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FILE NAME: Garlock (GAR) DATE: 1959 DOC#: GAR035 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: National Safety Council - Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Chicago 11, Illinois ?Tr . * <lr a PLAINTIFF'S i EXHIBIT I 1533(2) C O P Y R IG H T , 1959, N A T IO N A L S A F E T Y C O U N C IL All R ights Reserved No portion of this book m ay be reproduced by any proc ess without written permission of the National Safety Council, 425 North M ichigan Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois. L ibrary of Congress C atalog Card N um ber: 59-5058 24.2M105902 P rin ted in U.S.A. S tock No. 121.51 V kn QilNIUJ I oi o3nssi T?# -T * * J 3XVO ! 331.823 N1 7 1959 National Safety Council Accident Prevention Manual for IndHuAsTtErialJDperatioInS5sU.F..O*TMOe d 1959 -^ r^ -t/ zlc^ co 1/* ft 1 eg 1 ,,,Jir --r-r '" Y-- ? B E R T O T L E 4Tr<?p^~ GAYLOtO40 * F u ll B enefits State Law specifies full bene&rs rr> No C alifornia ............................... Yes Ym D elaw are ................................. Yes Law limits period or am ount b u r au* thorizes adminis* crative agency to extend w ithout lim it (3) Yes Florida ..................................... No H aw aii ..................................... Ye* Ye* Ym a No No Ye* M ichigan ................................. No M innesota ............................... Yes Ye* M issouri" ................................. No N ebraska ................................. Yes Nevada* ................................... No N ew H am pshire .................. No N ew Jersey ............................ No N ew M exico .......................... No N ew Y ork ............................ Yes N orth C arolina .................... No N orth D akota ...................... Yes O hio ......................................... No No O regon ................................ .. No Pennsylvania .......................... N o Puerto R i c o ............................ Yes Rhode Island ........................ , N o South C arolina .................... i N o Texas1 ........................ , ......... i Yes U tah1 ....................................... 1 N o W ashington Yes W isconsin .................... Yes W yom ing .................... No United taces: Federal employees Yes Longshoremen . . . . Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Y es4*I Yes Ym Yes Yes L K a it^ i B enefits Stare Period Amouot C o lo rad o ................................. Io w a " .......................................... K en tu ck y ................................. L ouisiana .................. ............... *1.200 6 months 120 days* $6 m onths 1 year 60 days11 1.300 1,125* 1.300 2,300 2,500 2.500 2,500* 3 0 0 *1* 1,500 2,500 1.600* I ! ! 1 i ' 1 S o u rce: U . S. D epartm ent of L a b o r, B ureau of Labor S tandards, A ugust, 1957 I Limited benefits for occupational diseases: A rizona and U tah . Lim ited or no benefits for silicosis and asbestosis: Arkansas, Illinois, M aine. N evada, Texas, Verm oac, W est Virginia. In W est Virginia no allowance for medical treatm ent fot silicosis. * fu ll medical a id , in the ju d g m en t of th e A rizona In d u stria l C om m ission, is surborized th ro u g h a com* bination of the medical care and rehabilitation provisions of the law. * M aryland and O hio laws set n o initial am ount or p erio d ; all m edical benefits authorized by adminis* trative ageocy. 4 Initial am ount authorized for surgical and medical services and supplies limited to $4)0. In addttion. hospital services aod o rth o p e d ic appliances and proscheses are allow ed for the first 6 m onths. T h e board may order fu rth e r m edical, su rg ica l, and h o sp ita l services after end of the first 6-m onth p erio d if further c u e will substantially restore earning pow er. * Under certain conditions, m edical beoefits term inate. * Period may be extended for additional time, and an additional am ount not exceeding $37?. .*$1,000 maximum for hospital service and supplies and $$00 for m edical and surgical services. C om m is sion may authorize an additional $1,000. * In extreme cases. Comm issioner may require em ployer to furnish care for a longer period. In case of silicosis, such additional period is lim ited to 90 days. . * In case*_ of to tal disability w here th e $2,500 is insufficient to m eet alt hospitalization expenses, a d d i tional benefits may be allowed. ** Also, hospital benefit* no 1 0 esceevl *700. " May be extended for year in c lu d in g the first 60 days. II A d d itio n a l $00 m ay b e a u th o r iz e d . L. if dp* * , Sr*ftr-*^'r.S ru. e5--'1 SScT I? - *7' !.. *>- ' ,-tn !; !: A & '' & ! ;i J I -T - *r> - 57 5 lx . i! v f i ^ ! - .:- % - !i*! < : : # .. --..;- L-1M--_3tir. y *C 6B aw ii^i^d/2 2iiiefct -a w -^ .r. - ^ - - ^ -- - ^ ^ m i r r .Bi _ ^0 i I1: 1 { 1 i ) ; 4 k it ' 1<* i 11-10 \\\ O R I H M N ' S C O M P E N S A T I O N I N S U R A N C E ,'A IT IN G p e r i o d i n v a r i o u s j u r i s d i c t i o n s W aiting Period N one........ 2 days........ O^ regon Jurisdiction Compensation Retroactive II Disability Lasts Period Indicated ' .................................................... 1Not applicable Hawaii (temporary total o n ly )............ More than 7 days Delaware (no wailing period in case of 7 days, including date of injury mp\2i2 tion of a member of the body or a part thereof, or when the injury results in hospitalization of the cm* pioyee) District of Columbia.............................. More than 28 days Maryland .................................... ............ More than 28 davs Missouri .................................................. More than 4 weeks Rhode Island (total disability o n ly ), . More than 2 weeks Utah ................................................ ... .. No provision Washington ............................................ JO days W isconsin................................................ More than 10 days Wyoming (temporary total disability More than 8 days only) United States--Federal employees (tem* More than 21 davs porary disability only) United States--longshoremen .............. More than 28 days Puerto Rico (temporary disability only) 2 weeks 5 days........ Mississippi .............................................. 14 davs Nevada .................................................... 5 davs Oklahoma ................................................ 5 days Arizona . ................................ *............... I Arkansas .................................................. I California ................................................ Colorado .................................................. C o n n e c tic u t ........................................................... j G e o r g i a ...................................................................... |Idaho ...................................................... Illinois (temporary total disability only) Indiana (temporr)- disability only) ! Iowa (permanent total, temporary total, | and temporary partial disability) K an sas.......... Kentucky . .. Louisiana . . . Maine .......... I Massachusetts ! Michigan . . . ! Minnesota (temporary disability only) ! Montana More than 2 weeka 4 weeks More than 49 days More than 6 weeks 10 days No provision More than 4 weeks More than 28 days More than 28 days Compensation not retroactive, but com pensation increased by one-third for 4th, 5th, and 6th weeks of disabiliry No provision More than 2 weeks 6 weeks More than 28 days 8 days 4 weeks (also retroactive from 6rst day if death results from injury) J weeks no dependents residing in the United States) *" T; New Hampshire .................................... 7Modareysthan 4 weeks New York .............................................. More than 35 days {sa* ~u>4kifc.Jh.. - - -.Yv . 3 ' V JJ _____ lisease is ific time, usually ular cmaccident upational vn to the aility ocover an hich the mployers e to the hat occu p t sated, is made >e of the ed, while ses. Ia rs \u ltu * '. 19S7 provide* lor y have been under workr dises***. recent years, there has been increasing use important problem is thrjrecy'ociling of time of general coverage. limitations for filing divibili/y benefit claims Ia the case of occupational diseases, the amounts of compensation for disability or death, medical care, or coverage are usually and the fact that in mosL^aKcs manifestation of disability due to radiation injury is de layed for an extended time. the same as those for accidental injuries The states having full coverage of all except with respect to silicosis, asbestosis, occupational diseases would cover injuries and other dust diseases. due to radiation. Some states specifically So that employers can obtain information relative to occupational diseases suffered by applicants for employment, some states have include such injuries in their schedules. Eight states do not cover any injury due to radiation. placed considerable responsibility upon the employee. An employee in these states is penalized lot false representation, for failure General Liability Insurance to give certain information, or for mislead Several types of public liability insurance ing omissions from his previous health his have been designed to protect a person tory. against the various liabilities which face him . Since occupational diseases develop or "ac in his business and personal life. cumulate" over a long period of time during A person's liability to others may be cre which a worker may have several different ated by statute, may result from common law employers, some provision must be made for precedents, or may exist by way of a con fixing responsibility. In most states, the tractual obligation. employer under whom the employee was Most liability insurance policies have two last injuriously exposed is held liable for the types of coverage: coverage for bodily injury compensation. Some states provide that the liability and coverage for property damage last employer may appeal to the commission liability. Each type of coverage is separately to have the costs for compensation properly rated, and a different limit of liability may apportioned among the other employers who be purchased for each. The policy may also are liable. be written for bodily injury coverage only, In any event, it behooves an employer to without protection against property damage require physical examination of all new liability. employees at the time of hiring, not only to Under bodily injury coverage, the policy fix responsibility for occupational diseases, undertakes to pay on behalf of the insured existing hernias, and other physical weak all sums which the insured 1 .omes legally nesses or disabilities, but also, of even more obligated to pay by reason > the liability importance, to facilitate proper placement. imposed on him by law for bodily injury, Periodic re-examinations should be made including death, sustained by any person as when specific operations include silica, lead, the result of an accident. asbestos, and other similarly hazardous ex Under property damage coverage, the pol posures. icy undertakes to pay on behalf of the in There is much controversy concerning sured all sums which the insured becomes if whether loss of hearing should be consid legally obligated to pay by reason of the ered an occupational disease and, if it is so liability imposed on him by law for damages considered, how payments should be made. to property caused by accident. Studies show that certain noisy occupations To provide proper liability protection, it cause deafness. However, the situation is is usually necessary to combine the basic complicated by the fact that nearly everyone coverage of the premises with one or more suffers hearing impairment with age. An of the other forms of insurance and to select important question is whether the worker suitable limits of liability for both bodily should be given a monetary award before Injury and property damage in each case. he sustains an economic loss as distinguished The comprehensive general liability policy from a physiologic loss. provides automatic coverage for many new W ith the growing use of sources of atomic hazards that may develop after purchase of energy for industrial purposes, the full pro the desired coverage. tection of workers who are injured by radia Liability insurance is commonly purchased tion on the job presents new problems. One on a scheduled form. The policy is made _ J 2 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT ( 1533 ( 7) -----T" 11-JO rkmen s co m pen sa tio n insurance up of several cNSdifions with each covering a specific set of hazards. The following discussion will merely indicate the primary differences in the divisional coverages. Owners, landlords, and tenants liability Owners, landlords, and tenants liability insurance is designed to insure owners and lessees of buildings, vacant land, residences, mercantile premises of all kinds, both whole sale and retail, and various types of service businesses and operations like amusement parks, bazaars, shows, banks, clubs, libraries, nesvsstands, and similar occupancies of a nonmanufacturing nature. The policy covers the ownership and maintenance or use of the premises for the purposes stated in the policy. The term "premises" indudes all buildings and struc tures on a described site and the ways im mediately adjoining it. Division I of this type of liability policy also covers all operations necessary or inci dental to the insured's operations. The policy would, therefore, cover not only accidents which occur on the insured's premises but also those which occur away from the prem ises, provided that they arise out of the insured's regular operations. Thus, if the insured's employees in delivering a product to a customer at his home injure someone, the policy will cover. Manufacturers and contractors liability Manufacturers and contractors liability insurance is designed to provide indemnity against claims in connection with manufac turing or contracting operations on account of injuries or losses to persons not employed by the insured. It covers various types of service or con tracting operations in which construction, installation, repair, or maintenance work is done. In manufacturing risks, machine haz ards and the hazards in the operation of a railroad sidetrack must also be considered. The public hazards on contracting opera tions are highly varied because of the loca tion and nature of the work and the manner in which operations are conducted. Such operations include demolition, moving of Digest of coverages from Property and Casualty Insurance, A Guide B oot for Agents and Brokers, by Philip Gordis, 1953 (The Rough Notes Company, Inc.). buildings, excavation, and construction work of all kinds, Elevator liability Elevator liability insurance provides in demnity against loss by reason of the liabil ity imposed by law upon the insured for damages on at count of accidents to persons not employed by the insured as the result of the existence, maintenance, and use of any elevator, hoist, escalator, or similar device described in the policy. Certain types of lifting equipment are not considered elevators within the meaning of this coverage. Thus, hoists within a build ing which are not operated through a hatch way, manually operated hoists outside the building; hoists used to raise automobiles for service lubrication, dumb-w'aiters not over 4 feet in height, and similar equipment are not considered elevators. Product liability Product liability coverage indemnifies the insured against claims for bodily injury or death to any person not employed by the insured, by reason of the consumption, han dling, or use of any product manufactured, sold, handled, or distributed by the insured, as listed in the policy schedule. Product property damage coverage in demnifies the insured against claims for damage to or destruction of the property of others by reason of the consumption, han dling, or use of any product manufactured, sold, handled, or distributed by the insured, as listed in the policy schedule. It is not generally appreciated that a man ufacturer may be held liable for conditions in the goods he produces which cause injury to persons or damage to property. Manu facturers have found themselves directly liable to the ultimate consumer of their product, even though it had passed through many hands after it was sold by them. Liability for injury or damage is particu larly enhanced when products are "inherently dangerous" or are made for human consump tion--preparations like drugs and medicines. Some court decisions have held that the very fact that a product causes serious in jury demonstrates that it possesses the power to become dangerous if defectively made. Manufacturers have been held liable for damages to remote purchasers with whom the manufacturers have never dealt, or whom I INDUSTRIAL POISONS cells, which appear as a dark or bloody urine. The kidneys may then become too clogged to operate at all. The possibility of arsine formation should always be considered when there - is hydro gen formation around the active metals or axound ores of the heavy metals, since ar senic is widely distributed in small amounts and only a trace of it is required to pro duce enough arsine to be troublesome. One of the more common sources of arsine incidents in recent years has been the han dling of dross from the aluminum refining of metals.* Probably the most significant observation about these cases, aside from the fact that the moisture in the atmosphere is enough to form arsine, is the fact that the people involved in them have not been aware of the garlic-like odor which is supposed to . be a warning of the presence of arsine. The extremely high acute toxicity is re flected in the maximum acceptable concen tration of 0.05 ppm. Arsine, in very small amounts, is. also capable of producing a chronic type of poisoning, but it is more typically a source of acute episodes. Asbestos is a hydrated magnesium silicate found in the minerals chrysotile, amianthus, actinolite, and tremolite. Practically all the commercial asbestos is either chrysotile or amianthus, and about 90 per cent of that used in this country is chrysotile. It is used almost exclusively for heat insulation or for textiles which must resist high temperarure, such as heat-resistant clothing and brake linings. Inhalation of excessive quantities of as bestos fiber can produce a fibrosis in the lungs similar to that found in silicosis but somewhat milder and usually not so rapidly progressive. Like silicosis, the condition de velops slowly and advances slowly and is equally resistant to treatment. Prevention is essentially dust control. A maximum acceptable dust concentration of "Arsine Poisoning, Epidemiologic Stud ies of an Outbreak Following Exposure to Gases from Metallic Dross,'* Louis W. Spolyar, R. N. Harger, AAf.H Archives of Inatti* triti Hygituc JUtl OiCup.ition.il Medicine, 8:4 19-13*' (1950)- "Arsine Poisoning in the Smelting and Refining Industry," K. M. Morse and A. N. Setterlind, AMA Archives of lntiustri.il Hy giene and Occupational Medicine, 2:148 < A u g u t, 1 9 5 0 ) . 5 million partici pc cubic foot has been suggested, precist y a ! for pure free silica. Barium, in theoorei of its soluble salts, is toxic on both*Se^e$tton and inhalation aod highly caustic when applied to the skin. The carbonate and sulfide are sufficiently soluble to be toxic, although not very caus tic. The sulfate, which is used as a contrast medium in X-ray work, is too insoluble to show any toxicity, and soluble sulfates are specific antidotes for ingested barium salts. Since these salts produce violent stimula tion of all muscle, upon ingestion they pro duce severe disturbances of the digestive system. After absorption, the barium salts produce an increase of blood pressure by constriction of the arterial muscle, a slow heart beat by an action similar to that of digitalis on the heart, and first excitation and then paralysis of the central nervous sys tem. In spite of the high inherent toxicity, there are few cases of industrial poisoning with barium. The maximum acceptable con centration for soluble barium compounds is 0.5 mg/ m.* Barium is a heavy metal, and the dust of the insoluble salts will collect in the lungs and give rise to the condition known as baritosis. Its nodular appearance on X-ray film may be mistaken for that of silicosis. Men showing the sign of baritosis are ap parently not disabled or inconvenienced in any way. Benzene is a colorless, flammable, volatile liquid with a rather pleasant aromatic odor. Its fire hazard is between that of ethyl alco hol and that of ether. The greatest hazard is that of chronic poisoning by inhalation of comparatively small amounts over a long pe riod of time. It is one of the two or three most dangerous organic solvents in com mercial use. . The action is primarily on the bloodforming organs, producing severe anemia, bleeding under the skin, and great reduc tion in the ability of the blood to clot. The extent of chronic exposure to benzene may be determined qualitatively by measure ment of the ratio of organic to inorganic sul/ate in the urine. The most convenient measurement of damage is given by a blond count. People who may be exposed to beQ2eoe vapor should have blood counts at regular intervals. Consistent change in the blood c o u n t s h o u ld b e c lo s e ly investigated. Par* : i i1 I . ( r- 'j* Z - T- - V s'*' fir . Headaches, dizziness, fatigue, loss of ap petite, irritability, nervousness, nosebleed, and other signs of abnormalities of the blood may or may not be present in chronic poisoning. A single heavy exposure to benzene vapor may produce a serious acute poisoning. In such a case the action is that of an anes thetic with special affinity for the central oervous system. The first sign is usually exhilaration, followed by sleepiness, dizzi ness, vomiting, trembling, hallucinations, de lirium, and unconsciousness. The main first-aid requirements in acute poisoning are removal of the person to fresh air, inhalation of oxygen, and maintenance of bodily warmth. Skin contact with benzene should be avoided, partly because like other powerful solvents it produces dryness and cracking of the skin, but primarily because it will al most certainly entail excessive inhalation of the vapor. The maximum acceptable con centration is 25 ppm. Benzene hezaehlorlde--see Hexachlorecy. elohexane. Beryllium. Among the occupational dis eases produced by b e r y l l i u m, the first condition observed was an acute chemical pneumonitis, which occurred among workers exposed to beryllium compounds. This acute form of beryllium intoxication was first reported in this country in 1943 and was attributed largely to the fluorides.* A delayed reaction to beryllium, character ized as chronic and appearing as late as two or three years after the exposure which caused it, was reported some time later by Hardy and Tabershaw.** Even more recently, Dr. Hardy has reported that the delay be tween last exposure to beryllium and the "Chemical Pneumonia in Workers Ex tracting Beryllium Oxide: Report of Three Cases," H. S. Van Ordstrana, R. Hughes, and M. G. Carmody, Cleveland Clinic Quar terly, 10:10 (1943). . ''Delayed Chemical Pneumonitis Occur ring in Workers Exposed to Beryllium Com pounds," H. L. Hardy and I. R. Tabershaw, Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicol ogy. 28:197 (1946). appearance of symptoms may be as long as ten years.* Thi s condi t i on showed a granulomatous lesion of the lungs as the most striking effect, accompanied by general metabolic disturbances and anemia so that the individual had continuous weight loss and great weakness in addition to a chronic cough. A large number of cases of dermatitis attributed to beryllium and beryllium com pounds have also been reported. Although beryllium was thought in 1940 to be reasonably harmless, it has since been declared that:* "N'ot only is beryllium un questionably a .toxic agent but it is toxic in such small quantities as to be among the most toxic chemically of all elements yet in vestigated. As seen from analyses of tis sues, responses have been brought about in animals with beryllium in quantities in the order of millimicrograms. Such small quan tities require a reorientation in our toxico logical thinking, and these amounts give rise to acute effects. It is reasonable from field survey evidence to believe that still smaller quantities produced the chronic dis- ' ease in human beings and that `safe' levels of beryllium exposure may ultimately be set well below one microgram per cubic meter of air." It has also been established that a worker may carry home enough beryllium compound on his clothes to result in illness in some member of his family.** Stokinger and his co-workers demonstrated that iBe presence of fluorine enhances the toxic action of beryllium. Recommendations issued by the Atomic Energy Commission for the control of beryl- *'*The Disability Found in Persons Ex posed to Certain Beryllium Compounds," Harriet L. Hardy, AM A Archives of Indus trial Health, 12:174-181 (August, 1955). "A cute Inhalation Toxicity of Beryl lium. 1. Definitive Studies of Beryllium Sulfate at Exposure Concentrations of 150, 10 and 1 Milligram Per Cubic Meter," Her bert E. Stokinger, George F. Sprague III, Robert H. Hall, Norman J. As henbur g. James K. Scott, and L. T. Steadman. AMA Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupa tional Medicine, 1:379-397 (April, 1950). "C urrent Knowledge of Beryllium In toxication," H. L. Hardy, Occupational Safely and Health, International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland (April-June, 1958). National Safety Council 331.823 Accident prevention manual for industrial operations. 3rd Edition. 1955. Accidents & Prevention