is e generic term used to describe a variety of naturally occurring* fibrous* hydrated mineral sili cates. There are two main typest serpentine and amphibole The serpentine variety is called ehrysotile and accounts for more than 90% of the asbestos used in the United States Anphibole asbestos includes the fibrous forms of the minerals anosite* eroeidolite* tremolite* aetinolite and anthophyllite. Asbestos fibers are generally characterised by high tensile strength* flexibility* heat and chemical resistance* and favorable frictional properties. Certain grades can be carded* spun and woven* while others can be laid and pressed to form sheets or used for structural reinforcement of materials* such as cement* plastic and asphalt. There are ever 3*000 known asbestos products used in industry* commerce and the home. Examples of these include building and pipe Insulation materials; products such as millboard* roofing felt and beverage filters; rope and braid; asbestos-cement pipe and sheets; vinyl-asbestos floor tiles; automotive brake linings and cluteh plates; paints* coatings and sealants; gaskets and packings; and reinforced plasties. For all practical purposes, asbestos is a ubiquitous substance; i.e.* almost everyone is exposed to it in some form and to some degree* everyday. I USX0000375 The Health Hinri of Asbestos Knowledge ef diseases associated with the use of as* bestos apparently dates back 2*000 years. However, the association of asbestos with chronie respiratory disease had to be rediscovered in the modern era. In very recent times, asbestos exposure has been shown to have a causa} relationship with a variety ef disease entities and pulmo nary abnormalities includingt A. Pleural Effusion* Pleural Thickening* Calcification S Plaques Asbestos exposure should be considered whenever there is benign effusion in the pleural cavity. The effusion may be accompanied by pleural thickening. Pleural thickening* .usually bila teral in distribution, may oeeur* however, without previous evidence of effusion. A pleural plaque is a localised fibrous thickening ef a parietal pleural surface. Mieroseopieally, plagues consist primarily of connective tissue* often containing deposits ef ealeium. They do not interfere with pulmonary function to any significant extent, nor do they- necessarily indicate the presence of pulmo nary fibrosis. An association between pleural abnormalities and exposure to asbestos^ has been demonstrated in several studies. However, pleural plaques are not diagnostic of asbestos disease. Although pleural plaques do not, themselves, appear to be precursors of malignant disease, a recent study shoved that bronchial careinoma was 2-1/2 times more frequent in men with pleural plaques. B. Asbestosit A diffuse, interstitial, non-malignant scarring of the lung. This is the most common disease'pro duced by exposure to asbestos. It is a sometimes fatal condition that results from significant, but not necessarily heavy exposure. Lung infections, auch as pnetsaonia or bronchitis, are extremely threatening to people with asbestosis. C. Bronchogenie Carcinoma (Asbestos and Smoking) A malignancy ef the interior of the lung. A high proportion of asbestos patients may develop lung cancer. The cancer risk is much higher for cigarette smokers suggesting acne synergistic relationship be- . tween asbestos fibers and tobacco smoke. 2t has been estimated that asbestos workers who smoke have DSX0000376 3 almost to times greeter risk of lung cancer than the non-smoking general publie. X). Mesothelioma A diffuse malignancy of the lining of the chest cavity or of the lining of the abdomen. This con dition is extremely rare in the general publie; however, the incidence of these cancers has' been increasing and their peculiar relationship to as bestos fibers has received considerable attention. Mesotheliomas can oeeur even after a limited ex posure to asbestos dust and avay affect people * who were not directly involved in handling the staterial, such as relatives of asbestos workers who may be exposed to dust carried home on work clothing. . Cancer of the Digestive System Asbestos may also produce disease when it is in gested. A number of studies now indicate that the increase in incidence of eaneer of the stomach and colon among asbestos workers is two or three times the number of expected tumors. DSX0000377 4 323 . An Integrated Control Program to Protect Employees Against the Hazardous Effects of Asbestos Exposure . Pour key elements are necessary to insure the success of a program designed to control the adverse health effects of asbestos fibers in awn's environment. These basic com* ponents includet air monitoring and analysis to determine the level of exposure to asbestos fibers} - medical surveillance to assure that no phy siological changes are occurring as a result of the asbestos exposures} - physical control of human exposure to asbestos fibers} l.e.t to reduce the contact between the worker and the fibers} - an educational program to inform employees of the potential hasards of asbestos and to train them in the proper implementation of procedures designed to minimise exposures} `posting of warning signs in locations where airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are anticipated to exceed the reduced exposure limit of O.S fibers/cc. A. Industrial Hygiene Monitoring The first determination that must be made is whether or not there is an actual exposure to asbestos. Zt is meaningless and often costly to arrive at a solution where no problem exists. There are nu merous fibrous Insulation materials used through out the Corporation which may or may not contain asbestos. Where there is uncertainty, a bulk sample of the material is sent to the Environmental health Laboratory at the OSS Technical Center to ascertain the possible presence of asbestos. Fiber morphology is examined under phase contrast microscopy, and the crystal properties of the fibers are studied .under the polarising light sdcroscope. A wet chemical screening test, speci fic for magnesium and iron complexes, may also be conducted. In most cases, these tests will con firm the presence of asbestos or eliminate the possibility of it being a component of the bulk material. 2f there is any doubt, the sample will be analysed by electron microscope techniques to stake a positive identification. USX0000378 When employee* work with materiel* know to con tain asbestos, their exposures are evaluated with personal monitoring equipment which can de tect `fend measure the concentrations of asbestos fibers whieh may be released into the worker's breathing sone. With aueh equipment, the expo sures can be monitored over short, peak periods or averaged over the entire werkshift* e The OSHA Asbestos Standard requires that periodic monitoring be conducted, at intervals no greater than sax months, on those employees whose asbestos exposures may reasonably be foreseen to exceed permissible exposure limits, however, any ini tial determination ei such elevated exposures would be an immediate cause for concern, and corrective action should be promptly taken by U. S. Steel Management to implement control measures to reduce asbestos exposures to the low est possible levels. It is recommended that monitoring of exposure levels be conducted with sufficient frequency so that accurate exposure evaluation information is available for each operation where asbestos is encountered. Asbestos Monitoring Procedures OSH A Permissible Exposure Limits 8-hr. time-weighted average: celling: emergency temporary atandard 8-hr. time-weighed averages fibers/cc 10 0.5 *Tlbers greater than 5 micrometers long with a 3:1 aspecl ratio Sampling Equipments (mixed cellulose ester filter method) A calibrated personal sampling pump plus 0.8 micrometer pore site mixed cellulose ester filter-with a cellulose back-up pad mounted in an open 3-piece filter cassette (refer to Chapter Vlll-Sampling for Particulates-Environmental Bealth Monitoring Manual). -- The sampling tube is connected, to the pusp by means of flexible tubing with a stainless steel leer. Sample Bite:*** Sample Volumes 25.5 liters ____ Sample Bates 1.7 liters per minute Sample Time: IS sdnutes " The Emergency Standard was struck down by the courts: however, OSBA has proceeded with its development of a permanent Standard which believe will be set at 0.5 fibers/cc or lower. See Coaments. USX0000379 - t- Interferences: The presence of other fibrous materiel which will be counted" as asbestos. Sampling Procedure: 1. Assemble the filter* support pad* and cassette and dose firmly to insure a 'good seal between the cassette edge and filter. Seal the cassette with a tape or shrinkable band. 2. Remove the cassette outlet plug* and attaeh tothe pump with a stainless steel luer. 3. For personnel monitoring* clip the pump to the worker's belt and the cassette to the worker's lapel and remove the cassette top (creating an open-face eassette). 4. Set the pump flow rate at the calibrated rate by position ing the middle of the rotameter ball to the calibration mark. The pump flow rate should be checked and readjusted as needed. 5. Record the sampling time. 6. After sampling* replace the eassette top and insert the plug into the cassette outlet. 7. An appropriate number of blanks* properly labeled* should be sent with each batch of filters. Shipping Instructions: The cassettes in which the samples are collected should be shipped to the Environmental Health Laboratory in a suitable container* such as a wooden box or plastie container, designed to prevent the cassettes from opening in transit. Analytical Method: Fiber count by phase contrast microscopy using 400 magnification following the clearing of the filter on a microscope slide. Comments: Since there is a ceiling level for asbestos exposure of 10 fibers (greater than S micrometers long with a 3:1 aspect ratio) per cubic centimeter, then lS-minute samples should be collected to determine if the ceiling level is exceeded. t Professional judgement should be used to determine the optimum sample site when monitoring for an l-hour time-weighted average exposure to asbestos. Filter loading must be considered since asbestos counting depends on the ability to differentiate between dust particles and asbestos fibers. Air monitoring in relatively clean environments, such as offices and storerooms, can usually be conducted for 2-bour sampling periods without overloading the filter with dust. Bowever* in dusty, plant environments, filters may be overloaded by 1/3-bour sampling periods. Thus, the sampling time will vary depending on the background dust levels at the sampling location. Care must be taken to assure that the filter is not contaminated during cassette assembly. Cassettes should only be assembled a clean environment. Industrial Hygiene Services recommends t) ~t USX0000380 - 7 *12 filter cassettes 'that are -to be used for -asbestos sampling be assembled by the Environmental health Laboratory to avoid potential contamination. Therefore, clean cassettes must be submitted to the Environmental health laboratory with supports and numbered labels. A properly completed request for analysis form should be sent with the asbestos samples giving both the sampling rate and time. Note: Prior to air sampling, a bulk sample of the suspect material must be submitted to the Environmental health laboratory for bulk asbestos determination. Care should be taken to assure* that the container for the bulk sample is properly sealed. B. Medical Surveillance The QSBA Standard further dictates that all em ployees exposed to airborne asbestos fibers, regardless of concentration, must be given annual medical examinations, ineluding chest x-rays and pulmonary function tests, however, as pointed out earlier, asbestos is sueh a widespread substance that virtually everyone has some measureable exposure. OSHA has apparently come to understand this premise and under Prog ram Directive 300-16 (October, 1078) has defined, for medical purposes, exposure to airborne as bestos fibers as a minimum of 0.1 a'sbestos fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air (l.e., 1 fiber per 10 cc). At 0. S. Steel, we use this 0.1 fiber/ec expo sure level to identify those employees to be included in the swdical surveillance program. Septrsts guidelines detailing the medical sur veillance procedures were previously sent to 1 plant physicians by the Director of Industrial Medicine. A copy of these guidelines is also included in Appendix 1. C. Controlling Employs Exposures to Asbestos Plbers 1) Substitution of Alternative Materials Using "non-asbestos* smterials on applications which previously used asbestos products is the first choice of controlling exposures since it elisdnates the source of the hazard. USX0000381 Some of the alternative materials that have found common usage as substitutes for asbestos include fiberglass, kaolin wool, `ceramics, mineral wool and various plastic fibers. 2n certain individual applications, each of these has exhibited adequate tensile strength, heat resistance, flexibility and durability to satisfactorily perform functions previously served only by asbestos products. Some examples of *asbestos-free" materials being used at operations at U. S. Steel facilities include* - the widespread use of eeraaie fiber and kaolin wool as pipe insulation materials; - non-asbestos mortar compounds for heat resistant cement applications; - fiberglass and aramid fiber tex tile produets, such as welding * curtains and heat resistant ' clothing; - various hot-top products at ingot teeming operations. Although the use of asbestos 'is well en trenched in many important applications, it is likely that substitution will play an increasingly significant future role in reduc ing health hazards from asbestos. 2) Encapsulation The mere presence of asbestos insulation materials does not constitute a health hazard, la this regard, it is not 1). S. Steel's philosophy or intention that all asbestos insulation materials be torn out and replaced with alternative materials. Bowever, once it is determined that such insulation has deteriorated to-the point that fibers may be emitted into occupied areas, steps should be takes to control tbe hazard. A feasible alternative to ecnplete removal of asbestos Insulation is encapsulation; i.e., treating the material with an acrylic jor elas tomeric polymer protective coating to seal the U5X0000382 A IS I MEMBERS ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCE 1 2 1 1 2 ** c 0 E ** OO O9 C^ --O c. to 0 CW K o 9 E Xo Oc' a** --c -- t*X - ss to* E 4D OC X O' e b-- O'-* --C Vc o X m +> *o* Oo o oOfc*'X 0 9 ** t* ) -- to* -- ^-- -- O C to ---- c 0 to C O JC UX t to C 0 OX to* O O to* *9 Xn-- O O' to* * to*X _ art C* OO OC to* C to* ttoi* t> * --a Oc tEoo & u m e 0 X to* o to* 1" 12. to* ---- to O to *ox# cm mm c0 o e * c0 to* to to* -- --e C C O' --x e0 Eto to to0* 0 to A# Eto toO* to Eto too* to Eto toO* to tolh 9 .O' wt h-- c c0 c lx" 2. to* 2. 2. . CO toO* --to0* ttoo** to* * to O to tko K to ox0 to* t--o* t0o* --o toV* *>* to0* toO* too* too* toO* toO* c0 n S to* to O to9c* o9* to --to* to* -- to* < to* to* toO* to* O to C tOo tOo* to* to* o BU tt to to to. Xto* MO O EX 00 0e OO OO O K m0i m0i m ar c CB to* to* KK tto e0000 ---------- a* k* a* k a* X mOi to to* B C aOrt to* % to* 9 e art an O *0 H 0 m0i b1 S r to* mi 0 mi f% mm 00 m * tmom* mi A & c Q mi mrn m mto tof mm mi 99 art rt mi H 0 en 0-- X-- 9 at 1 f*N tot *n -- -- -- --a . C S O--*0 -- * E t -- --1 tot mi 9 c 0m B < 9 * r*-- -- to* 0 0 e O 0 00 < mm m 1 t X K K O 10 H mi mi mi N H U*e> -- 0 * mu O M fc. Sco V Cal. uaKI*-- oc* -- o u c ^ c tMoc* --Ko XCc kt9o. --uo --e --u a*t to to to O Oo tOo* S UX Vto M H&* ttoo0* 0UCC9XK USX0000404 I M S I t IRERS ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCC - 29 - A tS t MEMBERS ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCE USX0000402 m s i . bcrs ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCE 2* MorAs as w e ll as asbestos rope fo r c a s te r dummy bar head. M S t MEMBERS ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCE jj V *6 9 K& 0 uo O m 0 r 0 0ft* V * u *0* oto l 0 oa 9 a 9O0' < ft* c 0o ft* 0 Cl V3 *o --o a k* 0a a 0 to 0 o o-- 5* Ss. uew ft* 0.Z 0 to | X *D f0t* C9 0 03 0O.--S' <C toM0* e f5 m c0 f 1 --^ sz ft* 9o --** 00. X 0 m 0* 00. O to -- aa mv 0 0 --> -* O t0o 0-- C O' c 0 c-- * -- ^ c5 e o^ 5 - -- n0j Nto tco m M5 v0 4t a IN to* ^5 to *e e C 0 KSC ft* O o U-- M0 Cl to 3-- OC tH 09 Oi < *-- K 0to 04 t0o 1 a E0 to 0 u1 o i 0to JE H 0 a o a a0to a0 *9 0 > . z Z o <mu U rlb re g la s D ry OaAuHi Asbestos Free Custom S ealant o 00 u --+V0 --OcC '--Tft9*. to ft* ft* C & k0>o*(Uo au-- -0oa USX0000400 - 25 - r K lS t I 1BERS ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCE - 24 XIS2 MEMBERS ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCE The attached table summarises field trial experience for several X2S2 members. The listed^ information was exchanged by the XIS2 Manufacturing Committee participants. Performance information is available as provided by participants. It is hopeful that this Information exchange will assist Operating Industrial Hygiene, Health and Safety personnel in finding suitable substitutes for specific asbestos applications. I USX0000398 23 APPENDIX 2 ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS (A3SI) 4 USX0000397 22 , asbestos, should be removed from further -exposure either through engineering means, or personal protective equipment (respirators, air masks, dis posable clothing,-etc.), or by removal from work in the exposure area. ?. environmental monitoring - will be carried out by 'Industrial Hygiene Services (Corporate Headquarters or plants) according to requirements of the OSHA* Asbestos Standard. USX0000396 21 this response is due probably to exposures of many years past. Depending upon the pulmonary function finding, the risk of continued decrement is probably directly correlated to continued smoking especially if any continued exposure is properly handled by respiratory protection end is of eery sdnimal, if any, monitored value. The Corporate Headquarters Environ mental Health unit shall prescribe the approved man ner of handling any continuing exposure. To be followed every year unless pulmonary function is de creased, then at shorter intervals if.clinically indicated. Every effort should be made to get the individual to STOP SMOKING if he/she is a smoker. The risk of lung cancer in those with parenchymal infiltrate is up to sixteen (16) times the risk of a non-smoker with the same exposure and ninety (90) times that of a worker who is a non-smoker and not exposed to asbestos. V (c) Bilateral or unilateral pleural thickening or plaques due to asbestos exposure (with or without calcifi cation) . Should be advised that this response is the result of many years of low level of exposure. This also should not progress if the exposure has been eliminated or properly controlled by proper handling of asbestos and by respiratory protection if exposure continues. Depending upon the pulmonary function findings, the risk of continued decrement is directly correlated with continued smoking espe cially if any continued exposure is properly handled by respiratory protection and is of very minimal, if any, atonitored value. The Corporate Headquarters Environmental Health unit shall prescribe the approved manner of handling any continuing exposure. To be followed yearly unless there is a decrement in pulmonary function, then at shorter intervals*if clinically indicated. Every effort should be made to get the individual to STOP SMOKING if he/she* is a smoker. The risk of lung cancer in those with bilateral pleural thickening or plaques is two and one half (2-1/3) times those without pleural reaction. (d) Unilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification) not the result of exposure to asbestos. Continue to follow on a yearly basis. (e) Emphysema - if believed due to occupational expo sure - follow yearly unless otherwise indicated or requested by employee. Sf believed to be nonoccupational, then referral to private physician, if appropriate - follow yearly. ___ (f) Normal - yearly follw-up. *-- j (g) Those persons who have demonstrated radiologic changes In chest film, and who have been exposed to -- USX0000395 i - 2D - employee. Record on OSHA-20D Log ex "Pleural thickening vith asbestos exposure". This diagnosis is one of elimination from 5.(d). The language for OSHA-200 Log recording for (b) and (e) has been agreed* upon in a meeting held October 1, It 10 of Personnel* Medical* Labor Relations* Safety t En vironmental Health* Lav* and Markers' Compensation s Casualty representatives. (d) Unilateral pleural thickening or plaques vith or without adequate history of asbestos exposure (vith or without calcification) and with or without pul monary decrements. The most likely explanation for the pleural thickening in this (a) group is one of the following 1 infection (pleural effusion) or hemorrhage* callous from rib fraeture, radiation fibrosis* scleroderma* chronic mineral oil aspira tion. metastatic disease* lymphoma, myeloma or a combination of these. BO HOT RECORD OK QSHA-200 LOG. Normal anatomical shadows - pectoral shadow area, extra pleural fat deposits* serratus and external oblique musele shadows can usually be ruled out by the above mentioned (l.(b)) techniques. (e) Pulmonary Punetlon Decrement only * Emphysema. It is important to establish whether this is result of occupational exposure or is due to non-oecupational origin. Differentiation between obstructive and restrictive disease must be made. .Do not record on OSKA-200 Log unless occupationally'related. Define cause if so recorded. (f) Normal Chest - further follow-up testing failed to substantiate auspicious in original chest x-ray or pulmonary function tests. The role of smoking in any pulmonary function decrement must be carefully evalu ated. Diffusing capacity determinations may be*help ful in ruling out pulmonary fibrosis and probably should be done. In coke plants* the possibility of coal workers pneumoconiosis vith or without focal em physema must always be ruled out. . Recommendations to the physician in discussing findings vith the affected employees! (a) All employees anist be told of any positive findings found during his/her examination and the United States Steel physician evaluation (also consultant if used) of these findings. Recorded exposure levels should also be given to the employee. Because of proper handling of asbestos today, these environmental levels should ordinarily be helpful in allaying any*fears of continued exposure to hazardous levels. (b) Pulmonary infiltrate due to asbestos exposure with or without pleural reaction. Shall be edvised that USX0000394 - It - asbestos fibers home on their clothing; living (home) location (geographic) for proximity to asbestos lining or manufacturing plant; and play areas in relation to dis carded wastes from asbestos factories. The environmental health unit (Corporate Keadguarters or plants) will be help ful in evaluating the extent of work exposures. 3. The chest x-ray should be read by at least two United States Steel physicians or physicians selected toy the plant physi cians. Any positive chest x-ray shall be read by a "B* reader for confirmation of the findings. St is permissible to contract with a "B* reader to read all x-rays in this program. (A "B" reader is certified following successful completion of qualifying examination of 125 chest x-rays by NIOSH and the American College of Badiology.) 4. A elinical evaluation leading to a diagnosis and recommen dations will be made. (a) Correlate all medical findings ~ history* physical findings* chest x-ray interpretation* pulmonary function results* and any other medieal informa tion - with the environmental exposure data. (b) Referral to a pulmonary specialist to assist in this evaluation may be done at the option of the plant medical director or other examining physician. (c) Referral of the ehest x-ray to another "B" reader may occasionally be necessary for the proper inter pretation of the x-ray. 5. The clinieal evaluation will usually result in a diagnosis of one of the following, in descending order of importance: (a) Asbestosis - pulmonary infiltrate classified by 2.L.O. System and documentation of exposure vi(th or without pulmonary function decrements* and with or without pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification). Record on DSHA-200 Log as "Asbestosls". (b) Pleural thickening with a history of asbestos expo sure - bilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification) and with or without pulmo nary function decrements. Without pulmonary function decrements* mo seed to refer unless requested by em ployee. Record on OSBA-2DO Log as "Pleural thickening with aabeatoa exposure". (c) Pleural thickening with a history of asbestos expo sure - unilateral pleural thickening or pljiques (with or without calcification) and with of without pulmo nary function decrements. Without pulmonary function decrement* no need to refer unless requested by' USX0000393 Appendix 1 GUI DELIHIS FOX MEDICAL SUXVE112ANCE ASBESTOS EXPOSURE The following guidelines for Medical surveillance shall be fol loved in all United States Steel Corporation operations whenever exposure to asbestos occurs* 1. All employees exposed to asbestos shall be provided (or made available) a comprehensive medieal examination prior to first employment in an occupation exposed to airborne concentration of asbestos fibers. These medical examina tions vill be reoulred for any 7-to-l-hour time-weighted average concentration of 0*1 fibers/cc, or for a greater concentration. (The D5HA Asbestos Standard permits this examination to occur within 30 calendar days of the first exposure.) Annually thereafter and within 30 calendar days before or after termination of employment in an occupation exposed to airborne concentration of asbestos fibers requiring a medical examination as designated above* a physical exami nation shall be provided or made available to these employees. Whenever pleural thickening is found on any routine chest x-ray on an Individual who has had any airborne asbestos exposure, this Individual shall be kept under yearly medi cal surveillance. The minimum components of the examination shall be: (a) A medical history. Including a respiratory ques tionnaire to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease. I (b) A 14* x 17* chest x-ray - posterior - anterior view. Whenever there is evidence of pleural re sponse. right and left oblique views and expira tory posterior - anterior view should be taken to confirm or rule out pleural findings. (c) Pulmonary Function testing to include forced vital capacity (rvt) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (VTV^) . 2. A complete work history shall be taken on initial assignment to an occupation where exposure to airborne concentration of asbestos fibers will occur. This is particularly important-- if changes in the chest x-ray begin to occur. The work history will include all work experiences .in Unibed States Steel and other non-United States Steel work experiences to determine extent of exposure to asbestos. In order, to be __ complete, solitary exposures; i.e., ship and shipyard expo sures ; hobbies; exposures of family members (father, brothers, grandfathers, mother, sisters, etc.) who mi'ght have brouerht ? USX0000392 37 APPENDIX 1 GUIDELINES FOR MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE OF ASBESTOS EXPOSURE 4 USX0000391  health effects associated with asbestos exposure} e 'relationship between asbestos exposure end smoking; e the nature of operations that could . result in exposure} e the protective steps being taken by the eoepany to sdnimixe exposure} e the purpose* proper use* fitting in structions and limitations of respirators; e review of provisions covered in 29 CFR 1910.1001. It is mututally beneficial to the workers and the Corpora tion to develop end implement an education and training policy regarding exposure to asbestos. The goals of the program* in addition to the OSHA requirements* should be to increase the employees* knowledge of: - the nature of the asbestos hazard; - work processes involving asbestos and the potential for fiber emissions; - the concept of *risk"i - environmental monitoring procedures and objectives; - the purpose and nature of engineering and work practice controls; - the application of decontamination and waste disposal practices; I - the elements of the mediesl surveillance program and the reasons for it. 2t is strongly recommended that all potentially exposed personnel be included in any education program. Well- informed supervisors can personify Management's concern end insistence that operations involving the use end handling of asbestos products be conducted in e safe and healthful manner. USX0000390 - 25 - 9) Kaste Disposal Asbestos waste sueh os rejects, scrap, shav ings end other debris should be accumulated separately from other refuse. It should be plaeed in plastie bags or sene other imperme able container which should then be sealed shut, labeled as to the contents and hazard, and disposed of in accordance with applicable Federal and state regulations. Local haulers contracted to dispose of this material must be Informed that the waste products contain asbestos, learning labels should state the following: CAUTION CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS AVOID CREATING DUST BREATHING ASBESTOS DUST KAY CAUSE SERIOUS BODILY BARN 10) Removal of Insulation Materials At U. S. Steel, the greatest potential for high exposures to asbestos is the removal of deteriorating Insulation materials, such as pipe coverings. It is, therefore, especially important that a hazard control program be implemented to protect employees Involved iri this operation from the effects of asbestos dost exposure. Particular attention is ' directed to provisions listed under Fart 111 of this document pertaining to exposure monitor ing, medical surveillance, esployee training, isolation and restriction of area, work prac tices to minimize dust generation, housekeeping, personal protective equipment, personal hygiene and waste disposal. D. Education Employees will be more apt to cooperate with Management's attempts to control their exposures to toxic substances.... if they are made aware of the nature of the hazard and its consequences. The OSHA regulation requires that the following be Included as a part of the training program: USX0000389 TyveJ: ir a durable spunbonded olefin-with high tensile/tear strength, chemically resistant, and due to a relatively slick surface, it does sot tend to entrap particles. A vacuum cleaner should be used to remove ; loose fibers adhering to eon- .. taminated work clothing. Em ployees should not atteapt to dislodge these fibers by brush ing them off nor by using compressed air. Zn addition, respirators should continue to be worn until contaminated .work clothing is removed. Contaminated disposable clothing and respirator filters should be placed in im permeable containers and disposed of in accordance with the provi sions of Section XXI.C.9. ii) Protective Clothing Made of Asbestos Material Occasionally, esployees working in areas of high radiant heat, those who are exposed *to molten metal or weld splatter or those who have to handle hot objects or tools are required to wear heat-resistant clothing. Asbes tos-free heat-resistant clothing should be selected from the "approved alternates" that are listed in correspondence from the Manager of Safety to Bolders of IBS Sea1th Services Approved Pro tective Apparel and Equipment Manual, June 16, 1963. The subject of this correspondence is "Stop Order .on Purchasing Asbestos Pro tective Cements". , ) Personal Syqiene Employees should be instructed to wash their bands, face and forearms prior to eating, drink ing or smoking. The wearing of contaminated work clothing in employee lunchrooms should be prohibited. USX00003B8 13 b. Protective Clothing In regard to asbestos, it is important to consider protective elothing in two ways. First, it way be necessary to provide special clothing to employees who are required to handle asbestos to pre vent work clothing iron becoming con taminated with the fibers. Xn this instance, protective clothing is a control measure to protect not only the worker but also family members who s^y be exposed to dust carried home on his work clothing, fieeond, some protective clothing articles, intended to provide thermal protection for those in close proximity to high radiant heat sources, were made from as bestos materials, heports in the litera ture indicate that this type of elothing, through gradual deterioration with use, is actually a source of asbestos exposure to workers. To eliminate this source of potential exposure, the purchase and usage of garments containing asbestos by USSC employees is prohibited. 1} Protective Clothing as a Control Measure When employee asbestos exposures exceed a "ceiling limit" of 10 fibers/ce, the QSBA Asbestos Standard requires employers to provide "special clothing" (coveralls, head coverings, gloves and foot coverings) , , change rooms with two lockers (one for the employee's street clothes and one for his contami nated work clothes) , transpor tation of contaminated clothing la sealed impermeable bags or containers, and laundering faci lities. The necessity of comply ing with some of these provisions esn be elisvinated by issuing em ployees disposable protective ferments. Disposables may in clude herd bet liners, coveralls and ahoe liners. The coverall garment should be. without pocket* or cuffs. A good example is Du Pont's Tyvek protective garments. U5X0000387 12 well ar the concentration of air borne asbestos fibers. Kith fiber concentrations less than 10 tines the permissible exposure levels* a prop erly .fitted air purifying dust respi- rator vill provide sufficient protection. The type of respirator selected should be specifically approved by K20SH for protection against dusts containing asbestos. It should be noted, however, that disposable-type respirators are not permitted within U. S. Steel for protection against asbestos. Khen the fiber contamination level is between 10 and 100 times the permissible exposure level* powered air purifying respirators should be worn. If expo sures exceed 100 times the acceptable limits* a type "C* continuous flow* supplied Air respirator or pressuredemand* self-contained breathing unit should be worn. Respirator wearers should be instructed to wash the masks* and ehange filters* where applicable* daily. Proper fitting instructions and fit testing must also be given. When respirators are Issued* , it is important to comply 'with the appro priate regulations governing the use of respiratory protection. For those facilities under OSRA jurisdiction* these regulations are stated in 29 CFR 1910.134. MSHA requires a respirator program con sistent with the provisions of ANSI III.2-1910. Table 1 Respiratory Protection for Airborne Concentrations ofAsbestos Airborne Concentration of Asbestos (TVA) . Mot in excess of S f/cc (10 Z PEL) Reusable air purifying respirator Mot in excess of SO f/ec (100 Z PEL) Full facepiece air purifying-- respirator, or a powered air purifying respirator Greater than SO f/cc A type continuous flow or pressure demand, supplied air respirator_______________ ________ _ IRespirators specified for high concentrations -mv be used a? lower concentrations of asbestos. USX00003B6 11 6) Housekeeping Good housekeeping practices ere essentisl to maintain low levels of airborne asbestos fibers, bust on floors, ledges* equipment and workbenches may become airborne when disturbed by work activity* air movement * or vehicular traffic. Dry sweeping-should be prohibited in areas where asbestos is used because it merely redisperses the fine fibers into the workroom air. The use of compressed air to clean up asbestos debris should be strietly forbidden. Instead* vacuum cleaning is the preferred method of removing dust accumulations. 7) Personal Protection The control measures previously discussed under this section should always be the pri mary means of s&iimising employee exposure to asbestos fibers. If* however* these measures are not sufficient* or if some specific operations are not amenable to such control, the use of personal protective equipment will be necessary. While respirators and protective clothing should always be avail able, it srost be understood they serve only as a complement to, not as a replacement for, engineering and work practice control measures. a. Pespirators Pespirators may be necessary to con trol asbestos exposures in some 1 Instances, such as the removal of thermal pipe Insulation. Since these devices place a burden on the respi ration of the worker* it must first be determined whether the wearer can use the equipment and still perform the assigned task. In sueh a deter mination, consideration should be given tot the physical condition of the worker, sueh as possible pulmonary or cardio vascular impairment! the physiological demands of the task* sueh as required oxygen uptake! and the presence of faeial hair which may negate an effective respi rator seal. -- The type of respirator needed will be dictated by the preceding factors es USX0000385 10 .xoped.olf. Kerning signs should be .posted to slert employees to the potential hazard. In seme applications, the work area stay have *to be sealed .to prevent exposure to nearby employees or contamination of adjacent areas. 5) Work Practices Changes in work practices may often be the most cost-effective way of reducing occupa tional exposure to asbestos. Khcn conducting an operation which involves the handling of asbestos materials, consideration should be given to performing the task in sueh a manner that the emission of asbestos fibers into the air will be minimised. Some of the ways in which work practices may be modified include: - the use of a slow band saw or hand saw in lieu of a high-speed circular table saw to eut Transite asbestos board; - thoroughly wetting asbestos-- suterials prior to use - sueh as inanersing a coil of asbestos rope in water prior to applying it as a sealant around furnace or oven doors; asbestos insulation materials should be thoroughly wetted prior to removal whenever conditions permit such application; - the purchase of pre-cut and pre drilled materials, sueh as brake shoe lining containing asbestos; , - using a vacuum cleaner instead of a compressed air bose to remove dust residue from mobile equip ment brakes during inspection and repair operations; - removing asbestos Insulation in as large a section as possible to minimize the amount of fracturing; - using hand tools, sueh as chisels or knives, rather than power tools or saw, to cut and remove asbestos * Insulation. * U5X0000364 9 fibers in plaee end prevent further deteri oration. Although each ease Bust be eon- fidared on an individual basis, encapsulation can often be a preferable solution because it generally eosts ouch less, does not cause long-tern disruption of operations, and does not require the intensive decontamination efforts necessitated by complete removal. Examples of these asbestos containment treat ments are Bydro-ban by KRC Corporation and Asbestos Guard Fiber Fix (719) by 0. S. Coatings Collaborative, Inc. ; JUybestos Manhattan has developed a produet called Bovatex which is an asbestos textile encapsulated with an acrylie resin. A neo prene coating may give additional protection. Bovatex doth can be used for welding cur tains, insulation applications, and for aluminised and non-aluminised protective bodyvear. 3) Exhaust Ventilation Any operation whleh may conceivably generate airborne asbestos dust concentrations in excess of permissible exposure limits should be provided with local exhaust* ventilation. Where such ventilation is used, the exhaust hood should be located as close as possible to the point of dust generation to achieve aksximum capture of the released fibers. Exam ples of operations where local exhaust ventilation may be employed include the mixing of asbestos mortar compounds and the use of saws, drills and grinders on asbestos materials. 4) Isolation and Aestrlctlon of Area Operations which have the potential to generate high concentrations of airborne fibers should be Isolated to the extent feasible to minimise human exposure to the fibers. The removal or teardown of asbestos pipe insulation is an example of this type of operation. The vicinity of an asbestos removal operation should be designated as a restricted area, thus denying access to employees whose presence is not re quired. As a minimum, such areas should be USX0000383 a is i users ASBESTOS SUOSTI-MlTIOH EXPERIENCE - 31 - M S t MEMBERS ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCE 0 A) 'ft) ' 1 ft) m vm w o ft) o ftl X ft) ft) ft) PlW W-N ft) N V. to4 ) 9X ft) to* X *ft) S e b coo -- a* ft) * 9. u 9r> 9. to Q c ^ r* ft) o u fli pp* -- e K w4 u W 9 B o -* B 9 to* W w & ft) C O' o 9-0 C ft) c Bto ft) -- SB 9* 1 *- b to ft) ft) *# c fOt* v au V oc c ft) u w B eM 091 o to# D C h to to# to ft) top a -) --o ft* S-4 w Oe ft* ft) ft* X K u m to ft) 9 8 Mi Bft) c c ft) ) u us *9 -< 0 B ft* ft) B B > x c to e C ft* * 9X O-- * fc* B *9 mm X ft) Bft9 1 ft C> oa r u --B D ft. Mo -* U B* B9 to B- c -- 9 to to ft) ftO ft* c J&X -SO ft-*- -- ft) 9 > ft) ft* to* to m *) > --t oA #to f to M 9 < o) ft) ft) e to V toto **) -ft to 9* ft) O ft) o to* to ft) V * u c B eo * *) Om w *B B B U B* e -ft to to ft) 9 sx c X US e-t X t -ft ft* xc X ta<* o *V*8 U-ft -- . # . -ft ft> c B E ft* & K u toft B to to to* 9 C er *- i OB ft) c BX ft* o B*0 u-- B B 9 t' to* ft) c o c 9 O' oc to* X to* 9 B u X ft) to* 9 O B M -ft 9* o~< BC CO a tOo B U ft X BE9 ft S H X c ft B C ft B *0 9 N ft* -ft ft* o ft* 0 o ft* ac x-ft to to to4 X tO B 1 -eo a X --n i ! t 1 1 f | t ft 1 toCO* +* Bft) xtoo --- uto a <B ) * JmC- --uco B* .^ c X 9 ttTfoot5) to * P* o& CUB* --fOt) U (0 ft* B H O' fUt Cft* ft>) "C9 C -- 9 B Oft* 9 ft 9 ft- BXO O c ft) pi to o c to C? C*w cto to to --fOt) Bft* X*u Q a9 p> fUt) S O* Cl C**5*8 -Bft --Cft* Oft* fOt) PO Xft*9 9o X fBt) B 9 --X uBSo0 V C tD -Vft . 9C O BtOUHXB f0t)-4aB O A# CS o * --*P s B c o U fBt) o* C --* X U b O' --C f9t* ft) B Bft* fftt)* Ba BXoHO _ J1 oto ttoo ftfot m tfot t USX0000406 M S ! 4BERS ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCE m s t member? ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCE APPENDIX 3 Part A ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTES - (OSS) LITERATURE SEARCH 4 USX0000409 K t c m 3Q O u 5 y AIMcoWt- m c a X 0*B -- B 4 B BB (1 a to X B &B OB ^C 3 _ o o aB o * --*4 fa 4 O s a x ft a to* S a I JL5I -- C s -4 bx b o> MB Al > VBB | Al - 8 B B M>ujr * bO B a B B B4 *0b4.-P4|CBUBOOn'OXk X,<BSO^' n9 Bo B 8-e* --*C* kXO~c< bw B B k B BOO B -H c 4 0 0-- 0 3 H A0 'uct u BB 3-- BB 9 CMfintr XB ' m JBp e B X CL 9 B X a wB K a l e r -- a xo 09av.X8Ba< X6 * oe B ex BX Oa B B O' Xc LOI 404 a E to0* 9S t a Cl aa boa ecu X a 4B* a 5a a C a it Id *o* ca a-- ya aac ax a aDaA aaa x --a a aCl a OM B 4* a &a ma aa a Kac aO a --o Daci Daa Baa uXX &e" fr*o c a-- OO --O xU a a a B BX a wax ato too# b Bto 9aaaa a CP -- x. MX B m 4a* --O'p* Xfi --O '0* X s < sx BSd. CO gto Cto to to to toOtorf 4tao*^ tto&K0o# stc0Ooc gC to to to X cto to4 to 44 ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTES 4cJ E* +(>I X B3m u o o to** oW u D.O. b c tco* BB E *O O3 B <5 *&2 u B CL ae c aoa* x B O * . *4 eDm <C O' O' xe c tM mm W B tr 4S* Vb, +9 UN* o N* 8 B B. B B W to M 0 0 9 *03 w C w C <B& l -- xOB BoP* to m+ fa* 4C t5 X B1 a ?c ba XB a 0 --. S-- a a9 to to to* b* fi *O o *B2 *o #t X* f "r XX 2a --U . -- a 0a at * * m BB BaC B B "* V O B B a o a O -- O' 0 0 Cb-- X C (l B O' O-- BX OOB to to* b U -- B & O * s o B tOo* r> X (IV c *r a oo to - ft B vT K a i ito tBo* Cto B to* X i* tf on u< B C B OX 4* a a9 xeauo < ae V \ o cra o v> o o no mo Bto> K B O' C to* ao XB m aa X tto X X X s s \ N*. ort CD *) |ft a aa N to* o* v> v> v> > o 9 O' *o o a> o OMca Mca a toc om o to O' o o e SK w *r o jr es c OK 6 mn K a ( a me to ft B V. a* *S. \ UB U*4 4 m4 u< -- to XM to to Xa B x # as O* USX0000410 l I ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTES - 31 - ( ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTES APPENDIX 3 Part I ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTES USS PLANT SURVEY (1972) USX0000413 ( s I 0) O *(ACUB in fa. o K uv> S> l u. o B >4 o k] i "O' c xo -u h3 U IB X I* * 4-> c fra aN u f we OX X fa u C3 co fa xa M 3 X 3X M o fa >. fi. * > * fa 3 3 M ft* XC m x3 xX M ?E X> c 3E3 CE fa --i 3X > OX o X Xx fa X 3< 55 3 fa. O XX MM X 33 X 55 X M -MM ** o XX M 3 x3C Xx CMC x MX fa I* xm XX O' 3 n xC ab. Si vI 5 cM X Xa is 3 X ox c XX O0 x o< fi. C 3x fa X u x x O' OC Xx e& 3x oo JD x M3 X *H E c fa M X oo fa 3 fa & fa. 3 3 fa fa X fa X 3M X3 X Xx. XM fX 0faxx fa. > *8 s fa e o & fa 5 X M o u E - 40 - XX . JZ EE 33 fa fa XX KK 3 fa fa XO MOb X X. KO fa fa fi. fi. me X r* Xmt e X r c X 3 X xC X fa C3 fa t> 3 M O X M xl em fe M M 3 M 3 e o 3 II e.a ft* ce * M 5 Mi M x--CM|>lWCxfIa NNoI MxfcIa NeI -- --0I Xo Bo .1 X fca o u. xa o c X n OM 5*4 oc x i* S JC V X C ME X *4 MC 3x a M3 fa o c fa 3 *4 X X OE XX 3MC 2. 3 3 I 3 3-4 XX --4 M X O' U XC I O' be 3x fit XM X3C X *x 3O EXX fOa x0 f3a fa. M U fa fib o ul OX XU I? O XM M3 IS OO nX M > X-- w IS <w O 3* X CO M X-4 X --^O3 X0-4-43 <MVXX3OX) USX0000414 X I K b It. 9 D U 4A Jl b 4**4* . Em ax9 4^* fi (O9bm 4* * O' 4* ***44 * 94 b0 4* 4O* VV o M K A9>0 9X O A* C r9 X Wo <^N E b >X 99 *C4.Cb. s 6. t> X>.IN" X l\ X* I *4 Hl -to4 r i i Se *4*4 SI. m yu9 com !ug*:i 9*4. t b e b tb- I t> V *94 0. 1 O 4* I) XX 9 4* i4* 99 4* 9 4> oi CO XX f) 4* * 8.0*9 *CnV *4 9 r>4w04*4aQ. 4* !??3 mMi U 4Xc4 M o >. e V XM M 0 to *34 9b bI *|4i O b1 *41 O XB X !1 m X It. p. M 0 t9o-b 0 u 9e XCO.b *4 -4 x o*_ b E *4 E*4 E b3* 1 b9 XX 999 XV Ibt. XB-4C x O e UO * v OX x u 9 Bb XU B O D*X X 4C ^9 X9 *404 C B 9 -4 X* B xo v X *4 9XX 9 X *O4 B -4 X U x to O xOoBIb 9 X X x *4 b x frki b c XB O4 b c -b* b3 X UX 0 x if 4D M B -4 O Cb XB B 9X 94 XB Bo XXU c o xC* Xx0 XBEXB 9B9 X9B X XBTcbr X b V C bB b0 HB o x9XO-bOB'X>9 bc4 XBX DSX0000415 - 42 - - 44 - i X g xe wa ccr i _ frx ',#*>5 IIXIA' X* X ft4 f MXX V'BPOI X fa **-" SS* I sg;g >.** V o-- a aaI >cx ca XX Mba x Ea >*5-5 * M*>*M x X ca ^a up fKOaMx frX a fa n<aj Xa D x UX + a cM ae* xa k -- a a faxx aa i XX ^.2 fa a aa a frx fa xa xfa c a 0 x x frx a c 9 x * f- a x a i X a a--** x*- a ax a x .x a .c .fa a .a x a* Mca^at) x a a apt bx ex .x w i xx a a a a iiil!i. M P fa frX M* ax at m x a a ax c fax fa fax > a fa a a * xa a> x ko x xa frx* ISEv82fr|! ax o a aaofa etr>ua ax xaeo u pfr cxx caFe S avxuxaxx nn x. a a a fr _ x a m 9a fr a Ea >fa >xemsxa aeexu axo x x*xa m a a - u in x ax cxaaxa -X aOhMxa- e m a x s fa o fa s !. ll xfa aa xo* ff~rr ra xa x fa e xa xa Xax fs ax -frXX a to fa fa Xa Xa aE axx xa axa xxx fr X X 1B0 K 8 fc g 5 X M t> o V Xa o o 8 8 | fa 3 E fa ffaa 5 i a & o fa K faa X a t~ V afaa x laf5a Kx 5x a o ax free* Jffs 0 , m *< * it So .** aX a Pa aaxX afa|i cxi mZ9Z* aonc . x a aa xc xofa-c* X s > a- a a X 3 X a X 3 a x Xa 33 a x0 0 CC a , a ,a X C o fr 3 O > iac c xfa 2 8 a 8 a DSX0000420 01m m t ilijliif u W ltM * rilbtIco'4}rwi flb*t itlc l * rlkff flM lnf USX0000423 v*llr H ftlM N * I SS.ft fJlke pvr Mt t Ul ! forM , M ( l i aarrfwtiirattfhat tl l U nit* 4r J i a sl I m l L I{ ! I il23i 11 s * apata " R lw ln|t4 m l I m 1 f im n lH 'ID IIl R ibtitN * USX0000424 50 i f 1 mm i 1 \2 i t m m i mm o i V _ i r m m Uitzt c iiifH: |? | ii mm USX0000425 DSX0000426 m rx I* \ * :m t i % e US | m i m i wr al itt.< t M fw oc i e t H c. f aInr .H, itt con C a n t B a tn * W a ltf) DSX0000427  1*2 * # Iiki 5" i 2 s2 t 2 X i * i 1 ! ii 3t :l il i: I * 9 *2 iS * i s $ r tl * m* i 21 0 USX0000429 I t m 5s I :i u r*;c m ms * mm i. 1 ii i; i I y J % 4 j i USX0000430 Electric*3 Construction Blanket* - Fiberglass base thermobarrier fabric has a thickness 1/3 that of asbestos. Costs $?0.00/yd. Dilwoldistributor. Insulated Wire - TEH (with nylon jacket). This insulated wire can withstand teaperatores op to 105 C. Produced by Canada Hire. Tapes - Fiberglass/silica tapes - little information on this material. Performs well. Do not knew the smnufacturer. 4 USX0000431 I J AISX MEMBERS ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCE The attached table suamarises flaid trial experiences for several AISX aeabers. Tha listad inforaation was exchanged by tha AXSI Manutacturing Committee participant*. Parforaanea inforaation la available as provided by participants. It Is hopeful that this Inforaation exchange will assist Operating* Safety and Health personnel in finding suitable substitutes for specific asbestos applications. -24 4 USX0000455 APPENDIX 2 AS1ESTDS SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS (AXSX) 23 D5X0000454 Cnvironaental aonitoring will be earried out by tha Environaental Haalth unit (Corporate Headquarters or plants) according to requirements of tha OSHA Asbestos Standard. -22- USX0000453 4b) .Pleural thickening with history of asbestos , exposure - bilstersl pleursl thickening or plaques (with or without calcification) and^with or without pulmonary function decrements. Without pulmonary function decrements* there is no need to refer unless requested by employee. Reeord on OSHA-200 Log as *Pleural thickening * with history ot asbestos exposure*. (c) Unilateral pleural thickening or plaques with or without adequate history of asbestos exposure (with or without ealeitieation) and with or without pulmonary decrements - the most likely explanation for the pleural thickening in this group is one of the followings infection (pleural effusion) or hemorrhage* callous from rib fracture, radiation fibrosis* scleroderma, chronic mineral oil aspiration, metastatic disease* lymphoma, myeloma, or a combination of these. DO NOT RECORD OH OSHA-200 LOG. Normal anatomical shadows (pectoral shadow area, extra pleural fat deposits, serratus and external oblique muscle shadows) can usually be ruled out by the above mentioned (l.(b)) techniques. (d) Normal Chest - further follow-up testing'failed to substantiate suspicions in original chest x-ray or pulmonary function tests. The role of smoking in any pulmonary function decrement must be carefully evaluated. Diffusing capacity determinations may be helpful in ruling out pulmonary fibrosis and probably should be done. In coke plants, the possibility of eoal workers* pneumoconiosis (with or without focal emphysema) must always be ruled out. Recommendations to the physician in discussing findings with the affected employeest (a) Each employee must be told of any positive findings discovered as a result of his/her examination by the United States Steel physician and/or consultant, and an evaluation of these findings will be discussed with the employee. Recorded exposure levels should also be given to the employee. Deeause of proper handling of asbestos today* these environmental levels will likely be low enough to allay any fears of continued exposure to hasardous levels. * (b) If the employee has a pulmonary infiltrate due to asbestos exposure, with or*without pleural reaction, he/she shall be advised that this response is due probably to exposures of passed , TJSX0000452 Appendix 1 GUIDELINES FOR MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE ASRESTOS EXPOSURE The following guidelines for medical surveillance-shall be followed in all united States Steel Corporation operations whenever exposure to asbestos occurs. 2. A comprehensive oedieal examination shall be provided (or wade available) to all employees prior to Initial employment in an occupation with exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers. These medical examinations will be required for any . 7 to 8 hour time-weighted average concentration of 0.1 flbers/ec, or for a greater concentration. (The OSHA Asbestos Standard permits this examination to occur within 30 calendar days of the first expo sure.) Annually thereafter and within 30 calendar days before or after termination of employment involving exposure to airborne concentration of asbestos fibers, a physical examination, as designated above, shall be provided (or made available) to these employees. Whenever pleural thickening is found on any routine chest x-ray on an individual who has had any air borne asbestos exposure, this individual shall be kept under yearly medical surveillance. The minimum components of the examination shall be: (a) A medical history, including a respiratory questionnaire to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease. * (b) A 14* x 17* chest x-ray - posterior - anterior view. Whenever there is evidence of pleural response, right and left oblique views and expiratory posterior - anterior view should be taken to confirm or rule out pleural findings. (c) Pulmonary function tasting to include forced vital capacity (WC) and foreed expiratory voluee at 1 Second (PEV^). 2. Upon initial assignment to an occupation where expo sure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers may exist, a complete work history shall be takyn. This is particularly important if changes*in the *' chest x-ray begin to appear. The work history shall -1- USX0000451 APPENDIX 1 GUIDELINES POX MEDICAL SUXVEILLARCE Of ASBESTOS EXPOSUXE toviMdt June, 1984 -17- USX0000450 St-is strongly recommended that all potentially exposed -personnel be included in eny education program. Wellinformed supervisors ean personify Management's eoneern end insistence that operations involving the use and handling of asbestos products be conducted in a safe-and healthful manner. -1- USX0000449 monitoring# medical surveillance# employee i training# isolation and restriction of araa# work praetieas to minimise dust generation# housekeeping#" personal protective equipment# paraonal hygianc and waste disposal* education - Employees willbe more apt to cooparata with Manage ment's attempts to control thair exposures to toxic substancas if thay ara made aware ei tha natura of the haxard and its conaaQuancaa. Tha OSHA ragulation raquiraa that tha following be ineludad as a part of tha training program . - health affects associated with asbestos exposure; - relationship between asbestos exposure and smoking; - tha natura of operations that eould result in exposure; - the protective steps being taken by tha company to minimise exposure; - the purpose# proper use# fitting instructions and licitatlons of respirators; - review of provisions covered in 29 CFR/1910.1001. It is mutually beneficial to the workers and the Corporation to develop and implement an education and training policy regarding exposure to asbestos. The goals of the program# in addition to the OSHA requirements# should be to increase the employees* knowledge ofi , - the nature of the asbestos hasard; - work processes involving asbestos end the potential for fiber omissions; - the concept of *risk*j - environmental monitoring procedures end objectives; - the purpose and nature of engineering and work practice controls; - the application of decontamination and waste disposal practices; "the elements of the medical surveillance program and the reasons for it. -15 USX0000448 should be selected fres the "approved alternates* that are llstad in correspondence from th* Manager of Safety to Holder* of USE Health Service* Approved Protective Apparel ahd Equipment Manual* June 1C* ltd. Th* subject of this correspondence is *Stop Order on Purchasing Asbestos Protective Garments" t. Personal Hygiene e Employ*#* should be instructed to wash their hands* faee and forearms prior to sating* drinking or smoking* Th* wearing of contaminated work clothing in employee lunchrooms should be prohibited* 9* Haste Disposal Asbestos waste sueh as rejects* serap* shavings and other debris should be accumulated separately from other refuse. It should be placed in plastic bags or some other.impermeable container whieh should then be sealed shut* labeled as to th* contents and hazard* and disposed of in accordance with applicable Federal and state regulations. Local haulers contracted %to dispose of this material must be informed that the vest* products contain asbestos. Warning labels should state th* followingt CAUTION CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS AVOID CREATING DOST HREATIXHC ASBESTOS DUST. MAT CAUSE SERIOUS BODILY HARM 10* Hemoval of Xmeulatlom Materials At D. E. Steel* the greatest potential for high exposures to asbestos is the removal of deteriorating insulation materials* sueh as pipe coverings* St is* therefore* especially important that e hasard control program be implemented to protect employees invoved in this operation from the effects of asbestos . dust exposure* Particular attention is .. directed to provisions listed Under Part* 1X1 of this document pertaining to exposure 14 1) . Protective Clothing as m Control Mhen employee aibiitoi exposures ex ceed m "ceiling linit" of 10 fibers/ee, the OSHA Asbestos Stsndsrd requires employers to provide "epeciel clothing" (coveralls, heed coverings, gloves end foot coverings), change rooos with two lockers (one for the employee's street clothes end one for his contaminated work clothes), trans portation of contaminated clothing in sealed impermeable bags or containers, end laundering facilities. The ne cessity of complying with seme of these provisions can be eliminated by issuing employees disposable protec tive garments. Dispossbles msy include hard hat liners, coveralls and shoe liners. The coverall garment should be without pockets or cuffs. A good example is DuPont's Tyvek pro. teetive garments. Tyvek is a durable spunbonded olefin with high tensile/ tear strength, chemically resistant, and due to a relatively sliek surface, it does not tend to entrap partieles. A vacuum cleaner should be used; to remove loose fibers adhering to contaminated work clothing, employees should not attempt to dislodge these fibers by brushing them off nor by using compressed air to blov particles off. In addition, respirators should continue to be worn until contaminated work clothing is removed. Contaminat ed disposable clothing and respiator filters should be plaeed in. impermeable containers and disposed of In accordance with the provisions of peetion XI1.C.9. 11) Protective Clothing hade of Asbestos Material Occasionally, employees working in areas of high radiant heat, those who are exposed to molten metal or weld splatter or those who have- to handle hot objects or tools are required to wear heat-resistant clothing. Asbestos-free heat-resistant clothing -11- USX0000446 / l jurisdiction* thsss regulations are stated in 29 cr* 1920,134. USHA requires a respirator progras consistent with the provisions -of ANSI *18.2-1*10. Table 1 Respiratory Protection for Airborne Concentrations oi~Asbestoe . Airborne Concentration of Asbestos (TWA) Required Respirator* Not in excess of 5 f/ce (10 X PEL) Reusable air purifying respirator Not in exeess of SO i/ec (100 X PEL) Pull facepiece air purifying respirator* or a powered air purifying respirator Greater than 50 f/ee A type "C* continuous flow or pressure deaand* supplied air respirator______________________ ^Respirators specified for high concentrations Bay be used at lower concentrations of asbestos. b. Protective Clothing In regard to asbestos* it is important to consider protective clothing in two ways. First* it may be necessary to provide special elothlng to employees who are required to handle asbestos to prevent work clothing from becoming contaminated with the fibers. In this instance* protective clothing is a control oeasure to protect not only the worker but also fsally members who may be exposed to dust carried home on his work clothing, feeond* some protective clothing articles* intended to provide thermal protection for those in close proximity to high radiant heat sources* were made from asbestos materials. Reports in the literature indicate that this type of clothing* through gradual deterioration with use* is actually a source of asbestos exposure to workers. To eliminate this souree of potential exposure* the purchase and usage of garments containing asbestos by USSC employees Is prohibited. -12 USX0000445 will be necessary. While respirators ans -protective clothing should always be available, it oust ba understood they sarve only sa a complement to, nbt as a replacement for, onginaaring and work practice control measures. a. Bespirators Respirators way ba naeasaary to control asbestos exposures in sons instances, such as the removal of thermal pipe insulation. Since these devices plaee a burden .on the* respiration of the worker, it oust first be determined whether the wearer can use the equipment and still perform the assigned task. Zn sueh a determination, consideration should be given tot the physical condition of the worker, such as possible pulmonary or cardiovascular impairment) the physiological demands of the task, sueh as required oxygen uptake) and the presence of faeial hair which may negate an effective respirator seal. The type of respirator needed will be dictated by the preceding factors as well as the concentration of airborne asbestos fibers. With fiber concentrations less than 10 times the permissible exposure levgls, a properly fitted air purifying dust respirator will provide sufficient protection. The type of respirator selected should be specifically approved by K10SH for protection against dusts containing asbestos. It should be noted, however, that disposable-type respirators are not permitted within U. S. Steel for protection against asbestos. ' When the fiber contamination level is between 10 and 100 times the permissible exposure level, powered air purifying respirators should be worn. Sf exposures exceed 100 times the acceptable limits, a type *C* continuous flow, supplied air respirator or pressure-demand, self-contained breathing unit should be worn. Respirator wearers should be instructed to wash the masks, end change filters, where applicable, dally. Proper fitting instructions and fit testing must also be given. When respirators are issued, it. is . -- Important to comply with the appropriate . regulations governing the use of respiratory protection. For those facilities under OSHk -11 . USX0000444 I i I I % into the air will be minimised. Some of tha ways in whiehwork practical may ba modified includes - tha usa of a alow band saw or band saw in liau of a high-speed circular table saw to cut Transits asbestos boardf thoroughly watting asbestos suterials prior to usa - such as immersing a coil of asbestos rope in water prior to .applying it as a sealant around furnace or even doorsi asbestos insulation materials should ba thoroughly watted prior to removal whenever conditions permit sueh application) - the purchase of pre-cut and pre-drilled aaterials, sueh as brake shoe lining containing asbestos) - using a vacuum cleaner instead of a eoapressed air hose to remove dust residue from mobile equipment brakes during inspection and repair operations) - removing asbestos insulation in as large a section as possible to alniaise the amount of fracturing) - using hand tools, sueh as ehisels or knives, rather than power tools or saw, to eut and remove asbestos Insulation. 6. housekeeping Cood housekeeping praetiees are essential to maintain low levels of airborne asbestos fibers. Dust on floors, ledges, equipment and workbenches may become airborne when disturbed by work activity, *air movement, or vehicular traffic. Dry sweeping should be prohibited in areas where asbestos is used because it merely redisperses the fine fibers into the workroom air. The use of compressed air to clean up asbestos debris should be strletly forbidden. Instead, vacuum cleaning is the preferred method of removing dust accumulations. 7* Personal Protection The control measures previously diseussed under this section should always be the primary means, of minimising employee esposure to asbestos fibers. Sf, however, these measures are not sufficient,, or ifsome specific operations are not amenable to sueh control, the use of personal protective equipment -10 4 USX0000443 encapsulation can oftan be a preferable solution baeauaa it generally coats such lass* does not causa long-tan disruption of operations, and doss not require tha intansiva daeontamination efforts naeassitatad by complete removal. Examples of thasa asbestos containment traataants ara Mydro-ban by KRC Corporation and Asbastos Guard Pibar Pi* (719) by U. S. Coatings Collaborative, Inc. Paybe*to* Manhattan has davalopad a produet called Novate* which is an asbastos textile encapsulated with an aerylie resin. A neoprene coating nay give additional protection. Novate* doth can be used tor* welding curtains, Insulation applications, and for aluminixed andJnon-aluminixed protective bodywear. 3. Exhaust Ventilation Any operation which nay conceivably generate airborne asbestos dust concentrations in exeess of permissible exposure limits should be provided with loeal exhaust ventilation. 'Where sueh ventilation is used, the exhaust hood should be located as close as possible to the point of dust generation to achieve Mximusi capture of the released fibers. Examples of operations where loeal exhaust ventilation may be employed Include the mixing of asbestos.mortar compounds and the use of saws, drills ahd grinders on asbestos materials. 4. Isolation and Restriction of Area Operations which have the potential to generate high concentrations of airborne fibers should be isolated^ to the extent feasible to minimise human exposure to' the fibers. The removal or teardown of asbestos pipe insulation is an example of this type of operation. The vicinity of an asbestos removal operation should be designated as a restricted area, thus denying access to employees whose presence is not required. As a minimum, such areas should be roped off. Warning signs should be posted to alert employees to the potential hasard. In some applications, the work area may have to be scaled to prevent exposure to nearby employees or contamination of adjacent areas. 5. Work Practices Changes in work practices may often be the most cost-effective way of reducing oecuptlonal exposure to asbestos. When conducting an operation wiiieh "involves the handling ot asbestos materials, consideration should be given to performing the task in sueh a manner that the emission of asbestos fibers USXO000442 Controlling fesployee Exposures to Asbestos Piters U Substitution of Alternative Materials Using "non-asbestos" materials on applications which previously ussd asbestos produets is tbs first eboies of controlling exposures sinee it eliminates the source of the bsssrd. Son* of the alternative Materials that* have found co--on usage ss substitutes for asbestos include fiberglass* kaolin wool*' ceramics* mineral wool and various plastie fibers. Zn certain Individual applications* each of these has exhibited adequate tensile strength* best resistance* flexibility and durability to satisfactorily perform functions previously served only by asbestos products. Some examples of "asbestos-tree* Materials being used at operations at 0. S. Steel facilities include! - and kaolin wool as pipe insulation materials} - non-asbestos mortar compounds for heat resistant cement applications} - fiberglass and aramid fiber textile products* sueh as velding curtains and heat resistant clothing} - various hot-top products at ingot teeming operations. Although the use of asbestos is well entrenched in many Important applications* it is likely that substitution will play an increasingly significant future role in reducing health hasards from asbestos. 2. Encapsulation The mere presence of asbestos insulation materials does not constitute a health hazard. Sn this regard* it is not 0. S. Steel's philosophy or intention that all asbestos insulation materials be torn out and replaced with alternative materials. Sovever* onee it is determined that sueh Insulation has deterior ated to the point that fibers may be emitted into occupied areas* steps should be taken to control the hazard. A feasible alternative to complete removal of asbestos Insulation is encapsulation} i.e.* treating the arterial with an acrylic or elastomerie polymer protective coating to seal the fibers in plaee and prevent further deterioration. Although eaeh ease must be considered on an individual basis* professional judgement should be used to determine th sptiaus sample siss whan monitoring for an t-hour time-weighted aaaraga exposure to asbestos; Filter loading aust be eonsidarad since asbestos counting depends on the ability to identify fibers with a relatively unobstructed view of the background* Air aonitoring in relatively clean environaents, sueh as offices and storerooms , can usually be conducted for 2-hour sampling periods without overloading the filter with dust, however, in dusty plant environments, filters aay be overloaded by 1/2-hour sampling periods. Thus, the sampling time will vary depending on the background dust levels at the saapling location. Care oust be taken to assure that the filter is'not contaminated during cassette assembly. Cassettes should be assembled in a clean environment and all facilities will continued to do this function. Blanks submitted with samples will be aonitored for contamination from improper assembly. A properly completed request for analysis form should be sent with the asbestos samples giving both the sampling rate and time. Uotei if possible, prior to air saapling, a bulk sample of the suspect material should be submitted to the Environmental Health Laboratory for bulk asbestos determination. Care should be taken to assure that the container for the bulk sample is properly sealed, and unless paper envelopes and eartons ere sealed in plastic bags, they should not be used. The Environmental Health Laboratory is currently evaluating plastic urine specimen containers tor shipping bulk asbestos samples. They have proven very satisfactory in durability and ease of sample removal. B. medical Curve11lance The OSHA Standard further dictates that all employees exposed to airborne asbestos fibers, regardless of concentration, aust be given annual medical examinations, including chest s-rays and pulmonary function tests. Bevever, as pointed out earlier, asbestos is sueh a widespread substance that virtually everyone has some measureable exposure. OSHA has apparently come to understand this premise and under Program Directive 300-11 (October, 197B) has defined, for medical purposes, exposure to airborne asbestos fibers as a minimum of 0.1 asbestos fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air (i.e., 1 fiber per 10 ec). At 0. S. Steel, we use this 0*1. fibers/ec exposure level to identify those employees to be included in the medleal surveillance program. . Separate guidelines detailing the medical surveillance procedures wvrw previously sent to plant physicians by the* Director of Industrial Medicine. A eopy of these * guidelines is also included in Appendix 1. USX0000440 t la plant General Managers, General Superintendents, Plant Managers, Administrative Physicians, Industrial Hygiene and Safety Representatives United States Steel IsttrsrfinlatiM Cimi^Uiiict April 27, 1984 Frederick M. Toea, Ph.D. Manager-Industrial Hygiene a+jtct Revised Corporation Asbestos Guidelines and Radiation Guidelines Revised copies of the Corporation guidelines for assisting in the protecting of our employees from the hazards associated with asbestos and ionizing radiation exposures are attached. The asbestos guidelines were revised by Health Services Personnel and include the criteria of the recent OSHA Emergency Temporary Standard (ETS) for Asbestos. The criteria of the ZTS is included, although a Federal appeals court struck down this Standard, because we believe that a permanent Standard .proposing the same criteria will be promulgated shortly. The ionizing radiation guidelines were revised J>y the Corporation Radiation Cooaittee and Industrial Hygiene Services. Included with this guideline are selected portions of the NEC regulations concerning Specific and General License requirements. These excerpts are included to provide information regarding the difference between the two types of licenses and an overview of the requirements of each type. Holders of the Industrial Bygiene Policy and Guidelines Manual should insert the revised copy of the asbestos guidelines into Section I, I.H.-12 of this Manual and the revised copy of the radiation guidelines into Section I, I.H.-3 of the Manual. Please discard the original guidelines. JBM/mdd Attachments cc: Holders of Industrial Bygiene Policy and Guidelines Manuals USX000094 . Appendix 1 GUIDELINES FOR MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE ASBESTOS EXPOSURE The following guidelines for medieal surveillance shell be followed fa ell United Stetts Steel Corporetion operations whenever exposure to Asbestos secure. 1. - All employees exposed to asbestos shell be provided (or made avail. Able) a comprehensive medical examination prior to first employment is as occupation exposed to airborne concentration of asbestos fibers. These medical examinations will be required for any 7- to i-hour time weighted average concentration of 0.1 fibers/cc, or for a greater con> castration. (The OSKA Asbestos Standard permits this examination to occur within SO calendar days of the first exposure.) Annually thereafter and within SO calendar days before or after termi nation of employment in an occupation exposed to airborne concentra tion of asbestos fibers Requiring a medical examination as designated above, a physical examination shall be provided or made available to these employees. Whenever pleural thickening is found on any routine chest x-ray on an individual who has had any airborne asbestos exposure, this individual shall be kept under yearly medical surveillance. The minimum components of the examination shall be: (a). A medieal history, including a respiratory questionnaire to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease. (b). A 14" x 17" chest x-ray - posterior-anterior view. Whenever there is evidence of pleural response, right and left oblique views and expiratory posterior-anterior view should be taken to confirm or rule out pleural findings. * (c). Pulmonary Function testing to include foreed vital capaeiry (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVj). 2. A complete work history shall be taken on initial assignment to an occupation where exposure to airborne concentration of asbestos fibers will occur. This is particularly important if changes in the chest x-ray begin to occur. The work History will include all work experiences in United States Steel and other non-United States Steel work oxperieacos to determine extent of exposure to asbestos. Xn order to be complete, military exposures. L. ship and shipyard exposures: bobbles; exposures of family members (father, brothers, grandfethere. mother* titters, etc.) who .might have brought asbestos fibers home on their clothing: living (home) location (geographic) for proximity to asbestos mining or manufacturing plant; and play areas UsX0000947 'Guidelines For Medical SurvtiUance Aibtftoi Ixpoiuri 2. to relation to discarded wastes from asbestos factories. The &vi. roumentel Health nit (corporate headquarter* or plants) will be helpful la evaluating the. extent of work exposure*. J, Tbe (belt x-ray should be read by at least two United States.Steel * ybyslelaas or pbyeieiane selected by tbe pleat physician*. Any poeitire chest x-ray shall be read by a **B" reader dor eoafirmation f the findings. It is penalsslble to contract with a "" reader to read all s-rays fa this program. (A "BM reader ie certified fol lowing successful completion of qualifying examination of 12S chest s-rays by KIOSK aad the American College of Radiology.) 4. A clinical evaluation leading to a diagnosis aad recommendations will be made. (a). Correlate all medieal finding* - history, physical findings, chest s-ray interpretation, pulmonary function reeulte, and any other medieal information -- with the environmental exposure data. (b). Beferral to a pulmonary specialist to assist ia this evaluation may be done at the option of the plant medieal director or other examining physician. (c). Beferral of the chest x-ray to another MB" reader may oeea- ~ gtonally be uecessary for the proper interpretation of the x-ray. 5. The clinical evaluation will usually result in a diagnosis of one of following, in descending order of importance: (a). Asbestosis - pulmonary infiltrate classified by I.L.O. System and documentation of exposure with or without pulmonary function decrements, and with or without pleural thickening or plaques (with &r without calcification). Record on OSRA-200 Log as "Asbestosis". (b) Pleural thickening with a history of asbestos exposure bilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification) and with or without pulmonary function decrements. Without pulmonary function decrements, no need to refer tanless requested by employee. Record on OSHA-200 Log as "Pleural thickening with asbestos exposure" (c). Pleural thickening with a history of asbestos exposure - unilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without ealcifiestion) and with or without pulsonary function decrements. Without pulmonary function decrement, no need -- to refer unless requested by employee. Record on OSHA-200 Log as "Pleural thickening with asbestos exposure". This diagnosis is one of elimination from 5.(d). USX0000948  Guidelines For Medical Surveillat.ee Asbestos Exposure 3. x The language for OSHA-200 Log recording for (b) and (c) has been agreed upon in a meeting held October 1( 1960 oi Personnel, Medical, Labor Relations, Safety It Environmental Health. Law, and Workers* Compensation fc Casualty rspre- ' eentatives. 16), Unilateral pleural thickening or plaques with or without adequate history of asbestos exposure (with or without cal* ' cification) and with or without pulmonary decrements. The . most likely explanation for the pleural thickening in this (d) group is one of the following: Infection (pleural offusion) or hemorrhage, callous from rib fracture, radiation fibrosis, eelerodertna, chronic mineral oil aspiration, metastatic disease, lymphoma, myeloma or a combination of these. DO NOT RECORD ON OSHA-200 LOO. Normal anatomical shadows -- peetoral shadow area, extra pleural fst deposits, serratus and external oblique musele shadows can usually be ruled out by the above mentioned (l.(b)) techniques. (c). Pulmonary Function Decrement only Emphysema. It is important to establish whether this is result of occupational exposure or is due to aon-occupational origin. Differentiatien between obstructive and restrictive disease must be made. Do not record on OSHA*200 Log unless occupationally related. Define cause if oo recorded. (f). Normal Chest - further follow-up testing failed to substantiate suspicions in original chest x-ray or pulmonary function tests. The role of smoking in any pulmonary function decre ment must be carefully evaluated. Diffusing capacity deter minations may be helpful in ruling out pulmonary fibrosis and probably should be done. In coke plants, the possibility of coalworkers pneumoconiosis with or without focal emphysema 'must always be ruled wt. 6. Recommendations to the physician in discussing findings with the *afeeted employees: (a). All employees must be told of any positive findings found during his/her examination and the United States Steel physi cian evaluation (also consultant if used) of these findings. Recorded exposure levels should also be given to the employee. Because of proper handling of asbestos today, these-eavirontnental levels should ordinarily be helpful in allaying any fears of continued exposure to basardous levels. USX0000949 Guidelines Tor Medical Surveillance iibiitoi Exposure 4. (b). Pulmonary irifiltrm due to asbestos exposure with or without .pleural reaction, Shall h advised that this rospoose is due probably to exposures of many years past. Depending upon the pulmonary function finding, the risk of continued decre ment is probably direetly correlated to continued smoking specially if any continued exposure is properly handled.by respiratory protection and is of very minimal, if any. moni tored value. The corporate headquarters Environmental Health unit shall prescribe the approved manner, of handling ay continuing exposure. To he followed every year unless pulmonary function is deeroased, then at shorter intervals if clinically indicated. Every effort should he made to get the individual to STOP SMOKING if ht/she is a smoker. The risk of lung cancsr in (host with psronehymsl infiltrate *is up to sixteen (16) times the risk of s non-smoker with the seme exposure end ninety (90) times that of s worker who is s nonsmoker end not exposed to ssbs.stos. (c) . Bilateral or unilateral pleural thickening or plaques due to ebestos exposure (with or without calcification). Should be advised that this response is the result of many years of low level of exposure. This also should not progress if the ex posure has been eliminated or properly controlled by proper handling of asbestos and by respiratory protection if exposure continues. Depending upon the pulmonary function findings, the risk of continued decrement is direetly correlated with continued smoking ospeeially if any continued exposure is properly kindled by respiratory protection and is of very minimal. If any, monitored value. Tbe corporate beadquarters Environmental Health unit shall prescribe the approved manner of handling any continuing exposure. To be followed yearly unless there is a'decrement in pulmonary function.then at shorter intervals if elinleally indicated. Every effort should be made to get tbe individual to STOP SMOKING if h/shc is s smoker. The risk of lung caneer in those with bilateral pleural thickening or plaques is two and one-half.(2-1/2) times those without pleural reaction. (d) . Unilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without cal cification) not the result of exposure to asbestos. Continue to follow on a yearly basis. (e) . Emphysema - If believed due to occupational exposure - follow yearly unless otherwise indicated or requested by employee. ^oo0,% M Guidelines for Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure 5. Zf believed to be nonoccupational, then referral to private physician, if appropriate - follow yearly. (f). Normal - yearly follow-op. (g). Those persons who have demonstrated radiologic changes in chest film, and who have been exposed to asbestos, should be removed from further exposure either through engineering means, or personal protective equipment (respirators, air masks, disposable clothing, etc.), or by removal from work in the exposure area. 7. Environmental monitoring - will be carried cut by the Environmental Bealth unit (corporate headquarters or plants) according to requirements of the OSBA Asbestos Standard. 1' USX0000951 Tinted % Cbrpomtten July 18. 1984 Mr. P. X. MaieUate&io Vice President Environmental Affaire Subject: Reviled Guidelines Per Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure Por your information, a copy of tbe recently revised *'Guidelines Por Medical Surveillance. Asbestos Exposure". Is attached. Co. William C. Marshall. M. D. Assistant Medieal Director *WCM:rp Attachment cc: Messrs. , 8. Buhrmann*-^ C. W. Csssor. IQ K N. Diehl C. S. Dey D. K. Hoffman A. P. Mysr ? Porre st Pisher. M.D. c/5 USX0000930 GUIDELINES FOR MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE ASBESTOS EXPOSURE The following guidelines for medieal surveillance shall be followed in all United States Steel Corporation operations whenever exposure to asbestos occurs. t 1. A comprehensive medieal examination shall be provided (or made available) to all employees prior to initial employ sent in an occupation with exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers. These Bedical examinations will be required for any 7 to hour time weighted average concentration of 0.1 flbers/cc. or for a greater concentration. (The OSRA Asbestos Standard permits this examination to occur within *30 calendar days of the first exposure.) Annually thereafter, and within 30 calendar days before or after termination of employment Involving exposure to airborne concentration of asbestos fibers, a physical examination, as designated above, shall be provided (or made available) to these employees. Whenever pleural thickening is found on any routine chest x-ray of an Individual who has had any airborne asbestos exposure, this Individual shall be kept under yearly medical surveillance. The minimum components of the examination shall bet (a) A medical history. Including a respiratory question naire to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease. (b) A 14" x 17* chest x-ray. posterior-anterior view* Whenever there is evidence of pleural response, right and left oblique views and an expiratory posterior-anterior view should be taken to confirm or rule out pleural findings. * . ** (c) . Pulmonary function testing to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at one aecond (fEV^). 2. Upon initial assignment to an occupation where exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers Bay exist, a complete work history shall be taken. This is particu larly important if changes in the chest x-ray begin to appear. The work history shall include all work experi ences in United States Steel, as well as non-Unlted States 6teel work experiences, to determine*the effeet of exposure to asbestos. This history should include mili tary exposures, ship and shipyard duties, hobbies, exposures from family members (father, brothers, grand- USX0000931f J' . - ' fathers, mother, sisters, etc. )-who may have worked and brought asbestos fibers home on their clothing, residen tial locations for proximity to asbestos mining or manufacturing plants, and even recreational areas in relation to discarded wastes from asbestos factories. 3. All chest at-rays should be read by a certified radiologist who is also a *S* reader* Zt is permitted to contract with such a radiologist to read all x-rays taken at the work location. Where the x-rays are not taken in-plant, arrangements should be made to have the films read by a certified radiologist who is a * reader* (a Ba reader is certified following successful completion of qualifying examination of 12S chest x-rays by NIOSH and the Aaexican College or Aadiology.) 4* A clinical evaluation leading to a diagnosis and recom mendations will be made* (a) Correlate all medical findings (history, physical findings, chest x-ray interpretation, pulmonary function results, and any other medical information) with the environmental exposure data. (b) Referral to a pulmonary specialist to assist in this evaluation may be done at the option of the plant medical director or other examining*physician. (c) Referral of the ehest x-ray to another *Ba reader may occasionally be necessary for the proper Interpretation of the x-ray. 5. The clinical evaluation will usually result in a diag nosis of one of the following in decreasing order of , importances (a) Asbestosis - typically pulmonary infiltrate of s, t, u type, with or without pulmonary function decrements, and with or without'pleural <thiekening or plaques (with or without calcification) - record on OSKA-200 bog as "Asbestosis*. (b) Pleural thickening with history of asbestos expos ure - bilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification) and with or without pulmonary function decrements. Without pulmonary function decrements, there is no need to refer unless requested by the employee. Reeord on OSHA-200 Log as *Pleural thickening with history of asbestos exposure** USX0000932 (c) Unilateral pleural thickening or plagues with or without adequate* history of asbestos exposure (with or without calcification.) and with or without pulmonary decrements - the most likely explanation for the pleural thickening in this group is one of the following! infection (pleural effusion) or hemorrhage* callous from rib fracture* radiation fibrosis* scleroderma* ehronie mineral oil aspiration* metastatic disease, lymphoma* myeloma* or a combination of these* 00 NOT RECORD ON OSHA-200 LOG* Normal anatomical shadows (peetoral shadow area* extra pleural fat deposits* serratus and external oblique musele shadows) can usually be ruled out by the above mentioned (l.(b)) techniques. * (d) Normal chest - further follow-up testing fails to substantiate suspicions in original chest x-ray or pulmonary function tests. The role of smoking in any pulmonary function decrement must be carefully evaluated. Diffusing capacity determinations may be helpful in ruling out pulmonary fibrosis and probably should be done. Zn coke plants* the possi bility of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (with or without focal emphysema) must always be ruled out. . Recommendations to the physician in discussing findings with the affected employees! (a) Each employee must be Informed of any positive findings discovered as a result of his/her exami nation by the United States Steel physician and/or consultant* and an evaluation of these findings will be diseusssed with the employee. Recorded exposure levels should also be given to the employee. Because of proper handling of asbestos today* thdse environmental levels will likely be low enough to allay any fears of continued exposure to hazardous levels. (b) * Zf the employee has a pulmonary Infiltrate due to asbestos exposure* with or without pleural reaction, he/she shall be advised that this response is due probably to exposures of passed years. Depending upon the pulmonary function finding* the risk of continued decrement is probably directly correlated to continued smoking. This is especially true if any continued exposure is properly handled by respiratory protection and is of minimal monitored value. The corporate headquarters' Environmental Health unit shall prescribe the approved manner of handling any continuing exposure. Medical surveil lance should be continued every year and* if pulmonary function levels decrease* then at shorter USX0000933 ^ I intervals if clinically indicated* Every effort should be-made-to get the -individual to STOP SMOXXng if he/ahe is a smoker. By tone estimates* the risk of lung caneer in those with parenchymal infiltrate is up*fo sixteen (16) times the risk of a non-smoker with the same exposure and ninety (90) times that of a worker who is a non-smoker and not exposed to asbestos. (c) An employee with bilateral pleural thickening or plagues due to asbestos exposure (with or without calcification) - should be advised that this response is the result of many years of low level exposure. These changes should not progress if the exposure has been eliminated or properly controlled by proper handling of asbestos or by respiratory protection if exposure continues. Depending upon the pulmonary function findings* the risk of continued decrement is directly correlated with continued smoking. This is especially true if continued exposure is properly handled by respiratory protection and is of minimal monitored value. The corporate headquarters * Environmental Health unit shall prescribe the approved manner of handling any continuing exposure. Medical surveillance should be continued yearly unless there is a decrement in pulmonary function* then at shorter Intervals if clinically indicated. If this occurs, more frequent surveys may be'clinically indicated. Every effort should be made to get the individual to STOP SMOKING if he/she is a smoker. (d) Unilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification) - continue to follow on a yearly basis. (e) Normal - yearly follow-up. ' 7. Environmental smnitoring - will be carried out by the Environmental Health unit (corporate headquarters or plants) according to requirements-of the OSHA Asbestos-*Standard. S/26/64 TJS*X0000934 * (SC;'k -Ju.!- I I All Bolder* of OSS PHYSICIAN'S CDIDE Cuidellees for Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure TJxateti States Sled Corgomtwn, fcttrr|anizftion Csrrupsade&ei July 23, 1984 Million C. Marshall, M.D. Assistant Medical Director I The attached revised "Guidelines for Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure" should he filed in Volune Z ofthe Physi cian's Guide under "Asbestos". The previously Issued guidelines should be destroyed. lx> 6. VCM:noc Enclosure ' USX0000935 GUIDELINES FOR MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE ASBESTOS EXPOSURE -- * . The following guidelines for Medical surveillance shall be followed in all United states Steel Corporation operations whenever exposure to asbestos occurs. 1. A comprehensive Medical examination shall be provided (or made available) to all employees prior to initial employ ment in an occupation with exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers. These medical examinations will be required for any 7 to 8 hour time weighted average concentration of 0.1 fibers/cc* or for a greater concentration. (The OSHA Asbestos Standard permits this examination to occur within 30 calendar days of the first exposure.) Annually thereafter* and within 30 calendar days before or*after termination of employment involving exposure to airborne concentration of asbestos fibers* a physical examination* as designated above* shall be provided (or made available) to these employees. Whenever pleural thickening is found on any routine chest x-ray of an Individual who has had any airborne asbestos exposure, this Individual shall be kept under yearly medical surveillance. The minimum components of the examination shall be: (a) A medical history* including a respiratory question naire to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease. (b) A 14" x 17" chest x-ray* posterior-anterior view. Whenever there is evidence of pleural response* right and left oblique views and an expiratory posterior-anterior view should be taken to confirm or rule out pleural findings. (c) Pulmonary function testing to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV^). 2. Upon initial assignment to an occupation where exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers may exist* a complete work history shall be taken. This is particu larly important If changes in the chest x-ray begin to appear. The work history shall include all work experi ences in United States Steel* as well as non-Unlted States Steel work experiences* to determine the effect of exposure to asbestos. This history should include mili tary exposures, ship and shipyard duties* hobbies* exposures from family members (father* brothers* grand- USX0000936 fathers, mother, sisters, ate.) who may have worked and brought asbaatos fibara home on thair clothingr residen tial- locations for proximity to aabaatoa mining or x manufacturing plants, and avan raeraational araaa in relation to discarded waataa from aabaatoa factories. All cheat x-rays ahould be read by a certified radiologiat who ia alao a *B" reader. It ia permitted to contract with aueh a radiologist to read all x-rays taken at the work location. Where the x-rays are not taken in-plant, arrangements should be made to have the films read by a certified radiologist who la a "B" reader. (A "B* reader ia certified following successful completion of qualifying examination of 125 chest x-rays by HIOSH and the American College of Radiology.) A clinical evaluation leading to a diagnosis and recom mendations will be made. (a) Correlate all medical findings (history, physical findings, cheat x-ray interpretation, pulmonary function results, and any other medical Information) with the environmental exposure data. (b) Referral to a pulmonary specialist to assist in this evaluation may be done at the option of the plant medical director or other examining physician. (c) Referral of the chest x-ray to another*"B* reader may occasionally be necessary for the proper interpretation of the x-ray. The clinical evaluation will usually result in a diag nosis of one of the following in decreasing order of importance: (a) Asbestos is - typically pulmonary infiltrate of s, t, u type, with or without pulmonary function decrements, and with or without pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification) - record on OSHA-200 Log as *Asbestosis". (bV Pleural thickening with history of asbestos expos ure - bilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification) and with or without pulmonary function decrements. Without pulmonary function decrements, there is no need to refer unless requested by the employee. Record on OSHA-200 Log as `Pleural thickening with history of asbestos exposure*. USX00009S1 (c) Unilateral plaural thickening or plagues -with or without, adequate history of asbestos exposure (with or without calcification) and with or without pulmonary decrements - the most likely explanation for the pleural thickening in this group is one of the following! infection (pleural effusion) or hemorrhage, eallous from rib fracture, radiation fibrosis, scleroderma, chronic mineral oil aspiration, metastatic disease, lymphoma, myeloma, or a combination of these. DO NOT RECORD ON OSHA-200 LOG. Normal anatomical shadows (pectoral shadow area, extra pleural fat deposits, serratus and external oblique muscle shadows) can usually be ruled out by the above mentioned (l.(b)) techniques. (d) Normal chest - further follow-up testing fails to substantiate suspicions in original chest x-ray or pulmonary function tests. The role of smoking in any pulmonary function decrement must be carefully evaluated. Diffusing capacity determinations may be helpful in ruling out pulmonary fibrosis and probably should be done. In coke plants, the possi bility of eoal workers' pneumoconiosis (with or without focal emphysema) must always be ruled out. Recommendations to the physician in discussing findings with the affected employees: (a) Each employee must be Informed of any positive findings discovered as a result of his/her exami nation by the United States Steel physician and/or consultant, and an evaluation of these findings will be discusssed with the employee. Recorded exposure levels should also be given to the employee. Because of proper handling of asbestos today, these environmental levels will likely be low enough to allay any fears of continued exposure to hazardous levels. (b) If the employee has a pulmonary infiltrate due to asbestos exposure, with or without pleural reaction, he/she shall be advised that this response is due probably to exposures of passed years.- Depending upon the pulmonary function finding, the risk of continued decrement Is probably directly correlated to continued smoking. This is especially true if any continued exposure is properly handled by respiratory protection and is of minimal monitored value. The corporate headquarters' Environmental Health unit shall prescribe the approved manner of handling any continuing exposure. Medical surveil lance should be continued every year and, if pulmonary function levels decrease, then at shorter USX000093B intervals if clinically indicated. Every effort should be Bade to get the Individual to STOP SMOKING if he/she is a smoker. By some estimates, the risk *tff lung* cancer 'In those with parenchymal infiltrate is up to sixteen (16) times the risk of a non-smoker with the same exposure and ninety (90) times that of a worker who is a non-smoker and not exposed to asbestos. (c) An employee with bilateral pleural thickening or plaques due to asbestos exposure (with or without calcification) - should be advised that this response is the result of many years of low level exposure. These changes should not progress if the exposure has been eliminated or properly controlled by proper handling of asbestos or by respiratory protection if exposure continues. Depending upon the pulmonary function findings, the risk of continued decrement is direetly correlated with continued smoking. This is especially true if continued exposure is properly handled by respiratory protection and is of minimal monitored value. The corporate headquarters' Environmental Health unit shall prescribe the approved manner of handling any continuing exposure. Medical surveillance should be continued yearly unless there is a decrement in pulmonary function, then at shorter Intervals if clinically indicated. If this occurs, more frequent surveys may be clinically indicated. Every effort should be made to get the individual to STOP SMOKING if he/she is a smoker. (d) Unilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification) - continue to follow on a yearly basis. (e) Normal - yearly follow-up. 7. Environmental monitoring - will be carried out by the Environmental Health unit (corporate headquarters or plants) according to requirements of the OSHA Asbestos Standard. 6/26/84 USX0000939 PATTERSON V- USX REPRESENTATION BY USX USX Corporation represents to John Patterson and to all other parties that the attached chart (titled Air Sample Studies For Asbestos Performed At Homestead Works) constitutes all reports In the possession of USX or known by USX to exist relating to aBbestos air surveys done at the Homestead Works during the period of John Patterson's employment. USX CORPORATION yOate /Jd - Ptttarsn.UKX xhtb<f- /? AIR SAMPLE STUDIES FOR ASBESTOS PERFORMED AT HOMESTEAD WORKS I Date of Study 6/25/73 " " Date of Report 7/18/73 " " 10/24/73 2/1/74 10/31/73 2/1/74 1/7/76 2/5/76 Location Person/Area Sampled Open Hearth Bricklayer - Heat Side Open Hearth Bricklayer's Helper - Heat Side Open Hearth Bricklayer East Side Open Hearth Bricklayer's . Helper - East Side Ho. 3 Machine Conset Tester at Shop Heat Lathe (J. Pifer) Ho. 2 Forge Heat Treating Sealaa Furnaces Area Quencher Helper (E. Turozey) Ho. 2 Forge Heat Treating Sealas Furnaces Area Furnace Operator (D. Lloyd) Harvey Shop Craneman -i- i i \1 J I l Date of Study 2/4/76 M t If It If 2/26/76 If 3/29/76 4/8/76 ff It It Date of Report 3/18/76 & 3/5/76 n N ft M 4/1/76 4/13/76 5/7/76 l m m Location Person/Area Sampled Harvey Shop Craneman (Stutok) Harvey Shop Harvey Shop Heater (D. Cunningham) Expeditor (M. Havilla) Harvey Shop Heater (Armbrust) Harvey Shop Heater (Schwab) No. 2 Forge Shop Quencher (White) No. 2 Forge Shop Quencher Helper * (Mitnik) No. 2 Forge Shop No. 2 Forge Shop Quencher (Dobransky) Quencher (Geer) Forge Shop Scarfera (2) 160" Mill 160" Mill 100" Mill 100" Mill -2 Roll Hand #1 Roll Hand 2 Layerout #1 Layerout #2 Date of Study 4/23/76 Date of Report 5/7/76 5/11/76 II 6/8/76 It 5/11/76 It 6/8/76 m 6/8/76 It 7/2/76 m m m Location Persona/Area Sampled Automotive Repair Facility Mechanic; Scrap Metal Yard Operator; Automotive Repair Facility Open Hearth #5 No. 73 Furnace Reline Open Hearth #5 No. 73 Furnace Reline Bricklayer East End (Kocher) Bricklayer's Helper - East End (Miller) Open Hearth #5 No. 73 Furnace Reline Open Hearth #5 No. 73 Furnace Rellne Bricklayer West End (Hromanik) Bricklayer's * Helper - West End (Peters) 160" Kill Hot 100" Mill 45." Mill 48" Mill Shear Stamper Cinderman Slab Yard Scarfer Shipping and Piling Area Date of Study 1/23/80 %% It 4/16/80 5/1/80 M It 91 tt Date of Report 4/3/80 9 H 5/2/80 5/19/80 m m m Location Person/Area Sampled 160" Mill Stainless Furnace 160" Mill Stainless Furnace 160" Mill Stainless Furnace 160" Mill Stainless Furnace West Side Stainless Furnace Northeast Corner Stainless Furnace Roll Storage Area Blank Fitter 45" Mill Soaking Pits Bricklayer . (Menemmer) 45" Soaking Pits 45" Soaking Pits 45" Soaking Pits 45" Soaking Pits 45" Soaking Pits Bricklayer (Nemmer) Bricklayer (March) Helper (Sloan) Area Monitor near 428 pit while grade-all working on pit bottom Blank -4- Date of Study 5/7/80 It ft ft tf tl tt 8/29/80 ft tt ft Date of Report 5/19/80 ft 99 tt 99 99 99 99 11/7/80 1 99 99 Location Person/Area Sampled 45" Soaking Pits 45" Mill Soaking Pits 45" Mill Soaking Pits 45" Mill Soaking Pits 45" Mill Soaking Pits 45" Mill Soaking Pits 45" Mill Soaking Pits 45" Mill Soaking Pits Bricklayer (Bauer) Bricklayer (March) Bricklayer (Nemmer) Bricklayer (Stroup) Bricklayer (Steferak) Area Monitor In Pit Helper (Scury) Helper (Arabrust) No. 5 Open Hearth Charging Floor No. 5 Open Hearth Charging Floor No. 5 Open Hearth Charging Floor No. 5 Open Hearth Charging Floor J. Petrlako (1st Helper) W. Coats , (1st Helper) M. McKee (Process Observer) M. Escajeda (Process Observer) -5- Date of Study 1/9/81 II t II 1 6/5/81 7/18/81 Date of Report Location Peraon/Area Sampled 1/26/81 and 3/2/81 Open Hearth #5/ Charging Floor, #74 Furnace n Open Hearth #5, Charging Floor, ~ #74 Furnace n Open Hearth #5, Charging Floor m Open Hearth #5, Charging Floor, #74 Furnace 99 Open Hearth #5, Charging Floor, #74 Furnace Near Door Jams During Furnace Teardowna Inside Gradall Cab Painter Near Furnace Panel Board Near Door Jam During Front Loader Cleanup 6/11/81 and 6/26/81 Metallurgical Lab * Test Preparers (2) Physical Testers (2) 8/5/81 #275 Crane Cab at 100M Mill A-Yard South Side Crane Cab North Side Crane Cab /Jd HtUru.Ux -6- United f Qrrpamt&n fi; Mr* F> R Smith, Jr* General Supt. Homestead Works totsrsrgsnixitisfl Cerraipealtnci mm July IB, 1973 e* jc. m. Morse, Director Xnvironmental Health Mkcu Asbestos Dust Survey Open Hearth At the request of Killian Coates, Ceramics engineer, an environmental health survey vas conducted at Homestead Works on June 25, 1973. The survey was conducted by Mr. J. T. Quealy Environmental Health engineer. Its purpose vas to determine whether worker exposures to atmospheric concentrations of asbestos dust during the rebuilding of open hearth furnaces exceed the OSHA (Occupational Safety end Health Act of 1970) standards. The bricks used in -rebuilding the furnaces ere lined with esbestos, which eets es en expansion strip to allow for proper expansion of the bricks when they ere heated. Standard The present OSHA standard for exposure to esbestos dust is 5.0 longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centi meter of air, based on an l-hour time-weighted average .expo sure. However, es of July 1, 1976, the limit is reduced to 2.0 fibers per cubie centimeter. Although the asbestos standard is based on en 6-hour time-weighted average, the dust concentration eannot exceed a ceiling limit of 10 fibers per cubie centimeters for any period of time. Conclusions Asbestos dust concentrations for the 4 workers who were sampled during this survey ranged from 0.03 to 0.07 fibers/cc. This is well below the present standard of 5.0 fibers/ee and also well within the permanent standard of 2.0 fibers/ee whieh goes into effect on July 1, 1976. The esbestos dust concen trations found during this survey do not produce any signifi cant health hasards to workers involved in rebuilding open hearth furnaces. Recommendations Since worker exposures to asbestos dust during the re building of open hearth furnaces do not exceed Federal standards USX0000180  - 9 ( -2- recommendations to control dust exposures ere not deemed necessary. However, asbestos dust exposures eould be signi ficantly greater during the tearing down of the furnaces, environmental Health should be contacted when the next furnace is to be torn down eo that the asbestos dust situation may be assessed at that time. Results of the Survey Thirty short-term (15 to 86 minutes) breathing tone samples were collected during the survey. Samplers were worn by 4 workers (2 bricklayers, 2 helpers), thus giving each worker's integrated exposure for the period of sampling. A total of 6 samples were eolleeted on the bricklayer lining bricks on the west side of the roof of Ho. 74 open hearth furnace. Asbestos dust concentrations for these 6 samples ranged from 0.0 to 0.07 fibers/ec with a time-weighted average exposure for the period of sampling of 0.04 fibers/cc. A total of f samples were eolleeted on one of the above bricklayer's helpers with asbestos dust concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 0.23 fibers/ce. The time-weighted average expo sure for these I samples was 0.07 fibers/ee. Sight samples were also collected in the breathing sone of the bricklayer on the east side of Ho. 74 furnace. Asbestos dust concen trations ranged from 0.0 to 0.05 fibers/ee with a time-weighted average concentration of 0.04 fibers/ec. Eight samples col lected on one of the bricklayer's helpers on the east side of the furnace ranged from 0.0 to 0.20 with a time-weighted average concentration of 0.03 fibers/cc. The results of the survey show that workers are not exposed to esbestos dust concentrations exceeding Federal standards during the rebuilding of i pen hearth f sees and, therefore, are not subjected to any significant th hazards resulting from exposure to asbestos dust. JFQ/mdd Attachment cc: P. A. Morrowr A. S. Patterson USX0000181 I Occupation ASBESTOS DUST SURVEY OPEN HEARTH DIVISION Homestead Works June 25* 1973 Humber of Samples Total Time (Minutes) Bricklayer-West Side Bricklayer's Helper - West Side Bricklayer - East Side Bricklayer's Helper - East Side 6 8 8 8 227 306 291 295 Federal Standard - Asbestos Dusts As of July 7* 1972s 5.0 fibers/cc As of July 1, 1976s 2.0 flbcrs/ce Time-Weighted Average Cone (Fibers/cc) 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.03 USX0000182 TthHed tk Shnneth N. Mors*/ Director Hhvironmental Health Me October 22, 1973 4Me It. H. Delbert Mjee Asbestos Survey Carrie Furnaces This memo covers en asbestos survey conducted by StoGill University personnel at Ho. 3 and 4 Blast Furnaces en September 4 and 5 and October 3 and 4, 1973. The pur- ' pose of this survey was to determine the asbestos exposure ef the blast furnace workers while wearing asbestos protec tive clothing during easting. The MeGill University personnel were conducting this survey under contract with Heybestos-Kanhattan Corporation and with cooperation from Headquarters Environmental Health and Homestead Works management. The MeGill University-personnel sampled using openfaee membrane filters and MSA Monitaire pumps at a sampling rate of 2.0 1pm. The samplers were attached to the workers immediately before the east and removed shortly thereafter. She workers were instructed to keep the filter outside their coat, but under their hood. On tfie last day, 8 new sets of asbestos clothing, of the same type currently being used, were distributed and the sampling concentrated on the workers wearing this new clothing. During each cast, one worker also wore a US5 sampler. Approximately 50 samples were collected by McGill University daring the survey, and 9 concurrent samples were collected by USS. The results of the USS samples are given in detail in Table Wo. 1 included. Sample results are limited end may not be highly accurate as discussed below. However, they indicate the time-weighted asbestos exposure ef the keeper, 1st helper, lad helper and 3rd helper to be 0.9, 0.4, 1.5 and 0.2 fibers per cubic centimeter aespectively. The concentrations during individual easts ranged from 0.4 fibers per cc at a 3rd helper to 4.0 fibers per cc at a 2nd helper. The writer was told that the results of McGill University's samples on September 5 ranged from 0.8 to 6.0 fibers per cc. Their results from the last two survey days are not yet known. , From the above, it would appear that asbestos exposure due to wearing asbestos protective elothlng are within both ^<5X0000773 JUN 25 *31 10:33 F*vfi uS.v . 003 * 2- the present end coming 1976 standard, on both the timeweighted everage end ceiling basis. However, the siagnitude of the exposures is such that periodic monitoring may be required under the provisions of the OSHA esbestoa atanderd. Heedless to say, such e monitoring program would be large in scope end would Involve many areas in our steelmaking operations. Several problems vhieh effected or could effect the accuracy of the DSS (and McGill} sample results should be noted. First of ell, 5 out of 9 DSS samples showed filter damage in the form of smudges end/or fingerprints on the filter surface. Extraneous dust loadings on the filters were generally heavy, end in 5 of 9 instances, were felt to interfere with the asbestos fiber counting. One sample was so heavily loaded that fiber counting was impossible. Another potential source of error may oeeur when the worker puts on his asbestos hood. Should the asbestos cloth serape against the filter holder, a localized *cloud" of asbestos dust could be deposited on the filter and thus lead to high results. The 9 new suits of asbestos clothing, provided free of charge by Baybestos-Manhattan, were left with the workers who were told to wear them *in a normal manner. Dr. Magenhiemer, Paybestos-Manhattan, stated that he would like to resurvey these workers after the suits had been worn for a few months. Be also expressed a desire to do another survey using suits made with a different type of asbestos doth. The McGill University people appeared to be confused over these plans. Zt can be assumed that we will be contacted if more sampling is desired. to summarise, the results of limited sampling at workers wearing asbestos protective clothing indicate an asbestos exposure within both the current and 1976 OSSA standard. Bovever, the exposure levels are by no means insignificant and may laad to an extensive periodic monitoring program including all workers wearing such clothing. Several problems were noted vhieh could have effected the accuracy of the above results, either on the high or low side. These results may indicate the need for Independent work on our part; however, before deeldlne on a course of action, the MeGill University results should be obtained and evaluated. PHD/mdd Attachment P. B. Delbert Asbeatos Dust Samples C a rrie Purnacea - September 5 and O ctober 3 4, 1973l About 3 caata are made p e r tu rn Ir *. * * ocje* ka -444 9oe H 44 *S eve o kbXb FX jej --4 I M4IUtM* *REeDakeIHCXanL -co4 --44 44 U3atm u*0a4 xi3eeit XtfCoLi--tEt< S co *Oat L4aucau4 S<oowas ^a Co-<< <U i ose lv AS a xa X XJO xm 2 x n me n m ia in id m akt* u~ wa 5 awa X4xa4 IX X A44 at ab ba 4a4 4a4 55 4eaa4 4vea4 --JaaaO4 --Xaas4 bb It aa bb 11 \ ). 0 e aa *a> 4a4 aa aCL 8 o & S & ba CL -a4 b L X8a9 nbe a 4o4 USX0000775 r CP CIH*1 n unw4 a r "!i e . e? unr I I. i: <; I! I! -1 DEC < '95 JS1S6 FROM CO / llnitxd & States V&Stad , Ojrpcmtwn t*c Mr. Dean Wilson General Superintendent Homestead Works TO 922242U6 PftQE.BBS'C17 . C. Janes* Manager Environmental Baalth W* asbestos Survey Force Oboe As requested* an Environmental Health survey was conducted on March 29* 197C at the Porqe shop of the Booestead Worts by T. M. Civic* Environmental Health Engineer. The purpose of the survey was to determine if the aluminized asbestos apparel worn by the scarfers during scarfing operations constituted an asbestos exposure. The present osba standard for* exposure to asbestos dust is 5.0 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter o? air, based on an 8-hr. time-weighted average exposure, on July 1, 1916, the S-hr. time-weighted average limit vill De reduced to 2.0 fibers/cm of air. OSHA has recently proposed to further reduce the daily 8-hr. average exposure limit to 0.5 fibcrs/cm3 of air. The time-weighted average esB&SUres. of the scarfers monitored durlog scarfing operations were found to be well below the present federal standards, as well as the prepoee<r"0SHA * limit ot~b.D xlbers/car 01 afr*. Airborne asbestos concentrations ranged from 0.04 fibert/cm3 0f *jr to 0.19 fibert/cm3 of air, while time-weighted average exposures of 0.04 fibera/cm3 of air and 0.04 flbers/ea3 of air were obtained for the two scarfers monitored. These teet result* indicate the aluminized asbestos clothing worn by the scarfers releases asbestos; consequently, the scarfers are exposed to asbestos filters and should be included in the annual medical monitoring program outlined in Federal Register, Vol. If, Wo. 125, June 27, 1974, Section 1910.93. The asbestos fibers probebly became airborne when the coat is put on or removed, a sampIs taken after all operations bad ceased indicated there was no exposure to asbestos after opera tions had ceaeed and the ooet wee no longer handled. TMC/mdd Attachment iXH'QglliS . W C.?anes USX0002266 TEC 4 '35 15:53 FROM TO 92224333 r- bs>aOkcBk sss "i ** mi mi mi 5552 0 mi O i DP 0OBi 5rr o+ o**o OOO * 2S2 aC 2 2 2 Is a *c* 2 2 2 TWBLE a > u m x rs o # 0 o mi u 0 eo *1 X m 2 J* N 2 2 M4 -N4 M ^9cn<3^8c-"i HCc9* -hoC*>9e eeigei*pe*11i *O2H*o 1M 1M1M --e< mci umi mi SM ^ a Os'eO'eO' hh 0** 0mi uuuco {mf 3f5oi * 0U0 b00 0u0 m * !* 6* o> tnvi eefih mi mi mi fO hhkiVI VI VI U mmm _ ee> oci oe H * H vi vi Vi U fa b uv Ao JQ ssss 23# SS ocx.'sig ---------x C O *u*o-i -ax 2* e oe r% *-4 9* tn oe HO HO O flC4 O > m m CM wk c VI VI u 0u 2 aV --< m a O' 0O' 0 S <2 *3 TJ 9 *1 JS tr> a 5 8 % k 900 a --i n IU- tP* Ht * iI sE H H PAGE.eeS'31? USXC-00227 V. . STEEL CORP. JUS i 1 '9`6 (starsrfaaizstitn 6*nM#{i4 wm.ikundwt ur~nto ** June , 1976 m W. C. Janas* Manager Environmental Health Asbestos Survey Open Hearth Division At the request of A1 Patterson, Supervisor of Safety, an Environmental Bealth survey was conducted in the Open Hearth Division on May 11, 1976. The purpose of the survey was to evaluate employee exposures to atmospheric concentrations of asbestos dust during the relining of Ho. 73 open hearth furnace. The Nucon 60 Refractory Brick (Barbison-Walker Refractories) used to rebuild the furnace roof is lined with an asbestos sheet . which acts as an expansion strip. Criteria The present OSHA standard for exposure to asbestos dust is 5 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter (cc) of air, based on an i-hr. time-weighted average (TWA) exposure. The standard also states that employee exposures shall not exceed 10 fibers/cc for any period during the workday. On July 1, 1976, the time-weighted average limit will be reduced to 2 fibers/cc. OSHA has recently proposed to further reduce the 8-hr. average exposure to 0.5 fibers/cc with a ceiling limit of 5 fibers/cc, as determined over any period of up to 15 minutes. Conclusions The time-weighted average exposure of each monitored employee was found to be well below the present OSHA standard, as well as the proposed limit of 0.5 fibers/cc. The peak expos ures of each employee, measured over periods up to 15 minutes, were also well within the proposed OSHA eeiling limit of 5 fibers/cc. Recocsnendations In compliance with the OSHA Asbestos Standard published in the Federal Register, June 27, 1974, Section 1910.93a(j), page ,23545, annual comprehensive medical examinations should be pro vided to bricklayers and their helpers involved in rellning open hearth furnace roofs. USX0000199 5 Asbestos Exposures No. 73 furnace R eline fa tWm>reH V_ t>-a w *12 r*8m 'a e SH XsI Hh m jt I W *We *o M * b I2 u "VoV 2. leneoee eeoeee o00n-t40m0ir0o oodoooo i f" e ien ooooe o -r* -x * entmneeiA Zi "2 BBinneMn e> r> r<. id r* e * eo o o e m in cd in mi i i i i I Kl i 2 w l Ml I I I I I o ? fei *> a i w l Ml* V X w c >, XI till u w B C s<1 w BBB Ae) x i w e . c at BBS u i u *> BJ V X I w MI B B S B V X w V X e jc * B B B B B u M W a USX0000201 / '/' / C7 O States W Steel , Zbipenzttan k Mr. Dean Wilson General Superint Bomestead Works aaarr. *a*r. to ana MB. SMS. MBM. M*t. V *00. MUM. t lI 1 W. S. STEEL CORP. totsrwfasizstiM CarraspsilUeM 6 ^5 OttUl SUPOtlXTIXOOIT. sttsitto eons July 2, 1976 T. M. Civic Asbestos Survey 160"* 100", 48" and 45" Mills and Wheel and Axle Plant This survey, part of an overall plant survey, reports the results of the asbestos exposure tests conducted by T. M. Civic, Environmental Bealth Engineer, on June 8 and 9, 1976 at the 160", 100", 48" and 45" Mills of the Bomestead Works and the Wheel and Axle Plant. The occupations monitored were selected on the basis of the responses obtained from the various divisions pursuant to your letter of February 13, 1976. Criteria OSBA limits an asployee exposure to asbestos dust to 5 fibers, longer than 5 Aerometers per cubic centimeter of air based on an 8-hr. time-weighted average exposure. On July 1, 1976 the 8-hr. time-weighted average exposure limit will be reduced to 2 fibers/cc of air. OSSA has recently proposed to further reduce the daily 8-hr. exposure limit to 0.'5 fibers/cc of air. Conclusions Boaestead Works The results of samples, as shown in Table 1, indicate asbestos fibers are released from the asbestos gloves, mittens and clothing worn by the 160" Mill Stamper, 100" Mill Cinderaan and 45" Mill iearfer. Time-weighted average exposures to asbestos fiber were 0.05 fibers/ee, 0.14 fibers/cc and 0.08 fib- ers/ce for the Stamper, Cinderaan and Searfer, respectively. Air samples collected in the 48" Mill on the employee handling and tearing asbestos sheets during the loading of hot plates into railroad cars indicated a time-weighted average exposure to asbestos fiber of 0.01 fibers/cc. Wheel 6 Axle ~V ar.AW.z7' The results of the samples, as shown in Ta bl*e '2, indicate - . the laborer cleaning below an axle beat treat furnace had a time-weighted average exposure to asbestos fiber of 0.36 fibers/eo of air. Air samples collected while a Millwright cut a gasket USX0000204 V -2- material containing asbestos indicated the employee vat not exposed to airborne asbestos fibers. Although asbestos exposures of all occupations monitored were well below the permissible limits# all exposed personnel exposed to asbestos fibers should be included in a medical monitoring program# as outlined in the Federal Register# Vol. 39, Mo. 125, June 27, 1974# Section 1910.93. Results of the Survey Homestead At the 150" Mill, air samples collected on the Hot Shear Stamper# whose only exposure to asbestos was from the wearing of asbestos gloves# indicated a time-weighted average exposure to asbestos of 0.05 fibers/cc. These gloves are similar to those worn by the 100" Mill Markers and Stampers# and the air samples collected on April 8 on these eaployees indicated similar asbestos exposures. At the 100" Mill# air samples collected on the Cinderman# one of the furnace personnel who wear asbestos mittens# indicated a time-weighted average exposure of 0.14 fibers/cc of air. Based on the results of this survey and the* results of the previous survey, it is evident the asbestos gloves and mittens worn are responsible for the asbestos exposures observed and efforts should be directed toward replacement with non-asbestos materials. Discussions with operating personnel seem to indicate a brushed leather double insulated glove may be a suitable replacement. Ontil such times that a substitute glove contain ing no asbestos is issued# employees should be included in a medical monitoring program. Similarly, air samples collected.on a Scarfer, working in the 45" Kill# whose only exposure to asbestos was from the wearing of asbestos clothes, indicated a time-weighted average asbestos exposure of 0.0f fibers/cc of air. All Scarfera required to wear similar asbestos clothing should be included In a medical monitoring program until a substitute material can be found. At the 48" Kill, Shipping and Filing Area, samples col lected during the handling and tearing of the asbestos sheets during the loading of hot plates into railroad ears indicated the employee involved in the above operation was exposed to airborne asbestos fibers. Although his time-weighted average exposure was 0.01 fibers/cc of air# it is required he be included' in a medical monitoring program. Zt is recommended that Kaowool# an alternate material, be substituted for the asbestos at this operation to eliminate the need for medical monitoring. USX0000205 * xC-:. ^ ?i- This report concludes the exposure evaluations of the employees"involved in the different applications of asbestos-containing materials in the 45, 48, 100 end 160" Mill except for the ase of asbestos sheets used by the burner to cover hot plates during flsme cutting to protect his feet. Mo air samples were collected because the flame cutting operation la not a routine procedure and was not operating at the time of the surveyi however, if no effort is made to find a substitute for the asbestos, arrangements should be made to have air samples collected to evaluate the burner's exposure to asbestos. Mheel S Axle At the Wheel 6 Axle Plant, asbestos usage was limited to asbestos tape and rope, asbestos pipe insulation, asbestos gloves, asbestos eurtaims on the wheel heat treat furnaces, asbestos gasket materials, and asbestos insulating brick. Efforts are being made to replace (1) asbestos gloves with gloves not con taining asbestos; (2) asbestos pipe insulation with fiberglass insulation; (3) asbestos curtains with "Aaowool"; (4) asbestos rope and tape with ceramic fiber or linen with substitutes. ,, Zf these materials are not replaced with materials that do not contain asbestos, arrangements should be made to evaluate employee asbestos exposures. Asbestos exposure tests conducted on a Millwright cutting gasket material (Johns-Manville Style 1600 and Garlock BHD) indicated no exposure to asbestos fibers. The gasket materials were completely encapsulated with a plastic-type coating, thus preventing the fibers from becoming airborne. Air tests conducted on a laborer cleaning out under an axle heat treating furnace indicated an asbestos exposure of 0.36 fibers/cc of air. This exposure to asbestos originates from the asbestos contained in the insulating brick. Most manufacturers of insulating and fire brick have removed the asbestos from their products. We suggest purchasing asbestos-free brick for relining of furnaces. Ontil the brick ean be replaced with brick not containing asbestos, all employees engaged in tear-down operations should be included, in a medical monitoring program. TMC/mdd Attachments USX0000206  ** . V- 3 <5S Homestead Works * 14 %s S&8 SS 1&"J"8 ills* & S8 8^ oH w e e ON ee e JS 20f sW-a4* i_ B *B " se01 1 *iH 8o So JSS U 99 93 *2 U mU * 5 JS u acc 2a 4oeJ. 2* * 5 * J5c o4 4OJ Mb U<0M *694. e u 9 oe 1m 4 1 a iU i 4 h -&4 a *2 .e -4 C O *(0t ^ ao 0. .DSX0000207 / United O krtarariaalxstiM Csrrsspondma Tr K. M. Horse, Director Environmental Health S*|act Asbestos Open Hearth Homestead Works On May 21, 1973, I talked with Bill Coates, Ceramic Engineer at Homestead Works, pertaining to the asbestos com position of the spacers, rings, etc. used for hot tops. Be advised me that the manufacturers (Ferro, Fesceco, etc.) stated the products contain between 5-10% asbestos. 1 told Mr. Coates of our previous surveys at similar operations, and found out that they conduct the operation similar to that at Fairless Works; that is vacuuming molds, knocking the material to the tracks and cleaning up, etc. Upon this basis, I told Mr. Coates that the moldmen's exposures would probably be similar to those at Fairless Works, that is excessive, and there probably would be no need to take samples; and they should change to the asbestos-free products now available. Be told me of the reluctance of the operating personnel to switch to the asbestos-free products because of the higher costs. Z told Mr. Coates of the stringent control measures governing the use of asbestos products, and to have the operating personnel review the control measures as outlined in the Occupational Safety and Health Act. The other operation that Mr. Coates /wanted surveyed was the furnace rebuilds because of the 90-1001 asbestos in the spacer boards used in the roof. Z told Mr. Coates that we would probably want to collect samples during this opera tion since, to my knowledge, it has not been evaluated. The next furnace rebuild is scheduled for June 2 and usually takes 2-3 days. Mr. Coates is expecting to hear from us prior to this date. JBM/mdd Attachment cc: W. C. Janes r USX0000183 > * <P Tk Mr. Frank S. Pokrywka Environmental Health Engineer Homestead Work* United States Steel Cbr^omtiart ielararfaalzatiM C*rrMpontfnc November 5, 1981 J. F. Quealy Senior Environmental Health Engineer Mjt Analysis of Insulation Material As requested. Environmental Health as analysed a bulk sample of insulation material, currently in use at Carrie Furnaces, for determination of possible asbestos content. ^Visual examination of the material showed it to have a soft, white, fluffy appearance with an obvious fibrous component. Several fibers were removed from the sample and examined under polarized light microscopy at 400 magnification. Numerous fibrous bundles consisting of individual fibrils were clearly observed. Zn addition, the fibers were determined to be anisotropic, i.e., they exhibited more than one index of refraction when viewed under crossed polars. All forms of asbestos exhibit this birefringent property. Finally, the sample was analyzed by the dispersion staining technique, in which the fibers are mounted in a liquid of known refractive index and examined under 100 magnification using a specially designed microscope objective. Using this method to positively identify the fibers, the sample was founfl +> _an extremely high percentage of amosite asbestos land a lesser, but still significant, amount ot chrysoti-le-asbesto.s. Zn summary, our tests showed that asbestos is definitely a major component of this insulation material. JFQ/jmr a USX0000769  4 United tartarerfsaiotiaa Cerratp to General Superintendents Plant Managers and Attendees at OSKA Regional Meetings ** -July 3 , 1972 fiwK E--Kennv-nireotnhmKe.ntHa*lorH--see,a' lDthirector Proposed Permanent Asbestos Standard OSHA published its permanent (final) Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust, in the Federal Register of June *7, 1972. A copy of this standard is enclosed fo.your informa tion. We suggest your thorough review of this standard due to the highly restrictive requirements that are established. It is further suggested that you inventory your uses of asbestos compounds as to location, jobs and quantity used per month or year in order to establish a priority list of jobs and areas for monitoring. We are indieating below the pertinent aspects of this standard. 1. Permissible Maximum Dust Exposure a. As of July 7, 1972, the 8-hour time-weighted average exposure is limited to 5 fibers per milliliter of air for dust not exceeding 5 micrometers in length. However, as of July 1, 1976, the limit is reduced to 2 fibers per milliliter. b. While a time-weighted average is determined over an l-hour work period, the dust concentrauon to which a worker is exposed cannot exceed 10 fibers per milliliter for anv period ot time (ceiling value) c. This standard applies to the use of any type of asbestos. 2. Methods of Compliance Feasible technological controls and appropriate work practices must be the primary means of controls. Rotation of employees is allowed only in stated exceptional circumstances. The use of respirators and shift rotation of employees will be limited. The methods for controls consist of, but are not limited to, the following: ttSX0000849 .* -3- . (3) In emergencies . (4) Where both respirators end personnel rotation ere allowed, the letter shell be preferred. b. The types of air-purifying respirators allowed are baaed upon the dust concen tration to which an employee is exposed end must be of the types approved by the 0. S. Bureau of Mines (USBM)a~and the . National Institute of -Occupational Safety end Bealth (NXOSH). (1) When the employee may be expected to receive an exposure no more than 10 times the exposure limits, a reusable or single use air purifying respirator of the aon-powered or supplied air type may be- used. (This is the commonly used mechanical filter type.) (2) When the exposure is expected to be be tween 10 to 100 times the exposure limits, a full face piece, oral-nasal, or continuous flow or pressure-demand types of supplied-air respirators must be used. (3) When the exposure is expected to be in excess of 100 times the exposure limits, only the supplied-air respirators of the continuous flow or pressure-demand class can be used. These are now classed by USBM and N10SH as Type "C". (4) A respirator program must be established by the employer in compliance with the American National Standards Practices For Respiratory Protection (ANSI 288.21989). Zf an employee cannot function normally when wearing a respirator, as determined by a physician from the employee's most recent examination, he must be rotated to another job or provided the opportunity for a job transfer. The job to which he USX0000851 b. Monitoring Acquirements (1) Initial Survey: Within six month* a survey must be conducted to de termine the exposure of every em ployee to asbestos dust. If the exposure limits are exceeded, a control program, as herein indicated must be immediately initiated. (2) Periodic Surveyt At least every six months for all employees who may be reasonably expeeted to have exposures exceeding the exposure limits. * (3) Personal and Area Samples: Both personal and area air. samples are reouired. Mo significant reason for both appears justified. Exposures of workers are best determined by having workers wear battery-operated sampling devices (per sonal samplers) which provide a timeweighted concentration to which the wearer is exposed. If this sampling is done, area sampling would be superflu ous. c. Employee Observation of Monitoring Affected employees, or. their representa tives, must be given a reasonable oppor tunity to observe monitoring and shall have access to the records thereof. Caution Signs and Labels a. Posting of Asbestos Areas Caution signs of prescribed specifica tions must be posted at all approaches to areas containing excessive concen trations of dust and at each location where dust may be excessive. b. Labels Caution labels are required on all asbestos containing materials or on their containers exeept when a bonding agent is used to pre vent in any foreseeable use, airborne dust in excess of the exposure limits.- Speci fications for such labels are prescribed. USX0085\ 7 (2) On or before January 31, 1973, * and at least annually thereafter,' every exposed employee shall be provided, or have available to him, a comprehensive medical examination, (3) A comprehensive medieal examina tion shall be provided, of made available to every exposed employee within 30 days before, or after termination of employment. - am (4) Mo medical examination is required if records show such an examination within the past 1-year period. e. Records (1) Employers' shall maintain complete and accurate medieal records for at least 20 years. Sueh records shall be made available, for inspection, and copying, to OSHA, NZOSK, author* ised physicians and medical con sultants of OSBA and NOISK, and to the personal physician of employees or former employees 'if requested by such employees. (2) The employer shall be furnished all the medical information of the re quired medical examination by the physician who conducts same. USX0000855 i Umted 00 Gprpamtxcm k General Superintendents, Plant Managers end Attendees at OSHA Regional Meetings MmcfialntiM UrmpuER Mr Jqm 26, 1172 w Kenneth M. Morse, Director Environmental Kealth aim Proposed Permanent Asbestos Standard 05EA published its permanent (final) Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust, in the Federal Register of June 7, 1972. A copy of this standard is enclosed for your informstion. He suggest your thorough review of this standard due to the highly restrictive requirements that are established. It is further suggested that you inventory your uses of asbestos compounds as to location, jobs and quantity used per month or year in order to establish a priority list of jobs and areas for monitoring. He are indieating below the pertinent aspects of this standard. 1. Permissible Maximum Dust Exposure a. As of July 7, 1972. the l-hour time-weighted average exposure as limited to 5 fibers per milliliter of air for dust not exceeding 5 micrometers in length. However, as of July 1. 1976f the limit is reduced to 7 fiber? milliliter. b. tfhile a time-weighted average is determined over an l-hour work period, the dust concen tration to which a worker is exposed cannot exceed 10 fibers per milliliter for any period of time (ceiling value). c. This standard applies to the use of any type of asbestos. 2. Methods of Coetpilance Feasible technological controls and appropriate work practices must be the primary means of controls. Rotation of employees is allowed only in stated exceptional circumstances. The use of respirators and shift rotation of employees will be The methods for controls consist of, but are not limited to, the following: U. DSX0000339 (3) Xn emergencies (4) Where both respirators end personnel rotation ere allowed# the letter shell be preferred. The types of air-purifying respirators allowed ere based upon the dust concen tration to which an employee is exposed and arast be of the types approved by the U. 5. Bureau of Mines (USBM) end the national Institute* of Occupational Safety and Health (HIOSH). (1) When the eaployee may be expected to receive an exposure no aore than 10 tines the exposure limits# a reusable or single use air purifying respirator of the non-powered or supplied air type nay be used. (This is the eoamonly used nechanical filter type.) (2) When the exposure is expected to be be tween 10 to 100 tines the exposure limits, a full face piece# oral-nasal, or continuous flow or pressure-demand types of supplied-air respirators must be used. (3) When the exposure is expected to be in excess of 100 tines the exposure limits, only the supplied-air respirators of the continuous flow or pressure-demand class can be used. These are now classed by SIM and N10SH as Type *C". (4) A respirator program must be established by the employer in compliance with the American national Standards Practices For Mspiratory Protection (ANSI ZB6.21*0). Xf an employee cannot function normally when wearing a respirator# as determined by a physician from the employee's most recent examination, he must be rotated to another job or provided the opportunity for a job transfer. The job to which he a?<-' - 4 USX0000341 b. Monitoring Bequirements (1) Initial Surveyt Within six aonths a survey Bust be conducted to de termine tha exposure of every em ployee to asbestos dust. If the exposure limits are exceeded, a control program, as herein indicated aiust be Immediately initiated. (2) Periodic Surveyt At least every six months for all employees who stay be reasonably expected to have exposures exceeding the exposure limits. (3) Personal `and Ares Samples: Both personal and area air samples are required. Ho significant reason for both appears justified. Exposures of workers are best determined by having workers wear battery-operated sampling devices (per sonal samplers) which provide a timeweighted concentration to which the wearer is exposed. If this sampling is dene, area sampling would be superflu ous. c. Employee Observation of Monitoring Affected employees, or their representa tives, must be given a reasonable oppor tunity to observe monitoring and shall have access to the records thereof. Caution Signs and Labels a. Posting of Asbestos Areas Caution signs of prescribed specifica tions must be posted at all approaches to areas containing excessive concen trations of dust and at each location where dust may be excessive. b. labels Caution labels are required on all asbestos containing materials or on their containers except when a bonding agent is used to pre vent in any foreseeable use, airborne dust in excess of the exposure limits. Speci fications for such labels are prescribed. U'V-' USX0000343 -7 (2) Ob or before January 31, 1*73, and at least annually thereafter, ' every exposed employee shall be provided, or have available to him, a ecoprebeasive medical examination. (3) A ceapreheasive medical examina tion shall be provided, or made, available to every exposed employee within 30 days before, or after termination of employment. . (4) Mo medieel examination is required if records show sueh an examination within the past 1-year period. C. Mecords (1) fieployers shall maintain complete and accurate medieal records for at * least 20 years. Sueh records shall * be made available, for inspection, and copying, to OSHA, KI05B, author ised! physicians and medical con sultants of OSHA and N02SH, and to the personal physician of employees or former employees if requested by such employees. (2) The employer shall be furnished all the medical Information of the re quired medical examination by the physician who conducts same. DSX0000345 Interferences* The presence of other fibrous material which %ill be counted* es asbestos. Sampling Procedures 1. Asscoble the f liter, support pad, and cassette and close * finely to Insure a*good seal between the cassette edge and filter. Seal the cassette with a tape or shrinkable band. 2. Remove the cassette outlet plug, and attach to the pump with a stainless steel luer. 2. For personnel aonltorlng, clip the pump to the worker** belt and the cassette to the worker** lapel and remove the cassette top (creating an open*faee cassette). # 4. Set the pump flow rate at the calibrated rate by positioning the middle ot the rotameter ball to the calibration mark. The pump flow rate should be checked and readjusted as needed. 5. accord the sampling time. 6. After sampling, replace the cassette top and insert the plug into the cassette outlet. e ?. An appropriate number of blanks, properly labeled, should be sent with each batch of filters. Shipping Instructional The cassettes In which the samples are eolleeted should be shipped to the Environmental health Laboratory In a suitable container, designed to keep the cassettes upright. Many cassettes do not fit together properly, therefore, tape should be wrapped around eaeh cassette, covering both plugs, to keep all sections intact and the plugs in plaee. Analytical Methods Fiber count by phase contrast microscopy using 400 magnification following the clearing of the filter on a microscope slide. Comments! Sinee there is a ceiling level for asbestos exposure of 10 fibers (greater than 5 micrometers long with a 3tl aspeet ratio) per cubic centimeter, then lS*minute samples should be collected to determine if the celling level is exceeded. *' -t- USX0000439 the exposures can be monitored ever short* pack parioda or averaged ovar tha antira workshift. Tha OSHA Asbestos Standard'requires that pariodle monitoring be conducted* at intervals no graatar than, six nontha, on thosa employees whose aabaatoa axooauraa may reasonably ba foreseen to exceed permissible exposure limits*! However# any initial Determination of such elevated axpoauraa would ba an immediate causa for eoneern# and eorraettva action should ba promptly taken by U. S. Staal Management to implement control measures to raduea asbestos axpoauraa to tha lowast poasibla lavals. It is recommended that oonitoring of axposura . levels be conducted with sufficient frequency so that accurate exposure evaluation infonsation is available for each operation where asbestos is encountered* Asbestos Monitoring Procedures OSHA Permissible exposure Limit! 8-hr* time-weighted averages ceilings emergency temporary standard -hr. tine-weighted averages *fibers/cc 2 10 0*5 Fibers greater than S micrometers long with a 3s 1 aspect ratio. . Sampling Equipment! (sixed cellulose aster filter method) A calibrated personal saapling pump plus 0.8 micrometer pore size mixed cellulose aster filter with a cellulose back-up pad mounted in an open 3-piaee filter cassette (refer to Chapter VXll-Sampling for Particulatas-Environmental Health Monitoring Manual). , The sampling tube is connected to the pump by means of flexible tubing with a stainless steal luer. Sample Sixes*** Sample Volumes 2S*S liters Sample Mates 1*7 liters per minute e Sample Times IS minutes **The Emergency Standard was struck down by the courtst however# OSHA has proceeded with its development of a permanent Standard whieh we believe will be set at 0.S fibers/ec or lower* " See Comments* 5 USX0000438 ?U AM 2MTCSKXTED COMTMOL PR06KAM TO FBOTECT EMPLOYEES ACAZRST THE KAZAJtDOOS EPPECZS OP ASBESTOS EXPOSURE m Pour key elements are neeessary to Insure the success of a program designed to control the advert* health offsets of asbestos fibers in an's environment. These Ossie components includes - air Monitoring and analysis to deternin* the level of exposure to asbestos fibers} * aedieal surveillance to assure that no physiological changes are occurring as a result of the asbestos exposures; physical control of huaan exposure to asbestos fibers} 1.*.. to reduce the eontaet between the worker and the fibers} - an educational program to inforn employees of the potential hazards of asbestos and to train them in the proper implementation of procedures designed to minimise exposures} posting of warning signs in locations where airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are anticipated to exeeed the reduced exposure limit of O.S fibers/cc. A. Industrial Bygien* Monitoring The first determination that must be made i^ whether or not there is an actual exposure to asbestos/ It is meaningless and often costly to arrive at a solution where no problem exists. There are numerous fibrous insulation materials weed throughout the Corporation which may or may not contain asbestos. Where there is uncertainty* a bulk sample of the material is sent to the Environmental Health laboratory at the USS Technical, Center to ascertain the possible presence of asbestos. Using polarising light microscopy, verification is made by categorising and Identifying fibers and particles by their morphology and crystalline properties. Sn addition, the I* test, a vet chemical screening test speeifle for magnesium and Iron complexes, may also be conducted. Xn most cases* these tests will confirm the presence of asbestos or eliminate the possibility of it being a component of the bulk material. 2t there is any doubt, the sample will be analysed by electron microscope techniques to make a positive identification. When employees work with materials known to contain asbestos* their exposures are evaluated with personal monitoring equipment which can detect and measure the concentrations of asbestos fibers whieh may be released into the worker's breathing sons. With sueh equipment. -4- USX0000437 peculiar relationship tp asbestos fibers has received considerable attention* Mesothelioaas can oceur even after a Halted exposure to asbestos dust and aey affect people who were not directly involved in handling the material# such as relatives et asbestos workers who nay be exposed to dust carried hoae on work clothing* i 3 USX0000436 XX. THE HEALTH IAZAXD OP ASBESTOS Knowledge of diseases sssoeisted with the use of asbestos apparently dates baek 2,000 years. However* the association of asbestos with chronic respiratory disease had to be rediscovered in the aodern era. In very recent tiaes* asbestos exposure has been shown to have e causal relationship with a variety of disease entitles and pulmonary abnormalities including! A. Pleural effusion* Pleural Thickening* Calcification a Placgues Asbestos exposure should be considered whenever there is benign effusion in the pleural cavity. The effusion may be accompanied by pleural thickening. Pleural thicken- . ing, usually bilateral in distribution* may occur, how ever, without previous evidence of effusion. A pleural plaeque is a localised fibrous thickening of a parietal pleural surface. Hieroscopieally, plaeques consist pri marily of connective tissue, often containing deposits of caleium. They do not interfere with pulmonary function to any significant extent, nor do they ne cessarily indicate the presence of pulmonary fibrosis. An association between pleural abnormalities and exposure to asbestos has been demonstrated in several studies. B. Asbestosis e A diffuse, interstitial, non-malignant scarring of the lung. This is the most common disease produced by exposure to asbestos. It is a sometimes fatal condition that results from significant, but not necessarily heavy exposure. Lung infections, such as pneumonia or bronchitis, are extremely threatening to people with asbestosis. C. Hronchogenie Carcinoma (Asbe atos and Smoking) A malignancy of the interior of the lung. A high proportion of asbestos patients may develop lung cancer. The eancer risk is much higher for cigarette smokers suggesting some synergistic relationship between asbestos fibers and tobacco smoke. Xt has been estimated that asbestos workers who smoke have almost to timer greater risk of lung cancer than the non-smoking general public. O. Hesothellema A diffuse malignancy of the lining of the ehest cavity ot of the lining of the abdomen. This condition is extremely rare in the general public} however, the incidence of these cancers has been increasing and their ' * I.HmtODUCTIO# Asbestos is a generic ten used to describe a variety of naturally occurring, llbrous, hydrated Mineral silicates* There are tvo aain typest serpentine and aaphlbole. The serpentine variety is called chrysotile and aeeounts for siore than 01 of the asbestos used in the United States* Aaphlbole asbestos Includes the fibrous fons of the Minerals anosite, eroeidolite, tremolite, actlnolite and anthophylllte. Asbestos fibers are generally characterised by high tensile strength, flexibility, heat and chemical resistance, and favorable frietional properties. Certain grades ean be carded, spun and woven, while others can be laid and pressed to fora sheets or used for structural reinforcement of Materials, such as cement, plastic and asphalt* There are over 3,OUO known asbestos produets used in in* dustry, commerce and the home* Examples of these include building and pipe Insulation materials} products sueh as Millboard, roofing felt and beverage filters} rope and braid} asbestos-eement pipe and sheets} vinyl-asbestos floor tiles} automotive brake linings and clutch plates; paints, coatings and'sealants; gaskets and packings; and reinforced plastics. For all practical purposes, asbestos is a ubiquitous substance} i.e., almost everyone is exposed to it in some fora and to some degree, everyday. -1- 4 USX0000434 1 TABLE op comtekts X* .introduction..#...*-**.***************-*********** 1 * XX. The Nilth lattrd of Asbestos................................. 2 .XXI. An Xntsgrstsd Control Prograo to Protect Employees Against tbs Hazardous Effects of Asbestos Exposure.*.** 4 A. Industrial Hygiene Monitoring.. 4 B. Medical Surveillance....................... 7 C. Controlling Employee Exposures to Asbestos flbersr...........w...M.............. 8 1. Substitution................................... 8 2. Encapsulation......... .................. 8 3. Exhaust Ventilation...................... 9 4. Isolation and Restriction of Area................ 9 5. Work Practices........... ................................. 9 6. Housekeeping............... ........... .............. ................ 1 7. Personal Protection...... .................................... 1 a. Respirators........................ ...'..................... 1 b. ProtectiveClothing...................................... 1 8. Personal Hygiene............... ..................................... 1 9. Haste Disposal........... ............................................ 1 10. Reaoval of InsulationMaterials.......... 1 D. Education.......................... IS XV. Appendices * Appendix 1 - Guidelines for Medical Surveillance ot Asbestos Exposure................................. 17 Appendix 2 - Asbestos Substitute Materials (AXSI).......................................... Appendix 3 23 Part A. Literature Search'.............#.....r... 34 Part B. Plant Survey (1972)......... ..-36 Part C. AsbestosSubstitutes(DSS)... ...................48 USX0000433 IBS GUIDELINE 12 GUIDELINES FOR THfPROTECTION OF EMPLOTEES AGAINST THE HAZARDS OP ASBESTOS DUST EXPOSURE L INDUSTRIAL 8TCIENE SERVICES UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION February, 1985 USX0000432 z.z S'.iC?) Good p e rfo ro a n c e * L if e expectancy s im ila r to asbestos. M S * ht.rfBEH3 ASBESTOS Sl/OSTITVTtON BXPEAIEHCB *1 .i*9l 44 'l o e t am 9O Vc 9 --O 0 E2 1 19 e c 2g i ? --9 4 90 C*l 99 *9 9 9-- -- W 9 *1 9 44 Io 9 9* 9 14 5c 9 9 C9O *1 *s 9 rHCl 9 rg -- 9 **oC91l649*C4l099*eQi O '4 9 fOc trm 9. |4 o 44 Cl *94 9* o *4 Cl 9 94 0-9, *4 m m *C1l--9 *o4 944 94-- Cl w 099 -- e-- 9 9 94 *1-- 9 9 ---- *1 44 *1 9 44 9 9 e9 CO CO s S 1 9 e 9 --* sc 0 9-- l> 44 99 O --Cl e-- ba 0& C9 44 Iusa -'I ae ew. K > 4> K s? ?*1 b 9< 9 44 9 59 9.* 9 9 9u -- 44 9 5:s sh ISp:; e - C* 2.92 9 tzz -- C 9 <EU I --w < O. 9 H ----e 3 e it <z 9 O u u 19 9 e e 9 9 9 C u9 -- 9 Leather/W ool Foundry Glove iUj 9 e 9 9 44 -- m 4C4l --C 9 t> -- 9 4Ob4 --4O4 UU 25 USX0000456 M s* ..<mse*s ASBESTOS 6UDSTITUTION EXPERIENCE m r 8 55 45 .l b e co o b mw s& 41 e e ba ? *o w 0 1 i n n*5 ft o bft b e ob> i I 23S 2m* 44 fm m :f*ft*bC"B b-* Mi b ST8B. M Q 3 832 !* &Kft 0ft o ftbmo --$ 2b *a8 3.55 *8* e b~s 4O* ev x Si? 4*9 Muc bao eo 99 9ft --4fEt ft bE b k 4wafOt* --ef9ot 4e U V9 -M aft aw. r ft zoE en *f><t tOf>t --bXb ft --omft' 59 -- --M W b C O' C i--OfKcA- UmbftUft 4zf4o6t --fC&t>----<(5 c s < n 3e 8*"K o WS 4f1t Mft eIec ll| ft 5 Ift b b (Uft bafot * rib? ft b ft b rZ c9 ft* u N ft 55 --b> e0e9ft X b ! bwok> umo --eoU &o DSX0000457 .  0 % O ie me * e fEboa 0Uc 0 fma* fa fa 0 00 a-- fa 0 *fafa eo ,[fooa *0* -- ,0 0 fa (fa , 0 fetSr]**o * 0 V cc 00 f*a f0a r <M --0 ue 2"*fa 0 0 e-- fffo0aat-000f*a 0f0a f0a f0a 0 0 fa f0afaO'Q* BSJ 9fa* O (A 9* 0 fa . & BC -'c -0_0 ffaa fa f0a e fa If S*J fa 0 c V9 fa fa 0 fa 0 0 9 fa fa fa fa -* 0 fa fa fa 2 0 0 _ aa* ee0 0 0 0 9 0 fa fa 0 0 fa C 0fa fa-* 9 0 6 0 fa 0 fa & 6 fa 0 0 fa 9 0 faa 0 v 0 Ck*> 0 * -* * fate 0 9 0 0 fa 0 0 0-49600 fa <M 0--4 fa 0 V f0a mi 2 faf--f0*aa*4 0* 06 B0 fa fa 00 fa-4 fa 0 0* a. fa 0 It e .0 ml 0 fa 0 0 0 fa 6 fa 0 0 fa 0 * 0 ml o 0 0 00 0 f*a 0 fa f0a 99 0 0 fa fa e X2 S!fca o A0 0V V9 en > fa * 0 0 M O fa fa rs* i 9o fa O o * u ? 2 2K in &IS * w0 ml r fa o> fa e in BC S e to 0 e W > " X 0o (9*0 0 0 fa e 0 ? fa fa 0 fa O fa * u * 0. 9fa fa fa 9* t" fa ue e s 5nn* UB mi 0 fa fa Ufa** $8 0H fa B fa fa M S fa fa 0o 0 U ffaa fa fHa 0fa S "u- fa fa Vc> 0 * br fa fat U b V) fa 0 tt fa fa 9. fa 09 0U 5? 0 fa 12 fa 0 fc- 2 m s . . .B e n d A9BE5TD9 SUBSTITUTION EXPBltleMCK fa m ml C it 0 -- sSi ; u -27- USX0000458 ( fva 0K AI9* h^BEBS ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPEBtENCB 9 e x 9 --*1 --T9* e JSfa xe c* 0X fa <D o C f K0 f0a9 V 9 ffOaa c* *I* a* &fa a s fat * f0a Mf0a rNsI--. X 10 -- Xfa f0a u 0 1 &s tIo 0 --I fa ? 2 22 U fma fa o w O fa fax &: fa* fa f. foa 09 fa e o 0 0 0 -< fa w w 0 ml 0 <fa 0 fa fa c 0 0 fa 09 R0 V fa 9V. c l o fa l fa. fa fea o 0 <w m0l fa 0 09 ccc U 3 -- -- -- 19 B -- ---- s o< 1/32 n 36 I n . 1/16 m 36 In . S a tis fa c to ry . parConoance fi 19 c - ffaa--cJ e--f9a ! C --B ffaa U9 co -U fa 21 Jl USX0000459 c i tuo *o u 200 c0 Ws 0 <M tOo^* 0 i) *5 ** i^Ogy *V)B m8*) ^0 0 C0ft u0 e m* m* 1 c -o c m b o 9 it e *oCwtl foa f*Ua1 mC*mD* maa* m meVi B IwaKt9 w 55 m* m e a foa .1 K * 0 :? 9-* Jn0CClao-OwI9<fVecBCal m f0a ft Sc O0 fa fa ufa V, _ w9 ae#--c*i mmmOm* 3 *m1 CfaO V0 fgct ft i fea a & 3* 3 m0i fmmVa mm mCOi 0 o C 0 E D t w* * mcC0wil fa cmoi Cl e ..E ta0t 0 l 3W. A0t faow CmmOi fca (DC It55 V3 u &w 0o c 0 w 0 ft* ^ 9 6. w w b1 I LO 0> ^< O8 4a. c< it mi cn X -- fa -- *t 0 9> *m i 9 XI m t mi >-- CO o e c -- aw 9 c no* 9 _ 5 fa O---- -** e c fa -- fa WO 9 fa O W <i s tfoa faa f*a fa m au -* fafa ---- 9C3 m* ob C Owe 0 X US 1 it* e or fa V 0 fa X CO -- a' e ai B 5 w fa A* fa CO X oe ee mmm* KK * MN KK O D Cg ft 0f0t 0 U a N IS KK fa fa A mm K K m m t w fa A* fa o K o U o e w9 9-- -- fa fa 3K 1O0 9 H O mm D mm ** mk t wM KK IS SIS mm W 9-- fa 9 S 3C fa A 9 fa fa C 0 Cl 15 -- fa -- fa c 03 -- 9 1 Cl 3*9 W fa 9 C fafa c w coe3 31 at < a f m faC CO fla(fafa t 3B 93 f9a wOSO U f9a fUa fa far*Uw0 u0Cc9 3Aa9 -2 USX0000460. S a tis fa c to ry performance S a tis fa c to r y. perform ance (. E i E E --M bO *S .1 hV>9 o 9b O ,2 Sen *- So? |bxo> oM b --x b bme b -- b i 9e> o 1 --bce -- >94 *: 4f lit --b bee --e9*b NaU, E bO Ob b Ew 2:: I 9 b O & E II So 'E EU O |f Oib E U 2 e II bE 2 KB ME 2 c I b 2 K M A lS i MtuBEItS ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCE --u --*o S K-- E-- b lO b< U * -- -- Io E * E |N bEbI*I OP"" it S O h ve bE bB b - E I & S Dn 9>m 2I E-- XbOvI 13 o K 0 1o b t F ib e rg la ss VIA F iberglass Fores O e e n s -C o rn ln g F ib e rg la s s A*. B. l bO 9 UO --C a & eo S22 -30- E CO bo Xe>Ee --b Bb f9e B b K Hot Ftps C o v e rin g J! USX0000461 j A p p lie d w ith c a u lk in g qun. One-tlfc*e use o n ly. F tb e rfra x LOS M o ld a b le (Carborundum C orp.) 3 4 -1 1 o s . T ubes A tS i NEHBCMS ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTION EXPERIENCE c ! two Q fa? -- 0 -- X O -- X * X X. J w <g 2 -eC*>IA# I1-0eV z f4t0r*f 1 ue l o T%O 0.S0 u SE 5<u2x.2b x o Xt> 28 In 2%Xo X V 0 X c e i X o teo --* ** IV Ic) 9 xwm *0 0 X m to e a V & t 4* 0 u U to e 5 * x x & s e o-o UX xe x 4# c to S O W 0tJi 4< 4|J* W%) W to *J V 9 to f to 9 E M 5 to to 40 C 9 & SS *5 ^ c B MU f t B e fN 0 --z 1 ie bX xn - -- X X o x z 0 0 o- . e X s cx ee X -- z0 x ex 0. 9 I C e-- ym -- Z . --a e w M0 --v a. c Z9 -- -- 9 0X t?5 f -- ** XX -- 9U 0 H-- e > e ew N CD X --E 9 f tc e . .. o <mU v x e Xo -- XO cCm0 X . IU X xe X 0X #% 0 < * .x e ex e x w E-- z XI N X 0 X X X o s* U-- 0 x c0* X a K u N -- -- > E cz b1 o X 0X x0 *9 U-- O c >uO-N 9 V ---- a. x Jx o i 0* F i ; U x slx. f * x c u ao x x *oex b k9 O9X 0 2 So rtlCMV e0 x 9Ob XX Xeeaexb 2 --Jl >X x X9 X -- 5W ?2 HC e n o l t Meat p e ra Machined Holes O P rotection o f rufraintg TD -31- DSX0000462 M S ! MEMBERS ASBESTOS SUBSTITVTIOH EXPBRIEWCE eo V D eE T>> c eI a 6w. Jaac5 aIu* <B s9 X. AA a 4 -33- USX0000464 A??NDXX 3, tart A ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTES - OSS ArmATUXE SEAXCB -34 USX0000465  e e ov 9 --v C?6 M *>1 -fa*4ii 0 m mm * 1 U e : .88 -3 -SS* 0 m i be I, 2 M*c* O*e*w-?C*?kt<C_9*Kb* -> 4 m99>* 2*Q>-m--<9e*--wU<---9bN<--*9nw9~t9o--*c* H* 50 -- i; s* sI Vw ss * s e m E4'* -- |s:* 8f h 5e v^0. e 2TSE ** * m o * * 70 90 SSI 9 I J*5r1:" * SS| --- S o < i rsj m vU) IS ee te> Ism 9 9 Ias10 9 e> SS~ a . w SVm BC9 <0*m0> 9e<o 9>. 9 r* 09 M e * cP5 J if > tc < i j_ III *- --*r -- 9> D S10 U9 * 9m9> l z9 9o a I 5c N Ift T9C> S -- 99e (9 K e --e 55--o* -- o < i --o --oC* Uo ?6o eooOo* obMuo -- & -c< U9 Ve B -35- USX0000466  l l mi -c -- 22 2 2 2: o e oe 4* mUs ti* %* & t *S o IISer t tm 22 mmmi 21 sv S*-Su* to & fc> nmaatgenesium** Plasma sprayed S tainless Steel ith rco Body. w tl *U*KKcI1KBmo* --"c<?aeakku0e *> 36- I J USX0000467 > C c j 0c 1 o fa fea fa 0 fa BUM * % l 0 fa 1 ftoua fma B ASBhSTOS SUBStlTUTCd L ite ra tu re Search |i v ffaa a afa maao fava iifuBae OfUa Xfca CX k fa c 10 0 9 1< M CC fa, < fa u ffeaa .x eafa m fa s ne m ms an 37 USX0000468 APPENDIX 3, Part P ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTES USS PLANT SURVEY (1972) -31 USX0000469 933.00 ea Prom elt RayC oll w elding c u rta in s d u s t. A t th a t tim e , we ^ada a survey o f th e p ro d u cts In o u r p la n ts w hich c o n ta in e d a sb e sto s. Federal Government p u b lish e d a proposed standard to r employas exposure to asbestos --c xu m9 22 st w i & eo l 0 5 !I X0K 0 o 0o IX 0c 52 n s x2 IS zs s.m e ImSo N 0 00 aa . I2 e au ce xa x 0 O~ 0e Dc> . 2eo 3----0 v e 590 ? Xe ? Ifc --x?MS0 0M5Xl nNM,oSMx0i n.o Ob | b | <oi e wS. 2x0 2X e0sCoMX0oew Ojc IJ << dC <XI --90 MxOgXe0 es eea --ma9 --0a0>.bCa oe0a oc xx s< x90 0a 0a osa* o . a --a --XX0 xu c> 1 so c eb e ' In I9?4 t i l l V 9 0 ba 9 0 ee x xxe x 0e 12Z 3 o% 2? 2C xS0 00 IS 25 xo a *0 a 2S13X 20 1. 31- 2 ?* . 0 X ---- 2222 <axu*axw USX0000470  e9 fa* * s s i:t< fVoa* tt fa K fea* 1 w Uefa a to fa*X It s* te m e z V *fAa* It h fa* N O o0 f-** e fea* Xatufavx3 mXxX*ffXOaam****--fMf*acea**t0Vf--*Meveaif*a, mmHaEm1** n aE mm< M fa faa N* 0-* intw . I f---<XC(3aLfO*wfOa*a* *VefOiat** X-N1**eoXti*Xt1*t ee l Z XXX XM0.Wfoa** (5 i fac5fa << ffXaafaffaa* fffaaCEafa**-O---ff3ccfaaa* > z mm l I i: i I fea* foa* fOa* 9C -fa* ?fa* n s-- <fa| .OB o *0--fa* fa* <uXX Sfo_a* fafta** --m 0 <fa*UX--fa*S-aWXO*uCIhUet3fa* <--C5c fafa* < *fa* Ua -40- Xo*oe- ---*ee3** O ftaM* C fa* e fa* tz USX0000471 i 4 41 USX0000472 P r o d u c t C o a t P r o d u c tAabestoe Replacement ` (1972) Asbestos brake L in in g - - Coat Coaun tl Ho s u ita b le replacement 2o .44 a&v aafa afaa 0 fa 44 faaa--a.9 4a4 a fea444*94eo4 4aa4 Nfisant a -- a a* x St * p-< B a> aC xa e fa *8 .52 tlgs^. 4) i> aufa 4040 fa |x 4) VO afa sO V -- --W> 44 4 a 25 fa 2. f fa. ooo p_ n_ o st *4 4 --2 S 'N*. C st O 2. MK OO *i5i 4u0f 4a4 *_4 y o m y w fai a9 - 6g WC bx4f ft. {`f. ?a2 aC C -a4 .I* * 4a4 <*x 9a a O 44 -4*4 aC V 9 fa 4a) 9K *p.tt -S44WO a>e4eo-4--a*n as * ii iss r!i iu5 4y rt5 .>--nffe4aa u IN t*z Sh jtss Its :js fa *L _ O- *** s- i ** fagJSi4 e 44 a 9 c a 1,8 Uvs C 44 fa a. e *fa v a _o K*e >(> Si* D fa I w 9 44 5 0-4 si*.:*e a afaa aa a 4a40 4>f4a --n a4i v o ton B5 4a a 44 9 44 O -- fa fWfeaa 4Sa4 4aov44-aat.O*o9.4a4>zf9aa, &9aoa k aatt 9 V t g 8 sato 4Ma4 -- H Ve a4 ts 8* I * 9fa 4C 2 fa sa fa cc0u 1 fa O9fa I so 42 USX0000473 tu re s to 2000 c m 9 s? fa 8 9 fO 2 * a u**b fa fmawZ 9U e ecu < fa *! S o ^s:u foa faa 9 faa fa 9 e 9 a fa ^ *? vz<! faafa f9a fa p-- as fai R fua fa a * w-- V 2 sfa f&a 5 4* e > aa * . 9O fea eO ST ffaa-94 fIa IK l e* & "-Jr a* 9> fa pa faO * .-4 O 9O no fa f&a 2 9I 22; 22 1 I 9 e e f9a foa fa fa e fafa 99 t9 a m4 m Y9W-4 V I a 99 fa 9 9 f9a * Cfafa _ -92fa2 SfaMo4 *fa*9 fs|f-a3U2 2 .2 |2a2|fa c 9 9 afa 5**fa" 9 fa fa -facs S afa *S fa * 2 fa c 9 *9 9 Ofa U9fal fa 9 fa e 22S.*"S faNC < * e I K 9 GC g O9 K 01 9 e 0 a MM tc oo K a oi ei veo 9 fa * --M a a Me19 MfIaMfta c 2 9 9 fa e fa ao^ Jl* ** ai J!. S. sissis x fa fa fa 0<< < X I o X fa f?a --fSa xf9a fa W99e fua- 2a at 2 S ul a a S 9 !! UC 21 4 44 DSX000047S . to cI M f9t ft irex sti*ft *8 ft* Mwe to -f1t t0ot9o ifftO *e * *> vff(tt<<MC49f>t -- ft ft aft to m* . w ft e m0trnm fet -.* e_ tfot ft ft b ft ft Vft tOfot **? ??#*S* --ft ft Vft*- e X--toxft Iic2 taoto9 fut X B U e < < oo uu C zz gs a ft ft to to Xft tfot to. ft 5 c 9 w c 2> w 9 u C kt 2 to > * ft ft 5 to ? 9 to 9 to to p ft XX to 9 ft u ft ft C X to ft to to MtoM m* to 9 X ft to O to to X ft L f.tMe <6 s --s..ftt sto tto as fa _to xs^llii 29* j0cttoocto*a *wo; e to 98 to e to e tAfot tao tfot tffott tMootfCottDo* 3?S tftz ft ttoo m tfot C tfot e Oft 1 cV DftItaNo Et O t--o J*>B 0 ft -s0o - t> e to !?ittoo tfot ttoo ft S OtJ* ton to5 | v to t.o too a to O. t9*mOT_t>Vmo a i* xa to e xto *sft --teoo e--to l. m* to to to to tfqCottt-ff&ott W tfot Xto to tttffooott x ft ft a o c i- to x a u to i to ft M 0ft ft 99 0 Xto ft to e 32 Sc 2 -- X ft ft to ft to e to ft 9 ft to E ft-- ft to to * a0x xo to < 09 to a 8 ft O ttfoot t>fot ft to m 3 * z 13 o s 3 to 45' USX0000476 Weed a ftta n a lra ly by a t t l t t U * duo 2 - (m*a4 o W 3-3212 2*lml. a a a p 5 9--e -- -- a a c a* * C -- -- 4* **--<ao ( e e me o-- 4i o b4 IUM a a a a-- _ w a y o *f -- S 4o 4* a a e a c xIabib4>ii *-9 4# t> a a c or ar a a **Pi4aa 4> 3* t a .e 25 b S v 4, e< 232 a a * a 4,2 ey *StI y4 " W *1 -- _ a* a Sb 4 h#4# ac_ ao fKe --0 _ 3 * 099 2 ea\aa - ,,m- i: w09ua m * C a 4, M av aw.4, -0 4, na ha -< 4, a ?r au a aa -S8 aar a W-- i I-- am a e cm ^5259c0 m c H it a a m -- a 4, VM uaeaacran 9 3 9 { r54, fc a 4, u il a 9 -- a 4, 1 2 9 9 a s ar s2 2 c w <-- o w a 9 Oo a u a- 4/ C - a 9a a K 4, a 4 9 a a a u oa e> a rr 4, aa 9 iat H0 49, Kaowool (Babcock Ml Icon)t Mtt u aa aa 5 a ** u -46- . tel a31t a] `M a a 4, u B N,. a 1a 9 4, aa 6 S a 0 0 o a X u. c o to a aau -- a s a 4, 9 " o ^ te w -- uU a USX0000477  Very l i t t l e Inform ation at th is tim e. e i -- ,, ** if v o> y 9 ** * w* 94 O9*t9 ftCC > 99 0 9--*9 ir44ras* 9 M9 9 -- *.*C> ,.m9 i90 9 99----99 9 ea * 9 m 9--9 9 S3 -- 9 9 <oM 9N OC '-- * --C 4WO4 4--94* * 9 > -- KD s g nw 3 O a y 4> K J9C f9a -4 9 9 -*ZHZO 9 O<RD* A# 9-* I 9999 9.9 9 9< -O9 9 ^a 9 t9* 9--9 9099 9 e_ 9 _9 9--9 e a9 -- 9--0 W9 --9 *94 494 09 X-- H-- C 9 9 O a X a4 < e 99BR ** 9f** 9g 5 e r: - 5** i ' n2::. 9 9 C 9 A* 90^ I og J:si,ts1*. *t9v9v9e 9 9 _U 9 ..99 9M0 9 9 0 *9 9ft*--> *9> B .M9XW jsr^- aJJ * a S S -- 9c I 99 9 9 --I 4 9 9 9C --wOW99*--O -- 9 --o c a9 9 9 -- 9 V 9 X 9. -- 9 9 a --ft H ow 9 94 9W -**99 9 9 44 e 44 -aC4 *99--99 --44 - *9 9 944 .9 999 a9* 4914 0c 9 9 o x- e . 0 9- 4f 9 r h 3 44 0 4494. 4s4 44 --99 9 4o4 9 4o4 9 2 9 <fO4 N a 9 ? x-- 9-- 44 -- M03 S0 a9 T e flo n CH .htt. rMUc .hllr R eslatent Cement M beatoa P la s tic Asbestos * 9 44 9 8S O. 4 ( Z9 47 &4 44* > USX0000478 APBSKDXX 3, Part C ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTES - USS 41 USZ0000479 rw w ), rit c A lb cltO I l h lth ltl* l - U tt -49 4 USX0000480 ArpO fO tl J. Part C M brM oa S w batltatre - lis t USX0000481 w n m ii I, N it c M Ik U b i S b ltU U i - i>v s i 1 ,v, 1 mi 4d* I *i ih i m i mm l ms 9 m** 9b < ?ft I *4 I at II AffCWOll J , f a r t c ftabartoa l b i t l t i t i - USX mV *3*1 I USX0000483 I I tkoMtbo *tmo 38 m o* 8 ssssst \tiz- i a IK*1 { r i*::: i i;..- jfffi f.:s *fll I -\M k15*k 8 * to se to *to mm *ttoo f9Vt* X i >C I s i ! ti toi J t. I 8 ltolKtzo ArrewotR >, M r* c btH o i b itH U to * I 8 to 1 i -53- 1 to X t U5X0000484 12 |5 ( I II i Atrewoia j , r rt e iU toi Ir tH lU U i - m s i i 2 0 l Im * m niiif I i|?. ( i! 11! 11 sr i i it 11 inn a J 4 i J! USX0000485 AMKHDIR f , P a rt C Aebaalea K b i t l U l t l -3<- 4 USX0000487 USX0000468 J hfilTEV.STATES STEEL CORPORATION "HOMESTEAD WORKS CENTRAL MAINTENANCE division JANUARY 13, 1977 MEETING MINUTES SAFETY C. F. STRAUSS. DIVISION SUPERINTENDENT 'PRESIDING (S>. k. loppotg, AssistantDivision Superintendent T. C. Singleton, Superintendent of Shops S. Sinkc, Superintendent - Valley Machine Shop H. C. Tartler, General Turn Foreman W. E. Allen, Supervisor - Staff Services F. Potocnik, Supervisor - Field Scheduling T. H. Simkovtc, General Foreman - Electric Shop A. E. Smith, General Foreman - Pipe t Rigging R. J. Shader., General Foreman - Boiler, wild, t Tin F. Zappa, Foreman Relief * Masonry, Carp. t Paint G. Idrale, Ceil Analyst C. J. Ricards, Master Ntchanic K. Pyrek, Secretary SAFETV I. UNFINISHED ITEMS A. CAST IRON BRAKE WHEELS: All available wheels have been initoiled. tom wheels are on order. B. PCBs: Engineering is reviewing information on this subject. C. HI-L7FT: Shock absorbers acne installed on * 36U end *3613 iu-JUfts, anrf we one nel satis fled with the results. We *acll again mite to Kale $e* further recommendations. In tht meantime, hand hooka will be used. LORAIN INCIDENTt Relative to an incident occurring at Lorain QorJu, an addendum to CM-3 will bt developed to encompass use of red lights. E. LOST TINE AT FA7RF7ELD WORKS* Bulletin 76-15 - Wharf Helper sustained second ana third degree bums oven 10% of his body when . cfathing caught on line while standing neon salamander. ` Wasting on Kept# (no* NasoMy Department. F. GAM FATALITYt Bulletin 76-16 - Passed out investigation on fatality where man*s arm was pulled into skip hoist. Waiting on reply from Shade*. VSX0000506 Ki, +t- G. HOUSEKEEPING INSPECTIONS: AIL indpectiond needing wonk went given to the otntnat tonemen involved. Comply end netunn to Stnaudd. H. HEEK-END PROJECTt Review all contact candd. Make dune ptKdonnel Have been contacted on all bulletind. Check da{e job pnocedunt and obdenvation contacts. Halting on ntply inom Simiov/c, Baity, and Shuden. LADDERS: Sunuey youn laddend to bt twit they ant In good condition, bloLUng on ntply from Simkovic, Baity, and Shuden. GARY LOST TINE: Bulletin CM-77-X-7 Natal indptetond wont banned when dentwdniven gnounded itdil{ coming a {ladk. Halting on ntply {nom Shuden. ET LOST TIME* Bulletin CM-77-X-f - Hineman mi on dca{{old when it itlL. Contact you* people anytime you have tubulan ok pipe dca{{oldd oven two tiend, `they moot bt dtcuned. Halting on neplif {nom Smith and Shuden. L. NOBILE EQUIPMENT TWINING PROGRAM: A tnaining pnognam toad developed by A. South, inu mu be ntvexwSd end a decision will be made an whethen on not thii mill bt a division pnocedune. N. LOST TINE AT GARY WORKS: CM-77-X-J - time cand bleu {nom men*d hand and uihen he went to tick it op, he dtepped into a puddle o{ hot uaten. Halting on ntplitd {non Smith end Shuden. -- l WEEK-EVP PROJECT: Each {ontman id to dunuty too pieced oi equipment. They dhouia be checked {on back-up atanm, a'eat beltd, condition o{ cab on intenion, end minddhitldd. Beetled must be cent to Stnaudd by Jenuany It. 3. AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY: Reviewed IttUn on automotive de{ety nelative la a necent enjuny in the plant to a woman whodt ankle wed bnoken when a can moved be{one dhe wot iullu dented. Indtnuct all mobile equipment openatom to make dune all paueneem ant (ally dieted, an ampletilu out o{ the vehicle when leaving, bt{ant moving'. 4. PLANT INJURY: Pnoduction Planning Inventonu Clank mad walking {nom gate to lit>ri Hill when he dpnaintd hid ankle. S. SAFETY ACTIVITY: Reviewed de{ety activity {on the peat week. OS: CSKA had tuled that we can tide Adbedtod weaning append, hid meand oun only aabeotod pnoblem id in the Naaonnu Vept. when they sue bnick with adbedtod duning ntbulldd. The men involved in thid _ mpenetion mudt have an annual phyiical, and eebnlfrii .nuet Be monitoned ' Tpmnualty. 7. LIGHTS: A light on on outdoon pole at Saxonbung {ell o{{. Simkovic to check out anted to make dune the dome cannot happen hint. S. SAW/ PERFORMANCE: Reviewed yean end daiety pen{onmance o{ each dhop. MEETING ADJOURNED: it SO a.m. USX0000507 -vperajions L \WFINISHED ITEMS A, HOOK BLOCKS AND EQUALIZER BARS ON CRANES: He fuethen.pnogneu, j* B, CRAFT BACKLOG SYSTEM: Coning along well. t. UNION HAH MV GUARD ALTERCATION: Bunina the ChnUtmaA holiday, Hetman item stnucxunat eeJUta tut gait to get clearance (ok a union man. Gait would not take cleanance fnom foneman, Vfun 'union man eamt in end guand would not glut Aim cleanance, they began to fight, Vuning the. Hew Vtan Holiday, tkt Aamt incident oaeunned involving the Acane two people, Aa a ntAult of tkU, pleaAt make it known that all union official* muAt be cleaned thnougk the dlviAion peAAonnel office, who will then call Ptmonnel Senvica. If you one toying to get cltanance on the week-end, call the * personnel AtnuiceA Auptnuinon on call foe the week-end, 3, APPROPRIATION REQUESTs Vi&tuAAcd letten on eppnopniation negutAtA. If you have an appropriation regueit oven. $100,000, Ate Lou Roaa, 4. COST OBJECTIVE PROGRAM: Be famUian with what iA expected of you and follow up on it. INDUSTRIAL STUDIES CLASSES: If you have any fonemen who have not taken the "Innovative BSnagementm and "Hodern Labon Relation*" coun&ei, toy to have then attend, ClaAAtA will Atant, on Ftbruany 7, 6, tWITEO STEELWORKERS ELECTION: ctM/mt* brace John* on on the election. ou a ntpont by 7. SALEABLE HOURS: Thtne waA a big miAA in fonecasted Aeleable pentonntl. UoAonny forecoAted It7, and came in 144, Veld Shop forecasted 60 and came in at 19. Boiten Shop foneeaAted 70, came in tl, Ve went 41 people oven oun forecast, Hake Aunt we do a good job on cun fontcaAtA, WIRE ROPE SLINGSt Strauss gave out a few catalogs on Vine Rope Sling whech we wut pe getting from Hew Haven, 1976 OBJECTIVES! In 1976, Central Naintenanee Aaved $1,366,000, ,10 OPERATIONS: Fon the next 5 weeks: 4tm Hill - 0, 0, 4, 0, Oi 160" Hill - It, It, 10, 10, 10; ot Side - 10, 10, t, i, i, 100m Hill - 10, i, 5, 5, 5,; 01 Side - 9, t, 6, 5, 5; HEFTING ADJOURNED: ft 15 O.M. C 00058 UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION HOMESTEAD WOKS CENTRAL MAINTENANCE DIVISION JAMOAXV tO, 1977 MEETING MINUTES ..........SAFETY G. R. TOTTING, ASSISTANT DIVISION SUPERINTENDENT - PRESIDING t. C. Singleton, Superintendent o{ Shops S. Simko, Superintendent - Valley Machine Shop H, C. Tartler, General Tumi Foreman V. E, AHen, Supervisor - Stall Services F. Fotocnik, Supervisor - Field Scheduling T. U. Simkovic, General Foreman - Electric Shop A. E. Smith, General Foreman - Dipt t Rigging Shops R. J. Shuder, General Foreman - Boiler, weld, and Tin Shops U. T. Barry, General Foreman - Masonry, Carpenter, and Faint K. Fyrek, Secretary SAFETY ( I. UNFINISHED ITEMS A. CAST IRON BRAKE WHEELS: Stake wheels one stenting to come in. S. FCBs: Engineering is reviewing inlormation on this subject. HI-LIFT: Shock absorbers mitt be installed on hi-lilt involved in last year's accident. It we one not satisfied with the results and Vale dots not come up with anything better, then Vale will be con sidered an unacceptable bidder in Homestead. D. LORAIN 7NCIVENTt Relative to an incident occurring at Lorain Works, an addendum to QS-l will be developed to encompass use o{ red lights. E. LOST TIKE AT FAIRFIELD WORKS* Bulletin 76-1St Whorl Helper sus- ' tained second and trend degree bums over t0% o( his body when clothing caught an fire while standing near salamander. Comply with recomendations and reply to Strauss. F. HOUSEKEEPING INSPECTIONS: All inspections needing work were f geven to the General Foremen involved. Comply with and return to Stratus. USX0000503 t 4 -f- LADDERS: Suxvey youx iaddtJu to bt tune they ant in good condition. FT LOST TIME: Bulletin CW-77-X-f - tlixemen wet on A colloid when, it lell. Comply wdBTxecommendationt and xeply to Stxautt. MOBILE EQUIPMENT TRAINING PROGRAM: A txaining pxogxm wet developed by A. South, iiut pxoctauxe 4i <ui tfct pxocttt ol Wxfl dupfac&fcrf. LOST TIME AT GARY WORKS: Bulletin CM-77-X-3 - t&ie ourf fclcto f*om non'4 Aond and tu&en ne went to pici XC up. At ttepped into a puddle <ol hot we.ten. Veiling on eeply loom Shuaex. OS: 4SKA ha* xultd that we can utt-AtbcUot weaning append. Thit meant oun only etbettot pnobltm it in the Metonxy Department when they cue belch with atbettot doing xebuildt. The men invalued in thit operation mutt hoot an annual phytical, and ntbuildt mutt bt monitoned annually. 2.m SAFETY PERFORMANCE: Reviewed ytax-end accident twmany. 01 a total 205 Lott tone. xnjuxitt, 611 went due to violationt. 3. SOUTH WORKS FATALITY: Bulletin CM-77-X-4 - Reviewed lost-time injuxy to Pjjpeyttex wno Sunned on gneatt line when llame tuddenly txupted, engulling legt ol dictated. 4. YOUNGSTOWN LOST TIME INJURY: Meatex tutteined lacenation ol lingex. and thigh, multiple, contutxont end abnationt ol lowtn chett and abdomen, including thxee bnoktn nibt, and internal injuxiet. Injuxed end leltou) employee went ttanding on ehaxgex't platlonm. The beating pipe, which it a watex-cooled ttxuctuxal membtx, exploded at an elbow. The expiation occuxxed when the cooling wcutex Ixoze at the leed end ditchaxge ends ol the pipe, allowing the {uxnact heat to tuxn the watex to titan. KEY POINT: Ouxing extxemtly cold weathex, cextein utility linet axe tubject to ixttzing. fxtccuiiiont mutt be token to keep coolant watex, hydxauiic {luldt, etc., {lowing. 5. STRUCTURAL INJURY TO FOREMAN: FoAtman tutteined Ixectuxe to eight Uadle {tngex when xnjuxed placed hit hand on lilting link ol traveling table at it wot being tawenei into place bu exane. The link thilted, catching hit lingex between the link and the tide geuxd on the table. 6. RECERTIFICATION OF CRANEMEN: All EOT cAOntmtn thould be eecextilied annually '. Develop a check-oil LUt on which you can tett youx ixanemtn. 7* VALOIAYS: Fall eccidentt axe up; hand end {ingex injuxiet axe alto up. Hake tuxewalkmyt axe clean and tolled. I. UEVICAL DIRECTOR: Ox. MexthaU will xeplece Ox. Event at new medical dixectox. fT.n 9. CRANE INCIDENTS: I 1476, thexe wexe 471 cxene incidtnlt. Itt ol tkete v involved axopped liltt. Review all youx exant incidents {ox the yeax. Analyze the count. Look at youx xecotmendetiont to pxevent a timilax occuxxence. MEETING ADJOURNED: 2:33 p.m. USX0000504 11 J J I J 1 J^ ' gpmnousi ' i. UNFINISHED ITEMS A, JfOOK BLOCKS AW EQUALIZER BARS ON CRANESi No (utthth ptogttu. .8. CRAFT B^OCtOS SYSTEM: TkU extern wUt go into t((tct iii the r*pt Shop a* toon as thoJLn clonk to book (tom being o({ tick. C. INDUSTKAH STUDIES CLASSES: J( uou hoot eouf (otemtn who haul not taken the "innovative Managonentr end "Uodtnn Labot Rttations" count ti, tty to have thorn attend. Ctauu wltl etant on Eebtuany 7. V. VIEE NOPE SLINGSi Sttaiu4 govt out a (wo catalog* on mint tope along which we. tout ot getting (tom New Haven. 2. EMPLOYEE SUGGESTION PROGRAMt Take catt o( any auggeationo that have not been teeolvei. 3.~~ OPERATIONS: (ot tht next 4 wuiut 4t" ILLll - 0, 4, 4, Oi 760" MJUU It, It, 10 10; H Side. - 77, t, t, 1. 100" Mill - 10, S. 5. 5; 41 Side - 10, S, S, S; MEETING ADJOURNED: t:41 p.m. <5 USX0000505 1 I 3 ) I Ik M. 7. Barry Central Formn Masonry Central Maintenance j*t: HEALTH HAZARDS OF MASONTCT WORK . United ASSteeTl Mwr|atlatiti Cmitfitiuci Me July 28. 1981 Hm. T. ft. KeCune Central Supervisor Safety Beaeataad Works Many types of ecnent (asphalt, tar, Portland, clay, cte.) as well as many types of bricks (fire, acid resistant, seal-silica, ate.) are used hy the Masonry craft. * Additives such as coal tar, chromates, silica and asbestos to a particular ecaent or brick say present significant health hasards to the lungs and skin of the working force. Dusts arc the major baalth hazard la refractory stttlag and bricklaying. Dusts generated when mixing mortar and gunning refractories contain crystalline silica, chroalua, ealciua oxide and aluminum oxide. Dust generated by brlek ssvs, chisels, grinders and dry sweeping contain potentially hazardous levels of free silica (quartz, cristoballte, trldlnlte). Inhalation of free slliea can lead to a respiratory disease called ellleosls, a progressive disease which diminishes lung capacity and can cause increased susceptibility to tuberculosis. Dusts from refrac tories ean cause eye and skin irritation, dermatitis and irritation to the respir atory tract. In addition, some workers may develop allergic sensitivity to certain constituents of refractory dust, especially hexsvalent chromium and coal tar. Ventilation and good work practices are the most effective methods of controlling worker exposures to dusts. Whenever possible, concrete and mortar should be mixed outdoors and vet. When mixing, workers should stand upwind so dusts are blown ' away from them. When mixing must be done Indoors, portable fans or blowers should be used to remove dust. If ventilation cannot be provided, mixing should be done in drafts from stairwells or open windows to minimize dust exposure. If mixing must be performed Indoors or la spaces vhleh cannot be veatillated, a N.l.O.S.H. approved dust respirator should be used. Vet sswing does not usually gtaerste significant amounts of dust; however, dry sawing and grinding can create hazardous dust levels. Operators of dry masonry table saws, hand held saws and grinders should wear M.l.O.S.B. approved dust res pirators especially when working indoors. Safety glasses or goggles must be worn when sawing or grinding to protect Che eyes from dusts, chips and flying particles. Many particles which can cause respiratory disease (sueh as silicosis and asbestosis) are too small to be seen with the naked eye. The amount of dust which can be seen In air Is not a good indication of health hazards which may be present. Skin irritation, another health hazard of masonry workers, may be eaused by mortars and refractories. Chemicals used la mortar and refractories can produce dermatitis from skin eontset with the plastle (wet) or dry materials.* Dry, cracked, scaly pkin on the baeks of the hands, between the fingers and on the wrists and arms are conn symptoms of dermatitis. USX0000489  v*. f "#' u ii > / y 4 f A. pviTve eivtimS Iff MASOHKT VO*X - FAST 2 tbs best tj to promt dsrmstitis or aids irritation Is through ths tut of gloves, harrier cress* end long sleeved shirts, toss workers ere sore susceptible to irritation than others, howevtr, all workers should he saeoursged to prseties good personal hygiene. Including washing frequently and showering after work. Workers can develop an allergie sensitivity to eansnte over a period of tin*, seen though wo lMediste syeptcea are noticed. \ Cleaning solutions used to rcaove nortar stains froa finished well sections can present hsxards. lydrochlorlc (wurlstlc) add and other add cleaners are often sad. These liquids can he dangerous during the sad brushing operations, nainly causing chcaieal burn* of the skin and eyas. The hast ways to prevent skin and eye injury when using cleaning solutions are to sac protective equipment and follow safe work practices. Acid cleaning solutions should always he prcpsrsd by adding acid to water la a non-metallc (plastic or rubber) container. Goggles or face shields end gloves should always he used when handling ad wiring concentrated adds. Subber aprons will protect clothing froa chsalcel splashes. When applying adds, gloves and long handled brushes should be used to prevent skin contact. Safety glasses and goggles are a necessity to protect the ayes froa chcaieal splashes and spattering. A fifteen alnute supply of running water should he provided at the worksite for flushing the akin and eyes la the event of an add splash or spill. Workers should he trained to respond to an add splash caergency Including nethods ef flushing the eyas with water and otherwise assisting theasslvss or other workers who have cons la con tact with dangerous cheeicels. Water proofing coopouads ouch as silicone and asphalt based liquids can present haz ards during handling and application. Asphalt and silicon based waterproofing coopound* can cause akin and aye irritation and hazardous vapors nay be generated during application. Adequate ventilation should be provided and the proper protective equip ment worn during use of these materials. Always read the warning labels on produet containers before using to assure sefe storage and handling proceedures. Obtain the manufacturer's Material Safety hats Sheet to assure the sefe use of ehcaieal products. Solvents need to clean tools should be chosen with regard to their fire hazards. Floatable liquids such as gasoline, naphta end leequer thinner should not be used. Mineral oil or any of the cosmos safety solvents should he used for tool clean-up. Employees should never dean hands or arms with solvents; akin dryness end irritation nay result. Waterless head cleaners should always be used in piece ef solvents. Certain tile and refractory eat ting requires the use ef epoxy ceoents and grouts. These systeas frequently nee amine curing agents. Anise vapors ere given off during the nixing and curing stages. Some ere severe aye, akin .end lung irritants. Al though tome workers may exhibit greater sensitivity than ethers, repeated contact . with amines can cause sensitisation. Sensitisation to aalnes can develop is a manner that the first few tins* a worker heodlee epoxies, no syaptoas appear, but after repeated contacts, he may suddenly develop an allergie type reaction. Workers using epexlas should protect their akin and ayes by using gloves, long sleeved shirts sad saftty glasses. Washing facilities must he available. When epoxies are applied indoors, vaatllatlos must be provided while the epoxy is applied and cures. Workers should be instructed to use extreme esre in the use of ell epoxies end to be alert to aye, skin or respiratory Irritation vhleh may be symptcas ef sensitivity to aelaas. Thermal end acoustical insulation work may involve eaployet exposures to asbestos, USX0000490 * JBA1TB BAZAXPS OT MASOWIT WDHX - FACE 3 mineral wools, fiberglass sad Kaowool. . tews of these Insulating materials ess *" Irritation to the skis, nyes sad respiratory trset. The serious health hazards of oshestos have hoes widely publicised sad sre well bom. At the lowestead Works, there should he so reason for the Installation of aev asbestos containing Insulation. Won-asbestos produets sre now available for nearly every application where asbestos was previously used. Won-asbestos substitutes should be used whenever possible; all exceptions asiet be cleared with the Safety Office. fiberglass, mineral wool and other flberous Insulations can be very Irritating to the skin, eyes, nose end throat. When these materials sre handled, fibers caa ding to the skin sad penetrate causing Itching. This irritation caa leave the skin vul nerable to infection. These fibers ere also respiratory trset irritations. In addition, fiberglass has beaa known to cut sad seer the eyeball, causing possible vision laparenent. The best way to protect employees fron akin Irritation Is to prevent skia contact with materials which give off fibers. This Is done by wearing proper clothing, le., gloves, eye protection, and long sleeved shirts buttoned at the collar sad cuff. Personal hygiene sueh as frequent washing to remove particles free the skia and regular changing of work clothes will reduee the chaaee of `irritation developing. Workers should be advised to report even minor skin irritations so they can be treated before complications (such as Infections} develop. When handling sad in stalling say of these Insulation materials, workers should be protected free respir atory hazards by ventilating the work area. If ventilation Is not possible, approved respirators must be used. The purpose of this memo Is to Inform you of the reeog&lzed hazards Inherent In masonry work. It Is also Intended to alert Management to their responsibility uader Section 14 of the Basic labor Agreement to Inform employees of to*lc cad hazardous substaaees In their work environment. It is Weaagcaeat's responsibility through employee min ing to: Impress on the workers the eesd for constant awareness of ell aspects of safety end health. Instruct employees la the proper handling, storing, mixing use and disposal of hazardous substances. Train employees la the proper wee of protective'safety equipment euch es respirators, bearing protection and safety belts. Train employees la good personal hygiene praetlees to prevent the Ingestion of toxic substances sad ts minimise tbe risk of skin lrTltstlon. Promote good housekeeping te redude Occidents and fire hazards. It Is the employees responsibility wader the name Agreement to properly utilize and care for the safety equipment provided and to assume personal safety responsibility la minimizing hit exposure to hazardous end texle materials. Hazardous materials and chemical* can be utilised safely; recognizing the dangers and taking the necessary precautions la the key. rj?/nw/ch I Tk Mr. A. 6. Pafctaxscn General Supervisor of Safety Homestead Works Touted States Steel Corporation.' btsrsrfasIxstiM Carnaps*tan October 18, 1979 ine: If. C. Janes, Manager tovironnental Health Guidelines far Bemcval and Dispoeal of Asbestos Materials As requested, we have reviewed your draft of the subject guidelines and offer the following suggestions and/or clarifications: 1. Work Practices In addition to thoroughly wetting the asbestos material with water, dust generation should be minimi rad by removing it in * as large of sections as possible. Shat is, the amount of fracturing should be minimised. 2. Personal Protective Equipment If the asbestos is thoroughly wetted and the operation is in an area of good general ventilation, air purifying respirators should be adequate in reducing eqployee closures to below the permissible time-weighted avenge or ceiling levels. Where such respirators are used, they ahould have specific NICSH approval far protection against asbestos-containing dusts. If the operation is conducted in a confined area where the asbestos material cannot be adequately wetted, air monitoring ahould be conducted to determine employee exposure levels. If such air sampling shows asbestos exposures to be well in excess of permissible limits, powered air purifying respiraton or Type *C* supplied air respirators should be provided in accordance with paragraphs d(2) Cii) and d(2) (iii) of the CSKA Asbestos Standard. 3. Persmal Hygiene e. Employees involved in the removal and disposal of asbestos aeterials ahould be instructed to wash hands, faoe and forearms prior to drinking, eating or smoking. b. Contaminated work clothing should be thoroughly vacuua cleaned prior to removal. Coveralls or similar whole . body clothing is reoermended. 4. Housekeeping Dry sweeping of the asbestos debris should be prohibited. Vacuisn cleaning methods should be utilized on floors and other exposed surfaces contaminated with asbestos. USX0000351 9 9* 9 -2- Guidelines pertaining to the collection, labeling and disposal of asbestos vaste appear to be sufficient to protect enplcyee health and to oonply with g&vezxxnent zagulaticns. 3FQ/tadd W. C. Ji 3 J I I 3 DSX0000352 V' Safety t Environmental Health Mpzeaentatives Steel Operation* Ore, Stone Lake Shipping Operations Texas Uranium Operations Research Laboratory Chief Mine Inspectors * Goal Operations Division Safety Representatives Procedures for Removing Insulation Materials Containing Asbestos '. S. J-s-' . '..'c--- United States / * f 7i <Ct( izj. Steel Cnpcrmtkm yj' ktrr|aniutin Cirrupi October 17, 1980 J. B. Masaitis Assistant Manager toviromental Health "AtuShea is the procedure ve reccmend to be used for removing asbestos insulation materials. Ose of this procedure Should effectively control employee exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. JFQ/mdd Attachment USX0000353 PROCEDURES FOR REMOVING INSULATION MATERIALS CONTAINING ASBESTOS Both OSHA and MSHA have established a permissible exposure level of 2 asbestos fibers, longer than 5 microns, per cubic centimeter of air over an 8-hour work period. Zn addition, both agencies have set a maximum concentration of 10 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, longer than 5 microns, which is not to be exceeded at any time during the workday. The teardown or removal of asbestos insulation materials from walls, ceilings, steam pipes, furnaces, etc., has the poten tial to generate atmospheric asbestos concentrations well in excess t of these sxpcjjwre- limits. Zn the event that any such material is to be removed from any area or operation at a U. 8. Steel facility, the following control measures are recommended as guidelines to mini mize employee exposures to airborne fibers. A. Work Practices - to minimize dust generation 1. Prior to handling, the insulation should be thoroughly wetted with water. 2. The insulation should be removed in as large of sections as possible. That is, the amount of fracturing should be minimized. 3. Where the insulation must be cut, hand tools, such as chisels or knives, a^e preferable rather than hand saws or power tools. 4. The insulation should be collected and placed in sealed, labeled impermeable bags or other closed impermeable containers. The labels should state: CAUTION CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS AVOID CREATING DUST BREATHING. ASBESTOS DUST MAY CAUSE SERIOUS BODILY BARM USX0000354 # * 2- B. Personal Protective Equipment All employees involved in the operation should be required to wear NIOSH-approved respirators. The use of a particular type respirator shall be detezmined by the exposure level as outlined below. Air Purifyinq Dust Respirator (Must have specific NIOSR approval for protection against asbestos-containing dusts) Ex. - MSA Coafo II-Type T filter Mot more than 10. times the 8-hr. time-weighted average exposure level or the ceiling concentrtion. - Norton Model 7506 Powered Air Purifying Respirator - Not more than 100 times the TWA exposure level or ceiling concentra tion. Type *Ca Supplied Air Respirator - Not more than * 1000 times the TWA exposure level or ceiling concentra tion. Zf the asbestos is thoroughly wetted, hand tools are used to remove the asbestos, and the operation is in an area of good general ventilation, air purifying respirators should be adequate to reduce employee exposures to below the permissible levels. Respirator wearers should be instructed to wash the respirators and change filters, where applicable, daily. They should also be given proper fitting instructions. Due to the extremely hazardous nature of asbestos, it is important to comply with the appropriate regulations governing the use of respiratory protection. For those facilities under OSHA jurisdiction, these regulations are stated in 29 CFR 1910.134. MSBA requires a respirator program consistent with the provisions of ANSI ill.2-1969. USX0000355 I -3 C. Monitoring The employees' asbestos exposures* i.e., those removing the insulation and othar employees, such as operating personnel who nay be exposed to the insulation dust, should be senitored at the begin ning of the operation and periodically thereafter until the exposure levels are established. It is not necessary to Monitor each employee exposure during every Monitoring period. Breathing-zone samples should be collected on open-face 37mmMillipore Type AA filters with a sampling rate of 2.0 liters/ Minute. The sampling tine is determined by the total particulate concentration. Sampling periods of 15 minutes to 8 hours are acceptable. Since the individual fibers must be counted microscopically, the sample must not be too heavy. A slight filter discoloration is acceptable. Environmental BealthPittsburgh will conduct the asbestos counting. D. Personal Hygiene 1. The employees should be instructed to wash hands, face and forearms prior to drinking, eating or smoking. 2. The contaminated work clothing should be thoroughly vacuum cleaned prior to removal. Coveralls or similar whole body clothing is recommended. E. Housekeeping % Dry sweeping of the insulation should be prohibited. Vacuum cleaning methods should be utilized on floors and other exposed surfaces contaminated with asbestos. F. Restricted Area All employees whose work does not require occupancy in the area of insulation removal should be prohibited. G. Training The employees should be Instructed to the hazards of asbestos and the precautionary measures that are being taken to control their exposures. H. Disposal Asbestos waste should be accumulated separately from other refuse,and the local haulers contracted to dis pose of this material must be 'informed thafthe waste products contain asbestos. JFQ/ndd 10/17/80 USX0000356  fa IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA CIVIL DIVISION - ASBESTOS JOHN PATTERSON, Executor of The Estate of Vonlda J. Patterson, and JOHN PATTERSON, Individually, No.: 95 - 359 Plaintiffs, vs. USX CORPORATION; A-BEST PRODUCTS CO.; GARLOCK, INC.; GEO. V. HAMILTON, INC.; OWENSCORNING FIBERGLAS CORP.; PITTSBURGH-CORNING CORPORATION; OWENS-ILLINOIS, INC.; HARBISON WALKER REFRACTORIES, DIVISION OF DRESSER INDUSTRIES, INC.; HARBISON WALKER REFRACTORIES, DIVISION OF INDRESCO, INC.; GENERAL REFRACTORIES CO.; NORTH AMERICAN REFRACTORIES CO.; THE BABCOCK 6 WILCOX CO.; COMBUSTION ENGINEERING CO.; FERRO ENGINEERING, DIVISION OF. OGLEBAY NORTON CO.; FOSECO, INC., Defendants, Nature of this Document: STIPULATION AS TOMZDICAL RECORDS OF USX CORPORATION RELATING TO JOHN PATTERSON Filed on behalf of Plaintiffs vs. A.F. GREEN REFRACTORIES COMPANY; FLEXITALLIC GASKET COMPANY; GAF CORPORATION; THE GAGE COMPANY; QUIGLEY COMPANY; UNITED STATES GYPSUM COMPANY, Additional Defendants. Plaintiff's Counsel Of Record: CEISLER RICHMAN SMITH LAW FIRM 200 Washington Trust Building Washington, PA 15301 (412) 222-5100 By: Stephen I. Richman PA I.D. No. 05487 GREENFIELD & ASSOCIATES 1035 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15219 (412) 261-4466 By: Stanley W. Greenfield PA I.D. No. 00622 Paul G. Kay PA I.D. No. 52705 IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA CIVIL DIVISION - ASBESTOS JOHN PATTERSON, Executor of The Estate of Vonida J. Patterson, and JOHN PATTERSON, Individually, Plaintiffs, vs. USX CORPORATION; A-BEST PRODUCTS CO.; GARLOCK, INC.; GEO. V. HAMILTON, INC.; OWENSCORNING FIBERGLAS CORP.; PITTSBURGH-CORNING CORPORATION; OWENS-ILLINOIS, INC.; HARBISON WALKER REFRACTORIES, DIVISION OF DRESSER INDUSTRIES, INC.; HARBISON WALKER REFRACTORIES, DIVISION OF INDRESCO, INC.; GENERAL REFRACTORIES CO.; NORTH AMERICAN REFRACTORIES CO.; THE BABCOCK & WILCOX CO; COMBUSTION ENGINEERING CO., FERRO ENGINEERING, DIVISION OF OGLEBAY NORTON CO.; FOSECO, INC., Defendants, vs. A.P. GREEN REFRACTORIES COMPANY; FLEXITALLIC GASKET COMPANY; GAF CORPORATION; THE GAGE COMPANY; QUIGLEY COMPANY; UNITED STATES GYPSUM COMPANY, Additional Defendants. No. 95 - 359 STIPULATION AS TO MEDICAL RECORDS OF USX CORPORATION RELATING TO JOHN PATTERSON John Patterson, Plaintiff, and USX Corporation, one of the Defendants in the above-captioned matter, hereby stipulate and agree that the attached charts, titled MMedical Records of John 1 Patterson Related To Accidents/Illnesses" and "Medical Evaluations" are true and correct summaries of all of the medical records in the possession of or subject to the control of USX Corporation relating to its former employee, John Patterson. CEISLER RXCHMAN SMITH LAW FIRM Date: Stephe: Lehman, Counsel for Plaintiffs Date /raa/Pattaran/Madical.ttp 2 PATTERSON V. USX ********** MEDICAL RECORDS OF JOHN PATTERSON RELATED TO ACCIDENTS/ILLNESSES DATE OF INCIDENT AND DESCRIPTION LAST DAY RETURNED WORKED TO WORK 8/22/53 - Amputation of tip ofleft third finger. 12/13/65 - Received bums on neck when light bulb exploded at work. No lost time. Work-related. 8/21/53 12/13/65 10/12/53 12/13/65 10/13/65 - Contusions on knees when fell down cellar stairs. 5/20/66 * Abrasions on wrist and leg when knocked down at work. No lost time. Work-related. 10/13/65 5/20/66 11/5/65 5/20/66 9/15/69-Cut right thumb at work. No lost time. Work-related. 7/16/70 - Superficial bum on left lower lid and bulbar conjunctiva, left eye, when hot brick flew in eye while working. Under treatment to 7/29/70. On date of accident treated at 8:30am and returned to work at 10:30am. No lost time. Workrelated. 9/15/69 7/16/70 9/15/69 7/16/70 6/17/72 -While burning wood, received third-degree bum to left 6/15/72 upper arm which became infected. 7/2/72 11/11/72 Hit head at home and recaved hematoma and slight laceration above right eyebrow. Sent to emergency by foreman on 11/12/72 to be checked out. No treatment given. 11/12/72 11/12/72 4/7/79 Got chemical in right eye while working and sent to emergency room for treatment. Had keratoconjunctivitis, moderately severe in right eye. Returned to work same day. Remained on light duty until 4/18/79. No lost time. Work related. 4/7/79 4/7/79 3 DATE OF INCIDENT AND DESCRIPTION LAST DAY RETURNED WORKED TO WORK 5/16/80 - Hospitalized (depression and alcohol) until 5/28/80. 5/16/80 6/8/80 10/19/81 - Acute appendicitis and appendectomy. Hospitalized 10/20/81 to 10/29/81. 10/14/83 - Herpes Zoster (Shingles). 10/19/81 10/14/83 12/4/81 11/28/83 / 4 JOHN PATTERSON 1 MEDICAL evaluations DATE 5/28/47 9/11/53 9/14/53 10/12/53 6/24/63 11/2/76 11/18/77 11/15/78 11/20/79 10/6/80 Undated 12/15/81 1/3/83 7/31/83 1/13/84 P.E. X X X X X X X X X X X X CXR P.T.T. X XX X XX XX X X X X XX TOTAL NUMBER: 12 68 GLOSSARY P.l. Physical Examination C X R Chest x-ray P.F.T. Pulmonary Function Test BXSilag - FattarsaXMadanal.lat 5 11/15/95 GUIDELINES FOR MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE ASBESTOS EXPOSURE <^ , The following guidelines for medical surveillance shall be followed fn all United States Steel Corporation operations whenever Exposure to asbestos occurs. 2. All employees exposed to asbestos shall be provided (or made avail, able) a comprehensive medical examination prior to first employment in an occupation exposed to airborne concentration of asbestos fibers. These medical examinations will be required for any 7* to 8-hour time weighted average concentration of 0.1 fibers/ee or for a greater con centration. (The OSHA Asbestos Standard permits this examination to occur within 20 calendar days of the first exposure.) Annually thereafter and within 20 calendar days before or after termi nation of employment in an occupation exposed to airborne concentra tion of asbestos fibers requiring a medical examination as designated above, a physical examination shall be provided or made available to these employees. Whenever pleural thickening is found on any routine chest x-ray on an individual who has had any airborne asbestos exposure, this individual shall be kept under yearly medical surveillance. The minimum, components of the examination shall be: (a). A medical history, including a respiratory questionnaire to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease. (b). A 14" x 17" chest x-ray - posterior-anterior view. Whenever there is evidence of pleural response, right and left oblique views and expiratory posterior-anterior view should be taken to confirm or rule out pleural findings. * (c). Pulmonary Function testing to include forced vital capacity (FYC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVj). 2. A complete work history shall be taken on initial assignment to an occupation where exposure to airborne concentration of asbestos fibers will occur. This is particularly important if changes in the chest x-ray begin to occur. The work history will include all work experiences in United States Steel and other non-United States Steel work experiences to determine extent of exposure to asbestos. In order to be complete, military exposure#. Le. ship and shipyard exposures; hobbies; exposures of family members (father, brothers.* grandfathers, mother, sisters, etc.) who might have brought asbestos fibers home on their clothing; living (home) location (geographic) for proximity to asbestos mining or manufacturing plant; and play areas USX0001012 i I Guideline* for Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure 2. I . An relation to discarded wastes from asbestos factories. The Environmental Health unit (corporate headquarters or plants) will be helpful in evaluating the extent of work exposures. 1 ' 3. The chest x-ray should be read by at least two United States Steel physicians or physicians selected by the plant physicians. Any positive chest x-ray shall be read by a aB" reader for confirmation of the findings. It is permissible to contract with a *B* reader to read all x-rays in this program. (A *B* reader is certified follow ing successful completion of qualifying examination of 125 chest x-rays by NXOSH and the American College of Badiology.) 4. A clinical evaluation leading to a diagnosis and recommen dations will be made. 1 l (a) Correlate all medieal findings - history, physical findings, chest x-ray interpretation, pulmonary function results, and any other medieal information -- with the environmental exposure data. (b) Referral* to a pulmonary specialist to assist in this evaluation may be done at the option of the plant medical director or other examining physician. (c) Referral of the chest x-ray to another aB" reader may occasionally be necessary for %the proper inter pretation of the x-ray. 5. The clinical evaluation will result usually in a diagnosis of one of the following in descending order of importance: (a) Asbestos!* - pulmonary infiltrate of s, t, u type almost always, with or without pulmonary funeti,on decrements, and with or without pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification). Record on OSUA-200 Log as *Asbestosis*. (b) (c) 6/29/82 Pleural thickening, with history of asbestos exposure - bilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification) end with or without pulmonary function decrements. Without pulmonary function decrements, no need to refer unless requested by employee. Record on OSHA-200 Log as "Pleural thickening with history of asbestos pxposure". t Pleural thickening with history of asbestos exposure - __ unilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification) and with or without pulmonary function decrements. Without pulmonary function decrement, no need to refer unless requested by employee. Record on OSHA-200 Log as *Pleural thickening-- with history of asbestos exposure". This diagnosis is one of elimination from 5.(d). . usxoooioi3 . -j: u* - */ O *1a Guidelines For Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure 3. The language for OSHA-200 Log recording for (b) and (c) has been agreed upon in a meeting held October L 1980 of Personnel, Medical, Labor Relations, Safety It Environmental Health, Law, and Workers' Compensation It Casualty repre sentatives. (d). Unilateral pleural thickening or plaques with or without adequate history of asbestos exposure (with or without cal cification)- and with or without pulmonary decrements. The most likely explanation for the pleural thickening in this (d) group is one of the following: infection (pleural effusion) or hemorrhage, callous from rib fracture, radiation fibrosis, scleroderma, chronic mineral oil aspiration, metastatic * disease, lymphoma, myeloma or a combination of these. DO NOT RECORD ON OSHA-200 LOG. Normal anatomical shadows -- pectoral shadow area, extra pleural fat deposits, serratus and external oblique muscle shadows can usually be ruled out by the above mentioned (1. (b)) techniques. (e). Pulmonary Function Decrement only Emphysema. It is important to establish whether this is result of occupational exposure or is due to non-occupational origin. Differen tiation between obstructive and restrictive disease must be made. Do not record on 05KA-200 Log unless occupationally related.* Define cause if so recorded. (f). Normal Chest - further follow-up testing failed to substan tiate suspicions in original chest x-ray or pulmonary function tests. The role of smoking in any pulmonary function decre ment must be earefully evaluated. Diffusing capacity deter minations may be helpful in ruling out pulmonary fibrosis and probably should be done. In coke plants, the possibility of coalworkcrs pneumoconiosis with or without focal emphysema must always be ruled out. 6. Recommendations to the physician in discussing findings with the affected employees: (a). All employees must be told of any positive findings found during his/her examination and the United States Steel physi cian evaluation (also consultant if used) of these findings. Recorded exposure levels should also be given to the employee. Because of proper handling of asbestos today, these environ mental levels should ordinarily be helpful in allaying any fears of continued exposure to hacardous levels.. .__ USX0001014 / Guidelist* For Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure 4. (b) . Pulmonary infiltrate due to asbestos exposure with or without pleural reaction. 5hall be advised that this response is due probably to exposures of many years past. Depending upon the pulmonary function finding, the risk of continued decre ment is probably directly correlated to continued smoking especially if any continued exposure is properly handled by respiratory protection and is of eery minimal, if any, moni tored value. The corporate headquarters Environmental Kealth unit shall prescribe the approved manner of handling any continuing exposure. To be followed every year unless pulmonary function is decreased, then at shorter intervals if clinically indicated. Every effort should be made to get the individual to STOP SMOKING If he/she is a smoker. The risk of lung cancer in those with parenehymal infiltrate is up to sixteen (16) times the risk of a non-smoker with the same exposure and ninety (90) times that of a worker who is a nonsmoker and not exposed to asbestos. (c) . (d) . Bilateral or unilateral pleural thickening or plaques due to asbestos exposure (with or without calcification). Should be advised that this response is the result of many years of low level of exposure. This also should not progress if the ex posure has been eliminated or properly controlled by proper handling'of asbestos and by respiratory protection if exposure continues. Depending upon the pulmonary function findings, the risk of continued decrement is directly correlated with continued smoking especially if any continued exposure is properly handled by respiratory protection and is of very minimal, if any, monitored value. The corporate head quarters Environmental Health unit shall prescribe the approved manner of handling any continuing exposure. *To be followed yearly unless there is a decrement in pulmonary functiosw then at shorter intervals if clinically indicated. Every effort should be made to get the individual to STOP SMOIGNG if he/she is a smoker. The risk of lung cancer in those with bilateral pleural thickening or plaques is two and one-half (2-1/2) times those without pleural reaction. Unilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without cal cification) not the result of exposure to asbestos. Continue to follow on a yearly basis. (e) . Emphysema If believed due to occupational exposure - follow yearly unless otherwise indicated or requested by-employee. USX0001015 .<- KjCCL'-i-i'i J Guidelines For Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure 5. If believed to be-non-occupational, then referral to private physician. If appropriate - follow yearly. (f). Normal - yearly follow-up. 7. Environmental Monitoring. Will be carried out by the Environmental Health unit (corporate headquarters or plants) according to require ments of the OSHA Asbestos Standard. 10-15-80 USX0001016 1 'l J 1 SKlf auitt AND UOUUYIONI ritit 25--UBOR Ck|it> |Vlu.OiniH'onol felmy I MmHk AfnlMitnkMt, ' af Uk' rati ifto--occuiationai umi AKO KlAllM rTAMDAtDI (Mart tar (lH>*n ta Allwtf) tail On Diu mart 3. Ifll. aa tomomary rtoruWd niiralik a ta yiim atari oa* pubhatod m rouu lUcarvm IM fA. ami. t awcf iitfi tacUtat fie us i aflk liam-atrifTT OarupmlanaJ Bafny k**ith an af mi a aauar af rwmtoiiai raa arsiaa a a> aunoasd lr axmure to banana* feme* a* ouiuatod at ito Fumt Batirrr* aa Jur, u. mi n rs wt.tk tote tntltod tnwrrmtod MUi arafiy aat k anun< ant arruamM* aatmii Oa ar atom fuair M. 1*71. Uta Ak auarr CMnum aa Akita ttal aaa mtobhatod ant reovaitod ta autlr veto ra maanliuai MUi mart ta IM praemed lualirt an aiaaatai Oa m aaout February 1. IIU IM Deaannual af Bralih Xduaaucn. aat Welfare imam auuat ia im Aocretory af lunar a W !08Uk&tt| M hk--iM Baara ant tur ap- mmmmm |^kyr||Ik||||M^a|ttanna|l ta atmar taafitHral taaalicm U*. Mu cmaem*. jib OOOSH>.hUtMkfeaftMB ** *MmJMnitjrtar EmmUm aa hart cimt n*t ia IM eaiitivr af the ___ _ a aat aat Um itu tens tf IM itaattau attempted ta M * if ta Mu tarn ta IBM Miami auat af aauwurr ant attain**. a* kart aa* _______ af IM matkato al unurt. Ma r Ba pat Mat. ta aanarml. accuratt a af IM tank af axaoaurr ac ta ar *0 mn act. which hart tti.ira.UMi kQua&aa*. Then tiwversia* aonoemm* Utc ty af tht rartata hisdi af Mae orritftod ta the rarytni kurli ta Bif* tary if Uta tar Contaatkaal talMr aad Baalth the mwl af Ik pramdfnt. a k lair ta aay that Um amtirrmy TM mord Mtwta nkulai vtUtaa fcaa Milrtf ta Um tin hetnast a tar*. MHHIU. a nMOlK ta Ik ark pm- Star TWA atairmtmtian aat er>BMr uubi *k at um Manat, aat TWA atatcBtyaUen. wttn ranauatn as TT-nia thwu Hind tanni .MM IM Use arrltl far aomalianer. Many m at Ur kuki ar alltt) the pm aulijui aupyon a Smftarr Tth'A. flat ilinwl fm Ik ataat f Ik Maal tarttcal atasten k tmtrd artarm kuiM. a lay flag auatart and a Bte-Bher 3k aifif rtinrlird tall art'll fl) Mantart. ta fkw af tk antlantnrd rar eon- lm; Ui aiuiki af anmpUawar; O* Iras imtot ta aatotiaa vanunc Bem: u> manor**: Ui aw*> B k aarmtlwl that Um axportirt ht taal nvamtnv; aat Wi faeordkto> wniltud mv. an (ht haala af tht Mat lat. Sara af tarn taajar ptaaoaah file. rtataw atafiahk ae%, e*n: though B it*, arwinta, ofejecttaaa, awy aat M aa faot at aatutlftcaJlj Be* eoaan.Ttay aBMiofea* tarahk. Aa aaMam aiantart can ta rt- amiutat to the Ucnt at Um mulk af tanttoa ant I aism ittaHs, feat nantirt a aala aarutta wt far thrm Um at employees I aortta aanil ctpnmre la B-bov are at oukc. arkatat ameer (3WAI Urtem B ta aeodutrO that there ahould ta ane Pihitmmm aumaart af ninsurr to Barn kneer than In aafeaairn pankcablt to all norfepiim e- akriaa nan far taDIOitar teneaatra- to any kind, ar aituir af IBndt. ana ala-'i in Stan krl aat ta ncaad af aafeta) in kum of prarttcaJ ad- M Bam final too< miration > waald Unmratloe prtcludt a variety uS atand- k arnaftMt a It aatM la ah kv. am for did (-rent auid* cf aataaun ant hat far aat man maa I boon is any tea of amrkulam Ake. nhUt the rtidtnre 1 hnrr aaf Ink to ahoc that cmctdolito. for tn- BIOBM ta Matt ha* tawsnaM otonet. U nan harmful than clirruolllr. that vw pm-Bon TWA ant l-&tar the rttarnra n nta aufhorot to atabli*li aval awia'WUaa ta prrvwurd anfy acaarair auiuwli far tarmim* of tar S yaari taamliar. TWA aanctnlra- Uana ahotal ta aat tarn than S Barn Bayaito Uww mini to anr otnnit^vt M nta aantattr ini'i af ilr. aat (noulac osi*nm to all varttut;. nf *aat aatannati atotol aal mernd II I'M-, and in voin*m anrarvT.tiy Bkorr/cai*. ana aa *-- than amrn. to*amr tai pwtal anokijtoi %1lh terwlar ra- ritaaai ana mart ta tom ta aatennt have praaaWy at- tvadr areumulatid pni tow of aatat- ant taa um pmati ta ooaintr Was Um. 0* to hictor IrveU of ra- la aaaaaau. have m- tom ta IM pa<. arrayar It appears ta a LA* 1tar ataatart Hal k-rrl* af attoswrt alttrh may to ia. a Mil atwatat aalt emh mart to utoirtn art nat ttaklMliT PlBUK OBMta IM Ouan Ian a m nil a !*.Iia aanmrt ta Mini ttacUta ta mo la* than a ana-flm aalr anth retard to analMlMn*. to llit risUnr trauirea the imirnmi Of ntry emoloytt. men af anr whw may haw rarular espomrrv to ubwia tiurmt Sard tar I ftara. aa4 tatafly a arm *a*rl iftn I Mart T>mm m- aititak pn a lair ktUttWB af I U IAa arnoim if111, a Ito* Ufr mhleh m%r rrarh. or men aareet. It y*on: and Mow af n vtral Other ranrtocraiMn* trhlch Met tarn Trd and are reflretod ta the mart af haa taraiart that kionri ta the prareertl&t. the coeBiet ta the met)* ta lai anaitan aiicnmy aat aal mount k mniiwl ta fator of the Ouraltan a carnal)* vrlaiat' health af eraplri im. Aa af Ja1> 1 iriL ana rancers Tk tapwtr ta TTA eonryntrattato af aatoatnr film MtatM uunaiuuta ta a aorclftr imal tanter than I tormanrn trill not ta omwt k aalt Tanaoi allumd to oaeard tvt Bam cr. anth a uiraaunt in nullah euantn*- celltnc earn of if &oen at. Um currant *n wliitai fenvees caataBc krai* at TWA rihemMUm af Brr Bhen aat r. ten USX0000346 i MB AMD liOMAIIONS S1329 *f IV hen*Me. wtn be periETOAT antil iiinl llW. flyr- Mwi w that thaw tww pat to wi-ni to the JMe*1 tor et me proaacu.aneuld bm ^^J^aoSfiQMwXm SyndjttRLiAi ftI' tir. iui it i 'UlltflUuJ period mat brTVCulmTto he.labetod: and tti vwrti3i mmntinag Sbi tl______ each a*-danger and _ "-Mdctafthesantrwroroyto bwamaladly planting-J thh ana bu mdrod around the m- Bath minttoa hate teem. and tbe tte whether an employer abate bo al- towod to hero were to the natoi* at The recced ihewt that the d. MaaUartmf The pnpamd atandard the muted modteal examinettea. The a^rer-- eubleci to Ite Mule mild hate muted ateodard ftexUl*. manufacturing. Indue- toe amt appro tentnr at thooe who hare artaed pasut mplem acotat h bawd on the V totrial. ami bum butane ite. etc.) wts Met varying ktw at dl&afitr Many team ban the atafiahlbty and roUabOity at apoctatte that men* cmplonn wffi mo the madieai ----ymt M r mm at oomptyar with tbe atandard. la wtac tortrumenU. frewtry af acmnlad omploytocsi applleant*, and pianu. axteef** mdeaimt and nloea- taetne. and aaadittea to which want, at proundi for dtacbarsmt *orient pun. toUod of amdpeneet BU be Beaded. It eboetnr, the delay tbe aSeetm U should ba rotated. The atandard utm the ohiectlpns Into analemt. who ahow alsa* of tern* al lotted by exporare to aabestoa Ptoec the date of the two-fiber standard wot prv- aldusduir II IKuiltThihodie stellar- pwrpoae af the .radical oxammattana m vtd* as employer* rounnetu* Warn ta tma ax toterrainSo teatr than t ta atanitoe the M*Hh af nopioyom ox- ompiy. At the earn* Una. ao tec at tbe tbusdtevtng carulderoble tape ta the hacard* of atestoe. aoo- netting limit la eempuod with, aa ham rotte. and praaeilte the aae at the fitoyem cannot m name be prantad the M reasonably exported to emit membrane filler nutted. which ta aa ae- pensete af refuebu ta ^-wt i* ttetr jnaune during tbe tmnelBona) wytfZU method tat fiaUfitnctte at employer* roaulu cr occupaiteal apo- 1 fittte at cowpltooce. It hu asbestos fibers. aaoo. It dou net make acsac to mate painted aut by many peromu. that B haa alas baca neaauaendod that mplayer* to ptwrtde toodtel esaaina- teette against aabeatM fiber* h amplorom at Chair wusiuiauia aheold ttona If they cannot know and aat tte blamed by oostroUtar tbe rorratlu af hare an apnorualty ta atocm the roaulu af th* examination* Tor throe fiber* fiffi. aad aeemdly. by cce&oBlag monitoring. The ncommcBdatte ha* toaion* the ctandard proridr* that cm- the dispersion at rtiaeaed fiber* tote the bees accepted. ployors may bar* a mmrtad acoou to ambient air of tbe worfcptaoee Thermon, A. Matteal amwtoifWiay. The pro- aamt medical tafermstte. the atandard wnatroe fumble locical contnle and appropriate pmenev* u the primary mean* at ptianee. Rolette at employee* at a war af meeting the TWA aoncentratte ye* utemsnt la allowed anly fc atatad oxeeptteal clroumetaaaaa. becaua*. aa a eocral rule. It would be ffiacali ta bn- pted atandard would mfiy naste an appropriate toadies! msartnatlan an a partodlc bade. The cwnerahty af the pern paul hat attracted many ablectte* aad atoo many baipfu) raenwwita. The neom- ttea at IOOCH aad at the Adelitaa Suit wen specific with roepaet ta both On thd other hand, there b aa tottstte to allow employer* to obuw medical toformatte obtained pursuant to tbe Act. to the detriment at mrto) orn Therefore, the daunateaUan at the toedicaJ roeordi mutement wtfi ho cterly watehod. and. to aaao* of atowe. appropriate aette wifi bo canwdcrod. pieaent. fi|roon*l protaetiee aevlPMat. aueb ae rmpu^Um. aapnat be robed anen becauac. among ether reaeoaa, thu may be ee uncomfortable a* ta be bur- frwwwT aad type af toedical axamiaau be muted. The sommeste eary a* to th* dam af employem ta ha aattead and ae ta the froqsacy af the Th* lacscs ditcuaaed aboo* are bchcoed to be the milor onm Numoros* other Pooei have teen railed to thr rulemaktne prornillnn- home hare beet rrlrrrod aa ete*oo>. eacept for ahafUenode at tint Therefor*. It b expected u*at na- Th* adopud atandard rogutes awdlca! laeldentaUy. Many recomaendatten*. for . tniUnrt. about work practices, art ao l2 rater* and ablfi roteBoa wts be mod durar the period neoaoeary to metab e>Cineenn* control* and to tm enactor- acaistoatton* both at th* bertaalw and th* tarmtoatte tt cmplormcsu expeaed to naaaatnaaa* af aabooua fiben. and obviously meritorious that their tte nerd* no exposition here, recommendation* and many able me to wund wort pracaeve. ted. alley Wchnolarteal oronpltanro hu bees aefutwd their urn mil be balled ta opeeial wen UtuaUoeu and eoiei genet**. Wore both an practicable. WUfl rote- ten b reenurad. *. lebeha* The procaaid atandard atonoed then at roqutnnt lekeanc as bestos and aabrntm-eonUiaim psoducw. ml madieal caaataa_af oecry dtofilcyte eq*iiai le airbdm* aosaeftteson* af tabrnta*. It ha* otad out that to certain todutb a* aasauvrtte. an ampleyo* lar aerwal amployen durtoc year AacardmctT. th* standard Mtn aithcr prmoleymenU cr ponadlc osammaton hove not teen adopted for a variety af toaaeni shleh should be atanlfost fie*or*!, for toil*art. hare yrrommetded tte ow of mpustort only pnnuiapt to a wtanci. or to raw* of tPKiintey and oersuona! short-term oxpo*tim. The rocommendsboo siih roapr* ' to vananc wndoobwdiy hu many menu, The prepnmd atandard would ban rr- at amt ** w who ha* been examined but la caniidrred adcuidatrutirrli' te uired only wanhi Arne at leesttee wuh the aundard withls ar*rural. where ubeetoe hazard* are pnmt Aeeoedmclr. after ronteenfion at the Slowenr. Ubelinf. rather Ihu mnai aicse. hae proud to be a point at amtiwverxy Roth XTOdR aad the Cecacuuee on Albertoa Duet mended label* far aabeetoa prodvet* rotte which hat hoot ralaed ta wbetter Ite aaaplorer at th* nr aBawod ta choose the The atandard to the employe, tone* whole record of the proceeding, and pursuant to aerooni I <b> aad tc> ami <c> af the wuiums-fitoicer OeevoItetaJ Safety and Rrvtth Art at im (S4 eontamer*. aad thee* roeoaimem beri m vtxy mnlrorendal to the at the breoeedlsc Many emm proposal* have been ate* at ta M Ianreact at tbe wamtoc ae well aa aa the product* to be aubleot ta ite.steady have a modiea! to opera aad. drparvecsia wun th* mnia*n d ate*- to ocmlt thma to rmi the Mai. Utl. ItM. JIM; Ofifr fits, fill. St CTR lilt t. and to Secretary af labor* Order No. S*-?l (SI TJt. RH*. fiart lilt af TUI* St of the Cod* of Rad- a! Rseulattea h atocadrd aa set teeth tvvuimaenu.t Cznplerrmv t mru* and ouoniac than to autodr aonietid that (1> oroaioro* la choose a priesta ill fiortloc llllil le amended hy re- acta which *S*ctJ*y antra# vtaln* Table O-S la road as follows: tr. it r. r, ton L*. . - USX0000347 t .*11326 tUUS AND BtOMADONS ntfibm. Inter om _____________________________ kgr nr*J*i df Mix arctian: - ** **" F** MtmdkDS^iiWapHatrftlh(tMd tUo fwilkl) kIJ ** *?* fnilkli ar fcaalhk te an meat mvma " * aXael ta nta the abheent aaneotia rv.. * Mm if uta. rta iMn ids* ie* thawmne peeaertted hr paiacrapb Ch>. af thh a. a an i iiejm b lill. nertmt ae lateex: Itlhth 4a> Brleiitexi. tar the hi* aaeuon. O > chrymah. emxxite. arecldohte. Die. anthoohr&ite. and acuaellw *42) "Aeaaxtoe Aden Men kypr Ihu I i WneaillU ( / aehattae Aher> (ti finfrf ttmat Mi 1, 1171 t-bour tlae>vttud aecraee aannecjirmunne af artiteh aarenalayae ahafl neOSTnd Bt hm.iuuitterv per auhic caanraewr af atf.'ae dewrounad hr the aenaad te penman (e> af Ihix V. (3> llnfirf elective The d-hour ua**vcithted arena* atr* BBattau af tan te < (Hi Sheaf elnil aaafffaflaa. to) exhao* eenttuttea and te teataJhd. Md teatnlatnut to with Ibt ilmmaaa Mstma) del Where hath i asd tauoe an aSowed hr a*, ta*. or ttu af thh l fraph. and hath an practicable, pencrv- arl rauttea than he pniartad and aacd. Standard Pundamcstala OwiBtet the tit When a mjiimtor It permitted ht Saaln and Operation at Local Exbaast aatearanash U> af thli panarreah. a jsubu. AMU Z1A-IP11. which M te- Mali hr Minted Iran ament thcae at ' kj wfonace hanla. prated ht the Bunas af Idiaei. Deparv- (I) Dor | INU nnnniai the a**0 abiaty aI AMU UJ-mi, and *he RMnt at the Istenet, at the Natiana: In* atlUiie far OecmwlMBal Safety aad af a hlatartc file te came* thrrreuh. The addnox af the Amer- h i mo.ue. U Health. Drpartarent af Bealth. Zduoxtiofi. and Wetfan. ond*T the pnrteMa* af M ent Part 11 mm. 044. Bar te. 11731. and ahatl h* aoed te aaaonHwM i tarfhalae Malt. AS arlth aabdirutenr M*. (ID. UUl.aad (tei af thh aakpancraiih. <1> Air pwrtfvne rarpirafara. A raaaa* af the axauaun Malta are* ah (hi af thh aeetioB. at. Part Ml lialtad la. net. acorcrv and arUla. this he pra- tided with Meal extent rentilxUon aye* with eafcdmtion UP hit or xtntle oe air rvmnoi rvainur, or a wihTxiflf daxrtlked te aufadteuian <HI ar UU1 af thie avhparamph. ahaS he axed ta reduce the coBerntntiao* af atrhomr axteste* 11hen in the mptnter UWe the erpoxutr hmtu pmolMd te pararraph <h> af thh aectien. ahen the at More prtutm g> Wtt mro**t. v ao pmrtiaahh. aahaatea ahaU he ed aaahid. (amend. cat. parked te a wet ctJteu ar the t*haur time-arlthted averate airaonw apne-ntmuear af aateowa B&cn an ifMeniblt aliened te exceed a* more than 10 timer thoae limiu. id) ta acted air part/vtar ratpliafart. f the ex* te pemfrepb the axcfulnni A fuB faorpleee pavend air purtfnac xeapmtor. ar a poeemd air partfroig maimer. ar a napinter textnped te auMmaten thli af this euPpenmah. hall he axed te reduce the earwenua- thru af atraome aehattee Bhcn ta the napirator telov the uxaurr tail* pee- aerthed te puimpli th> af thh acctten. when the eeSAt ar the d-haur taw* etfbted evtner aacntnueni af without or tt&lUated Barn an rwinruhlr te aaaead 10 Umax, hat hat II rppe "C" nxiUifdlr rarptralarx. ih) at Uaaoai fee o Max*. A type f aaotini aan dinxnd. evpplivd-alr aeaptrator dewfiftea. ar naiaxaf, ahall he neo te reduce the taneestra- th ml te the oprannr *1 Rxrtl. ar daaaeBtme at ar oeuiaoaeru cavxnd amh Mute, and te the m dMiimnw at aiawi te ar hwuifi than h* weniej wutaxeni a --- ah penman *a'inni. af thh/ aad with --*f HHflLM" .A ftC- Dane at airaome axaaiiai fihan te the napinter haiaa the nwan tauie Prraertaad panenph (hi af thh areuan. erhte the MTlni ar tbr 0-bov time weifhtad iRnie airborne aan nr in- of aaboatax fixer* an raxinnahty expected te exceed 1M Umax thoae unite. Ur) liliUitMila/a mptrafar pe- with parecnSK tditli af thh prata. u> The aopleyer shxS aouhlah a raaptratur precram te aocordahee fih atr* mst r. ten i1 DSX0000348 mtm amo KseuunoNS 11321 the mtbtimU * the Basal Standard* Pi arilw tar alee fiber* arc wWxmd Ip be ta garb o way a* tp < Wtt is a VlrnXwaermructattlklaaraaia*~l teey Hetaeim. AMI MA-lVte. whlafc wrtMther vmy mtatyte* J* teaerpacsted hr ratmaae huik aabaitae fiber* la . I llUJUMiMI. apd ta thta nfidwaui. Tbt am* ahaS fip- . Am I IflO-t tai--rnmt the inB* hour f MW ml the teaenc* eI as bluer* Sfc la paragraph fbt ta Ihh fitaythalaOewtar Mead ta the tower 8 the Malta nt tataofiifl. the < pan*! wtth tottar ataeo and atyha at a dtetaly tadHUli a vtUbOlty at leaet oual ta Upt. therewith. The addraa* at the program ta Mcsrfiaa* ta thta patadmuofi. Motional Stondarda Tsotmtao h tt> at thta aarttan. uiojec. Oi fir--mat aaamtfartma.fit <c) Me employe* eheS he oatipnad te tea* ahaS be --Oectad tram artthta dbe tub rweutnnr the am at mththn tt. MtUttac aane at the mum ant. Oetsi* at baaed wee Jth Met recast -- an esanitsac pltyalctaui deterateae that filter* at M i tad ta as b. ' ba bars.Oaiste ar the employ** wiu be maWe te fancttas baS be takes let the Marmaliy waamc a mptrxtsr. r that deomstnaUea at the d-haur ttaat- the HJtt; ar health al the enodBrae ar walifitad b*a*a|t abbots* niimia iU>W hwrt... WCethlt m htetwtr k*bon ether ampler*** vffi be 1stpatted br hti tee at a rrsptreter. Such eertMere* ahalt he rotated to another tab er arcs the Umm aad fifth* srthagaasastrattenaaf Mbaatm Abeia. tilt datapitup Iraaaerrrr and pattern*. Bo Mat Meoieto to mum Vital tw* Sol M-- Sown It ("(MkN epporumity ip trmsrtfr ta a difiermt pa- Attar the tatual detenstaattam* raatarad Amibtor ay.ta, |M m ym tiTMt aiuen whoer dtiUet he la able ta pertana bp subparagraph i|> at thh paraenph. with the earn* empierer. ID the earn a*a- ----ahall be at mach frxeuenry and aaay Me Meeeiov r few Meoiu. graphical area and with the mm centerUr. atauu. and rata al par ha had leal prior te Mich trmnsler. tf aueh a tafixrast patten aa ta rtpraatat wtih faaaonabta the tamta at eneaw at *s*- la we raat than the aaatpltaa be Aaorraa between Nneo oh*U be at t*o*t awoal w the Detain ! me upper al any seaman ta araOable. f tii ayi>ftj-i ripyipif Tk Miplinj at tatarrali greeter than d mantha lar eaplorae* vhaae speeure to aabrauu fit Cl*iiol*Mt-it> Jjhlnr CootWi label* anal) br afiurfl to all taw V_ibaJ! hrendc. and reeuire the aae ef. aseetal ctethinc. aueh at eoreraJli pr etmilar whole bed; ctathtne: aeaa art tUrcnKl' "ft pity** eapeaed te alrbontt Done el atPntee flbcrt. which reume 1***1 evented m puegraph tb> el thu arenas. t Chaae* mm: (I* At ear tart place al employment exposed ta olfhatM eootxntrxuon* el atbettea ftbcrt la ea- exa* al tne cxpoaurt Ustiu paragraph (b) al Uut aee plarer ana13 preride chanet ream* lar employv woriinc regular)} at the ptaaa. tu> Otuw loekm: The vptarxr chaU prond* two (operate toraen ar aoptatntn Ior each aapiom. m er taolatcd oa te pmcni coni el the employ**'* atrxct ctethm wort Uoltm* tar raamnablr be Irani I* exceed the lhaiie praacnbad br parapraNt ib> fnttaMMhl taoaUartap-- rt ahall be aaUectrd Iran area* al a week aavirantatai which are iiprieeatattae at the atnerae coentatratian* al ataut re fiber* which nay raern the braattimp aan* at ewipkmn Aaaieta* hall be aatlaeud act a tatabranr filter at fid tatcratneter penalty taounted te aa awan-tace Attar balder. Ampler abaO lar thr fictanatnatlBi at the wmphtad man airborne and at the aalMnp cao- aeatrOan> at aaytea fibetx. (fit gamaltaa meaner *d paUrrmt. Attar the wutial aetarwunauana featured by aabaaraeraph <1* al thh paratnph. ahaS be at aerh IraatMmry and aa la r*event with na*enable laatenaU. Miitum. imp. waate. deem, and dthrr predueu esnutninc aabeotnt fiber* or te their munm. except that no label ta taosired where axbeuao fiber* hate bocn mndlfted by a Uaidint aami. realise tender, ar ethrr Mtenal ao that dartse any naaonably lomeeaMe oee. handtast. aiotape. donsoal proroaetne. ar Uosasenation. so airborne eonrenttw- ttafit al aabrxloo fibers ta rxcca* at the rxwuaare ha.lu pmrrlbrd la paneraph tb> al UU* armitai vui be rcloaaed. hi Jahl apect/leartwtu The caottas label* taatUrxd br eubdirwvn al uua aubnerotrojih ahaS be pnnwd in taller* Ml at*Bcien: eur and contrut w te ta taadUy eUihlr and taclMe The lateJahafi state: `Ceevt--i ftaum Mn US> Laundennc: tat UMttrm af bnh al exacaure al the a*a eminr Den aitaatot contaminated etelhtag ahafl be Me cmm ahall aaatpltnc be PW>M A* Poet *e*T Cw don to at te prevent the releoae al air- lar then < month* lor f Peveeto Peon; Mem home OAoeitoe Barra ta caeeae al Um as- poaurt Unit* pnucrloed a paragraph Ibi I uua Mcuaa **> Any employ** wba tty raetarrunated clothing ta another far laundrnnt ahall talons aocS at the requirement ta la) at that name to cdrctlrei; prv-rnt the a! airborne aabaatee fiber* ta aaeew at Uw npoum hmlu praacnbad lb par* firaph i*i at uua eecttah. ri ContaatiaaMd etelhtag Aal be Iranapotted In eealtd PnprrwMObM Papa, ar other ctaord. lmparm*>li and labeled ta groh t al thta i Met arrfhad PI ourawral. AB Inwttnauena al airborne at aabeiua fiber* ahaS be wnwpbrmn* finer taathad at magntftcauos) r aaOlunetcr ohteeM**i artth phaw aontraat SlUBlaataata fit Maatiartaa--lit Palllal delay1. mattou. wrtthta month* aI the petal- cauan f thta yuan, every ahall aatac every place at poaum Ip arboata* Inmn to eaterd P*T*artb*d ta peteaah ) al thh aeruon. *> ladprr atarreaty a* etaatfar. ar their repfften a yeoaanaUe f ta eaarroe any wtonHortnc be tap aohkdronn and ahall have t the retard* tlml. latwi*. O) Co*. and dietdayed at each Irtotte eancontratien* fiber* ait be m exroo* ft the tar* baaiu pyrrtaed b\ perarrmph Cb at thp --ny fiiu ahall be t--tad at eacb a dm noe Iron eurh a brsuon taay nrsd the atane prataeuve atars bema taerbtd by the fitene ahaS ba paota at all apeontatatof n'twsn at Cfit Item pmlrtlleu taxujred by aae <> h* llttateekmloe--< I Drtetef AB nirmel owrlam m an* nlare ai ernuio*ptest ahall be aunuuirt Ire* al arew mutelwn* pt atonMp; fiber* 11. with their dtaprnton. that* wwwld be an aseexah* tearmh ratian tfi* U'aitr dupn*at Atbaeloe wart*. amp. drbm. bat*, eentatnen. matt-- aeest. aad am-- riwuominatad cJatlitatx. eanuened lar dtxseml. which mav produet in any reaeonahly Joraaarxbta war. handta&c. atorocr. prrieoennr. U-- paaaL ar tramwenaum atroors* aantytrsuona al ae*etoe fiber* Is neta al the aapoaisx Smite ptreoribed a paroannh b* at thta (action ahall be oaliected aad dtmooed at ta Baled tmpemeobta bac*. ar ether ctaetd. tmprrroeobta oaniemm lit Jtr*tf*w*--11 > tiyeutr tw- ardi. fivxry eatsloyrr ahall maintain **rardi at ana perxanal ar annrowmwital pwstipnac rremred t>y thta aecuan hecweeta ahall be maintained tar a period at at Moat fi yoert and ehali be aoad* ami able upon rxwueat to me Aaatatant decn tary al Labor lar Oecupeliana! Aalny a&d Beaus, the Dvreetor at the Matmal ' Mu* six*, we*, ar, mo. hi wti*io*t. aad r. van it / . DSX0000349 MS AMD UCMA-nONS nutate Stoaim. and * irmaf Hiker. Qi raka*r i mstir . tar at taaat SO paan. OU Man. Dm hm af ttr mnb f Um muca! aaanUna to __ mtatn hr moM It UUI parampfe obafl ka i aaUaklr. hr feuaacttOB m a Ik Amuunt Htnlinr at Ukr tar .(radiaptl. Which . ahiytC'a WIBWiWKMflBttW. IS1 Jfnpfam HUHMitM. Any na- lw><lt>w ten K|iHit Unt ii sirbacTM aancmiraUaea H to* Aiwrv id dm af Um hauls acrttod St pinriph Ck> af Ihh .`IAS to MOM fcWIUW tun * <m af Um ftadmc. Dm mbpiojm MtU aka M Umeiy aotttad af Um aor* itrtr ak Baalth. Ihr at Mtoail. la aathartatd stoat* and Maatcal aaaaurtanti af attbcr tUMiaaaanaf aaaaw* D . __ hr ttk hantraph abatl Ismkti M (hr aMDtppcr at the namMad malayra ag Um Mlar> ipb. and any ather Ma^aU^H miirr acUOB kelac token. tj< auiut BiwiMinu-ci) o*> nlatad to mi Trv mtpleyrr ah*S p>--id ar awakr araiUklr at hh ant. aMdic 8. A aaa IISICJS h adtod to a^part wu rtUUf110 fipwort la S af ran sail. Mfua as hUan: Mind ky Uiir paramak. ill Pnplw*(U. nt Mplortr ihiS | l*IS.It ------------ . *rand* ar awakr arallsbJ* la aacfa at kU utoJSa Shan apply to the n- anpleym. wittitn 90 aakadar Dan lal* af aatry twlotn to laautc Du Ant Bnptornxnl Id aa crupatton caponed la iJDona aao- umtv.wu af utMta flam, a eunprt* iitntttc awdiraJ (uainauea. wtueb abaO tneiud*. a* a minimum. a abent mu rmatram iportcrwc-*aterar X a St mebew . a hi*we17 te alien af aeptorunt aanud ky ISSIOJS. i*io.is. | itii.K. | moji.ar i uie.il. la ha at anr diScrmt naniUrtf aa as* Soaurr to mOmim hwt whleh vaaM atocrriM to awUieahk ky *1tum at any af Ihaar aacttona. atelonr at maumtary pulmonary tuncDoo lad* la larerd nwal rr~~*T iFVCf aadti Bfcemt hair, raramtot tkWS) af IIIIIJU ms toeaoM afaeUrt duty S. SSIt. AS auwr prottoieni at II UltJSa. npouery rplum at I anal (TXVu), U1IJ]. aad Uie.lt aaaU to war afla* 0> iuul maiufwu. Ob ar to* ttn duly 1. U1S. Tht current aataracacy fair January SI. lit], and at kaet a* aua&r mernJirr. rrerr aapiorrr akatl MUI day 1. ItlS. pronot. ar atakr araUahlr. coapmben m medieal cssaunatioiu ta sack H ku cmptarret minted tn aocupaUoxa m* pom to airborne ccBcratraOean af aato*to- sr^rt Such annua) nimimiiB ' snail include. a# a diubm. a ttat i tb aut tan. in; a A. aa. ar. a era iair- bmi af a*. i*-it. ar r* arm at WMhtnfton. Or. Uth Sd AayafdaanUn. . , rami-ton*ram tpostorior**slrtlar 14 I It tornn*. a biliary la alleit O. C. Oanrran. ' d Mrtaaf knespy af Aakar. f/ ` aialoQ at rntriratory atari pvitax-iarr funruoe wr*t |e tr run twrit ena) capacity iFVC and rtr.nun nalwmt at I nrcobd <7TV. J. Trmtrailton af empioymeat. Dm pujpr thaS ptnut. ar await eras* ait -situs >0 calendar Dan krfarr ar after tu tmatnauan af nmiikincni ad any rwvk<ia imiitd In an ataaM bm ) to airborne nan ncritnlinen af Manor Dam. a aaanpnMnrir* awOical naminatm aaieb abaS melude. aa a aurvmua a tfMnt rarntaiaacrna *aw motMwntrnor in a 11 mebn>.a Matary a atint rynpinulnlafy at taamai PiiMiM. aad pwwlnanary larsae laaia la toduoe Inroad eUaJ aaaaaty tTVC and farted cxnmiery rahnaa at I trrv..t. <1 Ittntf ewaluflau. Ha mmmiiae a mtdud af any toor-e. V adrauatr racardi Maw me tmolejn has bam malMd la ne- medanor otth tMa parafrapb vtthla IDa pan 1-nv partad. JWifieaf Mart*-f| Jf . ut ruuiiertTi af amtiUj ran uurvu*ni ta tnu parwraph MtaO la be tBatotainad c--nnirtr and aa af aU anu nauin. yr. mo. f. UTS DSX0000350 United States Sled Corporation ). btororgsniutioR Corropon ^PIAINTIFFS . r^EXHIBIT^ z-k Me December 10, 1971 Tc General Superintendents and . Frwc Kenneth M. Morse, Director Plant Managers * Environmental Health Superintendents - Personnel Services Supervisors of Safety Mjact Threshold Limit Value for Asbestos Dust Exposure_____ Federal Occupational Safety And Health Act (OSHA) In the December 7, 1971 issue of the Federal Register, the previous standard for airborne concentrations of asbestos dust was drastically reduced from that which appeared in the threshold limit list (Table G-3) of the original set of stand ards which appeared in the May 29, 1971 Federal Register. You may be cognizant of the considerable furor which has been de veloped by some people on the development of lung cancer from long-term exposure to very low concentrations of asbestos dust. While some of this information is questionable, the fact remains that it is now accepted by the Federal government with the re sult that the above action has been taken, and compliance with the standard is required. The original TLV which appeared in Table G-3 of the Kay 29, 1971 standards was 10 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, greater than 5 microns in length (2 million particles per cubic foot of air). This has been lowered to 5 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, based on an 8-hour time-weighted average exposure, with a maximum concentration for any 15 minute period in an hour for up to 5 hours, not to exceed 10 fibers per cubic centimeter. In view of the fact that we utilize asbestos either in sheets, for pipe covering, or in the loose form in several of our operations, which involves intermittent exposure of employees to asbestos dust, it is most important that your health and safety staff and eiigineering department be fully cognizant of the control measures which are required. These control measures are as follows: 1. The first effort in control must be engineer ing methods, where such are feasible. J. Angle T. Hunter R. McClure G. A. Jedenoff G. F. Willard F. H. Wickline USX0000845 CV . \ W*'' V-w/ J. . Marner" " ~ ^ R. B. O'Connor M. iupay D. O )) -2- 2. Where engineering methods are not feasible or cannot reduce the concentrations within the limits above prescribed, respiratory protective devices must be utilized con sisting of the following: a. Respirators meeting the U. S. Bureau of Mines Schedule 21-B, for individuals ex posed to 25 fibers per Cubic centimeter of air averaged over an 8-hour shift, or exposed to 50 fibers per cubic centimeter of air over any 15 minute period. A valveless.respirator providing equiva lent protection may also be utilized. b. Where the exposures involve concentra tions of 250 fibers per cubic centimeter ^ of air, averaged over an 8-hour shift, or more than 500 fibers over any 15 minute period, a powered-air supplied filter respirator of a type approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines under their Schedule 21-B must be used. c. For exposures in excess of 250 fibers per cubic centimeter of air averaged over an 8-hour shift, a Type C positive pressure supplied air respirator approved by the US8M under their Schedule 19-B shall be utilized. 3. All hand or power-supplied tools which produce asbestos dust such as saws, scorers, abrasive wheels and drills shall be provided with local exhaust ventilation land "Sust collectors. 4. Employees exposed to the spraying of asbestos or demolition of pipes, structures or equipment covered with asbestos insulation shall be pro tected by the use of respiratory protective devices above mentioned. 5. Asbestos cement, motors, coatings, grout, and plaster shall be sdxed in closed bags or other containers. 6. No dry sweeping or blowing of surfaces contain ing asbestos shall be performed and such clean up shall be done by vacuum methods. ) -3- The above regulations and the hazards associated with asbestos dust warrants .immediate attention to determine those occupations in yotor facilities which utilized asbestos in any form and in detexmining the concentrations to which workers may be exposed. Zn the latter category this office will shortly be in a position to assist you in determining such concentrations. In addition, workers exposed to asbestos dust should be given pre-employment and periodic chest x-rays. l-x Me Kf) \C we vtow* mi *'"'"*** -r* ITS - -- ^_____ *2. ro *. Marten ------------- ---- XVOBDIV. JAN* 2 01872 USX000084'7 "-?1* *> * *- * "t !Ui C. < 'yjOOS^ > , ~Cu ^ ! '-MV.is;', 1-------------" rl- j wv s*? 7 The Third Wave of Asbestos Disease: Exposure to .Asbestos in Place Public Health Control OF SCIENCES *6. The maximal IVXO. Avbestosts ier> workers, / Scientific Publi- . R. Becklake. Resp. Dis. 1IM: . 1988 Asbestos AMA 259: 370- i. 1985. Airway >: 293-293. S. Masse. 1983. J. Med. 75:63 U . Small airways <3. Sales. 1983. A es and chemical companions by : 283-292: 361- I I Asbestos-Related Disease in Employees of a Steel Mill and a Glass Bottle-Manufacturing Plant RICHARD S. KRONENBERC. JEFFREY L. LEVIN. RONALD F. DODSON. JOE 0. N. GARCIA. AND DAVID E. GRIFFITH Texas Institute of Oc< apattona! Safety and Health University of Texas Health Center at Tyler Tyler, Texas 75710 INTRODUCTION Asbestos is a well-known health hazard. The principal diseases related to asbestos exposure are a variety of nonmalignant pleural disorders including pleu ral effusion, pleural plaques, and pleural fibrosis, as well as asbestosis. mesothe lioma. and cancer of the lung. larynx, and gastrointestinal tract. Initially, most cases of asbestos-related disease were seen in miners, millers, and persons em ployed in the manufacture of asbestos products.1 In the late 1950s and early 1960s. asbestos-related disease was reported in end-product users such as insulators, shipyard workers, and railroad workers.:J More recently, workers who did not directly use asbestos have been found to be at risk.* in most instances this "third wave" of asbestos disease has involved persons who. while not directly using asbestos themselves, were in situations where their exposure to asbestos was fairly evident This includes workers m the general construction trades, such as carpenters and sheet-metal workers.' and office workers exposed to deteriorating asbestos material * Outside of the petrochemical industry, where there was exten sive use of asbestos in pipe insulation, few. if any. reports o' asbestos-related disease exist in workers emptoved m general industry. The purr-%e of this report is to present preliminary observations on the prevalence of asbestos-related dis ease in workers at two industrial sites not generally associated with asbestos exposure--a glass bottle-manufacturing plant and a steel mill. METHODS The workers reported m tins studs were referred to the Occupational Medi cine Clinic of the Lmtcrsm of Texas Health Center at Tyler tor assessment of possible asbestos-related disease and other occupational diseases The patients were identified through direct contact bs attorneys, through public meetings, and by contacts made by fellow workers All workers were encouraged to report for screening: however this approach necessarily precluded a comprehensive survey of ail of the involved workers at these two plants Both of the factories involved hi the study were located in northeast Texas in a relatively rural area that is nor heavily industrialized. The glass bottle plant oper ated from 1941 io 1964. when it c`oscd primarily for economic reasons. During the 3*7 I } ii 3VH ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 'h years of Us operation this plant employed a total of approximately 1.5tK> work er-.. The steel mill also opened in I94X and is still operating, although at a reduced capacity. A total of approximately R.000 workers were employed at this plant during its sears of operation. The extent of asbestos in place in tnese two factories is not known with certainty. nor is it known precisely wnat types of asbestos were used. In both instances asbestos was used extensively during processes that in volved healing, primarily as an insulation material. The workers were, all blue' ^oiljr and did not include managers or office personnel The ma.ionr. of the workers had lived most of their lives in the surrounding area of East Texas They were employed in many different areas of the plant. None of the workers reported m this studs was assigned to work directly with asbestos as pan of his or ner usual duties and none gase a history of having worked directly with asbestos dunng any previous employment, in addition to being exposed to asbestos, the workers in these two factones had significant exposure to other occupational hazards includ ing silica, mixed dusts, and a variety of organic and inorganic toxins. W'hiie it is difficult to quantitate the extent of these exposures, we estimate from the histones provided by the workers that those at the glass bottle piant had more direct silica exposure than did those at the steel mill, while the reverse was true for toxin exposure Mixed dust exposure occurred tn both The evaluation performed differed in the two groups of workers in that the c.'j" Pottle plant workers were more extensively evaluated The difference in the rwo evaiuauons related pnmanly to the size of the two groups of workers, with tne targe numPer of steel mill workers precluding the extensive initial evaluation performed in the glass bottle plant workers. Each of the ctass pottle plant workers p.ad a complete medical and occupational history and prosical examination, pos- ic-oar.ienor lateral, and nghi and left antenor oblique crest \-rav films w nh 1LO. reuc.ng * ano complete pulmonary function testing All of tne cnest X-rav s on the vtrr wi.rv.ers and 85*^ of the chest X-rays on the glass ..orvers were read bs the - - ! -r..de' The majority of Ihe glass worvers also -,,,d nreropue pronenos- . r- w " p'.'ncnojiveoiar lavage 1B.AL1 Specih- ru -.mar-. function tests in- .- jnd dcterminalion of lung soumr -. pietns smograrns. and . ...'non monoxide diflusmg capacitv L-r.c ...semes-were catculatec 'rvic-.j cunacifs mejvureu ir .: ...-r p'essurc constant- .-Carr CPI 'tk*1 Sen's" M;c.. v-,. - carror monox- . was peru.rmeJ using the tcsnnid-e '. 'cuvie c:and wav . . . .c. norma .aiues Calculated i:om tr.t ec-ation of Voile' e: a,- * unc .,iijmc> "t:c tni've o1 H.-e- . to- men' and Coid- : .- ..omen Norma.' vaiuc' -r ' * r'.. mjic;. t.toic - ..' .as.ige was penormed js rrevi.'u- Jevcriped - Alter ad- anestr.evia. u rireropiic Pron^n.'v.ore wjs inserted :nio tne r . trj.t A iota) oi HKimi of norrr.a: sanre solution was injected in ''nr tne incula and rigni midd.e .i,Kv T~e fluid was jspiraied a.icuo: and nueted mrougr ca-c.- T . picailv kn to ILK.' m` ~ . ' sa.me solution in tp.e B AL a a- 'e. '--e'ed A srrta.. aliquot - _-e J to' -v nite Piood cell and dilie-c- u. counts Dirterentia: " -- .red "om o tocentrifuge prepataf.v.t - -v. vtospm 11 Sr.andon- ........ Pa> wmen were :.ne~ -tamed with a modified -Harteco DilT-(,'uik Dade Diagno-tus Aquada. PR. At -e'e -.-rued using morpnoiogic crur'i. :. detect me percer.tage of ~r~o>xtes neutropnns jno eosinor". - present Tota: B.AL ~ - *- measured uun a nemocstometer Fer'.ginous oodles :FBi and (CRONENBERG tt at.: DISEASE IN STEEL AND GLASS WORKERS 399 uncoated asbestos fibers were enumerated by means of light and transmission electron microscopy (TEMi. Asbestos and other dust panicles jnd fibers were identified by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy." All pf the glass workers underwent lavage unless they had significant cardiorespiratory disease or refused the pro* cedure. The steel mill workers were evaluated with a screening medical and occupational history and physical examination performed by an occupational medicine nurse. They also had posteroantenor and lateral chest X-ray films, as well as spirometry, but not complete pulmonary function testing. Bronchoalveolar lavage was not performed on the steel plant workers. Asbestos-related disease in these two groups of workers was classified into one of four categories--pleural disease, asbestosis. restrictive pulmonary func tion. and cancer (mesothelioma or cancer of the lung, larynx, or gastrointestinal tract). A number of workers had disease in more than one category. Pleural disease was defined by the presence of pleural plaques oceumng primarily over the lower lobes or diaphragm with or without calcification or by diffuse pleural fibrosis. Asbestosis was defined by a profusion score of I t) or greater on the 1LO reading of the posteroantenor chest X-ray. In the glass bottle plant workers, restnctive pulmonary function was defined by a reduced vital capacity, a reduced total lung capacity, and a reduced diffusion along with a normal FEV, FVC ratio. Since only spirometry was available in the steel workers, restnctive pulmonary function was defined as a reduced FVC with a normal FEV,/FVC ratio in that group. Whenever possible, the diagnosis of cancer was confirmed by examination of tissue. When this was not possible.'the diagnosis of cancer was accepted on the basis of outside medical records or the patient's own history. The one case of pleural mesothelioma that occurred in a steel worker was diagnosed at autopsy. Since the workers at these two plants were referred for evaluation of all possible occupational diseases and not just asbestos-related disease, a number of younger workers with short exposures and latency were studied All of the workers stud ied are included in the data, but only avbevtos-related disease is addressed in this report RESILTS The demographics of the two groups of workers are described in T vile I Both groups were similar to each other and similar to other groups ot workers exposed to asbestos The majority were men and more than iwo-inirds were current or former cigarette smokers. The steel workers were somewhat older as a group, but both groups had a wide range ot ages Both groups were exposed for an average of around 20 sears, with a latentv of around V) sears Of the 3)4 glass plint workers seen. 9t or 2^`i tud one ot more categories of asbestos-related disease (Taile 2). The most common caiegors j pleural dis ease which occurred in J8 workers or 42ri of the 91 workers won asbestosrelated disease There were 22 cases of asbestosis and 13 u cancer ot the lung, larynx, or gastrointestinal tract among the glass pUm worxrrs Of these 12 cases of cancer, that of the lung was by far the most common < iu cases) The other two occurrences of cancer involved the gastrointestinal tract Restnctive pulmonary function was seen in 19 workers. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in M)': of the 3U glass workers referred for assessmeni (T sLE 3). The majontv of the 29 workers who did noi have B.AL were excluded because they suffered from significant cardiorespiratory dis- 400 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES T \BLE i. Demographic Feature* of Participants in Occupational Health Survey Texas. 1989-1 WO Ciun'> VVorkerv S*ee worker* Toiai number o( workers examined Percentage af men See iX and range > Percentage at Smokers > ears extv'scd >\ and range' S ears from nr\i exposure iX and range' Wm Ml) 4V O.s-8 > h" 1* 16 months-*6 \ri MV* V* s8 i:g-ni -o '6 montns-ai sr> >.|-JWt 1 1 tr*%i x*Bit Asbestos-Related Disease in Survey of JJ4 Glass Plant Workers. | VKQ-1990 Pleural disease Fifrosis ie ILO grade IzOi Cancer iiung larsna. gastrointestinal tract) Restrictive pulmonary function Total numoer of workers seen Toiai numoer nh abnormaimes Sumr*rr } i: |W 1. Percemage of Aonormal ;u i:> :i loin > Res. of Bronchoalseoiar Lavage Perfomej tnc Glass P:an: Vs -if- **-. <4J<i "X"' r- . ~orrnonu..iejr -russs: s ies l n 1 ` Related Disease in 898 Steel Plan: Workers I989-1W S-.--Or- Percentage of Xrr.o'tnai \ kj\!roinies::nj.' 'rjj: *"jJr i . -`i workers seen - *nh jcnormauties I* 5 KRONENBERG ei /.: DISEASE IN STEEL AND GLASS WORKERS 401 ease. Five workers either refused the procedure or did not have it for technical reasons. The majority of the lavages failed to yield findings suggestive of asbestos exposure or disease. Positive findings on BAL included the presence of asbestos fibers, ferruginous bodies, or alveoluis denned by more than l<tf polsmorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNst in the BAL Huid. All of the asbestos fibers seen were either chrysolite or amosite asbestos, with the great majority being chrysonle. The study of asbestos-related disease in the steel plant workers constitutes work in progress in that this report summarises the assessment ot that ponton of i tne workers screened as of April 1990 (TsiLE 4t, Of these 898 workers. 157 or 17.5% had one of the four categones of asbestos-related disease. The majority of these 157 workers had restrictive pulmonary function seen on spirometry fol lowed by pleural disease, cancer of the lung, larynx, or gastrointestinal tract, and asbestosis. The majority of the cases of cancer seen in this group occurred in the Aia. ancAX mxM*. mat* ci>o> workersF1GL RE I. X comparison ol osOestos-reUied Utscox m sictl mill *<vj ;Us- entiling plant gastrointestinal tract <17 cases) followed bv the lung HO casest and larsnx 1* casesi. There was one case of pleural mesothelioma tn the steel workers. The types of asbestos-related disease in ihe two groups of workers jre com pared in FsciftE I. The overall prevalence of disease similar m the two groups, being just under 20^ in the steet workers onO josi unde* ur. ,n the glass workers Pleural d'sease was the most common mamfestaiwm ot asbestos-related disease in the glass workers, whereas restrictive puinvwsar-. lurw-ion was the most common entity in the steel workers. DISCISSION The principal finding of this study is the presence of significant numbers of workers with asbsetos-related disease in two industrial sites, a steel mill and a glass bottle-manutactunng plant, not gcncralls associated with a high nsk of io: ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES asbestos-induced disease. Although the prevalence ot disejse in tnese two plants is somewhat lower than that reported tn workers m the general construction trades, it is still significant, with an overall prevalence of greater than 20*1. The industrial processes occurring at these two plants were diverse, but were not specincaJK reported to include asbestos or asbestos-containing materials. The workers tended to move around the plant and were exposed to several areas where thermal insulation was present. They were not. however, in trades known to work wnh asbestos (i.e.. they were not insulators, plumpers, or pipe titters) Although the exact source of asbestos exposure in these workers is not known, the one industrial process common to both plants is the use of intense heat necessary to produce molten glass and steel. In both plants, asbestos was used extensively as an insulator and fire retardant around the furnaces and on the assemblv line carrying the molten material. Workers reported they would occa sionally repair, cut. and shape this material, which was in various stales of deten- oranon The repair and maintenance of this asbestos material did noi. however, constitute their primary job task or even a significant portion of their job at the plant or mill It is also likely, given the age of these two plants, that thev contained considerable amounts of asbestos insulation and fireproofing as part of tneir gen eral construction " It seems probable lhai workers at industrial sites of compara ble age which use intense heat in their manufacturing process should be consid ered a; risk for asbestos-related disease. This might include automobile munataciunng plants, aluminum smelters, forges and t'ounuries Tr.is is not a true cross-secttonal study in tKaTno attempt was made to conduct a vorrprrhensive survey of all the workers at these two sites Therefore the true prrva.ence of asbestos-associated disease at tnese two punts cannot be deter mined -. this siudv It is possible that the data presented underestimate the in.icr-.r of disease at these two plants. Since fewer trun half of the total number o' - e~r 'ved presented themselves for studs selection bias suggests that would not hjve come forward for screenmc and the remaining w- ....... r - e's mjv njve a higher incidence ot ci'ejse Anotncr uncertaintv i- : *" - true prevalence of asbcsio'-reuted disease at tnese two punts *t . - -- ot rasing most ot tne ducnose- on v..n.,,ai eviaence rytner o . "ssuc Tr.e BAL da'u in tne c.a- r-ar' -o-.ers uo. nowever. . . . .' '.issue rurjen ol jsPcstu' tme'- ."C terrugmous bodes ............... - -- .... - - ruse demonstrated a good dorr* aiior -etween tne presence i ` r- i*- me BAL rtuid and tissue Pa-de" o' asbestos r- ,*c mis 'eport represent pre i~ ."--e".ations and raise a ~ ' ~s to* Partner stud . I: will ""e ne.r-'j'. o .oncuct true cross- se. - a- p'.'spective studies at simu..' .r.C-'-:.- sites in orae' to js - ..................ss oi asPestos-ussocuieJ disease : workers Tne roie . *'*i. :oo. deserves turner evaiuji.o.n rar:..-juriv in terms of - dine- markers ot asbestos-ind... ed disease and consequent : se deie.tior. and intervention .sorters snouid Pe `"a1 'oois is anotr.er important oues'.i." 'e jnswered Tms .. .'t.ri mal asbestos in puse ai r.d_'ir .. sues constitutes a '-estos mdUsCd disejse ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - - a.snowiedce tne invaluable assistance oi Barbara Pruitt tn coordisiad- ano in data collection KRONENBERG el /.: DISEASE IN STEEL AND GLASS WORKERS W REFERENCES 1. Becklake. M. R. 1976. Asbestos-related diseases of the lung and other organs Their epidemiology and implication* for clinical practice. Am Rev Bevp Os lU 117227. 2. Selikoff. 1. E. C. Hammond A H. SeiDman. 1979 Mortality csprncacc of insulation workers m the United States and Canada. 1941-197* Ann N 3 Acad Sci. 330; 91-116. 3. Doll. R. 1923. Mortality from lung cancer in asbestos workers Br J lad Med 12: 81. 4. Oliver. L. C.. N. L. Spkince A R. E. Greene. 1989 Asbestos-related disease in public school custodians. Am. Rev. Resp Dis. 139: A21I. 5. Ruoo. R. M. 1989. Pleural mesothelioma resulting from etposure to amositc us a building. Resp. Med. 83: 237-239. 6. International Lasour Office. 1980 Guidelines for the L'tc of ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses irevised cditmoi. Occupational Safety and Health Senes No. 22. International Labour Office Geneva. 7. Ocilvie. C. M.. R. E. Forster. W S Blaremore A J w Morton 1957. a standardized breath holding technique for the clinical measurement of the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoaidc J Out. Invest 36: 1-17 8. Miller. A.. J. Thornton. R. Warsmaw H Anderson, a TeikstemvAI JSelikoff. 1983. Single breath diffusing capacity in a representative sample of the popula tion of Michigan, a large industrial state Am Rev. Resp Os 127: 270-277 9 Boren H.. R. Kory A J. Syner. 1966. The Veterans Admimstration-Army coopera tive study of pulmonary function. Ik The lung volume and its subdivisions in normal men. Am. J. Med. 41: 96-114. 10 Goloman. H. 1.. A M R. Becklake. 1959 Respuatory function tests, normal values at median altitudes and prediction of normal results. Am Rev Tubcrc Puim Os. 79: 427-467 11 Ckafo. R . A. Morris A R. Gakdnek 1911 Reference values using techniques and equipment that meet ATS recommcndaiions Am Rr Resp Os 123: 659-664 12 Gabcia.1 G V. H L. James. S. ZiNKCK*f M B PieimanAB a Keoch 198? Lower respiratory tract abnormalities in rheumatoid interstitial lung disease- Poten tial role of neutrophils in lung injury Am Rev Resp Os U6: atl-al* I) Dooson. R F.M G Williams. 1 W McLarty A G A Hirst Iuk) Asbestos bodies end paniculate matter in sputum from former asbestos >orserv Asia Csiol 27: 6)5-640 14 1988 Study of Asbestos-containing Mairnals m Public Buildings A Rerun to Con gress. United Slates Environmental Protection Agencs MjOhitfton DC 15 Sebastien P B Armstbowg. G MoaohiII Bicnon iuu Evimvi.w bodies in broncnoalveolar lavage fluid and at iwng parenensm* Am Rr> Kesp Os 137: 75-78 i I I , A~. Oim. tin- vi. 1], n. TJ-IO. hiMa hw IfH. hwg m Gmt Sntftia LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Asbestos hazard from protective dothine Sir. Investigations (being reported elsewhere) have been carried out at the Spnngfields Works of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority to examine the redispersion of radioactive dust from contaminated coveralls into the atmosphere. A significant relationship was found to exist between the degree of contamination of the coveralls and the concentration of radioactive dust in the breathing zones of the wearers. It was considered that the wearing of protective dothing made from fibrous asbestos materials might give rise to an airborne asbestos hazard in a similar mode and this hypothesis is supported by the investigations we now describe. The tests were earned out by an experimentalist wearing abnormal industrial type asbestos apron and asbestos gauntlets whilst undertaking a standard partem of work. During this work period the concentration of asbestos fibres near the wearer's breath ing zone and in his vicinity was determined. The tests were carried out under labora tory conditions and no asbestos in any form was present in the laboratory dunng the experiments other than the protective dothing under test. The laboratory itself bad a volume of about 70 m* and w air-extracted at ceiling level at a rate of about 13 mV min. The work pattern was designed to combine movements typical of those found in industrial plant environments, and basically consisted of carrying objects about the laboratory, walking, and bench work. Dunng each standard work routine, dust samples were collected on CaseQa personal air samplers (PAS), originally developed by Sherwood and Greenhas.cm (I960). The experimentalist earned a PAS on a helmet and another on hrt caesi. whilst a third PAS m set up in a fixed posiuon in the centre of the laboratory at an average distance of about 6 ft from the working zone of the experimentalist. All tnree samplers were operated simultaneously dunng-each test nin. Dunn; each test the floor area w*i covered by Polythene sheets and after com pletion of a test run settling time of at least 2* hr was allowed, after wmch the sneets were changed ane ire Uborsio** ares cirsncd to minimise accumulation of asbestos fibres. Before commencement of me next test, a 2 hr duration PaS sample was Ob tained from tnt centre of the laboratory for control purposes. As a precaution, the experimentalist wort a oust reso-raior during eacn test. All samples t*t zetames or M.lhpcre HA niter-pipers at a sampling rite of *00 cm* min anc tnese ft cowmec by a metnod similar to that cescn'oec by Hci_mu (1963). Bnenv. t" t consists e1 fixing the sample by drawing a chloroform solution of 'Perspex' tnroug" :r? -.ne* ac men clearing by means of glycerol triacetate The transoarent iamr-e as examinee microscopically, ana all fibres withir. ;ne range of r -lif 78 Letters to the Editor lengths 5 um to 100 urn, and with a length to breadth ratio of at least 3, were counted using a Porton graticule and projection microscope at a magnification of x 1000. Fifty randomly chosen graticule areas of apparent size SS ;xm by 44 urn were examined on each sample. _ None of the control samples showed any measurable asbestos fibres, but all other samples gave positive counts possibly underestimated by about 10 per cent since bright field rather than phase contrast techniques were employed in the estimations. The results (expressed as fibres.`cm*) were as follows: Tat No. 1 n 5 3 4 Mean >3 \ Coat, limits 9tj; Conf. bira Fibre concentration on sample Chat (worn) Had Laboratory (worn) (static) 417 3*81 4*60 4-4} 3-27 401 406 *0*47 >0*72 3*86 3*61 2*37 4-13 300 3*71 3*35 *0*1 *003 075 2*09 3*41 1*71 2*53 2*11 2*11 *0*7 *1*32 These value dearly demonstrate the significant enhanccrncncof detection and the greater reproducibility of results obtainable with a personal air sampler than with a Static air sampler. The Draft Asbestos Refutations seek to prevent exposure of workers to dust con taining asbestos to such an extent as to endanger health, and H.M. Factory Inspector ate have gives general advice that for Chrysodk, Amosite or Anthophyilite the pro visional Threshold Umit Value (TLV) wtU be 2 fibres/cm*. Where the concentration is between 2 fibres/cm* and 12 fibres/cm* the duration of exposure and the level of concentration wtQ be taken into account when deciding what measures are necessary to comply with the Regulations and, where the level is above 4 fibres/cm*, control measures will be required. Concentrations exceeding 12 fibres/'em* will not be per mitted except where respiratory protection a provided. * On the results of these tests it appears that a worker wearing asbestos protective clothing could be exposed to airborne concentrations in his breathing zone well above tbe tentative TLV | ea at a etsunct of 4 ft from the worker, the concentration could exceed the TLV. The actual airborne concesuauon will depend on the type of cloth ing worn, on local environmental conditions and the nature of the work: other investi gations which we tit earned out indicate that tf vigorous work is undertaken, such as might occur in common operations th ncavy meustry such as fumacework. the TLV could concetvaetv be excreted oy a factor of 6 or more. Since the same garments were worn throughout the tests, it ;s asparer.t that fibres are released from the material Letters to the Editor 79 over a considerable time, and the wearer is continuously exposed to airborne asbestos and carries bis own dust doud with him. Thus it appears that under conditions of arduous work the wearing of asbestos garments of a type commonly worn in industry could give rise to local environmental levels requiring the use of a respirator. For less arduous conditions of work h might be possible for an asbestos apron and asbestos gauntlets to be worn for about one-half a working day without significant hazard (the time weighted concentration then being nominally 2 fibresi'cm*). However it would be prudent to confirm the levels obtained for any particular type of work by test measurement. When these conditions cannot be satisfied it is suggested that cotton-backed, ahuninised asbestos garments should be worn or otherwise that approved respiratory protection be provided. Further, by analogy with our findings on resuspension of radioactive dust from contaminated coveralls, it seems reasonable to suppose that a similar situation could arise with ordinary protective dothing contaminated with asbestos. Since such con tamination would normally arise front operations requiring the wearing of a respira tor, it is recommended that such dothing be removed immediately on completion of the work and before removing the respirator. It would be of interest to know the experience of other workers in this fidd in view of the recently heightened interest in asbestos aerosols. H. A. Bambex R. Burn*.worth Health Physics < Safety Department United K'n^dom Atomic tner^J Authority Springfield: Works Salwick Preston, PF.4 0X1 Lancs. R.EFERENCCS HoumC. S. '1963) A**. y.r. Atm* So. U2. 132. Smckwooo. JL l. and Gkcenhaicm. D SC 5 (1*601 Am* meem Mrs- 2. tI7. Asbotm release fra* battery botes Sir, Asbestos is incorporated into a number of materials, and when the end-product is friable and liable to release fibres on mccfuncaJ abrasion, there is likely to be an inhalauon hazard. It has bees csnstOcred. however, that when asbestos is bound into a plastic base, any subsequent disintegration ought release only coated fibres of low toxicity Annually, many hundreds of thousands of battery boxes are manufactures, for which crocidoiite is mixed with bitumen or pitch and mouloec. The superfluous pieces (flashings; are removea b filing sne may subsequently be tramoled underfoot. Examination of crushed material from the fioor by polarised lignt microscopy has revealed fret fibres of asoestos. as demonstrated by the Fig. 1. 1* I 1 I I United framUSX McdiealDeplFBes latarsr|snlatiM Carmpt Tk Mr. D. W. Brown Director of Safety Me Hay 17, 1971 Awe Kenneth M. Horse, Director Environmental Health SatjKt Asbestos Protective Apparel The article which appeared in the Duluth newspaper, which has been of concern to Bill Slaughter, has been re viewed. Dr. Irving J. Selikoff who was mentioned in the article, found lung cancers in construction workers who were spraying and cutting asbestos insulation and in the processing of certain types of asbestos. Subsequently he has become an alarmist and a most controversial figure as he has expanded his work at New York's Mt. Sinai School of Medicine through government grants. Once one has built up an organization on such grants, his continuation of the program can result only by creating more and more concern among industry and the general public. I believe that the facts are that in the case- of insulation workers, in the processing of asbestos and among the cutters and others engaged in the manufacture of asbestos coats, the problem is real. However, I believe that in the wearing of asbestos coats and asbestos protective apparel, a problem has not been shown. X do not know of any factual report of asbestos being a problem in industry from the use of asbestos protective apparel, and X would not recommend that we dispense with the use of such apparel at this time. It is difficult to estimate how much further inroads the alarmists in the environmental health field will be able to prevail. Xt is within the realm of possibility that should a man who has been wearing asbestos protective clothing, at various times throughout his worklife, develop lung cancer, he may endeavor to attribute it to the asbestos. Therefore, should the alarmist type of publicity continue, it may be desirable to investigate the future possibility of the use of other types of materials affording protection against molten metal splashes or a more tightly woven asbestos cloth. X do not know whether NOKEX would be adequate for this purpose, and X am aware that its cost is considerably greater than asbestos. Xn any event, X do not believe that there is a need to dis pense with the use of asbestos protective apparel which is now being used in the Corporation nor do X believe that we should discontinue its purchase at this time. mt tr Plant Medical Directors USX0000865 4 Ibated Tr Plant Managers 01 vision Superintendents and Staff Heads Mararganixatiaa Carraapondanea Bata: August 24, 1983 ftm E. M. Gorden, Superintendent Safety and Environmental Health Mon Valley Works su)Kt: Mon Valley Works Guidelines for the Removal and Disposal of Asbestos Containing Materials. The attached guideline needs to be followed to protect employees against the hazards of exposure to asbestos. This supersedes all existing plant guidelines. JRD/gdc Attachment ce: S. A. Bennett, Jr. E. E. Harris T. F. Weir, M.D. J. R. Dierdorf Industrial Hygiene Staff ' HON VALLEY WORKS GUIDELINES FOR THE REMOVAL AND DISPO' OF ASBESTOS CONTAINING MATER I/' ' OSHA has established a Permissible Exposure limit of two (2) asbestos fibers, longer than five (5) microns, per cubic centimeter of air averaged over an 8-hour period. In addition, a maximum concentration of ten (10) fibers per cubic centimeter, longer than 5 microns, which Is not to be exceeded at any time during the workday has also been established. In recent times, asbestos exposure has been shown to have a causal relationship with a variety of pulmonary abnormalItles when continuing exposures are In excess of Permissible Exposure Limits. The risk resulting from asbestos exposure Is also greatly compounded by the effects of cigarette smoking. The teardown and removal of asbestos Insulation materials from walls, ceilings, steam pipes, furnaces, etc., has the potential to generate atmospheric concen tration of asbestos fibers In excess of OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits. In the event that any such material Is to be removed, the following procedures must be followed to minimize employee asbestos exposure. A. Initial Determination When feasible the Industrial Hygiene Organization shall be notified prior to any major insulation removal job of two or more days duration, and/or prior to any insulation removal job for which the asbestos content or lack thereof cannot be confirmed. Where uncertainty of asbestos content exists, a bulk sample will be collected and analyzed by the Industrial Hygiene Organization. In all cases where asbestos content has not been determined prior to work beginning, and In all cases where asbestos bearing material is present, precautions must be taken. Should the absence of asbestos be confirmed, no precautions are required. B. Work Practices - To Minimize Dust Generation 1. Prior to handling, the insulation should be thoroughly wetted when conditions pe^.it such application. Additionally, the water spray should be controlled to prevent breakdown of the material. 2. The insulation should be removed in as large of sections as possible. That is, the amount of fracturing should be minimized. 3. Where the asbestos material must be cut, hand tools, such as chisels on knives, are preferable to hand saws or power tools. Use of power tools is prohibited without approval of the Superintendent of Safety and Industrial Hygiene. 4. All asbestos debris must be collected and placed in sealed, labeled, impermeable bags. The bags shall then be placed in a sealed drum which Is labeled as follows: iAUIlflfl CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS AVOID CREATING DUST BREATHING ASBESTOS DUST MAY CAUSE BODILY. HARM -2- 1 C. Personal Protective Equipment 1. All employees Involved In asbestos handling operations shall be required to wear NIOSH-approved respirators. The use of a particular type respirator shall be determined by the exposure level as outlined below. It should be noted that single use, disposable respirators are not permitted within the Corporation for protection against asbestos. Respirator Type Exposure level Air Purifying Oust Respirator (Must have specific NIOSH approval for protection against asbestos* containing dusts) Not more than 10 times the 8-hour time-weighted average exposure level. Powered Air Purifying Respirator Not more than 100 times the time-weighted average expsosure level. Type "C" Supplied Air Respirator Not more than 1000 times the time-weighted average exposure 1 eve!. If the asbestos material Is thoroughly wetted, hand tools are used and the operation Is In an area of good ventilation, air purifying respirators should be adequate to reduce employee exposures to below the permissible levels. Respirator wearers shall be given proper fitting Instructions. Due to the extremely hazardous nature of asbestos. It Is Important to comply with the OSHA regulations governing the use of respiratory protection as stajed In 29 CFR 1910.134 and our plant respirator programs. 2. Disposable protective garments should be worn by employees during asbestos removal. 4MB H* *. -emme Mmmrs, md coveralls without pockets or cuffs made of Dupont's Tyvek material Is the preferred clothing. A vacuvan cleaner should be used to remove loose fibers adhering to contaminated work clothing. The use of compressed air to dislodge asbestos fibers from contaminated clothing or tools Is strictly forbidden. Respirators should continue to be worn until contaminated work clothing Is removed. Upon completion of the shift, the disposable clothing and respirator filters should be placed in bags for disposal with the waste Insulation. D. Monitoring Whenever an extensive (two days or greater duration) asbestos removal project Is undertaken, personnel monitoring shall be conducted until worker exposure levels have been established for the particular removal operation. If possible, the Industrial Hygiene Staff should be notified several days prior to starting an Insulation removal job so the necessary arrangements can be made for monitoring. E. Personal Hygiene The employees should be "instructed to wash hands, face and forearms prior to drinking, eating, or snoklng. 1 F. Housekeeping Dry sweeping of Insulation is prohibited. Vacuum cleaning methods should be utilized on floors and other surfaces contaminated with asbestos. Where vacuuming ^s not feasible, wet shovelling or wet-sweeping may be used. The use of compressed air for clean-up Is strictly forbidden. 6. Restricted Area _ All employees whose work does not require occupancy In the area of Insulation removal are prohibited. Areas should be roped off as a minimum. In some applications, such as Indoors removal, the work area may need to be sealed to prevent exposure of nearby employees and areas. Industrial Hygiene should be contacted for consultation In these Instances. H. Training The employees should be instructed on the hazards of asbestos and the precautionary measures that are being taken to control their exposures. I. Disposal Asbestos waste must be accumulated separately from other refuse. All asbestos containing materials, after they are properly packaged and labeled, must be taken to a licensed land fill. Contact A. Cross, Senior Environmental Engineer (H 3111), for Information regarding approved waste haulers and licensed land fills. J. Medical Surveillance The OSHA Standard requires that all employees exposed to airborne asbestos fibers, regardless of concentration, must be given annual medical examinations. Including chest x-rays and pulmonary function tests. Arrangements should be made with plant medical directors to insure proper scheduling is provided. ic Plant Managers Area Managers of Operations Staff Hearts SatjKt: Revised Mon Valley Works Guideline for the Handling and Removal of Asbestos Bearing Materials. United States Steel t Corporation. PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT:'^ InUrerganizatian Carrespandaain April 9,:T984 ' S. A. Bennett, Jr. General Manager Mon Valley Works The attached revised guideline must be implemented to insure continued compliance with existing asbestos regulations and to protect employees against the hazards of exposure to asbestos. This supersedes the Mon Valley Guideline dated August 24, 1983. Questions regarding the Guideline should be addressed to J. R. Dierdorf, General Supervisor-Industrial Hygiene (Homestead-Ext. 2945). % Attachment cc: E. E. Harris E. M. Gorden K. F. Kuhns, M.O. 0. R. Dierdorf Safety fc Environmental Health Staff GUIDELINES FOR THE REMOVAL AND HANDLING OF ASBESTOS CONTAINING MATERIALS_______ INDEX Introduction Notification for Exposure Monitoring Notifies'Ion for Reporting Initial 'etermination Safe Wor` Practices Disposal Protective Equipment Respirators Protective Clothing Personal Hygiene Restr*ct d Area Employer Training Phys<*i Exams PAGE 1 I 2 2 2 4 5 5 5 6 6 '6 6 Page 1 HON VALLEY WORKS Guidelines for the Handling and Removal of ______ Asbestos Containing Materials In November 1983, an OSHA Emergency Temporary Standard was promulgated reducing the eight (8) hour exposure limit from 2.0 fibers/cc to 0.5 fibers/cc. As policy in the Mon Valley a permissible exposure limit of 0.5 fibers/cc will be enforced. Asbestos exposure has been associated with variety of pulmonary abnormalities and diseases including pleurel thickening, asbestosis. lung cancer, mesothelioma and gastrointestinal cancer. The effects of cigarette smoking compound the risk. Teardown and removal of asbestos bearing products has the potential to generate levels of asbestos In excess of permissible exposure limits. Handling of asbestos bearing products such as gaskets, rope, brake shoes, etc. may also cause asbestos exposure. The following guideline must be followed In all handling applications. A. NOTIFICATION FOR EXPOSURE HGNJTORINS The Plant Industrial Hygiene Representative should be notified prior to all asbestos removal and handling jobs in order to arrange for monitoring of employee exposures. Notification mH be made in a timely manner before each job begins. Once exposure levels have been determined for a Job or occupation and protection procedures have oeen established, further routine monitoring will not be required and management will be so notified. Subsequent to Initial monitoring, only those jobs which present new or different circumstances and hazards will require monitoring. The Plant Industrial Hygienist should be notified to arrange for monitoring. P NOT ITICATION FOR REPORTING TO CORPORATE INDUSTRIAL HY_QT_r *. ck All major jobs (i.e., those requiring mere then 2 man-days to complete) which Involve the handling or removal of asbestos materials, and all shipments of asbestos materials to dump sites must be reported to the Corporate Office. Initial reporting of the above Information should be to the Superintendent - Safety and Environmental Health - Mon-Valley Works. The information will then be transmitted to the Corporate Industrial Hygiene Services Organization. C INITIl DETERMINATION Before beginning any job where handling a material suspected'to contain asbestos is involved, a member of ."^rjeement must either confirm that the material is asbestos free or if uncertain, contact the oiant Industrial Hygienist to have a bulk sample analyzed. If the material is determined to contain asbestos, or a determination cannot be made, the precautions outlined below must be followed: SAFE WORK PRACTICES The work practices established for handling asbestos are designed to minimize dust generation and exposure to airborne fibers. The Mon-Valley Works Safe Work Practices for handling asbestos are as follows: 1. Prior to handling asbestos material. It should be thoroughly wetted when conditions permit such application. Tae water spray should be controlled to prevent the breakdown of the material, when existing materials are being removed. When installing new material, the product shall be thoroughly soaked when feasible, prior to application. 2. Drop cloths or other suitable means should Fe used to contain both the asbestos material as It Is removed, as well as fibers that may be released during handling and cutting of asbestos bearing products. This will prevent spreading of the material and also facilitate clean up operations. 3. The existing asbestos bearing material should be removed In as large of sections as possible. That is the amount of fracturing should be minimized. 4. Where asbestos bearing materials must be cut, hand tools such as chisels or knives are pre ferable to hand saws or power tools. Use of power tools Is strictly prohibited without approval of the Superintendent of Safety and Environmental Health. 5. Cleanup of asbestos material from the ground, equipment or clothing must be in such a way as to minimize dust generation and material break* down. Dry sweeping and blowing with compressed air are strictly prohibited. Vacuum cleaning methods should be used where a hloh efficiency vacuum cleaner Is available. Where a'high efficiency vacuum cleaner Is not available, wet methods of sweeping, wiping or shoveling may be used. The Safety and Environmental Health Organization should be consulted to determine if vacuum cleaners meet high efficiency requirements. 6. All asbestos debris, contaminated disposable clothing, respirator cartridges and drop cloths should be collected and placed In sealed, labeled, impermeable bags. The bags shall then be placed In a sealable 4nm which must be labeled with the warning: CAUTION CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS AVOID CREATING DUST BREATHING DUST HAY CAUSE BODILY HARM Pa je 4 7. Safe Job Procedures should be developed for ill existing applications where asbestos bearing materials are handled. Employees shall be contacted annually on the' requirements The Safety and Environmental Health Organization Is available to assist in Insuring all required safe handling procedures are addressed In the Safe Job Procedures. DISPOSAL When the drums are sealed and ready for disposal, the Mon-Valley Environmental Engineering Organization (Ho-estead Extension: 3111) must be notified. They will secure the appropriate aoency permits and will insi de that the druns are disposed of in a properly llc/nsed landfill. Pije 5 F. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT !. Respirators All employees Involved In asbestos removal or dlsmantellng operations, regardless of duration, shall be required to wear NOISH-approved respirators. The type of respirator to be used shall be determined by the exposure level as outlined below. All handl ing of asbestos bearing products other than removal or dismantling shall require the use of respiratory protection only when job exposures have been documented In excess of the OSHA PEL. Required Respirator Air Purifying Dust Respirator (with specific approval for asbrstos) Powe*ed Air Purifying Respirator Type "C" Supplied Air Respirator Exposure Level Not exceeding 10 times the PEL Not exceeding 100 times the PEL Not exceeding 1000 tines the PEL If the asbestos material Is thoroughly wetted, hand tools are used and the operation Is In an area of good ventilation, air purifying respirators should be adequate to reduce employee exposures to below the permissible levels. Before using any respiratory protection, training and fit testing must be provided to Insure proper use, fitting, handling and cleaning of the respirator. Due to the hazardous nature of asbestos. It Is Important to comply wltn the Mon-Valley Respiratory Protection Program and Facial Hair Policy. 2. Protective Clothing Disposable protective coveralls shall be worn by employees Involved In all asbestos removal or dlsmantellng jobs greater than one hour In duration, or upon employee request regardless of exposure duration. Coveralls without pockets or cuffs, made of Impermiable material are preferred. Clothing, Including boot covers and hoods, shall be mandatory at all times (regardless of the type of handling performed) when OSHA celling limits are exceeded as determined by Industrial Hygiene surveys. Respirators must be worn until contaminated disposable clothing Is removed after completion of the job. Compressed air should not be used to blow the dust.from clothing or tools. Suggested ordering Information for respiratory protection equipment and protective clothing Is attached. Page 6 6. PERSONAL HYGIENE '.Personal hygiene Is Important In protection against gastrointestinal exposure to asbestos. Hands, face and forearms must be mashed prior to drinking, eating, smoking, etc., in order to prevent transfer of fibers and accidental ingestion. h. RESTRICTED AREA All employees whose work does not require occupancy in the area of the asbestcs job are prohibited fro* entering such areas. Areas should be roped off as a minimum. In some applications, such as Indoor removals, the work area may need to be sealed to prevent exposure of nearby employees and areas. The Plant Industrial Hygienist should be contacted for consultation in these instances. I. EMPLOYEE TRAININ6 All employees potentially exposed to airborne asbestos fibers shall receive initial instruction in the hazards and precautions required when handling asbestos~bear1ng products. Initial training is to be arranged with the Safety and Environmental Health Organization, and is to be recorded on the employee's blue safety recort card. Periodic retraining for those employees frequently handling asbestos bearing product Is to be conducted every six (6) months by the employees' supervisor and is to include the information in sections D, E, P, 6 and H of this document. Retrairing shall be conducted prior to each job for those employees handling asbestos on an infrequent basis (i.e., less than twice a year). All training shall be recorded on the employee's blue safety record card. Occupations handling asbestos bearing products, which have been demonstrated through Industrial Hygiene monitoring to have negligible asbestos exposure,will be exempted from the training requirements by the Hon Valley Safety and Environmental Health Organization. J. PHYSICAL EIAHS OSHA requires that all employees exposed to airborne asbestos fibers, in excess of 0.1 fibers per cc of air, must be given annual medical examinations. Including chest x-rays and pulmonary function tests. Arrangements should be made with the Plant Hedical Department to Insure proper scheduling Is provided. April 9, 1984 ATTACHMENT I RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR ASBESTOS Mine Safety Appliance Company - Vendor Stocking Contract No. 89060 A. Respirator body without filter or cartridge: Size Commodity Code Cost Small Medium Large 896*151-1873 896-151-1857 896-155-1085 $ 11.50 11.50 11.50 The following filters and filter covers must be ordered separately from Item A: 1) Type "F" filters - 100 per box. S29.50 per box. conmodlty Code: 896-172-2967 2) Type "F" filter covers - 50.80 each, commodity , code: 896-172-1704, two required per respirator. 8. Respirator with 10 type mf* filters and two covers medium size only, 513.60, commodity code: 896-155-1077 PLAINTIFFS MEMORANDUM TO FILE Analysis of Insulation Material - Main Steam line for Homestead 48" Mill Engine In February, 1984, two bulk samples were collected from the Main Steam Line of the Homestead 48" Mill Engine. Fiber identification was performed by the Environmental Health Lab. The sample from the top layer of the Insulation was found to contain approximately 30-40% amoslte asbestos and 5-10% chrysotlle asbestos. The sample from the backing layers was found to contain approximately 40-50% amoslte asbestos and 5-10% chrysotlle asbestos. # # T* Holders of DSS Health Services Approved Protective Apparel and Equipment Manua*l "Ibuted Msrsrfanlzstioo Carraspsadm* June 16, 1983 Walter D. Holloway Manager-Safety Stop Order on Purchasing Asbestos Protective Garments Effective this date, no OSS location shall order any protective garment (coats, jackets, pants, aprons, spats, leggings, gloves, hoods, etc.) containing asbestos. The approved alternates are* (1) Aluminized 19 oz. Kevlar (Thermobest, Norfab 400, Xorspun). (2) Aluminized Rayon, OSS Specification 405-1275 (Exhibit I). (3) Aluminized FR Cotton with attached FR Cotton Liner, USS Specification 403-174 (Exhibit II). FILING INSTRUCTIONS 1. Place this letter, Exhibit D, after Exhibit C, Section 5, Aluminized Clothing/Apparel. 2. Place the revised page 2-5-1 behind the tab marked 5, Aluminized Clothing/Apparel. Remove old page 1-5-1. 3. Remove Exhibit III, pages 2-5-13 thru 1-5-16. 4. Remove page 2-2-3 fro* Section 2, Index, and insert revised page 2-2-3. WDH/nlk USX0000571 I-5-vii 6/83 /. t t c "All Division and Staff Heads htsrsrgaslzstisa C*rruflMii Me December 28, 1979 ha A. S. Patterson Gaaaral Suparviior of Safety rnj*r Guidelines for Keaoval and DIEPPE*! of Asbestos Materiati In order to comply vith accepted practice! when rawing and disposing of asbestos materials and products (including asbestos Insulating materials), folloving is a set of guidelines. 1. Work Practices A vet process (vetting vith veter) should b* used vhere asbestos material is being removed from piping tanks, boilers, etc. Dust generation should be minimised by removing it in as large sections as possible. Breaking or fracturing of asbestos should be minimised. 2. Persons! Protective Equipment If the asbestos is thoroughly vetted and the operation is in an area of good ventilation, air purifying respirators (such as KSA - Dust Foe Types, 3M and Wilson disposablt type vith TC approval for asbestos) should be adequate in reducing closure to below permissible time velghted or ceiling levels. In confined areas where the asbestos cannot be adequately vetted, air monitoring should be conducted to determine exposure levels. Xf such air saspllng shows asbestos exposures to be veil in excess of permissible limits powered air purifying respirators or Type "C" supplied air respirators should be used. 3. Personal Hygiene Employees Involved la the removal and disposal of asbestos tutorials should be Instructed to wash hands, face and forearms prior to drinking, eating or smoking. Contaminated work clothing should be thoroughly vacuua cleaned prior to removal. Coveralls or similar whole clothing is recommended. Housekeeping Dry sweeping of the asbestos debris should be prohibited. Vacuum cleaning methods should be used on floors and other exposed surfaces contaminated vith asbestos. The asbestos material (debris and sweep up) must be placed in an impermeable bag (plastic refuse hags are acceptable) and then wired or taped closed. The bag must be labelled vith a sign which states, Caution Contains Asbestos. Avoid Opening Or Breaking Container. Breathing Asbestos la Haxardous To Tour Health." USX0002862 Division and Staff Raads -2- Deceaber 26, 1979 The bag oust then be placed In cardboard or metal drums and the drums must also be (labelled as were the bags. Ihe drums should then be taken to a licensed landfill. Contact R. V. McCarthy, Engineering Department, Extension 2600, or the Safety Department, Extension 2255, for Information regarding the licensed landfill. ASP:kmj USX0002B63 Tc Division Superintendents and Staff Beads a** CORPORATION ASBESTOS GUIDELINES "United &ssr istsrsrganlzstlon Csirsspondsncs BMk May 8, 1981 fna: T. R. McCune General Supervisor Safety Bonestead Works Attached for your information and use is a copy of Corporation recommendations recently developed by Beadquarters' Environmental Bealth for the protection of our employees against the hazards associated with exposure to asbestos. These guidelines deal with the OSHA requirements on environmental monitoring, medical surveillance, controlling worker exposure to asbestos fibers and em ployee training. Each division should review their Involvement with asbestos containing materials and advise this office of their status with regards to compliance required by OSBA. In the near future, memos will be Issued by the Safety Office providing the divisions with revised guidelines for the removal and disposal of asbestos containing materials and a list of products that can be substituted for asbestos. TRM/ch Attachment ^5X0002868 GUIDELINES FOR THE PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AGAINST THE HAZARDS OF ASBESTOS DUST EXPOSURE UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION USX0002869 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. 2. Introduction....................... .... ...................................................... 22. The Health Hazard of Asbestos .............................................. III. An Integrated Control Program to Protect Employees Against the Hazardous Effects of Asbestos Exposure ........................................................... A. Environmental Monitoring .............................................. B. Medical Surveillance ..... ................................ C. Controlling Employee Exposuresto Asbestos Fibers ................................................................ 1) Substitution ................................................................ 2) Encapsulation ............................................................ 3) Exhaust Ventilation................................ . . . 4) Isolation..................................................................... 5) Work Practices............................................................ 6) Housekeeping............................................................... 7) Personal Protection .............................................. a. Respirators ....................................................... b. Protective Clothing ..................................... 8) Removal of Insulation Materials. ..... D. Education................................................................................... 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 12 13 USX0002870 I. Introduction Asbestos is a generic tern used to describe a variety of naturally-occurring, fibrous, hydrated nineral silicates. There are two nain types: serpentine and anphibole. The serpentine variety is called chrysotile and accounts for nore than 90% of the asbestos used in the United States. Anphibole asbestos includes the fibrous forms of the ninerals anosite, crocidolite, trenolite, actinolite and anthophyllite. Asbestos fibers are generally characterized by high tensile strength, flexibility, heat and chemical resistance, and favorable frictional properties. Certain grades can be carded, spun and woven, while others can be laid and pressed to form sheets or used for structural reinforcement of materials such as cement, plastic and asphalt. There are over 3,000 known asbestos products used in industry, commerce and the home. Examples of these include building and pipe insulation materials; products such as millboard, roofing felt and beverage filters; rope and braid; asbestos-cement pipe and sheets; vinyl-asbestos floor tiles; automotive brake linings and clutch plates; paints, coatings and sealants; gaskets and packings; and reinforced plastics. For all practical purposes, asbestos is a ubiquitous substance, i.e., almost everyone is exposed to it in some form and to some degree, everyday. USX0002871 -2 The Health Hazard of Asbestos Knowledge of diseases associated with the use of asbestos ap parently dates back 2,000 years. However, the association of asbest-* with chronic respiratory disease had to be rediscovered in the mode ra. In very recent times, asbestos exposure has been shown to have a causal relationship with a variety of disease entities and pulmonary abnormalities including: A. Pleural Effusion, Pleural Thickening, Calcification t Plagues - Asbestos exposure should be considered whenever there is benign effusion in the pleural cavity. The effusion may be accompanied toy pleural thickening. Pleural thickening., usually bilateral in distribution, may occur, however, without previous evidence of effusion. A pleural plaque is a localized fibrous thickening of a parietal pleural surface. `Microscopically, plaques consist primarily of connective tissue, often containing deposits of calcium. They do not interfere with pulmonary function to any significant extent, nor do they necessarily indicate the presence of pulmonary fibrosis. An association between pleural abnormalities and exposure to asbestos has been clearly demonstrated in several studies. Although pleural plaques do not, themselves, appear to be precursors of malignant disease, a recent study showed that bronchial carcinoma was 2-1/2 times more frequent in men with pleural plaques. B. Asbestosis - a diffuse, interstitial, non-malignant scarring of the lung. This is the most common disease produced by exposure to asbestos. It is a sometimes fatal condition that results from significant, but not necessarily heavy exposure. Lung infections, such as pneumonia or bronchitis, are extremely threatening to people with asbestosis. C. Bronchogenic Carcinoma - a malignancy of the interior of the lung. A high proportion of asbestos patients may develop lung cancer. The cancer risk is much higher for cigarette smokers suggesting some synergistic relationship between asbestos fibers and tobacco smoke. It has been estimated that asbestos workers who smoke have almost 90 times greater risk of lung cancer than the non-smoking general public. D. Mesothelioma - a diffuse malignancy of the lining of the chest cavity or of the lining of the abdomen. This condition is extzemely rare in the general public; however, the incidence of these cancers has been increasing and their peculiar re lationship to asbestos fibers has received considerable at tention. Mesotheliomas can occur even after a limited ex posure to asbestos dust and may affect people who were not directly involved in handling the material, such as relatives of asbestos workers who may be exposed to dust carried home on work clothing. E. Cancer of the Digestive System - asbestos may also produce disease when it is ingested. A number of studies now indica\ that the increase in incidence of cancer of the stomach and colon among asbestos workers is two or three times the number of expected tumors. USX0002872 3 III. An Integrated Control Program to Protect Employees Against the Hazardous Effects of Asbestos Exposure_____________________________ Four key elements are necessary to insure the success of a program designed to control the adverse health effects of asbestos fibers in man's environment. These basic com ponents include: ---Air monitoring and analysis to determine the level of exposure to asbestos fibers. --Medical surveillance to assure that no physiological changes are occurring as a result of the asbestos exposures. --Physical control of human exposure to asbestos fibers, . i.e., to reduee the contact between the worker and the fibers. --An educational program to inform employees of the potential hazards of asbestos and to train them in the proper implementation of procedures designed to minimize exposures. USX0002873 -4- A. Environmental Monitoring The first determination that must be made is whether or not there is an actual exposure to asbestos. Zt is meaningless and often costly to arrive at a solution where no problem exists. There are numerous fibrous insulation materials used throughout the Corporation which may or may not contain asbestos. Where there is uncertainty, a bulk sample of the material is sent to Headquarters Environmental Health to ascertain the possible presence of asbestos. Fiber morphology is examined under phase contrast microscopy and the crystal properties of the fibers are studied under the polarizing light microscope. A wet chemical screening test, specific for magnesium and iron complexes, may also be conducted. Zn most cases, these tests will confirm the presence of asbestos or eliminate the possibility of it being, a component of the bulk material. Zf there is any doubt, the sample is forwarded to USS Research for positive identification of the fiber using electron microscope techniques. When employees work with materials known to contain asbestos, their exposures are evaluated with personal monitoring equipment which can detect and measure the concentrations of asbestos fibers which may be released into the worker's breathing zone. With such equipment, the exposures Can be monitored over short, peak periods or averaged over the entire workshift. The 05HA asbestos standard requires that periodic monitoring be conducted, at intervals no greater than six months, on those employees whose asbestos exposures stay reasonably be foreseen to exceed permissible exposure limits. However, any initial determi nation of such elevated exposures would be an immediate cause for concern, and corrective action would be promptly taken by U. S. Steel management to implement control measures to reduce asbestos exposures to the lowest possible levels. USX0002874 - 5B. Medical Surveillance The OSHA standard further dictates that all employees exposed to airborne asbestos fibers, regardless of concentration, must be given annual medical examinations, including chest X-rays and pul monary function tests. However, as pointed out earlier, asbestos is such a widespread substance that virtually everyone has some measurable exposure. OSHA has apparently come to understand this premise and under Program Directive 300-16 (October, 1978) has defined, for medical purposes, exposure to airborne asbestos fibers as a minimum of 0.1 asbestos fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air (i.e., 1 fiber per 10 cc). At U. S. Steel, we use this 0.1 fiber/cc exposure level to identify those employees to be included in the medical surveillance program. Separate guide lines detailing the medical surveillance procedures were previously sent to plant physicians by the Director of Industrial Medicine. A copy of these guidelines is attached. ^5X0002875 6 C. Controlling Employee Exposures to Asbestos Fibers 1) Substitution of Alternative Materials Using "non-asbestos" materials on applications which previously used asbestos products is the first choice of controlling exposures since it eliminates the source of the hazard. Some of the alternative materials that have found common usage as substitutes for asbestos include fiberglass, kaolin wool, ceramics mineral wool and various plastic fibers. Zn certain individual applications, each of these has exhibited adequate tensile strength, heat resistance, flexi bility and durability to satisfactorily perform functions previously served only by asbestos products. Some examples of "asbestos-free" materials being used at operations at V. S. Steel facilities include: --the widespread use of ceramic fiber and kaolin wool as pipe insulation materials. -non-asbestos mortar compounds for heat resistant cement applications. --fiberglas and aramid fiber textile products such as welding curtains and heat resistant clothing. --various hot-top products at ingot teeming operations Although the use of asbestos is well entrenched in many important applications, it is likely that sub stitution will play an increasingly significant future role in reducing health hazards from asbestos. 2) Encapsulation The mere presence of asbestos insulation materials does not constitute a health hazard. In this regard it is not U. 8. Steel's philosophy or intention that all asbestos insulation materials be torn out and re placed with alternative materials. However, once it is determined that such insulation has deteriorated to the point that fibers may be emitted into occupied areas, steps should be taken to control the hazard. USX0002876 -7- A feasible alternative to complete removal of asbestos insulation is encapsulation, i.e., treating the material with an acrylic or elastomeric polymer protective eoating to seal the fibers in place and prevent further deterioration. Although each case must be considered on an individual basis, encapsu lation can often be a preferable solution because it generally costs much less, does not cause long-term disruption of operations, and does not require the intensive decontamination efforts necessitated by complete removal. Examples of these asbestos con tainment treatments are Hydro-ban by KRC Corporation and Asbestos Guard Fiber Fix* (719) by U. S. Coatings Collaborative, Znc. Raybestos Manhattan has developed a product called Novatex which is an asbestos textile encapsulated with an acrylic resin. A neoprene coating may give ad ditional protection. Novatex cloth can be used for welding curtains, insulation applications, and for aluminized and non-aluminized protective bodywear. 3) Exhaust Ventilation Any operation which may conceivably generate air borne asbestos dust concentrations in excess of permissible exposure limits should be*provided with local exhaust ventilation. Where such ventilation is used the exhaust hood should be located as close as possible to the point of dust generation to achieve maximum capture of the released fibers. Examples of operations where local ventilation may be employed include the mixing of asbestos mortar compounds and the use of saws, drills and grinders on asbestos materials. 4) Isolation Operations which have the potential to generate high concentrations of airborne fibers should be iso lated to the extent feasible to minimize human exposure to the fibers. The removal or teardown of asbestos pipe insulation is an example of this type of operation. U. S. Steel guidelines outlining procedures to be fol lowed during this task stipulate that the vicinity of the operation be designated a restricted area, thus denying access to employees whose presence is not required. USX0002877 8 5) Work Practices Changes in work practices may often be the most cost-effective way of reducing occupational exposure to asbestos. When conducting an operation which in volves the handling of asbestos materials, considera tion should be given to performing the task in such a manner that the emission of asbestos fibers into the air will be minimized. Some of the ways in which work practices may be modified include: --the use of a slow band saw or hand saw in lieu of a high-speed circular table saw to cut Transits asbestos board. --thoroughly wetting asbestos materials prior to use - such as immersing a coil of asbestos rope in water prior to applying it as a sealant around furnace or oven doors. --the purchase of pre-cut and pre-drilled materials such as brake shoe lining containing asbestos. --using a vacuum cleaner instead of a compressed air hose to remove dust residue from mobile equipment brakes during inspection and repair operations. --removing asbestos insulation in as large of sections as possible to minimize the amount of fracturing. --using hand tools such as chisels or knives, rather than power tools or saws, to cut and remove asbestos insulation. 6) Housekeeping Good housekeeping practices are essential to main tain low levels of airborne asbestos fibers. Dust on floors, ledges, equipment and workbenches may become airborne when disturbed by work activity, air move ment, or vehicular traffic. Dry sweeping should be prohibited in areas where asbestos is used because it merely redisperses the fine fibers into the work room air. Instead, vacuum oleaning is the preferred method of removing dust accumulations. USX0002878 9 Haste materials such as rejects, scrap, shavings or other debris should be collected and placed in plastic bags or.some other impermeable container. The containers should be sealed shut, labeled as to the contents and hazard, and disposed of in accordance with applicable Federal and State regulations. 7) Personal Protection The control measures previously discussed under this section should always be the primary means of minimizing employee exposure to asbestos fibers. If, however, these measures are not sufficient, or if some specific operations are not amenable to such control, the use of personal protective equipment will be necessary. While respirators and protective clothing should always be available, it must be under stood they serve only as a complement to, not as a replacement for, engineering and work practice control measures. a. Respirators Respirators may be necessary to control asbestos exposures in some instances, such as the removal of thermal pipe insulation. Since these devices place a burden on the respiration of the worker, it must first be determined whether the wearer can use the equipment and still perform the assigned task. Zn such a determination, consideration should be given to: the physical condition of the worker, such as possible pul monary or cardiovascular impairment; the physio logical demands of the task, such as required oxygen uptake; and the presence of facial hair which stay negate an effective respirator seal. The type of respirator needed will be dictated by the preceding factors as well as the concen tration of airborne asbestos fibers. With fiber concentrations less than 10 times the permissible exposure levels a properly fitted air purifying dust respirator will provide sufficient pro tection. The type of respirator selected should be specifically approved by N20SH for protection against dusts containing asbestos. It should be noted, however, that single use, disposable respirators are not permitted within U. 5. Steel for protection against asbestos. 10 When the fiber contamination level is between 10 and 100 times the permissible exposure level, powered air-purifying respirators should be worn. Zf exposures exceed 100 times the acceptable limits, a type "C" supplied air respirator or pressure-demand self-contained breathing unit should be worn. Respirator wearers should be instructed to wash the masks, and change filters, where ap plicable, daily. Proper fitting instructions should also be given. When respirators are issued, it is important to comply with the appropriate regulations governing the use of respiratory protection. For those facilities under OSHA jurisdiction, these regulations axe stated in 29 CFR 1910.134. MSHA requires a respirator program consistent with the provisions of ANSI 288.2-1980. b. Protective Clothing In regard to asbestos, it is important to con sider protective clothing in two ways. First, it may be necessary to provide special clothing to employees who are required to handle asbestos to prevent work clothing from becoming contaminated with the fibers. 2n this instance protective clothing is a control measure to protect not only the worker but also family members who may be ex posed to dust carried home on his work clothing. Second,.some protective clothing articles, in tended to provide thermal protection for those in close proximity to high radiant heat sources, are made from asbestos materials. Reports in the literature indicate that this type of clothing, through gradual deterioration with use, is actually a souree of asbestos exposure to workers. We will consider each type of protective clothing separately. i) Protective Clothing as a Control Measure When employee asbestos exposures exceed a "ceiling limit" of 10 fibers/ec the OSHA as bestos standard requires employers to provide "special clothing" (coveralls, head coverings, gloves and foot coverings), change rooms with USX0002880 11 two lockers (one for the employee's street clothes.end one for his contaminated work clothes), transportation of contaminated clothing in sealed impermeable bags or con tainers, and laundering facilities. The necessity of complying with some of these provisions can be eliminated by issuing employees disposable protective garments. Disposables may include hard hat liners, coveralls and shoe liners. The coverall garment should be without oockets or cuffs. A good example is DuPont's Tyvek protective garments. Tyvek is a durable spunbonded olefin with high tensile/tear strength, chemically resistant and due to a relatively slick surface, it does not tend to entrap particles. A vacuum cleaner should be used to remove loose fibers adhering to contaminated work clothing. Employees should not attempt to dislodge these fibers by brushing them off nor by using compressed air. In addition respirators should continue to be worn until contaminated work clothing is removed. ii) Protective Clothing Made of Asbestos Material Occasionally, employees working in areas of high radiant heat, those who are exposed to mol ten metal or weld spatter or those who have to handle hot objects or tools are required to wear heat-resistant asbestos clothing. Eventu ally there may be sufficient wear and movement of the fabric to cause the release of appre ciable airborne fibers into the employee's breathing zone. As previously discussed, the primary method of controlling asbestos exposures is to substitute a non-asbestos material. In this regard, there have been several recent advances by protective garment manufacturers in developing incombustible, thermal resistant fabrics. Some examples of these are aramid fibers (a high temperature nylon) such as DuPont's Nomex and Southern Textile's Goldengard; poly acrylonitrile fabrics like Centex's Preox, which also comes with an aluminized facing where heat reflectivity is crucial, as in teeming operations; and glass fiber products, including Zetek by Nevtex Industries and Pyroglas by Raybestos Industrial Products. USX0002881 12 8) Removal of Insulation Materials At U. S. Steel, the greatest potential for high exposure* to asbestos is the removal of deteriorating insulation materials such as pipe coverings. Specific guidelines to protect the employees during this opera tion were developed by Headquarters Environmental Health and distributed to all Corporate facilities. These procedures included provisions on work practices to minimize dust generation, personal protective equipment, exposure monitoring, personal hygiene, housekeeping, restriction of area, employee training and waste disposal. OSXOOO^82 13 - D. Education Employees will be more apt to cooperate with management's attempts to control their exposures to toxic substances if they are made aware of the nature of the hazard and its conseauences. It is mutually beneficial to the workers and the Corporation to develop and implement an education and training policy regarding exposure to asbestos. The goals of the program should be to in crease the employees' knowledge of: --the nature of the asbestos hazard --work processes involving asbestos and the potential for fiber emissions --diseases that may result from exposure to asbestos fibers and how these diseases are manifested --the concept of risk" --environmental monitoring procedures and objectives --the purpose and nature of engineering and work practice controls --the purpose, proper use, and limitations of respiratory protection equipment --the application of decontamination and waste disposal practices --the elements of the medical surveillance program and the reasons for it **-the role of related factors in disease production, such as smoking It is strongly recommended that supervisory personnel be included in any education program. A well-informed supervisor may personify management's concern and insistence that operations in-" volving the use and handling of asbestos products be conducted in a safe and healthful manner. February 5, 1981 USX0002883 GUIDELINES FOR MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE ASBESTOS EXPOSURE The following guidelines for medical surveillance shall be followed in all United States Steel Corporation operations whenever exposure to asbestos occurs. 1. All employees exposed to asbestos shall be provided (or made avail able) a comprehensive medical examination prior to first employment in an occupation exposed to airborne concentration of asbestos fibers. These medical examinations will be required for any 7- to 8-hour time weighted average concentration of 0.1 fibers/cc, or for a greater con centration. (The OSHA Asbestos Standard permits this examination to occur within 30 calendar days of the first exposure.) Annually thereafter and within 30 calendar days before or after termi nation of employment In an occupation exposed to airborne concentra tion of asbestos fibers requiring a medical examination as designated above, a physical examination shall be provided or made available to these employees. Whenever pleural thickening is found on any routine chest x-ray on an individual who has had any airborne asbestos exposure, this individual shall be kept under yearly medical surveillance. The minimum components of the examination shall be: % (a). A medical history, including a respiratory questionnaire to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease. (b). A 14" x 17" chest x-ray - posterior-anterior view. Whenever there is evidence of pleural response, right and left oblique views and expiratory posterior-anterior view should be taken to confirm or rule out pleural findings. (c). Pulmonary Function testing to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and foreed expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVj). 2. A complete work history shall be taken on initial assignment to an occupation where exposure to airborne concentration of asbestos fibers will occur. This is particularly important if changes in the chest x-ray begin to occur. The work history will include all work experiences in United States Steel and other non-United States Steel work experiences to determine extent of exposure to asbestos. In order to be complete, military exposures, i. e. ship and shipyard exposures; hobbies; exposures of family members (father, brothers, grandfathers, mother, sisters, etc.) who might have brought asbestos fibers home on their clothing; living (home) location (geographic) for proximity to asbestos mining or manufacturing plant; and play areas USX0002884 Guideline* For Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure 2. in relation to discarded wastes from asbestos factories. Tbe Envi ronmental Health unit (corporate headquarters or plants) will be helpful in evaluating the extent of work exposures. 3. Tbe ehest x-ray should be read by at least two United States Steel physicians or physicians selected by the plant physicians. Any positive chest x-ray shall be read by a "B" reader for confirmation of the findings. Xt is permissible to contract with a "B" reader to read all x-rays in this program. (A "B" reader is certified fol lowing successful completion of qualifying examination of 125 chest x-rays by NXOSH and the American College of Radiology.) 4. A clinical evaluation leading to a diagnosis and recommendations will be made. (a). Correlate all medical findings - history, physical findings, chest x-ray interpretation, pulmonary function results, and any other medical information -- with the environmental exposure data. s (b). Referral to a pulmonary specialist to assist in this evaluation may be done at the option of the plant medical director or other examining physician. (c). Referral of the chest x-ray to another "B" reader may occa sionally be necessary for the proper interpretation of the x-ray. 5. The clinical evaluation will result usually in a diagnosis of one of the following in descending order of importance: (a). Asbestosis - pulmonary infiltrate of s, t, u type almost always, with or without pulmonary function decrements, and with or without pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcifi cation). Record on OSHA-200 Log as "Asbestosis". (b). Pleural Thickening due -to asbestos exposure - bilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without ealcifieation) and with or without pulmonary function decrements. Without pulmonary function decrements, no need to refer unless requested by employee. Record onOSKA-200 Log as "Pleural thickening due to asbestos exposure". (c). Pleural Thickening due to asbestos exposure - unilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without calcification) and with or without pulmonary function decrements. Without pulmonary function decrement, no need to refer unless requested by employee. Record on OSKA-200 Log as ''Pleural thickening due to asbestos exposure". This diagnosis is one of elimination from 5. (d). USX0002B85 Guidelines For Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure 3. The language for OSHA-200 Log recording for (b) and (c) has been agreed upon in a meeting held October 1. 1980 of Personnel, Medical, Labor Relations. Safety It Environmental Health, Law, and Workers' Compensation It Casualty repre sentatives. _ (d). Unilateral pleural thickening or plaques with or without adequate history of asbestos exposure (with or without cal cification) and with or without pulmonary decrements. The most likely explanation for the pleural thickening in this (d) group is one of the following: infection (pleural effusion) or hemorrhage, callous from rib fracture, radiation fibrosis, scleroderma, chronic mineral oil aspiration, metastatic disease, lymphoma, myeloma or a combination of these. DO NOT RECORD ON OSKA-200 LOG. Normal anatomical shadows -- pectoral shadow area, extra pleural fat deposits, serratus and external oblique muscle shadows can usually be ruled out by the above mentioned (1. (b)) techniques. (e). Pulmonary Function Decrement only - Emphysema. It is important to establish whether this is result of occupational exposure or is due to non-occupational origin. Differen tiation between obstructive and restrictive disease must be made. Do not record on OSHA-200 Log unless occupationally related. Define cause if so recorded. (f). Normal Chest - further follow-up testing failed to substan tiate suspicions in original chest x-ray or pulmonary function tests. The role of smoking in any pulmonary function decre ment must be carefully evaluated. Diffusing capacity deter minations may be helpful in ruling out pulmonary fibrosis and probably should be done. In coke plants, the possibility of coalworkers pneumoconiosis with or without focal emphysema must always be ruled out. 6. Recommendations to the physician in discussing findings with the affected employees: (a). All employees must be told of any positive findings found during his/her examination and the United States Steel physi cian evaluation (also consultant if used) of these findings. Recorded exposure levels should also be given to the employee. Because of proper handling of asbestos today, these environ mental levels should ordinarily be helpful in allaying any fears of continued exposure to hazardous levels. USX0002886 Guideline* For Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure 4. (b). Pulmonary infiltrate due to a*be*tos exposure with or without pleural reaction. Shall be advised that this response is due probably to exposures of many years past. Depending upon the pulmonary function finding, the risk of continued decre ment is probably direetly correlated to continued smoking especially if any continued exposure is properly handled by respiratory protection and is of very minimal, if any, moni tored value. The corporate headquarters Environmental Health unit shall prescribe the approved manner of handling any continuing exposure. To be followed every year unless pulmonary function is decreased, then at shorter intervals if clinically indicated. Every effort should be made to get the individual to STOP SMOKING if he/she is a smoker. The risk of lung cancer in those with parenchymal infiltrate *is up to sixteen (16) times the risk of a non-smoker with the same exposure and ninety (90) times that of a worker who is a nonsmoker and not exposed to asbestos. (e). Bilateral or unilateral pleural thickening or plaques due to asbestos exposure (with or without calcification). Should be advised that this response is the result of many years of low level of exposure. This also should not progress if the ex posure has been eliminated or properly controlled by proper handling of asbestos and by respiratory protection if exposure continues. Depending upon the pulmonary function findings, the risk of continued decrement is directly correlated with continued smoking especially if any continued exposure is properly handled by respiratory protection and is of very minimal, if any, monitored value. The corporate head quarters Environmental Health unit shall prescribe the approved manner of handling any continuing exposure. To be followed yearly unless there is a decrement in pulmonary function, then at shorter intervals if clinically indicated. Every effort should be made to get the individual to STOP SMOKING if he/she is a smoker. The risk of lung cancer in those with bilateral pleural thickening or plaques is two and one-half (2-1/2) times those without pleural reaction. (d) . Unilateral pleural thickening or plaques (with or without cal cification) not the result of exposure to asbestos. Continue to follow on a yearly basis. (e) . Emphysema - if believed due to occupational exposure - follow yearly unless otherwise indicated or requested by employee. as%o0j88'' Guidelines For Medical Surveillance Asbestos Exposure 5. . If believed to be non-occupational, then referral to private physician, if appropriate - follow yearly. (f). Normal - yearly follow-up. 7. Environmental Monitoring. Will be carried out by the Environmental Health unit (corporate headquarters or plants) according to require ments of the OSHA Asbestos Standard. 10-15-80 USX0002888 f * * ' Tr Safety and Environmental Health Representatives - UnitEci iStates Steel Cbrgomticnt lettrarfanization Corrupt I -J- rx *ff DEPOSITION exhibit M-ZA. Data: November 21, 1983 Fnas: William D. Miller Director - Safety and Environmental Health Asbestos - Emergency Temporary Standard The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), on November 4, 1983, issued an Emergency Temporary Standard (ETS) for asbestos. This Standard is effective immediately and applies to all workplaces where employees may be exposed to asbestos in all industries covered by the Act including General Industry, Construction and Maritime. The major changes to the Standard made by the ETS are: 1. The permissible exposure level has been lowered from 2 fibers/cc to 0.5 fibers/cc. 2. The ETS permits the use of methods other tha engineering controls to immediately reduce employee exposure to the 0.5 fibers/cc permissible exposure level; however, engine controls are still mandated to reduce exposu to 2 fibers/cc. 3. Training programs must be established for all employees exposed above 0.5 fibers/cc without regard to the use of respirators. Attached is a Summary of Requirements of the Standard. In order to assure compliance with this Standard, the following steps should be implemented immediately: j e Identify all jobs, processes, areas, etc. which may expose employees to asbestos above the 0.5 fibers/cc ETS limit. e Conduct Industrial Hygiene monitoring in all areas where asbestos exposures occur to adequately determine if employee exposures exceed the 0.5 fibers/cc ETS limit. e Establish and Implement a training program that addresses all of the Items mandated by the ETS for all employees exposed to asbestos above the 0.5 fibers/cc limit. USX0002893  Document all of the above steps through , accurate records. Provide the Corporate ` Industrial Hygiene Services organization with an initial report that indicates your timetable for accomplishing the above objectives and a final report showing compliance. If you require technical Industrial Hygiene assistance in accomplishing compliance with this Standard, contact: F. M. Toca, Ph.D. Manager-Industrial Hygiene Services 600 Grant Street - Room 720 Pittsburgh, PA 15230 WDM/js attachment ) USX000289* United States Steel Cuipomtion Mr. F. R. Smith, Jr. General Superintendent Homestead Works Frtm; W. C. Janes, Manager Environmental Health Sobjtet Asbestos Dust Survey At the request of A1 Patterson, Safety, an environmental health survey was conducted in the Mo.* 3 Machine Shop and Mo. 2 Forge Heat Treating Shop at Homestead Works on Oct. 24 and 31, 1973. Its purpose was to determine whether workers are exposed to asbestos dust concentrations in excess of the air standard established under the OSHAct of 1970. The present OSHA standard for exposure to asbestos dust is 5.0 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, based on an 8-houri time-weighted average exposure. On July 1, 1976, the limit is reduced to 2.0 fibers per cubic centimeter. While the standard is based on an 8-hour, time-weighted average, no single exposure may exceed a ceiling limit of 10 fibers per cubic centimeter. Fifteen short-term (15-47 minutes) breathing 2one samples were collected during this survey. A sample was worn by each worker, thus giving his integrated exposure for the period of sampling. Results of the samples are listed in the attached tables. Two samples were collected on the Conset tester at the heat lathe in Mo. 3 Machine Shop. During the first test (15 minutes), the employee hand sawed semi-circles from two 42" x 48" pieces of fiberboard and installed one of the pieces at the end of the induction hood. His exposure over this sampling period was 0.58 fibers/cc. During the second sampling period (30 minutes), he installed the other piece of fiberboard and applied cement to cracks and crevices for better insula tion. During this period, his exposure was 0.23 fibers/cc giving a time-weighted average exposure of 0.35 fibers/cc for the total period of sampling. Since this represents his only exposure to airborne asbestos for the work shift, his 8-hour, time-weighted average exposure calculates to be 0.05 fibers/cc. According to the manufacturer, the insulating cement used in this operation (Johns-Manville No. 460 Insulating Cement), contains no asbestos fibers. USX0000185 I Results from 7 samples, collected in the breathing zone -of the -quencher -helper An -the Seales furnaces -area-of -No. 2 Forge Beat Treating Dept., ranged from 0.10 to 0.48 fibers/cc with a time-weighted average exposure of 0.21 fibers/cc. The two highest exposures (0.48 and 0.35 fibers/cc), were found while cutting asbestos fiberboard with a hand saw. Cutting 1/16" asbestos sheets showed an asbestos exposure of 0.12 fibers/cc. Findings from 6 samples collected on the furnace operator in the Sealas furnaces area ranged from 0.03 to 0.61 fibers/cc with a time-weighted average value of 0.15 fibers/cc. The operator worked with the quencher helper in preparing protective discs for sleeve ends. However, he did none of the cutting of asbestos products. The higher exposure (0.61 fibers/cc), resulted when the operator po sitioned the protective disc into the sleeve end while the quencher helper hammered it into place. This hammering caused asbestos dust to be released from the edge of the disc into the breathing zone of the furnace operator. It would be good practice to wet the edges of the discs before hammering to minimize the generation of asbestos dust. Asbestos dust exposures of all employees sampled during this survey were found to be well below the present OSHA air standard of 5.0 fibers/cc and also well within the pro jected permanent standard of 2.0 fibers/cc which goes into effect on July 1, 1976. The employees are not exposed to hazardous levels of airborne asbestos dust. JFG/mdd Attachments USX0000186 i u o> a, \ <>w-*taB10 4wa* oe o** 4> *0 -t4r rIf*l -0H *'0) 4> c I* w 0) E H 0) ft. Zu. Uo*Mo . min 51 nW 31 O ASBESTOS EXPOSURES JC\ O' 1 s1 a o A m a (0 O' 01 wH o O' s e* SI ^* X oto 1u0 IS 4w1 a u V JD a E 01 (0 E --< m Oi E5 *OJ o H H K 4l 0s5 P zH 00 in o in *r ft* 0a a oa ZE a (0 e o 41 K a 3 U oo IS aa ac -- u * 01 ft* *S ua a 4* *Cl ^ H l 01 fl> CO JO C 41 O (0 UJ oo oo \\ aa u Ui 0) 0) 41 A A a H 9 ft* ft* O oO B) o in IS 41 10 01 A IS 10 a r* r* < O' O' ** i * *o r* H h a >. o H c a 3 5 9 9 4J w ft* ft* Oo H a a' a h<< 01 *o w a USX0000187 ASBESTOS EXPOSURES lU; a Sa c0< 0b -H * 1C ftl <H bxi a <>fl>-w*4-'w<Ee o e 44 woo 44-b JOCw4e4 *oD 0HJ4hJ-HM 2| eft) oo>. o> o e-cPu0|I HU CM 4inH4 e 00) b < muv tco bu9 ain 44 0) n jc 1/3 14 1 52 --cO< ' 0 I0D) 44 to 404) >041 H a> zEO XmI 03 z 0) O' fabo. N o 2 o Si -4 o W o4j* v zt o m o\ H 4 4n4 -4 C a-* u Ec --X X0I) M 0 404 o -E 404 --(4 o0 *- CD r* 44 o OJ fo *5 ^ O o -4 CD CD 44 .40 b h0 a1 >. -4 44 bx M Z0 w a5*d >. o0 >4 9 H H3 43 0z U CL u c 9 c to CQ o ft) w U-- 99 OI ai 44 a 9 O 0 44 03 x> a < i 0 u o 0 c 0 44 CO 44 0 b13 003 a o o \ a b03 JQ 44 Iw e m X CM O' 44 4 r- 44 9 4 o 0 < 0 o \ b b b e CM ID r* O' 44 4 44 >1 44 9 9 M 0 a < USX0000188 United % States Steel W. C. Janes* Manager Environmental Health O<. 4 tetmrpolutitn C February 5, 1976 ** J. F. Quealy OSHA Inspection Homestead Works On February 4, 1976* I went to Bomestead Works to col lect simultaneous samples during an OSHA inspection. The inspection was conducted by OSHA Industrial Hygienists Paul Hitcho, Matt Perry and Dave Berestecky. The OSHA personnel arrived at approximately 9:10 a.m. Messrs. Hitcho and Perry went to the Harvey Shop while Mr. Berestecky proceeded to the Mo. 2 Forge Shop. I arrived at the plant at approximately 10:20 a.m: At the Harvey Shop, Mr. Hitcho conducted the inspec tion. Mr. Perry acted primarily as an observer. They collected sulfur dioxide samples on three employees (craneman, heater and expeditor) and asbestos samples on two heaters. Ron Andes, Homestead Fuel Engineer, had one personal sampler and began collecting a simultaneous sample on the craneman. We began collecting samples on the other 4 individuals when I arrived. OSHA collected their SO2 samples in midget impingers containing*10 ml of 0.3 N H2O2. A prefilter was used to remove particulates. They collected their samples at 1.7 1pm. The N20SH Manual of Analytical Methods states that a sample size of not more than 100 liters should be collected using this method. However, OSHA exceeded this limit with each sample. They changed solutions only once for each sample during the day. Their sample times ranged from approximately 2-3 hours. The method also calls for 15 ml of absorbing solution to be used. OSHA used only 10 ml. Our SO2 samples were collected using the same method. However, we used 15 ml of absorbing solution and tried to restrict our sample size to 100 liters. We collected a total of 14 samples, ranging from 12-60 minutes, on the same three individuals. Mr. Hitcho collected asbestos samples on the two heat ers in the Harvey Shop because he saw rolls of asbestos sheet on the floor. This sheet is used very infrequently in the B&xvey Shop. Mr. Hitcho left the same sample filter on the heaters for the entire sampling period (approximately 5 hours). I changed our filters after about 3.5 hours because it appeared that the total collected particulates could ke ...... counting difficult. USX0000173 -2-. \ Mr. Berestecky conducted the survey in the No. 2 Forge Dept. Be arrived at the Sealas furnaces area at about 9:30 a.m. and collected samples for asbestos on two employees, the quencher and his helper. Be vas accompanied by Chuck Van Borne, Homestead Safety Engineer. Mr. Berestecky collected four samples on each individual, ranging from 39 to 136 minutes. Total sampling time was 314 minutes on the quencher and 274 minutes on his helper. X arrived at this area and collected two samples on each individual. My total sampling time vas 3 hours on each individual. After my arrival, these employees had little or no contact with asbestos. Prior to my arrival, Mr. Berestecky said he observed the quencher helper dry sweeping debris contain ing asbestos products. Bousekeeping in the area was awful, with numerous pieces of asbestos products strewn all over the floor. At 3:05 p.m., the OSBA personnel held a closing confer ence with Mr. Dean Wilson, General Superintendent. Mr. Bitcho stated that he felt that air samples collected in the Barvey Shop would show low concentrations of S02 and asbestos but that a citation would probably be issued because no monitor ing had been done to initially determine employees' asbestos exposures. Mr. Berestecky commented on the poor bousekeeping in the area of the Sealas furnaces in No. 2 Forge Shop and recommended that wet sweeping be substituted for dry sweeping. Be also indicated that a citation would probably be issued for failure to comply with the medical examination require ments of the asbestos standard. JFQ/mdd J. F. Quealy USX0000174 2 - inform employees of the purpose, proper use, fitting instructions and limitations of respirators; - review the provisions of the Asbestos Standard 1910.1001. Warning Signs Legible signs warning of the health hazards of asbestos shall be provided and displayed at each location where airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers may exceed 0.5 fibers/cc. Application Applies to all workplaces where employees may be exposed to asbestos in all industries covered by the current Asbestos Standard; i.e.. General Industry, Construction and Maritime. Details of compliance with this Standard are covered in Industrial Hygiene Services Guideline Number 12 (Revised December, 1983) entitled, "Guidelines for the Protection of Employees Against the Hazards of Asbestos Dust Exposure." j* November 21, 1983 USX0002896 OSHA EMERGENCY TEMPORARY STANDARD FOR ASBESTOS ________ ____ Summary of Requirements Effective Date: November 4, 1983 t Requirements: e Permissible Exposure Level ------------ Employees may not be exposed to concentrations of asbestos exceeding 0.5 fibers/cc on an 8-hour time-weighted average basis. e Methods of Control Employers stay choose among engineering controls, work practices and respirators to reduce exposures to the new PEL. However, the requirements in 1910.1001(c) to utilize feasible engineering controls and work practices to reduce exposure levels to 2.0 fibers/cc remain in effect. Training A training program must be initiated no later than December 4, 1983 for those employees potentially exposed to asbestos above the PEL, without regard to the use of respirators. This program must: - inform the employee of health effects of asbestos exposure: - inform the employee of the relationship between asbestos and smoking in producing lung cancer: - identify those operations which may expose employees to asbestos and the steps being taken by the company to minimize exposure (engineering controls, work practices, respirators, housekeeping and protective clothing): - inform employees of the necessary protective steps that they should take to minimize exposure: USX0002895  A A V V 5 \* u if l' Vi ** Swa>' u. USS ENVIRONMENTAL h e a l t h SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS USX0000175 i J I J: CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that the original of the foregoing Documents Produced By USX Corporation Made Exhibits To Depositions Given By USX Corporation (Also Some Documents Identified At USX Depositions Not Produced By USX Corporation*) was filed with the Prothonotary on May 15, 1997, and copies were served, by first class mail, * postage prepaid, on May 15, 1997, as follows: David A. Luptak, Esquire USX Corporation Rm 1515, 600 Grant Street Pittsburgh, PA 15219-4778 (Counsel for USX Corporation) Nicholas P. Vari, Esquire Kirkpatrick & Lockhart 1500 Oliver Building Pittsburgh, PA 15222-2312 (Counsel for Harbison Walker Refractories Division of Dresser Industries, Inc. and Indresco, Inc. and as lead counsel for all supplier defendants) I further certify that a copy of this Certificate Of Service was served upon the counsel for the remaining defendants by first class mail on May 15, 1997, with advice that counsel may obtain a copy of the attached booklet by requesting it from plaintiff's counsel. STEPHEN I. RICHMAN