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FILE NAME Industrial Hygiene Foundation IHF DATE 1946-1957 DOC IHF098 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Industrial Hygiene Digest NOVEMBER 1946 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Vol No. 11 | Literature abstracts @ MEDICAL ENGINEERING LEGALLEGAL ... decisions and trends Industrial Health News MEETING ISSUE ISSUE ISSUE ISSUE Laomed Monthly By INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH 13 PA ION TRIAL HYGIENE CUNDATION CUNDATION in to industrial concerns holding membership Industrial Hygiene Foundation The Foundation is a profit association of industries for the advancement of healthful working conditions *a November November 1946 Annual Meeting Recap Official registration for the Annual Meeting 11th Hygiene Foundation was 423 -- only five less than Industrial was thePittsburgh hotel strike The meeting held et Mellon of Members of inst year despite Institute Pitts- burgh the Foundation's headquarters on November 7 with members and guests Mertered in suburban hotels clubs private homes The Y etc. table conferences for professional and technical personnel from justrial_member justrial_member companies which were held the day before and the day after the annual meeting were well attended and proved so popular that this plan will be continued next year Attendance at the Conferences follows Chemical & Toxicological 48 Engineering 88 ( Medical 45 and Medico 64 200 200 Abstracts Available Mtoembers Texts and abstracts of all of the regular addresser and papers presented at the annual meeting are being sent to members and subscribers in the current Annual Meeting Issue of the INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Meanwhile all presentations at the meeting have been turned over to the printer for the official Transactions and publication will be speeded A new information circular Production Comes from People describing the Foundation listing members officers etc. was released at the annual meeting Copies will be sent to members in an early mailing Extra copies are available for members of your organization upon request 6 ~eteemecnen USTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION H 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH 15 PA Oe Hatch Heeon + Holden Abstract of report on Findings from Foundation Plant end Laboratory Research by F.R. Holden Ph.D. W.C.L. Hemeon and Theodore F. Hatch Industrial Hygiene Foundation at the 11th Annual Meeting of Industrial Hygiene Hygiene Foundation held at Mellon Institute Pittsburgh Novembe7r A primary objective of Industrial Hygiene Foundation is to provide the member companies with the services of a central agency devoted to the continuing study of industrial health problems Accordingly the technical staff members spend a considerable portion of their time in active investigation of member specific industrial hvgiene in the plants of companies problems in Table Foundation Investigations 1937 - 1945 tte e ee = en 2 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. we . Industrial Group Ceramic asbestos stone products . 2 6 + ee Mining smelting and refining metal processing Manufacturing metal and miscellaneous 1. 2 Chemicals production 2.6es ee ee ee oe eo ee ee ew . . + +++ 2 oe oe eo ee ee eo ew oe s+ ' ew Per cent of wo wo ww 33 25 17 25 TablIeI Distribution Foundation Investigations by ofProob f l Proe blm em Nature- 1945 Operation or Exposure ed a Per cent of Total Studies 1. Dust - exposures silica asbestos nuisance dusts 6. eee ee) 41 2 Various chemical exposures 6 2 + + 2 ' ' ' ' ' oe wo ew ee 21 3. Metal fumes welding soldering cutting foundry 9 +. +. + +++: 4. Metal cleaning plating degreasing acid mists chromic acid 6 Dermatitis 5 General industrial hygiene 6. . e e s e eo e e e e e eo e e A e e e e e Qo e e e e 5 surveys 7 . 2 6 ' +e 6 + 5+ ' ' ' ' ' ' o ' atmospheric pollution 7. Studies of 83 - + s+ se 6+ ee 2 eee eo 8. Heat ventilation 3 2 2 ee eee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee es . Summary ofActiviti1e94s6 In continuation of this work a total of 51 separate plant investigations have been conducted thus far in 1946 involving the collection and analysis of including epproximately 2500 samples over 1200 dust determinations and studies of dust composition Greatest emphasis has been placed on the producing industries during the year but a variety of chemical operations have also been studied as in the past Table III summarizes the work in 1946 Mr. Hatch Mr. Hemeon and Dr. Holden - 2 Summary of Table III Foundation Investigations 1946 Number of separate projects . . 6 2 2 6 ' ' ee ete www ow we .24 Number of separate plant studies 6 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' wo .51 Distribution of projects by nature of problem Dust exposure and control . 6 ee ee ee ee we ee 10 35 plants Chemical toxicological miscellaneous 1. 2. 2 2 2 2 2 2 " 6 Lead exposures 6 6 2 ' 0 we ee ew ew wt we we ew we we 2 Community atmospheric Dermatitis pollution . . - . pollution Metal fumes 2. IL s+ ss ITIL 2 operations 4 operations 1 Heat exposure Number of analyses . . Dust 2. 6 ' 2 ' ' ' Lead ee ee 5 ' ' ' ' 0 ' 2. 2. 6 5 2 ' ' ' ' we ' we ww ww we we ee eh ww th 2 eo ' ' ' ww ee ww wo wo ' 0 oo .1274 .1274 27 5 eo ' ow 1 .2459 .2459 Miscellaneous Metals 2 2. 6 6 6 6 ' ' 345 Miscellaneous chemical 2. 6 ' ' ' ' ' 665 Attention is called to the fact that during 1946 the 10 projects in dust ducing industries included studies in 35 separate plants Five of these projects were isolated studies involving single plants the other five including 28 plants were multiple studies set up on an industry basis or as overall investigations for companies with several different plants These studies were deliberately designed to bring together for critical study the experiences of as many plants as possible having common problems Outstanding among the advantages of these industry studies has been the demonstration that sound solutions of most problems are generally found in the industry - not all in one plant necessarily but within the total experience The dangerous trades of our fathers have all but disappeared Modern industry demonstrates every day that potentially toxic substances can and are being used without hazard In general one may say that there are more workers by far handling such materials safely than not The problem today is largely one of discovering the effective control measures in actual use and making them available to the whole industry the that bers The concept of study on an industry basis is entirely in accord with primary purpose of the Foundation and moreover is of particular value in it makes the day work of the organization more valuable to the mem- than would be possible through independent studies alone 2. Q Vau lueaon f titati Stuvdie es Industrial hygiene is above all a practical field and there is no place in it for elaborate testing procedures and methods of analysis unless they aid materially in the solution of practical problems Field experience during this year as in the past has demonstrated that systematic quantitative study is of direct value in a highly practical way For example it was our privilege during the year to investigate a large plant in which records of dustiness and Mr. Hatch Mr. Hemeon and Dr. Holden - 3 helical records extended back for a period of 20 years These date combined with our own investigation made it possible to provide fairly definite answers questions which were put to us After this prolonged period of systematic to eliminate the hazard how good is the present control and if further to the effort improve ment is needed how can our efforts be expended most effectively The experience of the company is outstanding proof of the practical value of quantitative study study In fact this company was so far ahead of the parade that when they started a Systematic program of dust control its scope was seriously limited by the lack of adequate dust counting instruments and techniques That was 25 years ago In fact the early phase of their dust control program was limited in scope by the 5 lack of adequate mensuring instruments at the time Still another illustration comes from a study of heat exposure in which Fundamental analysis revealed than simple air temperature common method of control was that the major heat source was radiation rather From this it was evident that ventilation the not the method of choice and would produce rela- tively little benefit from the money expended One of the most valuable items in the year's experiences was a request to investigate a new process while still in the pilot stage and to determine the probable control requirements for the final manufacturing operation so that ee proper plans could be made in advance This represents the highest appreciation of the value of quantitative analysis and is a procedure highly to be recom- : en mended Analyses of industrial ventilation systems and other control measures during the have shown as in the past that full advantage is not being taken of year all of the basic engineering knowledge which is available to assist us in the design of control measures It is particularly disturbing to find inadequate performance after the expenditure of considerable money Thus in a compara- tive study of two plants doing the same work we found the poorer results in the plant having the more expensive system of ventilation and using the higher rates of ventilation Plant engineers will undoubtedly agree that the design of control equipment takes a secondary place in the engineering organization and they fre- generally is appropriated for besic engin- Quently complain that not enough time or money which eering analysis Thus they are forced to resort to empirical design date Too much money and effort is being too often results in inadequate perfcoornmdaintcieons without securing the desired spent by industry to improve working data results The solution lies in fuller utilization of existing engineering and the systematic development of additional biessitche ifnufnocrtmiaotnioonf tIhne Foouurndeaxtpieor-n to ience such an approach pays for itself It assist in this development _ Approa f Di ustsHaa zarl dsand Dust Control Measures that dust continues to occupy the It is of great practical significance with which we are con- major place in the entire array of industrial problems have taken us into many industries in which system- cerned The dust studies and nature and magnitude of atic correlations between incidence of lung damage Mr. Hetch Mr. Hemeon and Dr. Holden - 4 exposure have not been made Thus it has been necessary to draw heavily upon the to experiences gained in a few industries for which such correlations exist in order make the best possible appraisal of each new situation In reviewing this work | one is impressed with the need for much more extensive information than we now possess Some progress has been made in refining techniques through improvements in the determination of dust composition The new procedure reported at the t Annual Meeting has continued to give interesting and valuable data Other improve- ments in appraisal methods are currently being investigated We are in industry distinguish spectacular impressed with the significant difference between the silicosis proble and the far more general nuisance dust problem It is necessary to between them since more often than not the nuisance dust is the more and is likely therefore to receive more attention F INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Vol No. 3 Literature abstracts MEDICAL e ENGINEERING LEGAL ... decisions and trends Industrial Health News ARMY MEJICAL APR * 1947 LIBRARY Iced Monthly By INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH 13 PA FOUNDATI FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION concerns * Foundation Facts is monthly newsresid see ae to industrial concerns holding membership in FOUNDATION Foundation The Foundation Industrial Hygiene is a profit association of industries for the advancement of healthful working conditions Walter S. Casualty and Surety at Hartford Conn Paine veteran Company and a on March 3 industrial health and safety engineer of Aetna member of the Foundation's Legal Committee died in 1983 and was educated at Green Mountain Mr. Paine was born in England which institution he was graduated Junior College and at Syracuse UniveHresijtoyinefdromAetna in 1915 in 1911 in mechanical engineering of his death Mr. Paine was a member of the board and chairman At the time Council He was also active in of the executive committee of the National Safety the American Standards Association Annual Index Issued INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST for 1946 is now The annual index covering be had issued to Member companies and Subscribers Additional copies may of arti- being the Foundation does not have extra copies upon request Please note that unless the abstract so states For copies of bri- cles abstracted in the cDoimmguensitcate with the publications from which the material is also available ginal articles please with addresses are Lists of these publications together taken upon request Role of the Supervisor the National Foremen's Institute where super- There are many cases says health hazard It may be a job for an engineer visors cannot do anything about a to call existing or developing But it is always the super isor's responsibility attention of management For in most cases top health and safety hazards to the for information on what is going executives have no one to turn to but the supervisor that a disregarded health hazard is And since top executives know results in labor on at the plant inefficiency of operation and frequently and always accompanied by to spot and report health hazards whenever trouble they expect their supervisors wherever they develop Men versus Machines to the editor in the March issue of Fortune is by The first letter Research Director commenting upon a recent Theodore F. Hatch the Foundation's out that if we are to realize article on Men versus Machines Mr. Hatch points must be designed to meet the full benefits from further mechanization machines humaans well as functional requirements H INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH 13 PA Industrial Hygione Digest = 12- ~ nae Mar Marchc19h 67 277 On theMechaofnRi etasrdm ed PneumoconiosisA. Delayed Opacity and Pulmonary Displacemnt Displacement Displacement Particles A. Policard and E. Martin Bull Acad Med 130 35-37 1946 It is recognized that a pneumoconiotic lesion may progress after the cessation of the patients exposure to dust The authors record the case of a coal miner who had worked for 13 years with an interruption of 3 The progression of disease was followed until his death 10 years after leaving the mine Findings of the autopsy are given and a discussion of the case follows The nodule may have existed previous to its discovery by radiograph it may have been transparent and may only recently have become opaque by the deposit for instance of calcium or iron The general lymphatic absorption and blood dissemination of the coal dust implies a gradual movement which may in the course of time alter the radiographic picture -- From J.I.H. 279 Observations Silicosis . H. Heimann Occ Med 2 470-475 Nov. 1946 A series of hematologic observations made of 65 persons with silicosis is reported For the entire group of persons with silicosis with and without superimposed infection statistical analyses revealed that the disease was associated with a a rise in the number of young polymorphonuclear leukocytes b a rise in mean corpuscular hemoglobin and c an increased rate of erythrocyte sedimentation In simple silicosis as well as in silicosis with infection there is a shift to the left of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes and an increase in the rate of the erythrocyte sedimentation These data suggest that neither an abnormally increased sedimentation rate nor a shift to the left of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes in silicosis necessarily indicates that pulmonary infection is present as a complication of the fibrotic condition of the lungs 279 Caused by Electric Shock After Clinical Cure Pulmonary Tuberculosis F. Damiani Lotta contro la tuberc 16 99ff Mar. 1946 Italian man 30 years old had had bilateral pulmonary tuberculosis which had healed after bilateral pneumothorax and prolonged treatment in a sana- torium Recovery lasted for more than 10 years as demonstrated by periodic clinical examinations roentgenograms and examinations of the sputum He was in excellent health all these years during which he worked es he had before his illness He then suffered an electric shock during work and immediately afterward complained of pain in the chest The pain increased from the second day accompanied by fever and hemoptysis and fol- lowed by terminal tuberculous bronchopneumonia Electric currents can damage the respiratory tract with resulting pulmonary emphysema or pulmonary edema When injuries of this type occur in lungs with healed tuberculosis they may activate the old process The recurrence is of industrial origin and its victins are entitled to the benefits of industrial laws -- Occ Med 230 in TuberculIondsusitrsy B.L. Vosburgh Bull Nat Tuberc Assoc 32 97 June 1946 Under u program of routine screening of all the Schenectady General Electric Plant has noted of native tuberculosis from a high of 3 per 1000 prospective employeeempsloye s a reduction in the rate to a level of 0.5 which 327 The . brief Anon Safety article calls Rev. U.S. Navy4 13 attention to the hazard Jan. 1947 of exposure to eo asbes- tos dust and the need of adequate localized ventilation All working places with possible exposure should be checked for asbestos dust and where mechanical exhaust ventilation must be supplemented by wearing of personal protective equipment it should conform to Bureau of Mines specifications 328 Ope Systr em Duma ps Cyat nide we ith Sd afety Anon Compressed Air Mag 52 49 Feb. 1947 At the Addison Mill in Virginiatown Ontario cans of cyanide to be used in the extraction of gold from ores are handled mechanically by a system that is completely inclosed and controlled from the outside Except for loading and unloading the operation is automatic After a can has been placed on the skip and the chamber has been closed it is an air cylinder At the limit of its travel it is tripped and are dumped into the hopper of a reagent feeder that discharges hoisted by its contents into condi- tioner tanks Reversal of the piston stroke returns the skip to the starting position but before the empty is replaced by a full container the funes and dust in the enclosure are exhausted to the atmosphere Thus hand dumping with its attendant skin rashes are avoided Diagrams are presented Dust Control Lessons from Fontana Dam. F.N. Chirico Occ Hazard,s 24-25 Feb. 1947 Certain features of the dust control system introduced during the construction of Fontana Dem in North Carolina were not only unique but because of their extreme effectiveness in curtailing hazards have become a pattern for the industry The most radical of those features was a mechanical water spray mounted on the frames of the electric shovels continuously and thoroughly wetting the rock This process reduced ee dust concentrations to averages of 1.4 to 2.7 M.P.C.F. and was much e more efficient than intermittent hand wetting It was also unnecessary xet the rock during crushing point at which hand wetting has been found undesirable Elimination of dust fog also increased night visi- en bility Other reducing features included wet drilling efficiently em designed ventilation systems total enclosure of indoor screens with ree closing doors top and board coverings at transfer and dis- ee. charge points tight manholes counterweighted hinged covers on chutes discharge of the dust collector effluent through high stacks and the installation of water sprays with conveniently located shut valves Specially designed ejector ventilation systems were installed in the cement unloading plant supplying clean air to the workers and removing the cement dust which was subsequently collected An average of less than 10 M.P.C.F. was attained at that point less than five in the concrete mixing plant and less than four in the quarry and rock crushing plant 330 PartiPar-tiJ. De V. Lambrechts 42 pp Lusaka . Govt Printer 1945 The emphasis in this report is upon dust It dust sampling results form a basis for ventilation is recommended requirements that Depths : Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL . - decisions and trends AUGUST 1949 Vol 13 No. 8 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE - PITTSBURGH 13 PA FOUNDATION FOUNDATI FOUNDATI FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATI FOUNDATI FOUNDATION FOUNDATION Foundation Facts is a monthly news letter issued to industrial concerns holding membership in Industrial Hygiene Foundation The Foundation is a profit association of industries for the advancement of healthful working conditions 2 August 1949 No. A M.E. Coyle of GeneralMotors to Keynote Annual Meeting Conferences to Include one on Air and Stream Pollution M.E. Coyle Executive President of General Motors Corp. will deliver the keynote address opening the 14th annual meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation at Mellon Institute Pittsburgh on November 17. Mr. Coyle will speak on subjects of broad interest to industrial management as corporate activities and their in- fluence on the National economy Besides the main meeting for management representatives four professional conferences will be held here on November ---- Medical 2 Chemical & Toxico- Logical 3 Engineering and 4 Legal These table sessions are being arranged by the respective professional committees in the Foundation and the agenda Hill be announced soon November 18 the day after the main meeting will be devoted to a con- ference on the Air and Water of Industrial Communities with emphasis on air pollution. The membership voted 3 to 1 in favor of such a conference which in effect will a continuation of the main meeting The agenda will cover subjects of interest to both management and technical representatives The Medical Conference on November 16 the main meeting on November 17 and the air and water conference on November 18 will all be held in the main auditorium at Mellon Institute The other conferences November 16 will all be beld either at the Institute or nearby at sites to be announced , Schenley , Hotel reservations should be made now Both the Hotels Webster Hall and near Mellon Institute promise full cooperation as do the downtown hotels and the Pittsburgh Convention Bureau More details later F in American Can Company's Annual Report The 47th annual report of the American Can Company a Foundation member contains the following With the assistance of Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America which is located in the Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh a survey was conducted of the Company's medical program for employees The purpose of this survey was to determine ways whereby the Company's already comprehensive medical program can be made more effective Editor's Note DUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION The Foundation is now engaged in four other such studies dealing with medical administration cost and procedure --- November 16 17 --- 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH 13 PA Industrial Hygiene Digest - 15 Industrial However great care should be taken to exclude the tuberculous in select- to receive aluminum therapy 4 It is not believed that a sincgiepnetrisfoincsally controlled experiment in industry is feasible for the evaluation of aluminum for the prophylaxis of silicosis This follows from the uncontrollable variables inherent in the industrial situation and other factors which have been discussed For these reasons it appears improbable that any research agency would consider it advisable to undertake such a project except under special conditions already discussed and which may not be attainable 5 The McIntyre Research Foundation as presently organized is not equipped to solve the aluminum prophylaxis in relation to silicosis The steps considered necessary to accom- problem plish this objective are outlined 6 Research should be continued with basis for laboratory animals with the object of finding a more adequate to man Such study is now included in the program of the application Saranac Laboratory of the Trudeau Foundation -- Authors Summary Effects of Electricity on the Human Body Ind Med 18 269 July 1949 W.B. Kouwenhoven 867 The author discusses briefly the various effects of electricity or the body values of including variations with the amount of interest are 1 threshold of feeling current The current about 1 milliampere 2 let current above which it is difficult to let go of a wire about 9 milliamperes for men 6 for women 3 current producing ventri- cular fibrillation 0.1 ampere 4 current producing a block in the ner- vous system one ampere or more and 5 the counter shock current The last three result in death if prolonged otherwise artificial respiration the victim These effects refer to alternating current of com- may save mercial frequency Direct current is much less harmful The only effect of frequency currents is heating a a Asbestosis and J.A.M.A. 140 Cancer of the Lung . 1219-1220 Aug. 13 Editorial 1949 ie Records of English American and German physicians and The Annual of the Chief Inspector of Factories in England for 1947 show that | Report the occurrence of cancer of the lung is related to pulmonary asbestosis This relation is supported by the following observations 1 The incidence rate of cancer of the lungs in asbestosis patients is 10 to 15 times as high as among the general population The female ratio is more nearly equal than it is for the general population which indicates that an environmental and evidently occupational carcinogen tended to equalize the incidence rate of cancer of the lungs for both sexes Recent experimental observations support this interpretation of clinical evidence 868 Changes in the G.B. Oliver Lungs Brit Produced by Natural Graphite J. Ind Med 6 91-99 April H.E. Harding 1949 and A brief description is given of the industrial uses of natural graphite which is a crystalline carbon mixedmixed with up to 10 of free silica and with other minerals The greatest dust dust risk occurs in the grinding of natural graphite for which evidence is presented presented to show that this can lead to A BETTER PLACE TO WORK Transactions Bulletin No. 9 Foundation Facts 1947-48 A Better Place to Work A Community Attitude on Working Conditions Results of Foundation Field Research Industrial Health Programs in Action wer Summaries of Conferences Industrial Health Administration Atomic Power and Industry Sickness Insurance Health and Welfare Funds hai INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH 13 PA e egp Oy TRANSACTIONS of TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING of INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA INC NOVEMBER 20 1947 ae eae CONTENTS Foundation Facts 1947-48 Andrew Fletcher - - - - - - - F in 1947 John F. McMahon - - - - - - - A Better Place to Work William B. Given Jr. - - - - - - Attitude of Communities Toward Working Conditions J. Stevens Stock - - - - - : - 19 Summary of Field Studies and Research 1947 Theodore F. Hatch - - : - - - - 23 Industrial Health Programs in Action Harold A. Vonachen M.D. 27 Summary of Legal Conference Theodore C. Waters - . . . . Summary of Medical Conference A. J. Lanza M.D. - - : - 39 Summary of Engineering Conference Prof. Philip Drinker - - - - - - - 40 Summary of Chemical and Toxicological Conference H. F. Smyth Jr. Ph.D. and James F. Morgan - - 42 Adminstration Functions and Costs of Industry's Health Facilities C. O. Sappington M.D. Dr.P.H. - - - - Atomic Development and Industrial Management Sumner T. Pike - - - - : - - - Sickness Insurance Meaning for Management J. J. Wittmer M.D. - - - - - oe - Establishment of Health and Welfare Funds under the Hartley Act V. P. Ahearn -- - - - - - - 64 Sick Absenteeism Among a Sample of Member Companies of Industrial Hygiene Foundation 1946 and Earlier Years W. Gafafer D.Sc. - - - - - - . 70 TS en e e ~ Sead ee FOUNDATION FACTS 1947-48 ANDREW FLETCHER President St. Joseph Lead Company Chairman Board of Trustees Industrial Hygiene Foundation Members and Guests of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation It gives me great pleasure to welcome you to this our 12th Annual Meeting I can well remember the early years of our activities and the skepticism with which Industry Labor and Governmental Departments viewed our proposed program of research directed toward the improvement of conditions for the American Workman and for the community in which he lives The foresight and courage of the original organizers has certainly been amply repaid in dollars as well as in human happiness Today the Foundation is sound financially our membership now includes most of the leading industrial companies and our name and findings are known throughout the United States in fact in many far distant lands There are no Industrial Hygiene Foundations elsewhere in the world The foreign visitors who come to us have difficulty in understanding that the Foundation is a wholly voluntary research organization supported by industries united for the being of workers Mr. McMahon our Managing Director will give you a short report on the Foundation's affairs and it is therefore unnecessary for me to comment on the results accomplished since our last meeting You will be filled with a sense of satisfaction and pride in his report and in the list of our new members But we must not become complacent as only a start has been made in the research that is necessary to solve the many hygienic problems that face and will continue to face labor management consumers and in general our entire population Research Needs and Implications had the great privilege of spending two weeks during last September with the top ranking officers of our Navy who discussed their problems as well as the relationship of industry to the Navy I was greatly impressed by the attitude of the Navy toward the necessity of research and I was extremely interested in the comment that the war would have been greatly extended if England had not developed through research the relatively crude radar that enabled their small airforce to successfully repel the large German bombing flights It was also stated that the war might even have been lost if Hitler had continued expenditures for research in the development of new weapons instead of stopping such expenditures in February 1941 and not resuming the research on guided missiles fast submarines etc. until November 1942. In the past Europe largely provided the wellsprings of fundamental research research and the research in the United States has for the most part been concerned with the practical application of funda- mental scientific facts For instance we took the German work in nuclear l physics and made the atom bomb we aided England in the perfection of radar etc. The President's Scientific Research Board in its current studies on Science and Public Policy reports that for the fiscal year of 1947 the Government spent 625 millions for research and development in the physical and biological sciences sum of course does not include expenditures by the Atomic Energy Commission It was also reported that private outlays for research were slightly less than 600 million and that Russia's 1947 budget was 1,200,000,000 It would seem to me that even 1 billion 200 million falls short of the amount that our country should spend in research to guarantee its existence and to guard the lives of its people Leadership in Industrial Hygiene Just as continued research is necessary for our armed forces and our country as a whole so too is research necessary to improve the health and welfare of the men and women in industry Last year in my opening talk the question was asked Who is going to take the leadership in industrial health Unions the Government or Industry You probably know that in addition to the funds expended by Federal and State Governments on industrial hygiene the Anthracite Health and Welfare Fund announced in June a grant of 575,000 to the Jefferson Medical College for a year study of Miners Occupational Diseases Last month the Ladies Garment Workers Union announced a one million expansion of its Union Health Center in New York If the accomplishment of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation in the past was based solely on the dollars expended or if our present budget of around 100,000 per year was the sole indication of future results then our contribution toward improvement of working and living conditions would indeed be depressing Although dollars are always helpful the Foundation through our competent staff is even now able to stimulate industry toward taking the leadership in industrial hygiene that is so necessary Your Board of Directors have not yet felt that the Foundation's financial resources or the size of its staff are sufficient to under- take fundamental research especially as our membership covers such a large field but we recognize our obligation toward fundamental research and at some appropriate time we will discharge our responsibility We are in a position to efficiently and satisfactorily study particular industries and to make constructive suggestions that will aid individual companies in that industry to improve conditions Control of Air Pollution For example the Foundation has been studying air pollution in certain areas and this problem may become even more important as cities and communities throughout this country are tightening up on regulations governing air pollution Pittsburgh Niagara Falls Cleveland and Los Angeles have already expressed deep concern and Louisville has taken action against a large plant operating in that city to abate the public nuisance arising from dust smoke and eleven damage suits have actually been filed by citizens of Louisville against the corporation There is continued public demand for the control of air pollution just as there is a demand for improved working and living conditions I am sure that industry should not wait until the demands are translated into stringent regulations and subse- 2 quent legal action Industrial management must lea cannot be banished by laws neither can accidents ne The technical problems must first be solved wo be led Smoke dustrial diseases In addition to surveys for industries and indiv Industrial Hygiene Foundation is watching the develop trial codes and is in position to aid on any problem employee need disinterested competent advice of a te 1 companies the of proper indus- re employer and cal nature Production Through Better Working Condition To combat inflation and to aid a distressed word what we need is greater production on the part of every worker in - the country I am hopeful that we are nearing the end of the cycle of 1: mistrial strife and of the period of extreme positions on the part of either management or labor I know of no better way for improving labor- sagement relations and thereby improving production than by developin ogether ways for improving working and living conditions Industrial mony and mutual respect must be earned cannot be bought or in through propa- ganda any more than an individual can buy respect - good reputation The maintenance of good working and living condition | peaks louder than all the pamphlets or posters ever published The Foundation is your organization and at all times stands ready to aid employer employee our State or Governmental Departments in all problems of industrial hygiene Before introducing Mr. McMahon I wish to express the appreciation of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation to Dr. Weidlein ....! the Mellon Institute for the many courtesies that have always been so heartedly extended as well as for the guidance and financial as Pance that we have received Without the help of Dr. Weidlein and his asstant asstant Dr. Hamor our Foundation could not have grown to its present gnitude and American industry would probably not have such a competat competat organization for the handling of industrial health problems And now it gives me great pleasure to present Mi cMahon Managing Director of the Foundation who will report to you on our accomplishments since the last Annual Meeting H IN 1947 JOHN F. MCMAHON Managing Director Industrial Hygiene Foundation What has Industrial Hygiene Foundation done during the past year The following are some partial answers to that question At the first meeting of the Foundation's Board of Trustees on December 16 1935 this organization was launched with 23 member companies and associations As of today there are 349 members Twenty companies and associations have affiliated thus far this year They are American Can Company Anthracite Institute Atlas Powder Company Austin Motor Company England Crucible Steel Company Federal Corporation Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. Ford Motor Company General Ceramics & Steatite Co. General Electric Company Godrej and Boyce Mfg Co. Inland Steel Company National Ass'n Fan Manufacturers National Pulverizing Company National Steel Corporation National Supply Company New Jersey Pulverizing Company Pittsburgh Coke & Chemical Co. Sharon Steel Corporation Sun Oil Company Sun Sand Company Sylvania Electric Products Co. Actually the number of new members is 54 inasmuch as one of the organizations is the Anthracite Institute which has taken out a multiple membership covering its 32 member companies There are now 103 special governmental agencies private institutions etc. Field Work Field work continued to increase in a satisfactory manner and involved studies in approximately 70 different plants This work will be described by Mr. Hatch the Foundation's Research Director In an engineering survey for the pottery industry directed by Mr. Hemeon Head Engineer the Foundation collaborated with the U. Potters Association to hold a Pottery Dust Control Clinic here in Mellon Institute on October 13 Sixteen companies sent 31 representatives to this day conference 4 Conferences Conferences are proving a practical measure for increasing Foundation services to member companies A Medical Conference an Engineering Conference and a Conference for Attorneys and Compensation Officials were held here yesterday Tomorrow there will be a conference for research directors chemists industrial hygienists and toxicologists These closed sessions limited to member firms in mining and manufacturing draw together specialists with similar interests and problems from all types of heavy industry and so serve as valuable vehicles for the exchange of information and experience But already some of these sessions are beginning to exceed conference size In the year ahead the Foundation hopes to sponsor several conferences for specific industries possibly for engineers in the steel industry or for physicians associated with the asbestos industry etc. Publications Health in Industry the Transactions of our last annual meeting was issued early in the year Yesterday the printer delivered two new bulletins Conditioned Crane Cabs a publication in our Engineering Series and Industrial Air Sampling and Analysis a handbook for plant chemists and the first bulletin in our new Chemical and Toxicological Series In year the Legal Committee issued a short analysis of Occupational Disease Compensation Statutes and Developments in the 1947 Sessions of the State Legislatures as well as a memorandum on sickness insurance More recently the Foundation released a comprehensive digest of the important Medical Survey of the Bituminous Coal Industry Meanwhile members of the Foundation staff published a number of papers in appropriate journals Foundation publications for the year are on display in the lobby The Staff The Foundation's staff is now composed of 10 people seven men and three girls in the general office An engineer was added this year and early in the coming year we hope to appoint a laboratory assistant who will also help with the monthly Industrial Hygiene Digest The staff now includes a Research Director a Medical Director a Head Engineer together with other engineers and chemists Member companies can regard these specialists as advisory members of their own staffs and can call upon them accordingly We are glad to announce the establishment of an ray panel under the auspices of the Foundation's Medical Committee to which member companies may refer questionable chest rays You may obtain details from Dr. Walmer our Medical Director 5 Industrial Health in General in Now a view of the field at large Top developments of the year industrial health include 1 Completion Completion of the Medical Survey of the Bituminous Coal Industry which high government officials are reported to have said could well be a pattern for all industries The grant grant of 575,000 from the United Mine Workers Anthracite Welfare Fund to Jefferson Medical College for research on miners occupational diseases Establishment Establishment of industrial health education centers at New York University and University of Cincinnati Completion of the Foundation's year study on Industrial Heath Departments by Dr. C. O. Sappington The SaranacSaranac Symposium on Beryllium Establishment Establishment of a Division of Medical Research by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 7 The inauguration of sickness insurance in California and the introduction introduction of some 30 bills on this subject in 13 other state legislatures at the 1947 sessions Expansion Expansion of industrial and research attention to problems of hygiology resulting in many useful contributions to the liter- ature The Foundation endeavors to stimulate all such useful activity MR FLETCHER Each year the Foundation has been extremely fortunate in having an outstanding citizen as its keynote speaker Today our keynote speaker is one of the most interesting as well as the most likable individuals I know We have been friends for over twenty years and after you have heard him speak you will understand what I mean He heads one of America's outstanding industrial organizations the American Brake Shoe Company which employs 10,000 people and operates 60 plants located in 21 States and several foreign countries While his office is in New York he spends much of his time in the plants three of which are located here in Pittsburgh He says the world is plagued with problems so immense that individually we are overwhelmed but he expresses the opinion that if we will work together and concentrate on the problems one at a time and on the ones of which we have some knowledge then perhaps the other problems will take care of themselves I suppose it is because of this belief that he has developed a hand knowledge of working conditions and industrial health As a matter of fact there is probably no man in the top management of a large industrial organization who is more actively interested in the broader aspects of employee health than is this gentleman That is why the Foundation recently elected him to its Board of Trustees and why he is the keynote speaker for our meeting today am happy indeed to introduce Mr. William B. Given Jr. President American Brake Shoe Company e interpretation If not there are many in the public who are all too ready to supply an unfavorable interpretation Whatever you do you must remember that Industrial Hygiene must be interpreted as managing with a heart SUMMARY OF FIELD STUDIES AND RESEAR- 1C94H7 MR MCMAHON I would like to ask Mr. Stock what are the social responsibilities that the public seems to expect from the plant MR STOCK When we asked the citizens in a number of representative THEODORE F. HATCH Research Director Industrial Hygiene Foundation President American Industrial Hygiene Association communities What should a plant do for its employees the very first idea that comes into their mind is security To a large extent this word Tg Security is just a nice tasting word to the American public having no specific meaning But a fairly large portion of the public use the word Security to mean good working conditions healthful and safe jobs A fourth to a third of the general public mention specifically that industrial plants should provide for their employees clean places to work good lighting good ventilation showers good drinking water safety devices of all kinds and so forth Field research undertakings by the Foundation during the past year have exceeded the work of previous years in magnitude and scope as well as in the number of projects Studies have covered a wide variety of representative industrial problems ranging from investigation of underground operation to measurements of amounts and composition of wastes discharged from stacks A few undertakings were routine in nature requiring the use of highly standardized procedures for the correction of recog- nized hazards For the most part however the studies have been more MR MCMAHON If may ask one more question what do you find is basic even requiring entirely new procedures and having to do with the benefit of using the Y in the formula of telling the story broader problems than the simple discovery and correction of a hazardous MR STOCK am glad you asked that Recently in a study of about 48 companies we made a comparison of the top 12 and the bottom 12 in public vote in their communities We found that all top 12 in public vote not only lived right but interpreted their living right The management of the bottom 12 told us they didn't bother to interpret their good acts None of the top 12 with average age older than the bottom 12 had ever had a strike Of the bottom 12 eleven had had one or more strikes within the exposure This is best indicated by the following list which summarizes briefly the primary objectives of some major projects SUMMARY OF PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF SPECIAL PROJECTS : 1947 last 10 years We have studied numerous examples of the pay of adding good interpretation to good acts Notably we have observed cases where strikes have been averted or shortened production increased and costly turnover cut down Mr. Given has pointed out that when people know that a plant is a good place to work they want to work there This has tremendous meaning to a firm that's trying to hire and keep the most qualified workers 1 Coordination of dust control procedures industry 2 Over appraisal of industrial health problems and advice on organization and operation of industrial hygiene service by company 3 Preliminary investigations of new dust and fume problems to develop the needed research program for further study 4 Basic engineering analysis of operations with Engineering Department to develop sound design procedures for ventilation and other control measures in place of empirical practices 5 Over study of operations in a chemical plant to provide the most effective layout and design of a new plant and equipment for maximum built control of hazardous materials 6 Development of an operator training program basie control measures and a continuous sampling and alarm system for a toxic gas which characteristically escapes accidentally rather than as a daily occurrence 7. Basic investigation of radiant heat in a hot industry to determine the primary sources and pattern of exposure with a view 23 to the development of more effective control measures and further improvement of working conditions X. Further investigation of silicosis hazards and other dust exposures to provide more meaningful methods for distinguishing between hazardous and nuisance dusts and to give more meaning to occupational history as an essential aid in the diagnosis of chest ray films Industry Studies Of especial interest in our report last year was the number of projects undertaken on an industry basis Investigations of this type account for an even larger portion of the work this year The procedure is entirely in keeping with the underlying function of the Foundation which is to promote industrial health through the joint effort of its members Furthermore the returns are greater when investigations are planned and under- taken on the broader base of a joint undertaking An outstanding feature of an industry study is the advisory technical committee from the industry which is set up to take part in the planning of the investigation selecting the plants for study reviewing the data and collecting detailed information from the several plants in the group There is greater utili- zation of the accumulated experience within industry in respect to a common opportunity problem In single investigation there is little to utilize this possible bring the experience What is more important it is not to varied experiences of different plants together for comparison and critical evalu- ation when plant studies are conducted separately The significance of these joint undertakings extends far beyond the enhanced value of the studies themselves The free exchange of exper- iences chemical and engineering data and even details of manufacturing processes which has taken place in each case is a tribute to the sound policy and the high objectivity of the companies involved Mention has been made previously of the extensive studies conducted in potteries during the past three years This year the Foundation was invited to visit all of the companies in the U.S. Potters Association for the purpose of correlating the dust control work in that industry Recently the Association conducted a Clinic on dust problems here at the Mellon Insti- tute the primary purpose of which was to discuss in considerable detail the dust control practices throughout the industry Other industries may find this a worth while procedure and the Foundation will welcome the opportunity to assist in such meetings Expenditures for Greatest Good Industrial hygiene is concerned with relationships between the health of the worker and the stresses of his job and of the industrial environment The actual practices of industrial hygiene are based upon the assumption borne out by research and experience that these relationships can be ex- industrial pressed in quantitative terms That is to say the effects of the environment upon the workers health can be determined from quantitative measurements of the levels of exposure to offending substances or other 24 nme ec, = wr deleterious forces present in the environment The factual and objective + basis of industrial hygiene not only justifies its existence as a technical specialty but is of the greatest practical value since so far as possible it aims to substitute facts for opinions By means of quantitative analysis major health problems are distinguished from minor ones Important sources of trouble are identified so that in the health program money and effort can be expended for the greatest good A formidable array of instruments and analytical techniques have been developed which are capable of measuring environmental factors with considerable precision An equally extensive list of standards of permissible exposure have been proposed which make it possible in the appraisal of working conditions to determine whether or not health hazards exist These developments are the result of many years of research in the laboratory and in industrial plants The record of accomplishments in the practical solution of health problems in industry through the use of quantitative methods speaks for itself and accounts for the increasing numbers of industrial hygiene services being set up within industry Because of the excellent record of accomplishment there is danger that industrial hygiene methods may become too standardized and acquire a degree of scientific sanctity not justified by the researches upon which they are based This can be avoided only by constant critical review of the procedures and standards and continuing research Only in this way can the practical usefulness of industrial hygiene be extended and strengthened Research Needs Research needs are emphasized by our day plant experiences where situations are repeatedly encountered which differ in many ways from those considered in the original studies upon which existing standards are based The question constantly arises therefore as to the universal applicability of standards and procedures The following examples may be taken from the work this year 1 Shaver's disease is a pulmonary disease caused by fumes from the fusing of bauxite in electric furnaces for the production of synthetic abrasive The causative ingredient in the fume is not known Fume particles are microscopic in size and cannot be studied properly by analytical methods in common use 2 Asbestos dust exposures preliminary study of asbestos dust exposures using the electron microscope and other advanced techniques indicates the need for considerable further study of this problem and the development of new analytical techniques 3 Silicosis the many years of study of this disease much remains to be learned Present criteria of the silicosis hazard are limited to the simple determination of dust concentrations and percentage of free silica in the dust Little is understood about the importance of microscopic particles not revealed by present analytical methods no consideration is given to the possible influence of ingredients other than silica in a mixed dust variation in the physical state of the borne dust which may alter the fate of the dust in the respiratory system is not now taken into consideration Experienced roentgenologists emphasize 25 the specificity of lung changes seen in many chest ray films and depend upon the occupational history for confirming evidence of exposure to a hazardous dust before making a diagnosis of silicosis This dependence upon an adequate history of the dust exposure emphasizes in turn the necessity for the most complete understanding of the etiology of the disease Research is needed in the engineering aspects of industrial hygiene as well as in respect to analytical methods and in the formulation of quantitative relationships between the worker and his environment Major dependence is placed upon ventilation and other engineering measures for the control of occupational diseases Despite the great progress that has been made the design of industrial ventilating systems remains largely empirical with little consideration given to the fundamental engineering factors which determine ventilation requirements Too often satisfactory results are obtained only because of design In other cases systems fail to perform satisfactorily not because of deliberate curtailment of capacity but simply through routine empirical following of past experience without considering basic differences in operation which alter the design requirements Systematic study of the forces which cause the dispersion of contaminants into the plant atmosphere must form the basis of sound engineering design of industrial ventilating systems Theoretical analysis supplemented by engineering research is required if this field of engineering design is to improve Work in this direction has continued during the past year but must be augmented by more extensive research facilities if any considerable progress is to be made Atmospheric Pollution Community concern over industrial atmospheric pollution is increasing rapidly In the near future industry will be called upon to curtail many wastes which now escape into the atmosphere Research in the field of atmospheric pollution must be accelerated Existing community standards based largely on smoke are not adaptable to the industrial waste problem Sound relationships must be established between the community standards and the amounts of polluting material which industries may discharge into the atmosphere Basic research in the methods of waste collection and air cleaning is required to supplement the practical experience upon which much of the available commercial equipment is based To avoid confusion and conflicting claims when community regulations are adopted industry will do well to take an early inventory of its atmospheric waste problems and to embark upon the needed researches The technical work of the Foundation has a practical basis and there is no place in the program for research except as it serves this same practical end On the other hand continued dependence upon routine and standardized procedures results in little progress The great variety of problems encountered in our field work constantly emphasizes the limitations of present methods of appraisal and of engineering design and consequent need for research to supplement the practical work in industry A primary objective of the Foundation is to foster such research for the advancement of industrial hygiene For industry it is a good investment especially as it should be oriented toward the discovery and development of better and more economical methods for the control of industrial health hazards 26 INDUSTRIAL HEALTH PROGRAMS IN ACTION HAROLD A. VONACHEN M.D. Medical Director Caterpillar Tractor Company President American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons Those of us who are devoting our professional lives to industrial medicine find it is a most pleasant exciting interesting and absorbing specialty From our established procedures good health practices daily and weekly experiences are built the case histories which go to make up our archives To us it has opened new avenues of usefulness to industry it has proven profitable to the employee it has been highly beneficial I feel we are not fostering foolish fads nor indulging in vague humanitarianism Today the prospective employee sees industrial medicine not only as a profession that seeks to cure but a profession that seeks to prevent The attention and skills which are afforded employees creates in them a real incentive to improve their own health Equally important they carry these attitudes to their families to their neighbors and friends They carry it to others They are convinced that the program is for their benefit Its influence extends into the community from which an industry draws its people We have every reason to believe that our medical program has ee materially influenced the health standards of our community Ae This is not looked upon by us as a philanthropy above all it is not et paternalistic or done for its advertising effect or as a sop to the employees Rather it is an important function of management Disease prevention you will agree is modest and unassuming Many industrial physicians may feel that they have prevented sickness or death in an individual yet they are very often unable to prove it to others Curative medicine treatment when successful is spectacular and highly convincing although even there no one knows how much the recuperating power of the body and the mind or their resistance has helped to cure Most of Benefits Immeasurable The potentialities of an industrial health program cannot be interpreted into dollars cents because it frequently results in confusion Who can calculate the value to our Company in the reduction of lost time by curbing sickness or epidemics Furthermore it would be most difficult to appraise the assets to our Company or the economic savings accruing to our employees resulting from adequate physical examinations What about the many consultations referrals and medical opinions offered employees and those affecting their families which are aired in the industrial physician's office * Report presented by Milton Kronenberg Caterpillar Tractor Company MD Assistant Mediead Pinceton Pinceton 27 _ MEMBERS OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MEMBERS OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION A Abingdon Potteries Inc. Abrasive Division U.S. Rubber Company Abrasive Grain Association Abrasive Products Company Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation Allegheny Pittsburgh Coal Company Chalmers Manufacturing Company Aluminum Company of America Amalgamated Anthracite Collieries Ltd. American Abrasive Company American Air Filter Company inc American Brake Shoe Company American Can Company American Cyanamid Company American Emery Wheel Works American Iron & Steel Institute American Mining Congress American Optical Company American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corporation crican Refractories Refractories Institute Ae bean Smelting & Refining Company merican Wheelabrator & Equipment Co American Zane Institute American Zine Lead & Smelting Company Aravinda Aravinda Copper Mining Company Anthracite Institute Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Company Assn of Casualty & Surety Companies Atlas Powder Company Austin Motor Company Ltd. Automobile Manufacturers Association B Ball Brothers Company Bartlett Company Bay State Abrasive Products Company Bethlehem Steel Company Inc. Bird & Son Inc. Bituminous Casualty Corporation Bridgeport Safety Emery Wheel Company Brush Beryllium Company Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & Concentrating Company * Multiple MOTO KOSMON KOSMON c G L- The Carborundum Company Caterpillar Tractor Company Central Silica Company Chicago Wheel & Manufacturing Company Robert F. Coleman Inc. Garco Products Inc. Gardner Machine Company General Abrasive Company Inc. General Ceramics & Steatite Corporation General Electric Company Homer Laughlin China Company Lava Crucible Company of Pittsburgh E. J. Lavino & Company Lead Industries Association The Colorado Mining Association Consolidated Mining & Smelting Company of Canada Ltd. Bessemer Corporation Corhart Refractories Company Corning Glass Works Cortland Grinding Wheels Corporation Crucible Steel Company General Grinding Wheel Corporation General Motors Corporation General Refractories Company Glenshaw Glass Company Inc. The Glidden Company Godrej & Boyce Manufacturing Company B. F. Goodrich Company P. Green Fire Brick Company M Mackintosh Company Macklin Company Magma Copper Company Maryland Insurers Association Mayer China Company J. S. McCormick Company Metropolitan Life Insurance Company D } Mexico Refractories Company Davison Chemical Corporation Deckers Creek Sand Company A. DeSanno & Son Inc. Detroit Grinding Wheel Division The Hall China Company Hamilton Emery & Corundum Company Hampden Grinding Wheel Company Hawley Products Company West Abrasive Company Mine Safety Appliances Company Monsanto Chemical Company Mutual Chemical Company of America Diamond Alkali Company Dow Chemical Compay Compay F. Drakenfeld Company Atlas Glass Company _. Hercules Powder Company John W. Higman Company N National Association of Fan Manufacturers Dravo Corporation < Picher Company Eastern Gas and Fuel Asociates Associates Ebasco Services Inc. Electro Refractories & Alloys Corporation Eljer Company Ethyl Corporation Eureka Flint & Spar Company Inc. Exolon Company F The Falk Corporation Federal Corporation Firestone Tire & Rubber Company Firth Sterling Steel Company Mauricio Hochschild S. M. I. Hommel Company 1 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Industrial Silica Corporation Inland Steel Company Interchemical Corporation International Business Machines Corporation International Nickel Company Inc. J Jackson Emery Mills Jamison Coal & Coke Company Manville Corporation Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies National Crushed Stone Association Inc. National Grinding Wheel Company National Industrial Sand Association National Lead Company National Pulverizing Company National Sand & Gravel Association National Slag Association National Steel Corporation National Supply Company The Neville Company New Jersey Pulverizing Company New Jersey Zine Company North American Refractories Company Norton Company Norton Pike Company H. E. Fletcher Company Keasbey and Mattison Company Foote Mineral Company Kennecott Copper Corporation .0 Ford Motor Company Keystone Emery Mills Company Inc. Ontario Mining Association Foundry Supply Manufacturers Assn Simplex Inc. Kimble Glass Company The Kirk & Blum Manufacturing Company Oriental Abrasive Company Ottawa Silica Company Fuller Merriam Company The Funkhouser Company Edwin M. Knowles China Company Koppers Company Corning Fiberglas Corporation Illinois Glass Company Multiple Moni a Moni a na terge com MEMBERS OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION SPECIAL SUBSCRIBERS ... Peninsular Grinding Wheel Company Rillton Company Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corporation Phelps Dodge Corporation Pittsburgh Coal Company Pittsburgh Coke & Chemical Company Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company Portland Cement Association Posture Research Institute Powers Ray Products Inc. Precision Grinding Wheel Company Inc. The Pullman Company Pyrene Manufacturing Company R Manhattan Inc. Republic Steel Corporation Revere Copper and Brass Incorporated Incorporated Rialto Mining Corporation H. H. Robertson Company Robertson Manufacturing Company Safety First Supply Company Sand Products Corporation Claude B. Schneible Company Scott Aviation Corporation Sharon Steel Corporation Shenango Furnace Company Simonds Abrasive Company Simonds Worden White Company South West Box Company St. Joseph Lead Company Standard Lime & Stone Company The Standard Ultramarine Company Sterling China Company Sterling Grinding Wheel Division Sun Oil Company Sun Sand Company Sylvania Electric Products Inc. * Mu M sshd T Tata Industries Ltd. Taylor Smith & Taylor Company Tennessee Copper Company Texas Gulf Sulphur Company Titan Abrasives Company Toledo Edison Company Trenton Potteries Company U Union Asbestos & Rubber Company Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation United States Potters Association United States Smelting Refining & Mining Company United States Steel Corporation of Del Universal Sanitary Manufacturing Compa Compa Utilities Research Commission* UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT Armed Forces Any Any Medical Library Barcau of Medicine & Surgery Navy Dept. Natal Station Alameda Calif Naval Naval Air Station Pensacola Florida Naval Gun Factory Washington D.C. Naval Radiation Lab San Francisco Calif Navy Yard Boston Mass Navy Yard Bremerton Wash Navy Yard Brooklyn N.Y. Navy Yard Charleston S.C. Navy Yard Mare Island Calif Navy Yard Pearl Harbor Hawaii Navy Yard Philadelphia Pa Navy Yard Portsmouth N.H. Navy Yard Portsmouth Va Navy Yard San Diego Calif Navy Yard San Francisco Calif vy Yard San Pedro Calif " Valley Mould & Iron Corporation Van Cleef Bros. Vanadium Corporation of America Vesuvius Crucible Company Vitreous China Plimbing Plimbing Fixtures Association Vitrified Wheel Company W Waltham Grinding Wheel Company Washington Mills Abrasive Company Wedron Silica Company Western Precipitation Corporation Westfield Grinding Wheel Company Westinghouse Air Brake Company Westinghouse Electric Corporation Whitehead Brothers Company Willson Products Inc. Winthrop Inc. Wisconsin Abrasive Company Wolf's New Process Abrasive Wheel Inc. Y Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company j Other Federal Agencies 1.anes e 1.anessee Valley Authority S. Civil Service Commission AS AS Public Health Service Chicago San Francisco Francisco Francisco New York Washington | STATE DEPARTMENTS OF HEALTH ' Alabama Montana P California Connecticut f Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana New Hampshire New Jersey Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee Iowa Utah Kansas Vermont Kentucky Maryland Michigan Missouri Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Other State Agencies New Jersey Department of Labor New York Department of Labor New York State Insurance Fund New York State Library ) Ohio Industrial Commission CITY DEPARTMENTS OF HEALTH Baltimore Detroit St. Louis SPECIALISTS Mr. T. J. Barry Mr. J. H. Holden Dr. Elston L. Belknap Dr. R. T. Johnstone Dr. Charles Kemm Good Dr. Hedwig S. Kuhn Dr. J. W. G. Hannon Dr. Carey P. McCord Dr. E. R. Hayhurst Dr. C. O. Sappington INSTITUTIONS AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons Argonne National Laboratory Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh Health Institute of the UAW Jefferson Medical College Johns Hopkins University New York Academy of Medicine New York University Safety Research Institute University of California University of Colorado University of Rochester University of Texas FOREIGN COUNTRIES Atkiebolaget Nordiska Bokhandeln Sweden Boekhandel Kemink Holland Department of National Health and Welfare Library Ottawa GW GW Rogers Regina Saskatchewan C. Ross Halifax Nova Scotia Scotia J. Windish Edmonton Department of Health & Public Welfare Winnipeg Faculdade de Higiene Sao Paulo Brazil Government Mining Engineer Johannesburg South Africa Health Department Wellington New Zealand C. I. of Australia & New Zealand Ltd. Industrial Health Research Board London International Labor Office Montreal Canada Geneva Switzerland Medical Research Council London England Cardiff S. Wales Ministry of Health Quebec Ministry of Labour & National Service London Oslo Arbeidsnemd Norway Eidanger Salpeterfabriker Norway University of Sydney Australia Workmen's Compensation Board Vancouver B.C. OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES BOARD OF TRUSTEES ANDREW FLETCHER Chairman President St. Joseph Lead Company New York Y. V. P. AHEARN Secretary Executive Secretary National National Industrial Sand Association Washington D. C. T. C. WATERS General Counsel Mullikin Stockbridge & Waters Baltimore Md H. G. BATCHELLER President Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Pa ARTHUR A. BATTS Chairman The Carborundum Company Niagara Falls N. VANDIVER BROWN Secretary Johns SmeltMianngvilRleefining Vice President U.S. Corporation New York Y. FF.. F. COLCORD & Mining Company Covina Calif NED H. DEARBORN PH.D. Managing Director National Safety Council Chicago Ill J. DEWEY DORSETT General Manager Association Casualty & Surety Companies New York N. PHILIP DRINKER SC.D. Harvard School of Public Health Boston WILLIAM B. GIVEN JR President American Brake Shoe Company New Mass York Y. DAN HARRINGTON Chief Health and Surety Division U. Bureau of Mines Washington D. A. HIRTH Owens Illinois Glass Company Toledo Ohio R. A. HITCHINS President National Refractories Company Philadelphia Pa B. E. KUECHLE Vice President Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Company Wausau Wis A. J. LANZA M.D. Associate Medical Director Metropolita Life Insurance Company New York N. J. W. MCLAUGHLIN Vice President Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation New York N. JOHN F. MCMAHON Manging Director Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa BEN MOREELL Chairman and President Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Pa R. R. SAYERS M.D. Chairman Medical Advisory Board UMW Welfare & Retirement Fund Washington C. C. D. SELBY M.D. Medical Consultant General Motors Corporation Detroit Mich M. W. THOMPSON Treasurer and General Manager Hall China Company East Liverpool Ohio W. P. YANT SC.D. Director of Research and Development Mine SafetySafety Appliances Company Pittsburgh Pa R. E. ZIMMERMAN SC.D. V. President U. Steel Corporation of Delaware Pittsburgh Pa EXECUTIVE STAFF John F. McMahon Managing Director F. Hatch Theodore C. Richard WalmerM.D. W. C. L. Hemeon James F. Morgan Research Director Medical Director Head Engineer . Chemist Harlow M. Chapman . George F. Haines Jr. Chemical Engineer Chemical Engineer S. S. R. Haythorn M.D A. G. Kammer M.D. C. Kutscher M.D. Medical Consultant Medical Consultant Medical Consultant OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES MEDICAL COMMITTEE J. Lanza M.D.Chairman Metropolitan Life Insurance Company New York N.Y. M.D. ) A. Sander M.D. Vice Chairman Hygiene C. Richard Walmer M.D. Secretary . IndustrialIndustrial Consultant Milwaukee Wis Foundation Pittsburgh Pa E. H. Carleton M.D. . Inland Steel Company East Chicago Ind R. Haythorn M.D. Singer Memorial Laboratory Pittsburgh Pa T. Lyle Hazlett M.D. Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh Pa Raymond Hussey M.D. Wayne University Detroit Mich Willard Machle M.D. . Consultant New York N.Y. C. Howard Marcy M.D University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pa L. C. McGee M.D. . Hercules Powder Company Wilmington Del E. P. Pendergrass M.D. K. R. Sayers M.D. UMW. University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pa Welfare & Retirement Fund Washington D.C. C. D. Selby M.D. General Motors Corporation Detroit Mich PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING COMMITTEE Philip Drinker Chairman W. Hemeon Secretary 1. E. Abel . Me Frederick S. Kriger weealES D. L. Shelly B. R. Small ate Harvard School of Public Health Boston Mass Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa Valley Mould and Iron Corporation Hubbard Ohio . Corning Glass Works Corning N.Y. Westinghouse Air Brake Company Wilmerding Pa Aluminum Company of America Pittsburgh Pa CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL COMMITTEE H. F. Smyth Jr. Ph.D. Chairman Francis R. Holden Ph.D. Sec . Mellon Institute Pittsburgh Pa Naval Radiation Laboratory San Francisco Calif James F. Morgan Assistant Sec Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa E. C. Barnes Westinghouse Electric Corporation East Pittsburgh Pa W. R. Bradley American Cyanamid Company New York N.Y. W. A. Cook . Zurich Insurance Company Chicago Ill C. Flint Hazel Glass Company Washington Pa D. D. Irish Ph.D. Dow Chemical Company Midland Mich 7 F. A. Patty . General Motors Corporation Detroit Mich L. C. Flickinger . Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company Youngstown Ohio H. H. Schrenk Ph.D. . . U.S. Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Pa W. P. Yant Sc.D. Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh Pa LEGAL COMMITTEE Theodore C. Waters Chairman . Mullikin Stockbridge & Waters Baltimore Md Theodore F. Hatch Secretary Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa Vandiver Brown . . . . . Manville Corporation New York N.Y. Gentholts . . . . . . Republic Steel Corporation Cleveland Ohio Hirth . . 2... . Illinois Glass Company Toledo Ohio Andrew Kalmykow . . Association Casualty & Surety Companies New York N.Y. E. Kuechle 2. . . . Employers Mutual Insurance Company Wausau Wis R. Oviatt . . . . . Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corporation New York N.Y. Ivan Sabourin K.C. Quebec Asbestos Producers Association Montreal Canada ARCH ADVISORY COUNCIL Corporation Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittal - +s 1. 0. Westinghouse . Mellon Institute Pittsby . Westinghouse Electric Pittsb Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. New Coe Consultant New Pittab . . Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittab . U.S. Steel Corporation of Delaware Pittsb COMMITTEES MEDICAL COMMITTEE Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Man . . Industrial Industrial Industrial 2... Hygiene FCoounnsdualttiaonnt tary . . Industrial New Milwa Pittsb an Inland Steel Company East Chicago @ Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsb Carbide & Carbon Chemicals CWoarypn.eS.UnCihvaerrlseisttyon DWec. Y - +: University University . Consultant New . University of Pittsburgh Pittsbu . Hercules Powder Company Wilmington D UMW Council on Industrial Health AMA Chicago UMW Welfare & Retirement Fund Washington D toe ee General Motors Corporation Detr IVE ENGINEERING COMMITTEE ! . Harvard School of Public Health Bost - Valley Valley Valley Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsbur Valley Mould and Iron Corporation Hubbard Of estinghouse oes a) )6e Corning Glass Works Corning . Air Brake Company Wilmerding 2 Aluminum Company of America Pittsbur AND TOXICOLOGICAL COMMITTEE an . . . 2. Industrial Industrial . Mellon Institute Pittsbu an -_; . . Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsbu . . Johns Hopkins University Baltimore estinghouse Electric Corporation East Pittsburgh . American Cyanamid Company New 4 + + + . . Zurich Insurance Company Chi Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company Youngstown : Hazel Glass Company Washington . Naval Radiation Laboratory San Fran Fran Dow Chemical Company Midland # General Motors Corporation De - . Mine . , U.S. Bureau of Mines Pittsl Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittal Pittal aie HEIN re OREND CRORE YET? ate ior SEO SR ays 10 rise Developing Human Resources Foundation Facts Retarding Industrial Development Health Insurance Cost a mn ARMY Rest Work and Sleep MEDICAL Executive Health Examinations APR 5 1950 Workmen's Compensation Disability in Workmen's Compensation LIBRARY Se Causes of Industrial Peace Staff Activities Highlights 1949 LEGAL COMMITTEE Mullikin Stockbridge & Waters Balt . Manville Corporation New Republic Steel Corporation Cleveland Lo, Illinois Glass Company Toledo Association Casualty & Surety Companies New Employers Mutual Insurance Company Wausau Carbide & Carbon Chemical Corporation New bec Asbestos Producers Association Montreal C American Smelting & Refining Co. New York toe eee, Sun Oil Co. Philadelphi HYGIENE FOUNDATIO Sick Absenteeism Experience ~y Transactions Bulletin No. 11 1949 100 INDUSTRIAL 100 FIFTH AVENUE HYGIENE ot FOUNDATION PITTSBURGH 13 Transactions of FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA Inc. November 17 1949 Indusha Indusha Indusha Hye Hemdation Ishig Hemdation Hemdation Pa 1949 of America America Inc. Partial view of the auditorium showing some of the members members and guests attending the 13th Annual Meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation in Mellon Mellon Institute enpunosONBods04 Hoasuryse Theodre HatchA0x PqOda WBingey31T3ings91 eo svar, . IWDg 7 Man wor 5 "We VWyUB atrt VAY seq Y3ingeyg, *eatuy "USangenRUC NEUCS 4 ysMBUOD UIfBa Auedwio Augduioy FOUNDATION Pceala go go pypuny Haq Man 8ayy 1 TheodrTeheodThreodre Hatch Hamor Se [933g M.D. ou uo , M.D. Washingto D.C. su Machle Zimerman Puguy IPunoyTe Wilard "e 44 ZimermaZnimerman yg ad .. 4 W.. Pa 1 vs a | Lanza ws . Lanza . aa N.YN..YA.10;249a.York | : . . C. Richard Carleton MassYork JNa.wY.N.Y.an daw aTn. RaymondRaymond G. N.Y. Aoven C. Woja1a85 Jeu Howard N.YP.a HPueozuerpt, PlByaeoryA018 York Sayers Philadelphiay Philadelphia } C. ayay DPreyp R. a] y, ? O ] ACN Hao g .Many THe WH 1. H.F.Richard Richard Theodre MIXTER MOREL Company 7, Corporation Steel M.D. Retiremnt Corporation New Can Company THOMPSON NewEastEast , FOUNDATION ApliancesApliances Managing , arp, CorpSoraaftieonty STAF Apliances Director FOUNDATION y, Safety SC.D. ZIMERMAN SC.D. Delaware STAFF ty STAFF STAFF Managing Managing Research Research Pa ey Pitsburgh og ES Director Director DirectorOta DOE Research saqug Enginering Engineering ay M.D. Director y Bala Enginering Enginering Laboratory Director pe a Wop Research Biochemist Biochemist TiN Chemist aay Mopisag Chemical bts Jr. Chemical Enginer Chemical Asistant yy Resarch M. R. Cook Flickinger Flickinger Flint D. Francis Irish Patty onBiodzors wonerodso,. *SPIQHD0;gs2uRdy i7 ngeMyaaYniyoOxm8ao01I7485%zd1oNr9SuSr8y}esoquBL HoWnjiagNBqangeqa1 *MouniegYox919 aera Manz AueduioAguex duuonso uug PUBL4 107 Auedwoy thd S1Y8O4N PUB[aUArfy P1709P;iweusoyuvnsuyAusduiouye8d1u0toq58ryA*u1B0d}w0oHy ,BI0d105HONAue~dauuiro)y BIod104 7 bine Pringy aqny,SsBeIp4wOa1TyoraTy8,t8uar {Aue SsealAyJaing [9345 y *RV-jozepyTtawySLE SoWaug mogd Tea y Ajayeg FaLIWo5 eUNIT-Suam ay ia! wMBUY sUug'aaqrnday 4y1enegnej5nyw | s+. . os Consultan 01 NSe O Foundation ChicaPit e,Foundation S1edordurg IWoay 81D08gy East . nd . of ConsultanPitsburgPih Pitsburgh . tsburgh PitsburgPhitsburghPitsburgh Industrial Health ee WiWlmansgthoingtWoanshington Industrial Wilmington Washington Arbor : TheDubsrny 5 Ste e193 " Sue ay x Pr Peay tey i' LEGAL CONFERENCE 14th ANNUAL MEETING aera cess _ @ Legislative Developments in Workmen's Compensation Standards for Control of Occupational Diseases Legislation Relating to Control of Air Pollution Trends in Health and Sickness Disability Benefits Industrial Application of Audiology mo -" -" e ' : -: " | VFR 1918 IBRAR Transactions Bulletin No. 12 1949 INDUSTRIAL 4400 FIFTH AVENUE HYGIENE FOUNDATION PITTSBURGH 13 PA Transactions of LEGAL CONFERENCE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA Inc. November 16 1949 Industrial Hygiene Pit slough Pittslough Foundation Pa Foundation of America Inc. A VIEW OF THE LEGAL CONFERENCE AT THE FOUNDATION'S 14TH ANNUAL MEETING T. C. Waters Chairman of the Foundation's Legal Committee which sponsors the conference is presiding Seated at the speakers table left to right are R. F. Hansen J. J. Bloomfield and Dr. J. J. Wittmer OFFICERS OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION BOARD OF TRUSTEES ANDREW FLETCHER Chairman President St. Joseph Lead Company New York N.Y. Executive V. P. AHEARN Secretary Secretary National Industrial Sand Association Washington T. C. WATERS General Counsel Mullikin Stockbridge & Waters Baltimore Md D.C. Vice President H. W. ANDERSON General Motors Corporation Detroit Mich H. G. BATCHELLER President Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Pa VANDIVER BROWN Secretary Johns Manville Corporation New York N.Y. H. K. CLARK President The Carborundum Company Niagara Falls NY NED H. DEARBORN PH.D. Managing Director National Safety Council Chicago Ill General J. DEWEY DORSETT Manager Association Casualty & Surety Companies New PHILIP DRINKER SC.D. Harvard School of Public Health Boston Mass York N.Y. WILLIAM B. GIVEN JR President American Brake Shoe Company New York N.Y. Labor Adviser CLINTON S. GOLDEN Economic Cooperation Administration Washington D.C. A. C. HIRTH Illinois Glass Company HITCHINS President National Refractories Company Philadelphia Pa B. E. KUECHLE Vice President Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Company Wausau Wis A. J. LANZA M.D. Chairman Institute of Industrial Medicine New York University New York N.Y. J. W. MCLAUGHLIN Vice President Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation New York N.Y. JOHN F. MCMAHON Managing Director Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa Vice President U. GEORGE MIXTER S. Smelting Refining & Mining Company Boston Mass BEN MOREELL Chairman and President Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Pa Chairman R. R. SAYERS M.D. Medical Advisory Board UMW Welfare & Retirement Fund Washington R. C. TAYLOR Vice President American Can Company New York N.Y. D.C. M. W. THOMPSON Treasurer and General Manager Hall China Company East Liverpool Casio W. P. YANT SC.D. Director of Research and Development Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh R. E. ZIMMERMAN SC.D. Vice President U. Steel Corporation of Delaware Pittsburgh Pa Pa FOUNDATION STAFF John F. McMahon . . . Managing Director H. H. Schrenk Ph.D. . . . . . . Research Director C. Richard Walmer M.D. . . . . Medical Director W. L. Hemeon .. . . . . Engineering Director Theodore F. Hatch . . . . . . Laboratory Director Ellen C. Diamond ..... . . Secretary Jack Brown Ph Research . . .. . Biochemist James F. Morgan ..... ... . . Chemist Harlow M. Chapman .. . . . Chemical Engineer George F. Haines Jr. . . . . . Chemical Engineer Nancy C. Butler . . . . . . Research Assistant Baumbeck Mercedes M. | . . . . Research Assistant Raymond S. Clemens . . . . . Research Assistant Raymond P. Srsic . . . . . . Research Assistant Paul Gross M.D. MEDICAL ADVISERS C. F. Kutscher M.D. C. Howard Marcy M.D. RESEARCH ADVISORY COUNCIL Theodore F. Hatch Secretary W. A. Hamor Sc.D. ee T. Lyle Hazlett M.D. A. J. Lanza M.D. Willard Machle M.D. 2. 2.) W. P. Yant Sc.D. Coe R. E. Zimmerman Sc.D. . 6... + - Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Mellon Institute Pittsburgh --- - Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh es . New York University New York es Consultant New York 6 eee ee _ Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh . . U.S. Steel Corporation of Delaware Pittsburgh .. COMMITTEES MEDICAL COMMITTEE New York University New York A. J. Lanza M.D. Chairman | Consultant Milwaukee O. A. Sander M.D. Chairman ' 6 0 0 ee ee es C. Richard Walmer M.D. Secretary . - - Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Inland Steel Company East Chicago Ind E. H. Carleton M.D. 2...) 6) et Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh T. Lyle Hazlett M.D. 6. + +: : Council on Industrial Health AMA Chicago Raymond Hussey M.D. .-.-- - University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh A. G. Kammer M.D. . - 7 tte Consultant New York Willard Machle M.D. 2-6 ee et tt University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh C. Howard Marcy M.D. ee tt Hercules Powder Company Wilmington Del L. C. McGee M.D. 2. 2. 2 ee Council on Industrial Health AMA Chicago C. M. Peterson M.D. . . . UMW . UMW Welfare & Retirement Fund Washington D.C R. R. Sayers M.D. . +: : University of Michigan Ann Arbor C. D. Selby M.D. . PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING COMMITTEE Harvard School of Public Health Boston Philip Drinker Chairman . 6 6 6 ee es Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Ohic W. C. L. Hemeon Secretary .. ss Valley Mould and Iron Corporation Hubbard A. E. Abel ..- > + Bethlehem Steel Co. Bethlehem Pa A. D. Brandt Sc.D. . ....- _..... . American Air Filter Co. Louisville Ky John M. Kane .-- + eet tee Corning Glass Works Corning N.Y. Frederick S. Kriger ee ee ee a Air Brake Company Wilmerding Pa D. Shelly .. 2. - eee Westinghouse Aluminum Company of America Pittsburgh E. R. Small we ee a + + oe Detroit American Brake Shoe Company F. E. Tayler . _. .. . CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL COMMITTEE Mellon Institute Pittsburgh H. F. Smyth Jr. Ph.D. Chairman Lo . Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh H. H. Schrenk Ph.D. Chairman . . Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh James F. Morgan Secretary ..-.- >: - Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Anna M. Baetjer Sc.D. - - ) soe Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh >| E. C. Barnes ...-- | | American Cyanamid Company New York . . . . - W. Bradley ....- ... Zurich Insurance Company Chicago sa. . > W. A. Cook _. . a ...-- Sheet & Tube Company Youngstown Ohio - Pa L. C. Flickinger ....- _ Youngstown Hazel Glass Company Washington F. Flint ee ee et Naval Radiation Laboratory San Francisco Mich Francis R. Holden Ph.D. - +--+: - Dow Chemical Company Midland Detroit D. D. Irish Ph.D. 2 2 et General Motors Corporation 2, F. A. Patty ....-.W. P. Yant Sc.D. 7.) oO ee ee Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh LEGAL COMMITTEE Baltimore Theodore C. Waters Chairman .... Mullikin Stockbridge & Waters Manville Corporation New York + Vandiver Brown ..-.-.- Loe eee Republic Steel Corporation Cleveland Ohio Ohio A. J. Gentholts 2... 6 - ee ee Illinois Glass Company Toledo Kalmykow A. Hirth ee es 6 ee ee Association Casualty & Surety Companies New York Wis Andrew Kalmykow ... . . Employers Mutual Insurance Company Wausau B. E. Kuechle ......-- Carbide & Carbon Chemical Corporation New York Quebec _ C. R. Oviatt .. 2: _ . Asbestos Producers Association Montreal Canada Ivan Sabourin K.C. . American Smelting & Refining Co. New York Philadelphia R. Worth Vaughan .....: > Sun Oil Co. . . . W. E. Zimmerman INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION we ee PARee Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS _. LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL ... decisions and trends MARCH 1950 Vol 14 No. 3 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE - PITTSBURGH 13 PA HYGIENE BOUSTRIAL FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FACTS FACTS FACTS FACTS Foundation Facts is a monthly letter issued to industrial concerns holding Industrial Hygiene Foundation membership The Foundation is a profit association of industries for the advancement of healthful working conditions 12 March 1950 No. 3 Foundation Forms Air Pollution Committee The suthorized by Foundation announces formation of a committee on the Board of Trustees Members of the committee Air Pollution are recently Alex D. Bailey Mr. Ward F. Davidson . Henry F. Hebley Dr. George R Hill Dr. Raymond Hussey Dr. L.C. McCabe Vice President Commonwealth Edison Company Research Engineer Consolidated Edison Co. of New Research Consultant Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal York Co. Dir Agricultural Research American Smelting & Refining Co. Scientific Council on Ind Health American Med Assn Chief Office of Air & Stream Pollution U.S. Bureau of Mines The new committee takes its place with the other professional and technical committees in the Foundation's organizational structure which are Medical Legal Preventive Engineering and Chemical and Toxicological ACS Holding Symposium on Industrial Health and Safety A feature of the American Chemical Society meeting in Detroit April 16-20 vill be a panel on Industrial Health and Safety Participants in the panel are Dr. W.P. Yant Mine Safety Appliances Co. : Course & Scope of Industrial Hygiene | Dr. H.F. Smyth Jr. Mellon Institute : Field of Chemical Hygiene | | Mr. W.R. Bradley American Cyanamid Co. * H.H. Fawcett General Electric Co. : Ind Hyg in Plant Location & Design : Laboratory Safety Dr. J.N. Sterner Eastman Kodak Co. : Plant Health Control Medical Aspects * W.A. Cook Zurich Insurance Co. Dr. D.D. Irish Dow Chemical Co. : Plant Health Control Engineering Phases : Products Their Use and Misuse Dr. H.H. Schrenk Ind Hyg Foundation : Air Pollution John F. McMahon Managing Director of the Foundation will preside Beva Briefs Dr. Schrenk will speak on Pure Air for America in Columbia Broadcasting System station WTOP from Washington from April Saturday afternoon 8. He will appear on the Adventures in conducted by Watson Davis Director of Science Service a broadcast over 3:15 to 3:30 on Science program the Field studies during the past month took members staff to a New Brunswick B.C. foundry an Idaho smelter and an asbestos operation in Georgia of the Foundation's technical a glass plant in Alabama John F. Knudsen has been appointed Director of the Industrial Hygiene Department Kennecott Copper Corporation tho recently became Technical Director of Wheelabrator and Equipment Co. Garfield Utah He succeeds R.T. Pring the Dust and Fume Division American meee. NOUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION PITTSBURGH 13 PA as Cin ema ent Industrial Hygiene Digest - 29 Industrial March 1950 asbestosis The author's direct attention to the disproportion extensive described and the awareness of trouble The between the gross features treatment and results prove the importance of prophylactic and therapeutic assistance to asbestos workers generally particularly to those economic Condensed from Arch Ind Hyg & Occ Med who apply insulating material -- an nt e e ee al tumoral Pneumoconiosis simulating Tuberculosis in a Bauxite Miner A. Germain P. Brugere and P. Cluzel Bull Acad Nat Med French 2 73-276 1949 French The case is reported of a man who had been employed in mining bauxite for 20 years previous to 1938. He then left this work to be taken on at the French Arsenal when an ray of his lungs showed no abnormalities Nine years later the case presented a typical picture of tuberculosis Since the man had no exposure to dust except during the 20 years he was employed in mining bauxite the claim is made that bauxite dust was the cause of his condition Comment is made to the effect that a single case -- Condensed from Bull Hyg does not constitute proof Pneumoconiosis and Tuberculosis in Dockers Dealing with Grains L. Dunner Brit J. Radiol 22 717-722 Dec. 1949 and Seeds One hundred dockers who had inhaled the dusts of grain seeds and chemical material were sent to a tuberculosis dispensary because of chest trouble and were examined Of the 100 22 showed pneumoconiotic lesions on ray films 43 were found to be tuberculous and 3 doubtful which of the two Three were suffering from bronchial carcinoma Editor's note There is no information on the extent of exposure or composition of the dust -- Condensed from Author's Summary R Pneumoconios after Exposure to Sulfur Dioxide Fumes and Dust from Coke Fires L. Dunner R. Hardy and D.J.T. Bagnall Lancet 257 1214-1217 Dec. 31 1949 Pneumoconiotic lesions have been found radiologically among workers in a group of workers whose common history was exposure to sulfur dioxide fraction of the fumes and dust from coke fires Chemical analysis of a dust with a particle size of about two microns has revealed iron and siliceous matter The authors tentative conclusion is that this pulmonary disease arises it is admitted from the that the sulfur dioxide or coke dust or both However evidence now at hand is not conclusive No dust counts or gas concentrations are given Discussion of the in Lancet Jan. 14 1950 and Dr. Dunner's reply Feb. 11 paper appears 1950. The Morphology of Bauxite Penumoconiosis J.P. Wyatt and A.C.R. Riddell Am J. Path 25 447-465 May 1949 A description is given of the pathological characteristics found in six fatal cases of this disease together with a short description of the manufacturing process with which the disease is etiologically connected and notes on the history and clinical findings in each case The disease Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL ... decisions and trends JULY 1950 Vol 14 No. 7 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE . PITTSBURGH 13 PA FOUNDATION FACTS Foundation Facts is a monthly letter issued to industrial concerns holding membership in Industrial Hygiene Foundation The Foundation is a profit association of industries for the advancement of healthful working conditions July 1950 No. 7 Engine Here is an date listing of the Foundation Foundation together with the business Board of Trustees of Industrial connections of Board members Mr. Andrew Fletcher Chairman Pres St. Joseph Lead Co. New York N.Y. Mr. V.P. Ahearn Secretary ) Exec Sec National Industrial Sand Assn Washington D.C. Mr. T.C. Waters Gen. Mullikin Stockbridge Baltimore Md Counsel & Waters Mr. H.W. Anderson Vice Pres General Motors Corporation Detroit Mich Mr. A.C. Hirth Illinois Toledo O. Glass Co. Za Mr. R.A Hitchins Pres National Refractories Co. Philadelphia Pa Mr. B.E. Kuechle Vice Pres & Claims Employers Mutual Liability Ins Co. Wausau Wis Mgr Dr. A.J. Lanza Chrun Ind Med Bellevue New York N.Y. Institute of Med Center Mr. H.G. Batcheller Chairman Allegheny Steel Corp. Pittsburgh Pa Mr. J.W. McLaughlin Vice Pres Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. New York N.Y. Mr. Vandiver Brown Sec Manville Corp. New York N.Y. Mr. John F. McMahon Man Dir Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa Mr. H.K. Clark Pres The Carborundum Company Niagara Falls N.Y. Mr. N.H. Dearborn Man Dir National Safety Council Chicago Ill Assn Casualty & Surety Companies New York N.Y. Prof. Philip Drinker Harvard School of Public Health Boston Mass Mr. Wm B. Given Jr. Pres American Brake Shoe Co. New York N.Y. Mr. Clinton Golden Labor Adv Economic Cooperation Administration Washington D.C. Mr. George Mixter Vice U.S. Smelting Refining Boston Mass Pres & Mining Co. Mr. Ben Moreell Jones & Laughlin Pittsburgh Pa Chrmn & Pres Steel Corp. Dr. R.R. Sayers Chrmn Med Adv Board Welfare & Retirement Fund UMW of Amer Washington D.C. Mr. R.C. Taylor Vice American Can Co. New York N.Y. Pres Mr. M.W. Thompson Gen.Mgr & Treas Hall China Company East Liverpool O. Dr. W.P. Yant Dir of Res & Develop Mine Safety Appliances Co. Pittsburgh Pa Dr. R.E. Zimmerman U.S. Steel Corp. of Koppers Bldg Pittsburgh 19 Pa Vice Pres Delaware STRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION as PITTSBURGH 13 PA q . ( =& 4 Foundation Facts : Human Side of Business TN te Teamwork for a Better Workplace _ . Auditing Industry's Medical Departments Cost of Employee Disability _ Atomic Emergency Protection Member Companies Sick Absenteeism vo ARMY ( MEDICAL MEDICAL JUN 27 195 LIBRARY / LIBRARYLIBRARY eat Transactions Bulletin No. 15 1950 INDUSTRIAL 4400 FIFTH AVENUE HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE PITTSBURGH 13 PA TRANSACTIONS of FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING hoo, INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA Inc. oe NOVEMBER 16 1950 en e OULPUSHE myrgNS PUB SLIQUIIW OY) JO VULUK ZULMUYN WHOZJIPNE 9G) JO MaLA [BIVIT,| TOU CEO OUD Jo IG6L UOn ie ee RL WaswAdogplageSe OUP EE peraspuy OS Ra UM Oe VIED andrew N.Y CUO AN SEY UO FLETCHER AUN CHIOK AN PL Joseph FLAEHTCEHAERRN YoArsk Sef MAUIYSE Pore Presidnt Secretary AN Y(OOUN ACN ACN ULOd MON OO Washington AHEARN V. Secretary Industrial Asociation ACN TAP Washington Executiv Treasur SVU, Sand OMOR WYUO secp PIX MOt OWMOR SH@g) B.oryt SEIN Mon YY Treasure THOMPSON China Treasurer Cue p CUCU 50 410}495 4onsady Jsaqudnioy M. WATERS Liverpol Liverpol SOETPY Jastoy atone THOMPSN Treasure BlosY injuries Treasure Genral Genral war GS SSGP Max eT MAN soWgOT af CHOP OTE China General ) NORESPIATORY- NOSUGNV UOPR1d.) UOLPRdO, LASYOd NAT109 RUISETpY Baltimore Counsel XuRdio,) ued 7v.03%8!) NMOUG NSAIDCAIELUO,) ANDERSON Mich CUR) a Tats Waters Mulikn Md OSMOS GS puES C. ANDERSON MON UMM (XU Mulikn YAHOLTA NUWAHV 1942-5 YUNIG Vice VANDIER ANDERSON Detroit YOIVE MaVIO injuries CYENY) President VANDIVER BROWN (NVA VPC sae SADIOFY HLYIH Genral Mich LNVA PsN Buy) and OGQA DHRIE, Vice Cagis General prary 204s Detroit eULY [LeE AA DIGESTIVE VANDIVER FP ) Pp OEL 'S President @ COLL QUE O | ANDERSON VANDIVER BROWN NOSdWHL Foundation MH UOTLeIy SBLy pUP M Rad Johns Secretary JO V Secretary Corporation VANDIVER ATMA New N. O04 WAIZ IY broad JO Oo, a DIGESTIVE SYALVYMaFplqyors USAIGNV noidustral NOLI'O ydasop Secrtay Manvile New NVIV dM Corporation d H y V MIYAN aPAUB WVITM PRUOHRN lesBURIY dIWHd UROLTaty [BreUay Manvile CLARK York ody M f. Foundation Company JOyYos The , VOPR IS A SLOUTI]-aOEUGO Niagra Vuepisadgy -SUYOr Carboundm Peps OL during evap W noindustrial Foundation SU President The we Ma . VY Mich Ga) UB on UL Me gy Pe s THe os LP OD OU DEARBON Uap|sig adayNgAB [pezuaueey UDEV P ILE WAIPS *1BVLAIS and Hygien VOSY pawvgs asBULY BULIEQ Pa Genral ME) Mangin NED Director DEWY DEARBORN Casulty Council DORSET Chicago Chicago DA pIsatg GLA puy ap OLY agqynoaxg AQINSBL [BsoueZ) Bogy Genral AsociatonManger New PHILIP DRINKER Companies Surety Harvard IVASYL JO UeLyED LOPIEY . of x 26 ne EREat reporting nsesee"Chairman ChairmaPnresident Employers Ae.z President Employers Mutual LANZA Be a. S 5 reporting 1942-45 war among reporting e among consecutive companies 5 aea3 Bes eeoF = a Vice - we Chairman Chairman Chairman Employers Employers Mutual LiabilityLiability Insurance Insurance Company Liability Insurance Institute Industrial J.LANZA LANZA ba Medicine Medicine M.D. ~ ES a. uo] M.D. M.D. New University , ( companies reporting rs _ q =z m FF 5 ^' 4 - a Mas oa a PaPitsburgh aA [zor ] Washington aA Washington 1500 CO.E CO.B CO ZAILS IDIONON 9 ZENON CO.H CO.H JAILS 3910 oor OS $3Sv9S1i0 AVOLVUIAS 3y S37VW 000 Yad Director (oe os Vice AWIaLSNa -NINON [ Se a R. C. C. TAYLOR TAYLOR TAYLOR President American TAYLOR ee York American Company York ONW Sc.D. Director Research Development WYptofVOS a MIO MAN SOYNVMTI ysing3itg puy oSwa1yDysingzqyig o8214D Od ysingytg PA o3oyD O' WIWOastouBly doqiy VV VAY URg uowryse uowryi uopryse AUSaA YIOR I , YuRyNSWOD ysing jo ytg yseq Auediog YZInqsz yo 1g yqeaH y Teunog yZings JO i A Kurdtog uqBaT] My pung uuy uesiyaIW AURdWOD MAN A+r:santg 1918 EXCUTIVE peyEXsECnUTpIVuEy EXCUTIVE andeay STAF [euuiysonpu quawIney Jo aoUeANSU] Richard STAF Director Walmer Walmer . EXCUTIVE so EXCUTIVE yauomjweN saynosay Mangin My angin Engineering asi UMOYSIasey uoneids09 Kamer uOjsog ysingsyig ory eq AY A'N puy o1yg PH IL Btoagyomjaq ysingyi YIWRAH pareqny wayljag apstnoy Yo1puq eyxmsip Aayny] Chairman BqQn,] uoepnoy Jo 0. Lanza Lanza M.D. Chairman Chairman Chairman MEDICAL ALIWOD M.DHazlet anyidayeg joyag aurkAy uoly E. Carleton Carleton M.D. Secrtary Secretary Chairman Lyle Husey uvawy apyuoeg Howard preaIyT Teunspu pinoy Wilard Howard Marcy , M.D. - COMITES COMITES yaings3} ysing}i ysingyt aownreg yMIAONX oS8a1yD o1yg egoasluBig "WPI pugalg Hosjaq UBS pueipIW COMITE COMITE Universty uojdryse York New YorkUniversity York Auedwoyg COMITE my York NewPitsburgh Milwauke UOTPATY AGLINWOD saoueyd Company PitsburghPitsburgh Inland Inland University University Company Inland + Chicago Chicago University - Industrial Council Resarch Chicago CouncilResearch PitsburghMilwaukePittsburgh Ind Pitsburgh Pitsburgh Pitsburgh Pitsburgh Pitsburgh Health Council Washington Washington Chicago 6' Ayayeg Pitsburgh Tuberculosis * Tuberclosi Washingto 6 se *- oc ' Richard Schrenk Director ONTHAIDG cs * ySanqswtg t oc t Petrson Health t * Engine ring Research * Resarch AayeA ~* McGe Peterson * 6 - * +: o- M.D 6 7 7 t Tuberclosi Company Powder Company * Welfare Council Retirmn our Del 8 + C t + Morgan fenjas9g Taney t Welfare University t ts Michgan Franciso t Morgan Patholgis ALND Aepjawg Shepard t Metroplian University Punturei Haines Jr. Spas t et PREVNTI Metroplitan ENGIERING t ay cae carey Laborty Chemical AW HW (W Chemical Chemical W Enginer Enginer Sayers of Selby UMW Michgan Washington of Insurance Shepard M.D. 8 . qrag Company San * ud * dS Drinke ENGINERING COMITE COMITE Health + t qos Sensbaugh uosaqIe9 Executive Asitan Gaya uoawH Drinker Hemon Industrial Harvard Foundation Pitsburgh Sensbaugh Sensbaugh qarzeg Aasny 8TYIVW Adley829D9W Executive Philp Secretary Secretary Chairman Industrial COMITE Hygien Hygien Health Executive Hemeon Secretary , Pitsburgh 4uex Philip Foundation i Industrial Pit sburgh 12qV Foundation Pitsburgh C. L. Iron Hubbard paemoqy ofA "TO Diamond Diamond 9 HE 'D Secretary Secretary A. *M gq |H Valley Iron Corporation Corporation Bethlehem Hubbard Ohio gd puor^'ey PARTI Bethlem Treasure "WY Bethlehm Bethlehm Company Ast Secretary GY D. Brandt Brandt Iron , Diamond 7cy *) 1 Secretary Ay A. Sc.D. Sc.D. 4A Bethlehem Steel Company Company Bethlehem Bethlehem Pa Ay e COUNCIL Pitsburgh The dopaliq A0qda1Iq COUNCIL 10391] ystuaiAy daouidgu Jautzuq qUBISY K. Tayler Tayler COUNCIL Industrial dainsvp-Awjg ADVISORY Industrial Hygien Hygien Foundation Foundation Pitsburgh Pitsburgh Pitsburgh ysy W. H. Thomas - - * = * - - CHEMICAL 49V1S Universty University + New - Pittsburgh York University + 6 Mine Washingto Secrtay Apliances Company International Equipment Whelabrto Whelabrto Interaionl Brush Equipment Berylium Funkhouser Caterpilaremysuy American Pitsburgh AmericanCoke Pitsburgh TOXICOLOGICAL COMITE AND 6 TOXICOLGICAL TOXICLOGICAL Chairman TOXICLOGICALIndustrial Hygiene Industrial * * Johns - Westinghouse *- yanequsag HYW3Sy Youngstw Westinghou Weainug Youngstown Bulqaiy Flicknger rawye Flint (NN Mud ap puowd my uostuay YoueH AK ueZl0oK soulBH] y Francis Flint R. Francis NYaI S Y J preyriy 9 souy aueag q q q L D. Irish ) yey dog AN American Dow Ste l Malet etopay 5 HH [neg sawer aB10a5 janwes waqoy alg F. Malete *y Slowey American Safety American Apliances aopsy VM Mine1 py Safety dM Ph.D UoIWwd0D UOIYVdOD & Washingto uozBlyse satudw0D Refing M.D. M.D. C1UO Y4OX tmCouncil Council Council UBlIAO Smelting M.D. U.S. Smelting Smelting Refining my \Ph.\D. Auedwoyd U.S. Bureau PY AuedwoD UOIZBDSY NOILVGQNOdM aIBplqyors jaig sejy Sia1ng y aourinsuy UOgIBD Zulye PO PY ung aLINWOD ayiAueW|-sor siounpy-amQ yeamuowg uonepysuog UIyNAY aqnday FP - {yJeNsEQ jengyg, apiqawg SazoNprg Burjeug * * t ' SJALIWOD Pavepitosud ANIDAH UOIWBSyY saAojduigq uBsweury ' T9417 7 tf uolU- soyaqsy t ' t * daqQanh + - - * t+ ' -t + - * NOIL10d MDULAIDY t + +t * * - + * *- * t * +) = + ueUaWTZ Ud moyAWUIeYByouqant 8 8 UBYsNeA S1aIBA*D UMOIg Ulunoge oaysany UUM TVIYSNOGI INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIEN INDUSTRIAL OY + t jy HBUO YOM gq aA HYGIENE HYGIENE HYGIENE HYGIENE LWasahinkgtoe Auvdwoy Company CitAMA City SBDmy il) rq Lake AND aye] Washington eye] VAYWeg mM ueyjnsuoy Washingto D.C [Blaisnpuy Luvduoy aL sual uosipq MJIoN [voj weg YVeH seul altasy dAy Jo Ju l KOD Y nvaing uo TOULND penygspuy pengspuy uosipy fioun0g Zulya S7Q ysingsi Bunjaws 6 * * * * ' 7 * sot ot + apy avjpesoag IV ot + q yd os) * s7) - a yy Ud SUOaWH yueayS fapeg uOsplARg Asaqeyy HEHa Aasny meysey aqegO2WQ TO FOUNDATION FOUNDATION -q FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION 81085 puowagy TMsinoy re x, ~ 2 16th ANNUAL MEETING LEGAL CONFERENCE 1951 Industry's Interest in Pollution Abatement Compensation Current Legislative Developments Exclusive Remedy Provided by Compensation Statutes TRANSACTIONS BULLETIN NO 21 yt - 1951 INDUSTRIAL 4400 FIFTH AVENUE HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE PITTSBURGH 13 PA of LEGAL PPitsabur.gh, SIXTENH SI1X9TE5N2H of America, Inc. unind: WEDNSAY, INDUSTRIAL NOVEMBR HYGIEN 14, 1951 FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, Inc. of FOUNDATION FOUNDATION ANUAL CONFERNCE AMERICA NOVEMBR COMMITTEES EXECUTIVE STAFF C. Richard Walmer M.D. . . . . . Managing Director W. L. Hemeon . . . . . . . . Engineering Director H. H. Schrenk Ph.D. . . . . . . . . Research Director D. C. Braun M.D. . 2. . . 1.) . . .) Medical Director Theodore F. Hatch . . . . . . . . . Laboratory Director Paul Gross M.D. oo... a a. Research Pathologist Chemical Hygienist James F. Morgan . .. . . . Head Chemical Hygienist MEDICAL COMMITTEE J. Lanza M.D. Chairman . . . . 2. 2. 2). New York University New York O. A. Sander M.D. Chairman . . . . . - + + Consultant Milwaukee G. Kammer M.D. Secretary . . 2... University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh E. H. Carleton M.D. . 2 2.) . 2)... Inland Steel Company East Chicago Ind Hazlett T. Lyle M.D. 2. 1. 2... University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Raymond Hussey M.D. . . . . . . Council on Industrial Health AMA Chicago Willard Machle M.D. . . . . . . National Research Council Washington D.C. gC. Howard Marcy M.D. . . . . . Tuberculosis League of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh C. McGee M.D. . . . . . . . Hercules Powder Company Wilmington Del PC M. Peterson M.D. . . . . . . . Council on Industrial Health AMA Chicago i R. Sayers M.D. . . . . . 1, City Health Department Baltimore Md University D. Selby M.D. 2. 2... of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich Metroplitan P. Shepard M.D. . . . . Metropolitan Life Insurance Company San Francisco F. F. Rupert Ph.D. . . . . . . ). . Head Chemical Analyst George F. Haines Jr. . . . . . . . . Chemical Engineer Samuel D. Puntureri . . . . . . . . Chemical Engineer Lee Schreibeis Jr. 0. 2 2 2. ew). ChemicalChemical Engineer J Deane Sensenbaugh . . . . . . . . Chemist Ellen C. Diamond . . . . . Asst Treasurer MaMrariian an L. WesWetstrriicckk - oo... 4. Research Assistant PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING COMMITTEE Philip Drinker Sc.D. Chairman . . . . Harvard School of Public Health Boston . C. L. Hemeon Secretary . . . . . Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh AE Abel . . + + . . Valley Mould & Iron Corporation Hubbard Ohio A. D. Brandt Sc.D. . . . . . . . . Bethlehem Steel Company Bethlehem Pa John M. Kane . . . . . . . . American Air Filter Company Louisville Ky American F. McElwain . T. Pring - +. . International Business Machines Endicott N.Y. Wheelabrator & Equipment Corporation Mishawaka Ind C. W. Schwenzfeier Jr. . . . . . . Brush Beryllium Company Luckey Ohio Spence . . . 2... . . . The Funkhouser Company Hagerstown Md RESEARCH ADVISORY COUNCIL Smith E. Tayler . 2... 2... Caterpillar Tractor Company Peoria Ill |. oe ee - + . . American Brake Shoe Company Detroit Theodore F. Hatch Secretary . . . . Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh H. Thomas 2 2... Pittsburgh Coke and Chemical Company Pittsburgh W. A. Hamor Sc.D. . . . . . 1... . Mellon Institute Pittsburg T. Lyle Hazlett M.D. . . . . . . . . University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh A. Lanza M.D. University University . '. '. s+ + + + + + New York University New York Willard Machle M.D. . . . . . . . National Research Council Washington D.C W. P. Yant Sc.D. . . . . . +. Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh Zimerman R. E. Zimmerman Sc.D. . . . - s+ s . . U.S. Steel Company Pittsburgh AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL COMMITTEE F.F. Smyth Jr. Ph.D. Chairman . . . - . + . Mellon Institute Pitsburgh Pittsburgh Biya H. H. Schrenk Ph.D. Chairman . Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh James F. Morgan Secretary . . . . . Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Anna M. Baetjer Sc.D. . 2. 2. 2. . 2. 2). . Johns Hopkins University Baltimore C. Barnes 2. 2. 2. 2. 1 1 wl, Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh R. Bradley . . . . . . . . . . American Cyanamid Company New York A. Cook . . 1... . . Zurich Insurance Company Chicago C. Flickinger . 2. . Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company Youngstown Ohio C. Flint 2... + . . . . Hazel Glass Company Washington Pa Francis R. Holden Ph.D.Ph.D. +. . . . Naval Radiation Laboratory San Francisco D. Irish Ph.D. . 2...) Dow Chemical Company Midland Mich Mallette . . . . . . =... . American Steel & Wire Company Cleveland A. Patty 2... . 2. LL, . . General Motors Corporation Detroit W. P. Yant Sc.D. 2... 2... Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh COMMITTEES LEGAL COMMITTEE Theodore C. Waters Chairman Mullikin Stockbridge & Waters Baltimon Vandiver Brown Manville Corporation New York W. L. Daily . Employers Mutual Insurance Company New Yor A. J. Gentholtz Republic Steel Corporation Clevelan A. C. Hirth Illinois Glass Company Toledo Ohi Andrew Kalmykow Association Casualty & Surety Companies New York C. R. Oviatt Ivan Sabourin K.C. Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation New York Quebec Asbestos Producers Association Montreal Canada : R. Worth Vaughan American Smelting & Refining Company New York W. E. Zimmerman Sun Oil Company Philadelphia POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE W. C. L. Hemeon Chairman H. H. Schrenk Ph.D. Secretary Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburg Pit sburg Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburg fi Alex D. Bailey Ward F. Davidson Henry F. Hebley Lo. Commonwealth Edison Company Chicago Consolidated Edison Company of New York New York Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company Pittsburg George R. Hill Ph.D. rn Consultant Salt Lake City Utal Raymond Hussey M.D. W. L. Latshaw Council on Industrial Health AMA Chicag : U.S. Smelting Refining & Mining Company Salt Lake City Louis C. McCabe Ph.D. U.S. Bureau of Mines Washington D.C : 17th ANNUAL MEETING HEALTH_ INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION Foundation Facts Greater Industrial Health Contributions To Worker Health NoisIets Effects and Costs Outdoor Air Pollutio-n Latest Developments Management Education and Worker Health Member Companies Sick Absenteeism ARMED FORCES APR 7 1953 MEDICAL LIBRARY TRANSACTIONS BULLETIN NO 22 1952 . INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE MELLON INSTITUTE PITTSBURGH 13 PA as f / -\ Seventeenth Annual Meeting INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 1952 TOXICOLOGICAL CONFERENCE Effects of Gases Encountered in Fires and Hot Processes Protection Against Fire Gases Specialized Laboratory Equipment Utilization Significance of Exposures to Dusts of Low Silica Content Toxicology of Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ENGINEERING CONFERENCE Exhaust Designing for Beryllium Fumes Dusts and Mists Stream Pollution from Industrial Sources Noise Reduction at General Motors Corporation TRANSACTIONS BULLETIN NO 23 JU INDUSTRIALINDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF 4400 MFTH AVENUE MELLON INSTITUTE FUTFUT Copyright 1953 Industrial Hygiene Hygiene Foundation of America Inc. Pittsburgh Pa TRANSACTIONS OF TOXICOLOGICAL AND ENGINEERING CONFERENCES SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA WEDNESDAY NOVEMBER 19 1952 BOARD OF TRUSTEES ANDREW Fletcher Fletcher Chairman President St. Joseph Lead Company New York N.Y. Executive Secretary V. P. AHEARN Secretary National Industrial Sand Association Washington D.C. M. W. THOMPSON THOMPSON Treasurer Treasurer and General Manager The Hall China Company East Liverpool Ohio T. C. WATERS General Counsel Miles & Stockbridge Baltimore Md H. W. ANDERSON Vice President General Motors Corporation Detroit Mich H. K. CLARK Director The Carborundum Company Niagara Falls N.Y. J. DEWEY DORSETT General Manager Association of Casualty & Surety Companies New York N.Y. PHILIP DRINKER Sc.D. School of Public Health Harvard University Boston Mass W. R. ELLIOT Vice President Industrial Relations Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Pittsburgh Pa A. R. FISHER President Johns Manville Corporation New Yor N.Y. D. ROSS FRASER President Rome Cable Corporation Rome N.Y. GIVEN W. B. JR Board Chairman American Brake Shoe Company New York N.Y. C. S. GOLDEN Graduate School of Business Administration Harvard University Boston Mass A. C. HIRTH Illinois Glass Company Toledo Ohio B. E. KUECHLE Vice President Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Company Wausau Wis A. J. LANZA M.D. Chairman Institute of Industrial Medicine New York University New York N.Y. GEORGE MIXTER Vice President S. Smelting Refining & Mining Company Boston Mass E. V. MURPHREE Sc.D. President Standard Oil Development Company New York N.Y. C. B. POLLOCK Vice President Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Pa A. M. SCAIFE Vice President T. Mellon & Sons Pittsburgh Ta R. C. TAYLOR Executive Vice President American Can Company New York N.Y. C. RICHARD WALMER M.D. Managing Director Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa Director of W. P. YANT Sc.D. Research & Development Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh Pa EXECUTIVE STAFF C. Richard Walmer M.D. H. H. Schrenk Ph.D. T. F. Hatch M.S. W. C. L. Hemeon M.S. D. Braun M.D. Paul Gross M.D. J. F. Osterritter M.D. J. F. Morgan F. F. Rupert Ph.D. G. F. Haines Jr. S. D. Puntureri M.S. Lee Schreibeis Jr. M.P.H. J. Deane Sensenbaugh M.S. Marian Westrick Ph.D. J. M. McNerney M.S. H. M. Ide . T. David Truan M.A. ' Michael Cerreta R. K. Dumbauld Ellen C. Diamond Vivian M. Colonna Managing Director Research Director Research Adviser Engineering Director Medical Director Research Pathologist Medical Associate Head Chemical Hygienist Head Chemical Analyst Chemical Engineer Chemical Engineer Industrial Hygiene Engineer Chemist Research Toxicologist Research Associate Bacteriologist Biostatistician Chemist Laboratory Assistant Office Manager Public Relations RESEARCH F. Hatch Secretary W. A. Hamor Sc.D. T. Lyle Hazlett M.D. A. Lanza M.D. . Willard Machle M.D. W. Yant Sc.D. . E. Zimmerman Sc.D. ADVISORY COUNCIL Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh and Industrial Hygiene Foundation Mellon Institute Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh New York University New York National Research Council Washington D.C. Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh U. S. Steel Corporation New York COMMITTEES MEDICAL COMMITTEE O. A. Sander M.D. Chairman A.G. Kammer M.D. Chairman D. C. Braun M.D. Secretary E. H. Carleton M.D. E.L. E. Hamlin M.D. A. Kahoe M.D. C.E. M. Kline M.D. C. Howard Marcy M.D. L. C. McGee M.D. C. M. Peterson M.D. C. D. Selby M.D. W. P. Shepard M.D. J. F. Shronts M.D. Marquette University Milwaukee University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Inland Steel Company East Chicago Ind American Brake Shoe Co. Chicago University of Cincinnati Cincinnati General Electric Company Cleveland Tuberculosis League of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Hercules Powder Company Wilmington Del Council on Industrial Health AMA Chicago University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. New York General Mills Inc. Minneapolis T. C. Waters Chairman Vandiver Brown J. Gentholts C. Hirth G. Johnson Andrew Kalmykow R. Oviatt Ivan Sabourin C. Starkey R. Worth Vaughan W. E. Zimmerman COMMITTEES LEGAL COMMITTEE Miles and Stockbridge Baltimore Attorney Waco Texas Republic Steel Corporation Cleveland Illinois Glass Company Toledo Ohio Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co. New York Association Casualty & Surety Companies New York Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation New York Quebec Asbestos Producers Association Montreal Canada , . Ford Motor Company Dearborn Mich American Smelting & Refining Company New York Sun Oil Company Philadelphia PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING COMMITTEE Philip Drinker Sc.D. Chairman School of Public Health Harvard University W. ... Hemeon Secretary A. E. Abel an Pittsburgh Industrial Hygiene Foundation Valley Mould & Iron Corporation Hubbard Ohio D. Brandt Sc.D. ' 1 ww Bethlehem Steel Co. Bethlehem Pa J. M. Kane American Air Filter Company Louisville Ky C. McElwain R. T. Pring International Business Machines Machines Corp. Endicott N. Y. American Wheelabrator & Equipment Corp. Mishawaka Ind C. W. Schwenzfeier Jr. K. F. Spence F. E. Tayler W. Thomas Brush Beryllium Company Luckey Ohie The Funkhouser Company Hagerstown Md : American Brake Shoe Company Detroit Pittsburgh Coke and Chemical Company Pittsburgh POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE Consolidated CL CL Hemeon Chairman H. H. Schrenk Ph.D. Secretary A. A. D. Bailey W. W. F. Davidson H. H. F. Hebley Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Commonwealth Edison Company Chicago Edison Company of New York New York Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company Pittsburgh L. Latshaw 1. C. McCabe Ph.D. Refining U. S. Smelting & Mining Company Salt Lake City U. S. Bureau of Mines Washington D. TOXICOLOGICAL COMMITTEE Anna M. Baetjer Sc.D. Chairman Johns Hopkins University Baltimore J. F. Morgan Secretary Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh E. C. Barnes Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburghi W. A. Cook . University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich L. C. Flicking.r Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company Youngstown Ohic F. Flint : Hazel Glass Company Wheeling W. Va F. R. Holden Ph.D. Stanford Research Institute Stanford Calif D. D. Irish Ph.D. Dow Chemical Company Midland Mich F. S. Mallette American Society Mechanical Engineers New York F. A. Patty Loe. H. F. Smyth Jr. Ph.D. General Motors Corporation Detroit Mellon Institute Pittsburgh WP Yant ScD Mine Saf tora. fone reve tat INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION F Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS _ os MEDICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL ... decisions and trends SEPTEMBER 1952 Vol 16 No. 9 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE - PITTSBURGH 13 PA FOUNDATION FOUNDATI FOUNDATION FOUNDATIONFOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION . Foundation Facts isa monthly letter issued to industrial concerns holding membership in Industrial Hygiene Foundation The Foundation is a nonprofit association of industries for the advancement of healthful working conditions Volume 14 September 1952 No. 9 KEYNOTE SPEAKER Mr. L. R. Boulware Vice President of General Electric Company will be the keynote speaker at the 17th Annual Meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation His address will be given on November 20 at the General Meeting which emphasizes management aspects Mr. Boulware has taken a keen interest in the welfare of employees both in the plant and in the community NEW ADDITIONS TO FOUNDATION MEMBERSHIP The following companies have recently affiliated with the Foundation Cobalt Chemicals Limited Eaton Manufacturing Company Warner Kennametal Inc. ; Michigan Iron & Coke Company Company STAFF MEMBERS ATTEND SARANAC SYMPOSIUM The Seventh Saranac Symposium is being held September 22-26 at The Saranac Laboratoroyf the Edward L. Trudeau Foundation Saranac Lake N. Y. Two of the Foundation's Staff Members will attend T. F. Hatch Laboratory Director will serve as Chairman of a discussion on The Inhalation of Certain Industrial Substances " at the Monday September 22 afternoon session D. C. Braun Medical Director will present a paper entitled The Presentation of Medical Evidence in Controverted Compensation Cases on the morning of Friday September 26 REPRINTS AVAILABLE Reprints of the paper A Rational Approach to Pollution " lation by George E. Best are now available to member companies request This paper was presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Legis- upon Foundation 17th ANNUAL MEETING Nov. 19-20 at Mellon Institute Pittsburgh INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 Fre ENUS PITTSBURGH 13 PA Industrial Hygiene Digest - 29 _ September 1952 1007 Findings of E. Concina Nov. Bronchoscopy in and O. Orlandi 1951 Italian Silicosis and Rass med Tuberculosis ind 20 424-426 a The importance of the existence of bronchial lesions in silicosis has been underestimated Bronchoscopy allows direct observations of changes in the tracheal and bronchial mucous membrane deviations in the trachea and main bronchi and modifications in the orifices of the lobes and segments Lavage aspiration of the bronchial section and endobronchial administration of adrenaline and antibiotics may be conducted during the process Inflammation of the mucous membranes and other changes characteristic of silicosis in 25 patients are reported are disclosed by -- Cond this method from Bull Findings Hyg 1008 The Value of the Electrocardiograph F. Lavenne Institut d'Hygiene des Communication No. 90 5pp 1951 for Examining Silicotics Mines Hasselt Belgium French The author used the electrocardiograph to examine 11 cases of anthraco with clinical signs of loss of compensation of the right ventricle and 200 cases of silicosis compensated for invalidity but still ambulant who were doubly classified according to the extent of fibrosis present and according to the amount of emphysema The findings are presented in somewhat cryptic symbolism They are held to justify the claim that the electrocardiograph may be of considerable value in establishing early strain on the right side of the heart -- Bull Hyg 1009 Asbestosis Associated with Bronchiogenic Carcinoma and A. A. Angrist Arch Intern Med 88 831-834 R. Stoll R. Bass Dec. German Data for statistical proof of any association of asbestosis with K pulmonary carcinoma are hard to collect but three investigators have found carcinoma in 7.5 to 14.8 of cases of asbestosis A case is reported in which a worker had been exposed to asbestos for 6 years and had refused to wear a respirator He came under notice with weakness and a persistent cough Clumps of malignant cells were seen in the bone marrow and ray showed generalized large discrete oval shadows indicative of pulmonary metastases After death modules varying to 4 cm in diameter were found scattered throughout both lungs with interstitial fibrosis Large areas of necrosis existed throughout the lungs and typical asbestos bodies were seer kidneys inside brain and outside and liver the tumor areas Metastases were found in the The opinion is suggested that the silicate in asbestos must itself be directly carcinogenic It establishes an additional reason for pre- ventive measures in the use of asbestos prea -- Cond from Bull Hyg H CO 18th ANNUAL MEETINGMEETING ONFERENCES -1953- MEDICAL LEGAL MEDICAL | ENGINEERING TOXICOLOGICAL | AUG 3 1954 ICAL TRANSACTIONS BULLETIN NO 27 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA * FIFTH AVENUE MELLON INSTITUTE PITTSBURGH 13 PA Copyright 1954 Hygiene Foundation Industrial of America Inc. CONFERENCE TRANSACTIONS OF EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA Medical - -Legal -Joint -Joint Medical -Engineering -Engineering Toxicological . HELD AT MELLON INSTITUTE PITTSBURGH PA WEDNESDAY NOVEMBER 18 1953 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION Association Industries A Research of Industries Advancing Industrial Health and Improving Working Conditions CONTENTS Medical Conference Medical Conference Page 0. A. Sander M.D. Chairman . . . : . soe 1 The Proper Scope of Medical Care in Carl M. Peterson M.D. Industry ae . Discussion 3 Melvin N. Newquist M.D. The Stress Disorders William P. Shepard M.D. Discussion oo, . 5 . . 7 . . oo. ey S. T. Nicholson Jr. M.D. . . . . rr 12 Problems Associated with Older Workers Charles E. Dutchess M.D. .. . - oo. Discussion . nn - 13 Edward M. Kline M.D. Compensation for Residual Clarence D. Selby M.D. Discussion 18 Disability ||| . 20 Edward H. Carleton M.D. to . 2424 these Transactions of the General Management Meeting held in conjunction with conferences have been published separately and copies may be obtained upon Legal Conference W. E. Zimmerman Chairman . . . . . . . . 27 Recent Legislative Changes in Statutes Providing Compensation for Occupational Diseases Andrew Kalmykow FO 29 Discussion 38 Value of Pretrial Conferences in Compensation Cases George E. Meredith . | | . er 40 40 Discussion ; 44 The Meaning to Management of the Problem of Industrial Noise : James J. Regan . | | Discussion ey. 49 58 Legal Interpretation of Limitation Provisions TH Compensation Statutes John S. Hebb III . . . Disenssion . . ~ oe el 83 68 CONTENTS Continued Joint Medical Conference Theodore C. Waters Moderator . . Page nn 75 Administration of Workmen's Compensation Laws Introductory Remarks Theodore C. Waters 6 ds ry 77 The Background of Compensation Administration Hon Mary Donlon 79 oo. . oo. . . an . - . Disettssion 83 Engineering Conference W. C. Hemeon Chairman . . Report on the London Fog of December 1952 . . . . 109 John K. Meyer . . . . . . . : . 117 Principles at New Plant Design for Health Protection Theodore Hatch . 128 The Granular Filter for Du tand Furnace Fume Collection and Cleaning of Wet Corrosive Gases M. I. Dorfan oo 145 Dust Control Developments in Asbestos Sereening Operations and Jute Bag Storage H. Rozovsky Bee, . . . oe, 156 Toxicological Conference Baetjer Anna Chairman 173 mo, . . . . . . . Summary of Toxicological Conference . 175 IHF Chairman O. A. SANDER M.D. Marquette University School of Medicine Chairman Industrial HHyyggiieennee FFoouunnddaattiioonn DUST CONTROL DEVELOPMENTS IN ASBESTOS SCREENING OPERATIONS AND JUTE BAG STORAGE H. ROZOVSKY Senior Ventilation Engineer Canadian Manville Company Ltd. I. INTRODUCTION General Mine is Manville Jeffrey operated by The Mine is Candian Canadian Manvile the Canadian Company at Asbestos Quebec This location is 100 miles east of Mon treal and 75 miles north of the international boundary This paper deals with dust control improvements made in two separate departments of this large asbestos mining ope ation Asbestos screening operations are part of the milling process itself whereas jute bag storage is a service department to the mill and its problems in dust control are isolated and have no direct relationship to milling Milling of asbestos ore is a dry process and therefore very differ ent from most usual metallurgical separation methods Considerable handling is involved in the process which carries the ore through numerous stages of crushing screening and fiberizing finally aspirating cleaning and blending of fibers The very nature of both the ore and the product and the methods used in handling everything in the dry state lend themselves to the creation of airborne particles and fiber Air Flow Through Mills section Figure A of the mills of section mills Figure fans 1 would show us that all fans exhaust their dusty load from collectors and dust control systems to a series of dust chambers located in the upper floors of the mills The drop in pressure due to expansion causes considerable heavy material to settle out Positive pressures in these chambers vary from 0.55 w to 0.70 wg Air airways Air then moves down two rectangular airways each 20 x 20 at 2000 rpm into a dust shed 200 feet wide and 60 feet high Baffles at the entrance help to reduce air movement Additional drop in pres sure reduces velocity to 125 fpm and about 140 tons of dust particles and fiber are precipitated out per day in the dust shed 156 | , , 000'0091 FANS FANS FANS FANS BOOSTER VOLUME 7 VOLUME mieELCTRIAPECITAON .S FPM FPM DUST BAFFLES BAF LES BAFFLES BAFLES BAFFLES Mil s Wuseernen aang of Section Cros DOWNCOMER'S 2000 DOWNCOMER'S 2000 SCREENS SCREENS SCREENS Figure SCREENS SCREENS SCREENS SCREENS ASPIRATED ASPIRATED ASPIRATED ASPIRATED ASPIRATED ASPIRATED ASPIRATED CHAMBER ASPIRATED CHAMBER CHAMBER CHAMBER . COLLECTORS COL ECTORS COLLECTORS COL ECTORS COLECTORS EXHAUST / 1 | \| | : \| | || | 1| \ eh 2 - [ 157 157] Seven large booster fans at the end of the building draw the dust shed air through electrical precipitators before being expelled to atmo- sphere Approximately 60 tons of fine dust are precipitated electrically each day A negative pressure in the dust shed of 0.10 wg to 0.35 wg is maintained wg By actual tests made on the seven fans over a month period 3,300 over 1,500,000 efm was being drawn through this system This is tons of air per hour The total volume of air used in all the mills for drying aspirating and dust control is 2,000,000 cfm or 4,400 tons of air per hour On the basis of an average production of over 500 tons of dry ore per hour we find that we are using 9 tons of air for every ton of rock milled By the same token we are using 60 tons of air for each ton of asbestos fiber produced It is of importance to note at this point that no air is being returned to the mills and that all replacement air must come in through open windows doors or louvres II DUST CONTROL DEVELOPMENTS AT SCREENING OPERATIONS Distribution of Screens te Milling at the Jeffrey Mine is carried on in four mill buildings This is exclusive of drying crushing or storage of rock an 4 fiber The 4B Mill handles the initial feed from dry rock storage after a third stage of crushing The rejects from this mill are sent to 4A Mill which repeats the first process and makes further fiber extraction The mill known as the Cement Plant makes special products of Cottrell precipitator and dust shed materials The Mill 3 building regrades fibers or brings up to specifications fibers that may be slightly off requirements In all cases screening is an extremely important operation and offers the greatest source of borne contamination In all the mills we have a total of 234 screening units of which 106 are the aspirated type These act as cleaners and graders and are the biggest dust producers The other 128 screens are under aspiration Each aspirator draws an average of 7,000 cfm near the discharge end and therefore offers partial control of escaping dust and fiber Screen Description The standard screening unit is 5 wide by 11 long having a slope of 1 inch to the foot Rotation is provided at one upper corner by a h.p. motor and geared down to approximately 200 rpm Movement [ 158] is attained by a 2 center wheel to give a total maximum motion of 4 inches at the one corner of the screen The other three corners of the screen are supported by chains or cables At the discharge end of the screen movement is restrained by a pitman so that movement at this point is almost a forward motion only as compared to a circular or parabolic motion at the top Ore is fed through a feed spout onto a 24 diameter distributor plate at the top of the screen Feed load may vary from 60 tons of rock per hour down to 2 or 3 tons of fiber per hour Material down the feed spout may carry entrained dusty air up to 250 cfm depending upon the load but most dust is created by the distributor the action of the panels around the screen and also by the rotating rolling action of material on the screen Combining all these actions the volume of air- borne dust and fiber created can be very great Another type of screen is also in use This is suspended from four cables but is driven from the center third the way down The motion is approximately the same but more gentle with greater rotating action over the whole area From a dust control point of view both types will be handled the same way Primary Methods for Aspirated Screen All primary methods used in preventing the escape of dust and fiber from screens involved fitting enclosures fastened down to the moving screen Although many of these covers were effective in arresting dust obvious changes had to be made as will be noticed in the description of these primary covers 1 The piece flat metal cover reinforced with angle iron completely enclosed the top of the screen and contained plexiglas doors and later metal doors Material was fed through a canvas housing and at a later date a specially designed accordion circular gum rubber sleeve Angle iron frame and sheet metal showed signs of breaking up after one month although many units lasted over six months before repairs were required Canvas connections usually lasted three months but the experimental rubber connection showed signs of deterioration at 13 days Increasing the gauge of metal on the cover increased its life but also increased the load on the motor driving mechanism and screen framework 2 A similar cover was tried and made of three interlocking sections each with separate inspection doors No angle iron was used Each third was of one piece similar to a wall 159 panel Metal buckles held them together Many of these units lasted over a year and when replacement was required it was usually the lower two sections that were involved The problem at the feed end was the same 3 The next cover developed was the same as the sectional one except that the gauge was increased and the feed end see- tion was humped to give strength in order to allow more room for the distributors This further increased the life of the cover but did not solve the feed end problem 4 To remove the maintenance problem at the feed end a similar sectional unit with the upper humped section similar to the last was devised except that the feed spout had a retractable section that fed its product through two parallel plates spaced less than J inch apart The retractable section at the end of the feed spout hung on springloaded bolts which could be adjusted to increase or de- crease the space between the stationary upper plate and the moving lower plate Air space between the plates prevented the escape of dust Many of these units were still in operation after two years without servicing . The main objections to covers fastened to the sereens were It was impossible to inspect the product or conditions of the screening action without shutting down the unit 2 Even in the most successful of covers there was the prob- lem maintenance if not the cover it was the poor accessi- bility the screen itself for replacement or repai ... 3 No really positive method of dust control was possible without the use of air exhaustion The use of large amounts of additional exhaust air was prohibitive due to the fact that the dust shed and precipitation areas were at their maximum capacity but in view of the fact that there were still several places throughout the mills that air was available further ex- periments were carried on for eventual use in new mill developments Suspended Hood for Aspirated Screen With considerable air to be available for dust control work in the new mill and with many excellent locations for experimenting in the present mills the possibilities for developing a unit to give 100 per cent control looked good 160 A suspended type of hood was developed and in its simplest form consisted of two main sections Figures 2 and 3. First there is a fixed suspended section 4 to 5 feet long located over the feed end This section is 12 high and hung above the top of the screen giving a total of 15 clearance inside The feed spout has a flanged removable section that projects into the fixed hood A 7 to 8 inch diameter exhaust pipe is flared out to a 5 x 10 transition piece fastened to this hood either in front or behind the feed The second section of this hood is a hinged counterweighted unit fastened to the fixed cover The depth of this hood is reduced from 12 to 3 The complete perimeter of the two parts of this hood is covered with 8 wide - thick rubber and extends to " below the top of the screen thus giving the least opening between hood and screen during movement All parts of the unit are made of aluminum except the counterweighting material and turnbuckle supports When installed properly to suit sereen movement advantages were found to be many 1 Maintenance of unit was considered zero 2 Control of dust over the 5 x 11 area was 100 per cent 3. Inspection of screen its load and operation was possible at all times 4 During shutdown and repair periods no interference was found by the suspended hood Suitable air volumes and velocities were found to be as : follows 1 A 7 to 8 diameter exhaust pipe carrying a velocity of 3,500 fpm to 4,000 fpm 2 Total air required not over 1,000 efm 3 Velocities at top of fixed hood about 250 fpm 4 An approximate intake velocity at the perimeter of the screen of 100 fpm All volumes and velocities may be slightly reduced depending on the load on the sereen : Primary Methods Tried for Aspirated Screens Screens under aspiration did not offer the dust problem that other screens did due to the large volume of air being drawn off the screen The aspirated screen is usually a heavily loaded sereen and dust problems were still in existence at the feed spout and distributor The [ 161] SCRE N CONSTRUCTION SCREEN CONSTRUCTION VIEWS HOOD SCREN CONSTRUCTION VIEWS DUST CONSTRUCION DUST DUST CONSTRUCTION COUNTERWEIGHT DUST ON CONSTRUCTION COUNTERWIGHT SCHEMATIC ASPIRATED ON HOOD COUNTERWEIGHT ALUMINUM COUNTERWEIGHT SUSPENDED SKIRTING COUNTERWIGHT ALUMINUM SUPENDE COUNTERWIGHT SCHEMATIC ASPIRATED SKIRTNG WIDE ENCLOSURE ALUMINUM ENCLOSURE COUNTERWIGHT SUSPENDED ASPIRATED SKIRTING ALUMINUM COUNTERWIGHT SUSPENDED SKIRTING WIDE FPM COUNTERWEIGHT ENCLOSURE ALUMINUM SUPPORT SUSPENDED PERIMETER FPM ENCLOSURE BAR ALL SUPORT SUSPENDED NON RUBBER 10-125 ALL SUPORT COUNTERWEIGHT ----I SUSPENDED FOR RUBER 10-125 FOR PERIMETER COUNTERWIGHT LIFTING SUPORT Cover ' 10-125 : LIFTING Cover 10 -125 LIFTING SCREN Dust [ah Loo? me SCREN oN fC eee SCREEN SUPENSION \A 1 at REMOVAL Suspend SUPENSION wi \ pcan REMOVAL Suspend SUPENSION \ \ \ jp fen REMOVAL Aluminum SUSPENSION FOR Aluminum HOOD FOR Alumin HOOD ROD Aluminum DIA ROD HINGE ELEVATION HINGE 2 ELVATION Figure Figure BENT BENT Figure ELEVATION Zz SPOUT REMOVABLE SPOUT REMOVABLE SPOUT REMOVABLE REMOVABLE FED REMOVABLE FPM =) FPM - ISO ISO SPOUT DISTRIBUTOR- REMOVABLE CABLE FEED REMOVABLE FEED [ 162 TN ]\ / DRIVE DRIVE aspirator handling an average of 7,000 efm took care of dust on the lower half of the screen Two methods were commonly used here 1. A concave hood over the feed end with the large opening facing the feed spout and distributor induced a flow of air over the upper half of the screen This was ef- fective particularly when the feed spout faced downstream on the screen When feed was upstream or sideways and load great there was considerable spillage and backlash of material The exhaustion of the aspirator then had little effect at the top of the screen 2. The more effective method was achieved by the hanging of side panels from the ceiling on each side of the screen or if the ceilings were too high a metal canopy was installed over the sereen with side panels of metal or weighted canvas used Velocities at the top of the screen were about 300 to 500 fpm This served to control most dust Suspended Hood for Aspirated Screens In order to standardize covers for all sereens and to get complete control an aluminum hood similar to the aspirated screen was used the only difference being that the counterweighted section was shortened so as to fall just above the aspirator which induced a draft throughout the whole aluminum hood Figure 4 No exhaust pipe is then required and control of escaping dust and fiber was 100 per cent III DUST CONTROL DEVELOPMENTS IN JUTE BAG STORAGE General The production of hundreds of tons of finished asbestos fiber per day at the Jeffrey Mine calls for a large number of containers for shipping Nearly all shipments are made in 100 lb. bags either of paper or jute Paper bags are filled by the valve bag method or by pressure packers but the jute bags must be filled by bagging machines or from feed spouts Between 35,000 and 40,000 bags of all types must be available each day In order to assure sufficient containers in good condition a special department to handle bag storage cleaning repairing and distribution is maintained A total of 1,000,000 bags are handled each month Approximately one third are of paper one third are new jute bags and the balance of [ 163 ] [ 164 used jute bags The latter requires considerable handling before being placed into service It is the handling of the used bags that constitutes the contamination problem both from asbestos fiber and dust and also from the jute The health of the 51 employees in this department is protected by means of two very effective dust collecting schemes All dust and air movement is handled by two completely separate systems One is for cleaning bags and one for sorting and repairing In each case the air is filtered by a bag filter and returned to the proper area after preheating Of the total staff required fifteen are in the sorting and repairing part of the building sixteen in the cleaning end seventeen are required for printing bag checking storing and distribution and the balance of three for supervision and office- Hod making a total of 51 people Dust Bag Cleaning Bag cleaning is served by one filter unit and all other operations are taken care of by a second unit Suspend The bag cleaning arrangement located on the receiving floor has six cleaning nozzles each with a 124 diameter opening Each has a controlled valve which when released shuts off air automatically but allows a small amount of air to flow past for heating and ventila- Alumin tion at all times Nozzles are arranged in pairs each two being exhausted by a 19 centrifugal fan operated by a 10 h.p. motor Capacity of each fan is 7,000 cfm There are three such units each exhausting its load to a settling hopper located on the roof of the building Figure Heavy material is removed by screw conveyor and protected by air locks Air from the bin and hopper is drawn through an envelopetype cloth filter by a 15,000 cfm fan and 25 h.p. motor Air to cloth ratio is 2.35 to 1. Air is recirculated to the cleaning and storage area on the lower floor of the building Air is preheated in the winter The 15,000 cfm fan acts as a through unit and equalizes pressures built up by the cleaning fans The amount of material removed in the cleaning of bags averages less than 1/5 pound per bag cleaned This material is sent to waste and averages about 10 tons of material a week During the first six months of 1953 over 21 million bags went through the cleaning process or about 20,000 per operating day All cleaned bags are sent by elevator to the floor above for sorting This brings us to the second filtering unit which is used specifically for dust control heating and ventilation only 165] [ 166 ] Bag Sorting The total number of cleaned bags are delivered to a sorting room where bags are graded as to numbering on the bags and those required for repairs The sorting crew of 8 men handle about 20,000 bags per day The movement of materials offers a tremendous fiber hazard which was solved by hooding the operation and utilizing large amounts of air This was accomplished by the design of special tables with screened traps Figure 5 All air movement is away from the operator and downward and Closed around the bags Heavy particles drop through the screen into the trap which is located between the exhaust section at the back of the table and the operator The trap is equipped with a slide gate for cleaning and catches the major portion of material thus allowing only Scren the fine fiber and dust to go to filtration An opening between the trap and the exhaust downdraft hood keeps dust on the move around the surface of the table Aspirated Actual air velocities are about the same as originally designed for At the employee movement is 100 fpm The perimeter of the hood velocities are 150 fpm At the top of the trap it is 250 fpm and at an back of hood over the screen it is 350 fpm Similar velocities and de- for signs are found in the tieing tables also Hod Bag Repairing Over 360,000 jute bags were repaired during the first six months Suspend of 1953. This is about 15 per cent of all bags cleaned and sorted 2,800 bags per day or 450 bags per machine per day Six sewing machines are required to do the job Although bags have been cleaned because of the closeness of the operator to the machines and material and the large number of bags moving through one room considerable Alumin fine fiber and dust is released at close quarters The problem here involved a proper installation without affecting the operation or producing too much draft for the employees It is also important to note that in the repair department as in the sorting and Figure cleaning departments employees are all on incentive and installations at best should not interfere with the operation ip any way Previous methods included exhaust hoods over the work which only lifted dust upward to the operator's face Plastic headgear with compressed air attachments were uncomfortable The exhaust unit designed for this job was located between the two rows of machines and contained 9 wall type registers with control gates on each side all facing the machines Figure 6 Arrangement [ 167] a GUARD GUARD \ RUBER 10FPMEMPLOYE AT BETWEN OPENIG Hod Tying or Sorting Figure PIPE EXHAUST was such that louvres were only a few inches from needle area and high enough for the sewn bag to pass under the louvre In this way the greatest velocities were obtained at the dustiest location and air was drawn downward and away from the operator's face The location of the rectangular unit with its louvres did not interfere with the operations Air was drawn from each end of the rectangular pipe and downward towards the filter Control of air movement had great flexibility due to the large number of openings with numerous valves Readings taken showed maximum velocities of 1,000 fpm at louvres and if all vents are left open a maximum air velocity of 500 fpm was obtained Air velocities at the sewing machine needle are 150 to 200 fpm and velocity of air at the employees shoulders was 50 to 75 fpm From reports in the department colds due to drafts were at a minimum Printing and Storage Printing and storage operations are on the same floor as cleaning Due to large volumes of air moving through this area from cleaning operations very few dust problems are encountered here Printing of bags is not a violent operation and little disturbance is found Nevertheless a hooded table with a trap is provided for tying after printing This has arrested any dust that might be thrown into the atmosphere An additional flared hood is provided near truck loading to pick up fine dust created from the transfer of bundles These two hoods are handled by the same system as the bag sorting and repairing This bag filtering unit is a 22 long envelope type cloth filter and exhaustion is provided by a 21,000 cfm exhaust fan which uses the through method and discharges through coil heaters into the top floor area Filters are shaken each shift Fine fiber and dust collected under the filter amounts to 300 pounds per month but the traps under the tables collect large amounts of fiber lint and string which does not reach the filter Atmospheric Dust Concentrations | Industrial hygiene surveys have been made at each operation as well as in adjacent offices and rest rooms The Greenburg impinger sampling method was used and counting was done by the light field technique Because of their hygienic importance particular attention was given to fibers of 10 microns and longer The average count of these was 1.27 thousand fibers per cubic foot of air far below our tentative maximum allowable concentration The dust counts par- te [ 169 MACHINESEWING NEDLE FPM FILTER | 150 AT TO VELOCITY OPERAT FPM AIR AT 50-75 SIDE FPM FPM FILTER| Unit OEANCH 750-1 Exhaust Table 9 -NIHON SNIME VALVES VALVES FPM TABLE Sewing SHUTER 50-7 MACHINE SHUTER \__[2 NIHONIHV OVNN NIHOVN ONIMES-ONIMES- Figure SEWING SIX FPM 750-1 pela: -ZNIHOVN INIMESID CONTRL per ticles less than 10 microns average 1.54 million particlcuebisc ~~ ~ foot Both counts indicate excellent control IV CONCLUSIONS The description of the two dust control developments at this location is only part of a very large dust control program presently being carried out throughout the numerous departments of this large asbestos plant The objects of the dust control program are fold in that atmospheric fiber and dust concentrations be reduced in order to improve working conditions for the employee By the improvement of working conditions a more efficient operation is obtained and by the elimination of excess dust a better product is produced At the present time a new asbestos mill is in the process of construction This structure will be large enough to replace all present mill buildings The very latest procedures in asbestos milling and dust control will be used and there will be more than ample air available for dust control work The all aluminum suspended dust hood is to be used on screens As far as jute bags are concerned it is possible that the greater portion of jute bag handling may eventually be superseded by the automatic packaging of asbestos in paper bags 171 BOARD OF TRUSTEES ANDREW FLETCHER Chairman President St. Joseph Lead Company New York N.Y. V. P. AHEARN Secretary Executive Secretary National Industrial Sand Association Washington D.C. M. W. THOMPSON Treasurer Treasurer and General Manager The Hall China Company East Liverpool Ohlo T. C. WATERS General Counsel Miles & Stockbridge Baltimore Md H. W. ANDERSON Vice President General Motors Corporation Detroit Mich H. K. CLARK Director The Carborundum Company Niagara Falls N.Y. J. DEWEY DORSETT General Manager Association of Casualty & Surety Companies New York N.Y. PHILIP DRINKER Sc.D. School of Public Health Harvard University Boston Mass W. R. ELLIOT Vice President Industrial Relations Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Pittsburgh Pa A. R. FISHER President Manville Corporation New York N.Y. D. ROSS FRASER President Rome Cable Corporation Rome N.Y. W. B. GIVEN JR Board Chairman American Brake Shoe Company New York N.Y. C. S. GOLDEN Graduate School of Business Administration Harvard University Boston Mass A. C. HIRTH Illinois Glass Company Toledo Ohio B. E. KUECHLE Vice President Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Company Wausau Wis A. J. LANZA M.D. Chairman Institute of Industrial Medicine New York University New York N. GEORGE MIXTER Vice President U.S. Smelting Refining & Mining Company Boston Mass E. V. MURPHREE Sc.D. President Standard Oil Development Company New York N.Y. C. B. POLLOCK Vice President Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Pa A. M. SCAIFE Vice President T. Mellon & Sons Pittsburgh Pa R. C. TAYLOR Executive Vice President American Can Company New York N.Y. C. RICHARD WALMER M.D. Managing Director Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa W. P. YANT Sc.D. EXECUTIVE STAFF C. Richard Walmer M.D. H. H. Schrenk Ph.D. T. F. Hatch M.S. W. C. L. Hemeon M.S. D. C. Braun M.D. Paul Gross M.D. J. F. Osterritter M.D. J. F. Morgan F. F. Rupert Ph.D. G. F. Haines Jr. S. D. Puntureri M.S. Lee Schreibeis Jr. M.P.H. J. Deane Sensenbaugh M.S. Marian Westrick Ph.D. J. M. McNerney M.S. H. M. Ide T. David Truan M.A. Michael Cerreta R. K. Dumbauld . . 2. 1. Ellen C. Diamond . . . . . . . Vivian M. Colonna Managing Director Research Director Research Adviser Engineering Director Medical Director Research Pathologist Medical Associate Head Chemical Hygienist Head Chemical Analyst Chemical Engineer Chemical Engineer Industrial Hygiene Engineer Chemist Research Toxicologist Research Associate Bacteriologist Biostatistician Chemist Rese arch Assistant Office Manager Editor RESEARCH ADVISORY COUNCIL 1. Hatch Secretary A. Hamor Sc.D. Aple Hazlett M.D. " Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh and Industrial Hygiene Foundation Mellon Institute Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh ianza M.D. and Machle M.D. New York University New York National Research Council Washington D.C. Yant Sc.D. Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh Zimmerman E Sc.D. . 3. 0. .t; . U. S. Steel Corporation New York COMMITTEES COMMITTEES MEDICAL COMMITTEE O. A. Sander M.D. Chairman A.G. Kammer M.D. Chairman D. C. Braun M.D. Secretary E. H. Carleton M.D. L. E. Hamlin M.D. R. A. Kehoe M.D. E. M. Kline M.D. C. Howard Marcy M.D. L. C. McGee M.D. C. M. Peterson M.D. C. D. Selby M.D. W. P. Shepard M.D. J. F. Shronts M.D. Marquette University Milwauk University " Pittsburgh Pittsburg Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburg Inland Steel Company East Chicago In American Brake Shoe Co. Chica University of Cincinnati Cincinna General Electric Company Clevelan Tuberculosis League of Pittsburgh Pittsburgo Hercules Powder Company Wilmington De Council on Industrial Health AMA Chicago University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mat Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. New York General Mills Inc. Minneap TOXICOLOGICAL COMMITTEE rna M. Baetjer Sc.D. F. Morgan Secretary . Barnes A. Cook C.C. Flickinger Flint R. Holden Ph.D. D Irish Ph.D. S. Mallette A. Patty F. Smyth Jr. Ph.DP.h.D. P. Yant Sc.D. Chairman Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh toe University of Michigan Michigan Ann Arbor Mich Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company Youngstown Ohio Atlas Glass Company Wheeling W. Va Stanford Research Institute Stanford Calif Dow Chemical Company Midland Mich American Society Mechanical Engineers New York General Motors Corporation Detroit Loe ee Mellon Institute Pittsburgh Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh T. C. Waters Chairman Vandiver Brown A. J. Gentholts A. C. Hirth C. G. Johnson Andrew Kalmykow C. R. Oviatt Ivan Sabourin E. C. Starkey R. Worth Vaughan W. E. Zimmerman LEGAL COMMITTEE Miles and Stockbridge Baltimor cee Attorney Waco Texas . . Republic Steel Corporation Cleveland Illinois Glass Company Toledo Ohe Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co. New You Association Casualty & Surety Companies New Year POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE L. Hemeon Chairman Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh HH Schrenk Ph.D. Secretary Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh D. Bailey W. F. Davidson Commonwealth Edison Company Chicago . Consolidated Edison Company of New York New York H. F. Hebley ... Latshaw Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company Pittsburgh U. S. Smelting Refining & Mining Company Salt Lake City C. McCabe Ph.D. U. S. Bureau of Mines Washington C. Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation New York Quebec Asbestos Producers Association Montreal Canaca Ford Motor Company Dearborn Mich American Smelting & Refining Company New York Sun Oil Company Philadelph PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING COMMITTEE Philip Drinker Sc.D. Chairman School of Public Health Harvard University W. C. L. Hemeon Secretary Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburg A. E. Abel Valley Mould & Iron Corporation Hubbard Oh A. D. Brandt Sc.D. Bethlehem Steel Co. Bethlehem Pa J. M. Kane C. F. McElwain American Air Filter Company Louisville Ky International Business Machines Corp. Endicott N. Y R. T. Pring American Wheelabrator & Equipment Corp. Mishawaka Ind C. W. Schwenzfeier Jr. Brush Beryllium Company Luckey Oh K. F. Spence The Funkhouser Company Hagerstown Me F. E. . American Brake Shoe Company Detred INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL 777 =TOXICOLOGICAL cee LEGAL Po ; . | + decisions and trends | JUN 201953 LIBLRAIRBLYIBRRARYALRIBRYARY iy / age ane = JUNE 1953 Vol 17 No. 6 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE - PITTSBURGH 13 PA June . 14959 Industrial Industrial gustrial personal asbestosis are June juot diseases and the orpents and occur asbestovls, of siderosis and organic dis- siderosis berylliosis cussed briefly berylliosis dust the organic diagnosis diagnosis diseases ( relation history factors importance pational emphasized The factors ( ( history is emphasized whether whether whether Jr. W. Deheens, SympBteormuaftkorlaongkyh Pathology asbestosis ob Yebewtunt?: Picture Pathology W. 14952); 179-189 The The Clinical Asbesto Asbesto 4 Z. Unfallmed Unfallmed Sept. 15 German on asbestosis (Sept. review of literature and use, presents extensive presents review review literature This This an extensive distribution and its mining mining treatment asbestosis asbestosis use dust distribution effects length of asbestos dust treatment treatment hazards and dust dust exposure exposure diagnosis findings different different con- ray findings diagnosis of different different different stages asbestosis described mention made of stages asbestosis which which Special than than association association asbestosis carcinoma cosis the much frequent 309 cases sili- of from mortein reports that indicate cases cases of asbestosis were lung carcinomas whereas whereas of silicosis asbestosis there carcinomas carcinomas 14.2 were experience experience cases association association only 32 carcinomas asbestosis 1.4 The countries countries : of and investigators tuberculosis high rate greatly greatly infection in countries . English have recorded a of tuberculous infection low asbestos workers it is rare complication macroscopic the rate is America Germany and microscopic appearances the are Germany and macroscopic of appearances discussed discussed in described and significance discussed extensive extensive reference and list dealing with that subject is given controversial reference Cond and an extensive ( us | multicentered F. Boemke Boemke Asbestos Asbestos Inhalation Monatsschr 77-81 Lung Monatsschr 1953 German 0 7, 77-5) Med. relation asbestos deposits caused asbestos discussed changes the site deposits deposits pre- lung carcinoma carcinoma are multicentered Characteristic lower lower is of pre- ept- developments Abst: in thelium thelium Characteristic are the Chem Absts dilection. carcinoma thelium carcinoma. \ \ Ob Pie ENVIRONMENT PHYSICAL ASPECTS [ 11 Cad. a F. Ye abe bron weston aot and 605-666 Fen Apr ven eT . a CarboFn o Diu osar idt c een Cera men Cvyetl porn oy. ___ Fourteen young breathed breathed Fourteen 22,000 feet 22,000 feet teet ." Tie pise men expres Pourteea your, criths eect ade Lec thre ho oe pay SEARLE G+ wea 3 4 wh Gey EE ny eee i re Ore ye W bere ee oe ttt be a ent Lov te Pe late Late i FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATI FOUNDATI FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATI FOUNDATIO FOUNDATION FOUNDATION penne a Foundation Facts is monthly letter issued in to industrial concerns holding membership Industrial Hygiene Foundation The Foundation nonprofit association of industries for the June 1953 No. 6 COMMITTEE MEMBER ACCEPTS APPOINTMENT Chemical Toxicological Mr. Warren A. Cook a member of the Foundation's the Industrial Hygiene at School established Bureau of has accepted appoint- will head a newly CommitteHeealth University of Michigan Ann Arbor where he effective July , Health and Hygiene 1953 PublicAssociate Professor of Industrial of the Division of Industrial Hygiene ment as has been Director Chicago Mr. Cook for the last 15 yeoafrtshe Zurich - American Insurance Companies and Engineering Research BOARD MEMBER DIES Vice President of Union Carbide Mr. J. W. McLaughlin Board of Trustees died ration and a member of the Foundation's May 15 ARMED.n ARMED.n ARMED.n carbos Corp- Corp- Zimmerman's Fraser President Rome Cable Corporation Mr. A. D. Ross in New York on May 27 the Board of Trustees at the Spring meetinZimerman'sgretirement from the Board created by Mr. R. E. acancy STAFF MEMBERS PRESENT PAPERS Richard Walmer Director Dr. C. speaker Commencement speaker at the College in Washington Pa of the Foundation was a Managing of Washington and Jefferson Exercises was Pre- on June 5. The subject of his discussion Hemeon requistes requisites of Medicine " Director presented a paatptehre o An irDPeotle-rmi- Mr. W. C. L. Engineering Sampling Concentration by Filter was authored nation nation of Haze and Smoke in Baltimore on May 25. The paper ation Control Association meeting and Harold Ide phy Messrs Hemeon George Haines NEW REPRINT AVAILABLE at the Conference on of presented by W. C. L. Hemeon Pittsburgh are Reprints a paper " and Steel Industry in April 1952 of Instruments ; Instrumentation for the Iron in the April 1953 issue for distribution The article appeared ready H PITTSBURGH 13 PA 4400 FIFTH AVENUE HYGIENE FOUNDATION | Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS { MEDICAL ENGINEERING 1 CHEMICAL f ARMED { TOXICOLOGICAL ARMED Z LEGAL ... decisions and trends \ \ AUGUST 1954 Vol 18 No. 8 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE - PITTSBURGH 13 PA FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATI FOUNDATI FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATI FOUNDATIO FOUNDATION FOUNDATION August 1954 is a Foundation Facts monthly news letter issued to industrial concerns holding membership in Industrial Hygiene Foundation The Foundation is a nonprofit association of industries for the advancement of healthful working conditions No. 8 WALMER ON CIVIL DEFENSE DEFENSE COMMITTEE C. Richard Walmer Managing Director of Industrial Hygiene Foupnrdoabtlieomn Dr. committee to study the defense made a member of the advisory defense activitie been and to aid in civil has County FORCES in Pittsburgh and Allegheny i EMERITUS LANZA MADE PROFESSOR MEDICAL and || government a Trustee of the Foundation and Dr. Anthony J. Lanza emeritus of New of industrial medicine has been made profMeesdsiocral School from which ne is retiring at Medical Center's Graduate Bellevue since 1947 he has served as professor end of the academic year A faculty member and director of the Medical Center's the of of industrial medicine and chairman of the department as consultant for the Institute Institute of Industrial Medicintehe H fieelwdilolf cionndutsitnruieal medicine andand hygiene since 19a0n6d ainnddus- Lanza has been active in while serving in important has contributed much to its advancement trial posts has NEW PERSONNEL the staff of the Foundation's toxicology preparation Miss Ethel Tolker has been added to will be the One of her main duties of tissue of laboratory as research assistant examination Miss Tolker is a graduate of the University Hospital in Pittsburgh for microscopic specimens associated with St. Joseph's Maryland and was formerly formerly COMMITTEE APPOINTMENTS CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL Toxicological Committee are Two new members appointed to the Esso Laboratories N. V. Hendricks Head of the Industrial Hygiene SCehicetfioTnoxicologist Division and H. E. Stokinger Oil Development Company Service Cincinnati Health Services U. S. Public Health Standard of Special NEW REPRINT AVAILABLE A New Apparatus for the available upon request of a paperpaper on Reprints are Animals by Paul Paul E. Palm Kenneth M. Cook Instruments Partitioning of Expired Air of small in the the Review of Scientific Jack H. U. Brown and Theodore Hatch published Vol 25 No. 6 576-579 June 1954 H 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITSBURGH PITTSBURGH 13 PA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION Industrial Hygiene Digest ae August 1954 the PH From albumin solutions having a concentration comparable with upon plasma only about tenth of the available adsorption sites on a quartz surface are filled at PH 7.4 The adsorption of proteins upon the quartz surface is not considered to be an important aspect of the silicosis problem -- Authors conclusions 905 The Presence of Asbestos Fibers in Urine Hazard V. Wyss Rass med ind 22 of Workers Exposed to 55-56 1953 Italian Asbestos In urinary sediment of two asbestos workers asbestos fibers were seen the same finding was detected in urine of two female patients suffering from as- bestosis who had left their work seven years before -- Biol Absts PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ic .is is 3 906 Some Practical Aspects of Industrial Noise Measurement L. J. Proulx Arch Ind Hyg & Occ Med 9 496-502 June 1954 Some of the instrumentation problems faced by an engineer who must evaluate industrial noise environments are discussed An array of equipment which includes a sound level meter octave band analyzer tape recorder dynamic audio oscillator vacuum tube voltmeter fidelity crystal head- microphone phones cathode ray oscilloscope and a good quality loudspeaker is described noises is The use of the tape recorder and oscilloscope for measuring impact given particular attention Various calibration checks ar described 907 The Locus of Short Duration Auditory Fatigue or " Adaptation J. D. Harris and Anita L. Rawnsley J. Exptl Psychol 46 457-461 1953 Auditory adaptation defined as a reversible shift in threshold following mild acoustic stimulation was distinguished from true auditory fatigue by very four criteria 1 the cumulative effect of stimulus duration 2 the temporal to normal threshold following stimulation 3 the relative fre- course of return tone stimulation and quency region of maximum threshold shift following puTrheis experiment sought to recruitment 4 the shape of the curve of loudness adaptation occurs By the tech- under- throw light upon where in the auditory system between one normal ear under- nique of simultaneous binaural loudness balancing threshold shift of a preceding adapting stimulus it was possible to demon- gsotirantge aan accelerated growth of recruitment in the adapted ear The intimate 29 FOUNDATION TRANSACTIONS BULLETIN NO 28 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION FIFTH AVENUE MELLON INSTITUTE OF AMERICA PITTSBURGH 13 PA Copyright 1955 Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America Inc. Pittsburgh Pa NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA HELD AT MELLON INSTITUTE PITTSBURGH PA NOVEMBER 17-18 1954 TRANSACTIONS OF The General Meeting AND The ConferencesMedical -Legal Joint Medical Toxicological -Engineering -Engineering BOARD OF TRUSTEES ANDREW FLETCHER Chairman President St. Joseph Lead Company New York N.Y. V. P. AHEARN Secretary Executive Secretary National Industrial Sand Association Washington D.C. M. W. THOMPSON Treasurer Treasurer and General Manager The Hall China Company East Liverpool Ohio T. C. WATERS General Counsel Miles & Stockbridge Baltimore Md H. W. ANDERSON Vice President General Motors Corporation Detroit Mich H. K. CLARK Director The Carborundum Company Niagara Falls N.Y. J. DEWEY DORSETT General Manager Association of Casualty & Surety Companies New York N.Y. PHILIP DRINKER Sc.D. School of Public Health Harvard University Boston Mass A. R. FISHER President Johns Manville Corporation New York N.Y. A. D. ROSS FRASER President Rome Cable Corporation Rome N.Y. W. B. GIVEN JR Board Chairman American Brake Shoe Company New York N.Y. C. S. GOLDEN Graduate School of Business Administration Harvard University Boston Mass A. C. HIRTH Illinois Glass Company Toledo Ohio B. E. KUECHLE Vice President Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Company Wausau Wis A. J. LANZA M.D. Director Institute of Industrial Medicine New York University New York N.Y. GEORGE MIXTER Director US US Smelting Refining & Mining Company Boston Mass E. V. MURPHREE Sc.D. President Standard Oil Development Company New York N.Y. C. B. POLLOCK Vice President Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation Pittsburgh l'a A. M. SCAIFE Vice President T. Mellon & Sons Pittsburgh l'a R. C. TAYLOR Executive Vice President American Can Company New York NY NY C. RICHARD WALMER M.D. Managing Director Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa W. P. YANT Sc.D. Director Director Research & Development Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh Pa EXECUTIVE STAFF C. Richard Walmer M.D. H. H. Schrenk Ph.D. Theodore Hatch S.M. W. C. L. Hemeon S.M. D. C. Braun M.D. Paul Gross M.D. J. F. Osterritter M.D. J. F. Morgan F. F. Rupert Ph.D. G. F. Haines Jr. M.S. S. D. Puntureri M.S. Lee Schreibeis Jr. M.P.HI. M.P.HI. J. Deane Sensenbaugh M.S. Marian Westrick Ph nD J. M. McNerney M.S. SE H. M. Ide eswoe Michael Cerreta Ethel Tolker Ellen C. Diamond eee Vivian M. Colonna Managing Director Research Director Research Adviser Engineering Director Medical Director Research Pathologist Medical Associate Head Chemical Hygienist Head Chemical Analyst Chemical Engineer Chemical Engineer Industrial Hygiene Engineer Chemist Research Toxicologist Research Associate Bacteriologist Chemist Research Assistant Office Manager Editor alae RESEARCH ADVISORY COUNCIL ' Theodore Hatch Secretary j W. A. Hamor Sc.D. t 1. Lyle Hazlett M.D. A. J. Lanza M.D. Willard Machle M.D. W. P. Yant Sc.D. R. E. Zimmerman Sc.D. Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh and Industrial Hygiene Foundation Mellon Institute Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh New York University New York National Research Council Washington D.C. Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh U.S. Steel Corporation New York COMMITTEES COMMITTEES MEDICAL COMMITTEE O. A. Sander M.D. Chairman A. G. Kammer M.D. Chairman D. Braun M.D. Secretary E. H. Carleton M.D. L. E. Hamlin M.D. R. A. Kehoe M.D. E. M. Kline M.D. C. Howard Marcy M.D. L. C. McGee M.D. C. M. Peterson M.D. C. D. Selby M.D. W. P. Shepard M.D. J. F. Shronts M.D. Marquette University Milwaukee University of Pittsburgh Pittsburg Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburg Inland Steel Company East Chicago Indi American Brake Shoe Co. Chicago University of Cincinnati Cincinnate . General Electric Company Cleveland Tuberculosis League of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Hercules Powder Company Wilmington Del Council on Industrial Health AMA Chicago University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. New York General Mills Inc. Minneapolis TOXICOLOGICAL COMMITTEE Anna M. Baetjer Sc.D. J. F. Morgan Secretary E. C. Barnes W. A. Cook C. Flint N. V. Hendricks Chairman . . Esso Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich Hazel Glass Company Wheeling W.Va. Research and Engineering Company Linden N.J. D. D. Irish Ph.D. Dow Chemical Company Midland Mich F. S. Mallette American Society Mechanical Engineers New York F. A. Patty . . General Motors Corporation Detroit H. F. Smyth Jr. Ph.D. Mellon Institute Pittsburgh . E. Stokinger Ph.D. U.S. Public Health Service Cincinnati W. P. Yant Sc.D. Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE LEGAL COMMITTEE T. C. Waters Chairman Vandiver Brown Miles & Stockbridge Baltimore Attorney A. J. Gentholts Waco Texas Republic Steel Corporation Cleveland Theodore Hetzler Jr. . National Association of Mutual Mutual Casualty Companies New York A. C. Hirth Illinois Glass Company Toledo Ohioj 5 Andrew Kalmykow Association Casualty & Surety Companies New York C. R. Oviatt Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation New York J. J. Regan toe The Insurers Association New York Ivan Sabourin Quebec Asbestos Producers Association Montreal Canada R. Worth Vaughan American Smelting & Refining Company New W. E. Zimmerman York Sun Oil Company Philadelphia W. Hemeon Chairman . Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh H. H. Schrenk Ph.D. Secretary Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh W. F. Davidson Consolidated Edison Company of New York New York H. F. Hebley Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company Pittsburgh W. L. Latshaw U.S. Smelting Refining & Mining Company Salt Lake City L. C. McCabe Ph.D. U.S. Bureau of Mines Washington D.C. PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING COMMITTEE re Philip Drinker Sc.D. Chairman School of Public Health Harvard W. Hemeon University Secretary : Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh A. D. Brandt Sc.D. Bethlehem Steel Co. Bethlehem Pa M. Kane American Air Filter Company Louisville Ky C. F. McElwain International Business Machines Corp. Endicott N.Y. R. T. Pring American Wheelabrator & Equipment Corp. Mishawaka Ind C. W. Schwenzfeier Jr. Brush Beryllium Company Luckey Ohio K. F. Spence The Funkhouser Company Hagerstown Md F. E. Tayler . American Brake Shoe Company Detroit - W. Thomas Pittsburgh Coke and Chemical Company Pittsburgh INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL MAY 1955 Vol 19 No. 5 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE ::- PITTSBURGH 13 PA  FOUNDATION FOUNDATION | Foundation monthly Industrial Hygiene Foundation The Foundation is a nonprofit association of industries for the advancement of healthful working conditions May 1955 No. 5 DR WEIDLEIN ON EUROPEAN MISSION FOR FEDERAL GOVERNMENT At the request of the Federal Government's Foreign Operations Admin'istration in cooperation with the Eruopean Productivity Agency Dr. Edward R. Weidlein President Mellon Institute departed for Europe on April 29 to lead scientific research seminars in France Belgium Norway Italy and Austria MORGAN APPOINTED HEAD OF RAILROAD INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SECTION James F. Morgan formerly head ofHygiene Foundation has been appointed to industrial hygiene in the medical department naextensive environmental survey made part as et played adation is pleased tohave Ent developmenta * a ay o Foundation BE W. C. L. Hemeon Engineering Director of the , Red Industrial Hygier * made a member of the Program Committee of the American Association for the coming year - -a F 1400 FIFTH AVENUE x -  dustrial Hygiene Digest : May 1955 \ the arthritis in these patients is associated with a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and marked resistance to treatment The radiographic changes called by Caplan rheumatoid were not found to be important in Ruhr miners Tubercu- losis as a complication of silicosis did not appear to be more frequent in arthritics than in arthritics It appears that there is some causal relationship between progressive silicosis and polyarthritis -- Cond from Bull Hyg 52 Symposium on Occupational Diseases of the Lungs Arch Ind Health 11 Lungs 11 183-211 Mar. 1955 54 lia The following papers were presented at the Symposium on Occupational Diseases of the Lungs sponsored by the Massachusetts Medical Society in cooperation with the Institute of Industrial Medicine of New York University at Graduate Medical School Boston Oct. 28 1953. Asbestosis is the main theme of the papers Recent Trends in Industrial Health A. J. Lanza This short address serves as an introduction to the scientific papers and empha- sizes the need of continued progress in the study of dust diseases Pathology of Asbestosis K. M. Lynch The pathological appearances of asbestosis are described and illustrated It appears that asbestos crystal fragments may traumatize living tissues by their physical qualities and the present belief is that the larger particles do the damage in contrast to the chemical action of silica and the harmful effects of the smaller ~~ - particles Roentgenologic Aspects of Silicosis and Asbestosis L. J. Bristol Typical roentgenograms show the appearance of silicosis and of asbestosis in the three stages of each and of silicosis with tuberculosis The functional impairment in silicosis is due to diffuse obstructive emphysema and ray examination in full expiration aids in evaluating the presence or absence of this complication On the other hand not all cases of asbestosis have a breathing problem Expiration films are not of much value in determining the presence or absence of respiratory impairment in these cases Some persons with slight ray changes indicating asbestosis show def.aite functional impairment This situation does not occur in silicosis Functional Abnormalities of Industrial Pulmonary Fibrosis G. W. Wright The author describes the function of the respiratory and cardiocirculatory apparatus in a simplified form for the benefit of lay persons and discusses the methods of quantitating some of the physiologic aspects of the respiratory and circulatory systems He shows how the results of these methods indicate silicosis in its various stages The typical appearances and clinical conditions in asbestosis are then described and contrasted with those in silicosis As in silicosis there is a gross correlation between intensity and duration of exposure but no evidence is found on the least exposure necessary to produce asbestosis The physiologic abnormalities are recognizably different in the earlier stage of the two diseases but in the terminal stage the distinction may not be entirely clear and may lead to confusion A further difficulty in diagnosis is the frequent coexistence of the diseases Both may be roentgenologically manifest without recognizable physical impairment 27 Industrial Hygiene Digest _ | May 1955 Some Clinical Observations of Asbestosis in Mine and Mill Workers P. Cartier 128 cases of asbestosis Statistics and comments are presented on the author over a period of eight years In his experience observed by no cases of asbestos of clinical importance have been diagnosed by the pathologist without previous detection by the roentgenologist The wide discrepancy in the appreciation of the degree of asbestosis by a compensation board the clinical status of 43 different pathologists leads to confusion especially befo The limitations of the table are obvious but it shows tha cases is good and that 59 employees in the early stages asbestosis are able to work without discomfort For the remaining 29 cases no correlation between degree of asbestosis and clinical status has been found good Other Pneumoconioses O. A. Sand Asbestosis as Differentiated from Difficulties in differential diagnosis are considered All possible causes of the revealed by the chest film must be considered Poorly studied cases pathology which not only are embarrassing to the physician but result in misdiagnoses which may cause irreversible harm to the patient Every obscure case should be thoroughly investigated so that such unfortunate situations do not arise 573 Talcosis of Unusually Rapid Development G. P. Alivisatos A. E. Pontikakis and B. Terzis Brit J. Ind Med 12 43-49 Jan. 1955 Eight cases of talcosis occurring in mill workers and developing after an unusually short exposure to talc are described The radiological and clinica findings in these cases were similar to those found in silicosis The chemical analyses of samples of talc powder did not reveal the presence of free silica It was evident that the gross pollution of the air in the factories and the small diameter of the talc particles were the main contributory factors in the product of talcosis Talcosis may be considered a type of fibrotic pneumoconiosis acco . panied by functional disturbances -- Authors summary 574 SF 4 me : : Be ae i a H al Research into the Harmful Nature of Feldspar Dusts A. Polica Experimental 343-350 French 15 1954 and A. Collet Arch maladies profess Three feldspars were used in the investigation orthoclase potassium potassium aluminum silicate albite sodium aluminum silicate and labradorite sodium calcium aluminum silicate In the experiments 100 mg of each in fine partic of less than 5 microns were injected peritoneally into rats After one month reactions were observed They are shown up to 4 1/2 months the consequent wit A certain amount of fibrosis was observed increasing pthimoetoamfitcerrotghre aipnhjsections it was most marked for labradorite and least for or With albite the lesions formed more quickly and were richer in collage clase the fibrosis caused by silica is alw Compared with that produced by feldspars The authors c and the formation of collagen is more abundant more intense sider the feldspars more harmful than kaolin and the micas but less so than Bull -- Cond from fluorspar or silica 28 Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL _ ENGINEERING CHEMICAL / FORCES\ TOXICOLOGICAL ' \ Lok: trend ; LEGAL ... decisions and JUL JUL FORCES FORCES 27 1055 1055 1055 Ley JULY 1955 Vol 19 No. 7 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE -:- PITTSBURGH 13 PA . HYGIENE FACTS UNDATIONUNDATION Industrial Hygiene Foundation The Foundation advancement association working conditions lume 17 July 1955 No. 7 ANNOTATED NOISE BIBLIOGRAPHY PUBLISHED BY H Months of painstaking search and review went into the preparation of F An . Annotated Bibliography on Noise Its Measurement Effects and Control publication of which was recently completed by Industrial Hygiene Foundation PThe page bibliography covers 2,336 articles and other literature and executives and E itsintended as a useful reference for engineers physicians cr Be noise F others who may be concerned with problems resulting from excessive 4 The proper approach to an understanding of the problemproblem of6 ole the problem jon necessitated systematic survey of knowledge tie: #85 DAE printing issue Bibliogr eS TEs) atton and by of this the hids contributed various organizations Therefor Dy companies requestcospiesadditional to member number ofcopies requests undation : copies copies ty xt Manville - o AMisd to Company Committee is James Motor Company . 1954-55 " The Year Book of Pathology and Clinical Pathology for contains to bstract of the paper on Permeability of Lung Parenchyma Particulate " by Dr. Paul Gross and Dr. Marian Westrick of theFoundation's tox- gy laboratory The year book outlines the significant advances in path- eel ne tag. : : 1 -os Industrial Hygiene Digest Sonne Conon July 1955 silicic acid with a high degree of polymerization distinctly inhibited mobility and phagocytosis that freshly prepared polysilicic acid had very little effect and that monosilicic acid had no effect at all on phagocytosis -- Bull Hyg 854 The Reactivity of Finely Ground Quartz C. Claeys and E. Staub No. 37 393-403 Sept. 15 1954 German Quinot The surface layers of finely ground quartz and of silica were dissolved in distilled water Optical electrical and chemical proper- ties of the solutions were investigated and their visible and ultraviolet absorption spectra were examined Anomalies in the quartz spectra are attributed to carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide content of the solu- tion estimated by Van Slyke's method was greater than could be accounted for by carbon dioxide dissolved in the distilled and degassed water used in the experiments The abnormal reactivity of finely ground quartz particles is ascribed to the presence of carbon dioxide in the shape of carboxyl groups forming a complex with the silica It is claimed that several biological effects of fine quartz may be explained by means of this hypothesis -- Cond from Bull Hyg 855 Primary Cortical Tumor of the Peritoneum in a Case of Asbestosis F. Leicher Arch Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 13 382-392 1954 German A case of asbestosis following long exposure to asbestos is described In addition to typical symptoms and findings leptomeningitis was present and tubercle bacilli were found in the spinal fluid The patient died with cachexia Autopsy showed tuberculosis of the lumbar spine with bilateral psoas abscess and mixed infection in both lungs Asbestosis stage two was found in the lungs with definite fibrosis there was slight asbestosis in the lymphatic glands and asbestos bodies were found in the spleen On the peritoneum of the mesentery and over the peritoneal cavity there were thickened patches and many small nodules a flat tumor half the size of a hand and 1 cm in thickness was attached to the peritoneum on the under side of the diaphragm The results of the examination of the tumor are fully described and illustrated Asbestos was found in the tumor tissues by ray diffraction It is uncertain how the asbestos reached the peritoneal cavity the most probable route was thought to be by direct penetration of the asbestos fibers from the lung through the pleura and thence through the diaphragm 36 LA LA Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL q ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL ... decisions and trends SEPTEMBER 1955 Vol 19 No. 9 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE - PITTSBURGH 13 PA . A > i E. i] v~ >i FACTS . NYGIENE TRAL NYGIENE ( FACTS FACTS UNGATION UNGATION Industrial Hygiene Foundation The Foundation is a nonprofit association of industries for the advancement of healthful working conditions Jume 17 September 1955 No. 9 DR WALMER PARTICIPATES IN CONFERENCE Dr. C. Richard Walmer Managing Director of the Foundation presented a paper on Who Are Mentally and Physically Handicapped " Workers at a Conference on Industry's Stake in the Handicapped q on September 8. The conference was part of a course for management offered at the Management Center School of Business Administration Marquette University NEW REPRINTS AVAILABLE Be eS Two reprints on a broad Toxicologie Study :* phosphate Phosphors andAntimony Trioxide - Part takes up Acute and Chronic Toxicity Part gations Aspects concerned with Pulmoni 2% gations Bat me E ( to representativeosfmember companies company will designate personnetlo attend manageme technical conferences which include Medical Legal Toxicological sessions Innovations this year cal and Toxicological and the Joint Engineering REMEMBER THE NOVEMBER 16-17 | . Set TRIAL MYGIENE FOUNDATION CFL ee 4400 FIFTH AVENUE HPT: ; industrial Hygiene Digest | September 1955 the common aspects of tuberculosis were seen instead of the features characteristic of silicotuberculosis It is suggested that the term tuberculosilicosis be used for such patients Active tuberculosis was found in eight patients with stage 3 silicosis but most of the patients in that stage did not show signs of tuberculosis or other in- fection The authors conclude that the transition from the nodular to the massive stage can take place without the superimposition of infection -- Cond from J. Am Med Assn 1113 Mortality from Lung Cancer in Asbestos Workers Ind Med 12 81-86 Apr. 1955 R. Doll Brit J. In necropsies of 105 persons who had been employed at an asbestos works lung cancer was found in 18 instances In 15 cases asbestosis was also found These 15 workers were employed at least nine years before 1923 when dust control regulations became effective An additional 113 men who had been exposed to asbestos dust for 20 years were followed up and their mortality was compared with that of the whole male population Thirty deaths occurred in expected the group whereas 15.4 were expected The excess was entirely due to excess deaths from lung cancer 11 against 0.8 expected and from other respiratory and cardiovascular diseases 22 against 7.6 All the cases of lung cancer were confirmed histologically and all were average associated with asbestosis From the data it is concluded that lung cancer is a specific hazard of asbestos workers and that the risk among men employed for 20 years or more has been of the order of ten times that experienced by the general population The risk has become progressively less as the duration of employment under the old dusty conditions has decreased Cond from author's summary 1114 Pneumoconiosi - Primary Lung Cancer in South Wales Coal Workers with W. R. L. James Brit J. Ind Med 12 87-91 Apr. 1955 Primary lung cancer was found at necropsy in 3.3 of 1,827 1,827 South Wales coal miners and in 5.4 % of 1,531 South Wales miners In 12 cases with massive pneumoconiosis the tumor was in the mass or touching it in five In the other seven the tumor was remote Lung cancer in South Wales miners is similar to that in miners with re- NNR spect to the ages at death the distribution of the histological variants of the tumor and the distribution of metastases The significance of nen these findings is discussed Attention is drawn to the difficulty of SARE diagnosing lung cancer in the presence of massive pneumoconiosis -- Author's summary Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL ... decisions and trends fo FORCES f 3 1955 OCTMEDICAL LIBRARY OCTOBER 1955 Vol 19 No. 10 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE - PITTSBURGH 13 PA a dakeeeae pet FOUNDATION FACTS October 1955 Industrial Hygiene Digest :- October 1453 1237 Adsorption of Serum Proteins at the Surface of Silica Its Possible Im portance in the Genesis of Silicosis B. Pernis and M. Battigelli Med lavoro 46 1-13 Jan. 1955 Italian with English summary A series of recent hypotheses on the pathogenetic mechanism of silicosis is based on the adsorption of proteins by silica The re- search described was undertaken to determine which proteins are most 4 likely to be thus adsorbed Experiments were made in which serum albumins globulins and whole human serum were adsorbed on carbon quartz and Aerosil powder The experiments show that i human serum globulins and particularly globulins have a { : high tendency to be adsorbed on silica is held probable that the adsorption on quartz is followed by a denaturation of the adsorbed pro- teins and that this phenomenon could have an importance in the genesis of silicosis -- Cond from English summary Bull Hyg ) 1238 Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mining Community W. 150-158 June 1955 Males An E. Miall Epidemiological Study of Ann Rheumat Diseases a Welsh 14 It has been shown IHF Absts 180 181 Feb. 1954 that some coal miners with rheumatoid arthritis and with pneumoconiosis have i characteristic chest rays To determine whether the progressive : massive fibrosis was a causal factor in arthritias survey of rheuma- toid arthritis patients was undertaken in a Welsh mining valley in which . ; progressive massive fibrosis was common among the miners The sur- vey showed that though the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis among the all patients with massive fibrosis is about 2.7 compared with 0.6 among miners without massive fibrosis prevalence of the disease in miners does not differ significantly from that among miners and therefore it is unlikely that massive fibrosis predisposes to rheu- matoid arthritis It is concluded therefore that neither exposure to dust nor the lung changes of complicated complicated pneumoconiosis play a causal role in rheumatoid arthritis Heredity seems to play a causal role in rheumatoid arthritis in Caplan's syndrome and in Caplan chest ray findings without arthritis -- Cond from J. Am Med Assn 1239 Pulmonary Disability in Asbestos Workers Health 12 198-203 Aug. 1955 K. W. Smith Arch Ind Respiratory disease experience among several thousand male and female asbestos workers in the United States and Canada is reported Of all workers exposed to the fibers very few develop asbestosis This disease is insidious in onset and progresses slowly with continued exposure embarrassment and cardiac failure Expansion of the causing respiratory lung is difficult and there is impaired gas transfer through the lung Dif- fuse obstructive emphysema is not common The typica ray pattern 28 tine, Industrial Hygiene Digest settee et October 1955 cannot be confused with other pneumoconioses An ray survey of 708 employees in a milling operation showed that the majority had \ normal ray patterns that ten or more years of exposure were nec- Baby,ramen essary to produce ray changes and that no cases of asbestosis were found who had worked less than 20 years in the dust The incidence and duration of nonoccupational respiratory disease were not increased by exposure Asbestos does not predispose to tuberculosis nor does it aggravate an apparently healed lesion There are several reasons for different opinions expressed concerning the relationship of asbestosis and bronchogenic carcinoma Differences in asbestos fibers were noted -- Cond from author's summary 1240 The Effects of Inhaled Mining Dust on the Human Lung G. W. H. Schepers and T. M. Durkan Arch Ind Health 12 182-197 Aug. 1955 The talc mined in Northern New York State consists of a mix- ture of talc tremolite and anthophyllite Quartz is also present in moderate amounts in the dust generated in mining and processing The three constituents of the talc were present in the lungs of deceased em- ployees Quartz was present in significant amounts only when the men had been additionally exposed in other mining industries The histolog- ical features suggest that tremolite may be the main pathogenic agent in provoking the characteristic tale lung lesion The roles of talc and of anthophyllite have not been wholly excluded The presence of talc reaction quartz modifies materially the nature of the and the presence of talc dust in the lungs modifies both the response to quartz dust and the course of associated infection Marked pulmonary vascu- lar damage was present in cases where the quartz content of the lungs was highest and this feature is in harmony with the tendency to cardiac deaths Bronchitis bronchiolitis obliterans and bronchiolectasis are associated major findings in this series -- Cod Cod from authors summary 1241 Disabling Pneumoconiosis from Limestone Dust Ind Med 12 206-216 July 1955 A. T. Doig Brit J. Attention is drawn to the occurrence of cases of pneumoconiosis in limestone workers This pneumoconiosis is associated with fibrosis of the lungs and in advanced cases with disability The lesion produced is almost certainly silicosis due to the free silica content of the limestone The pneumoconiosis hazard in the mining and grinding of at least certain limestones is considerable in spite of the relatively low free silica content Whether or not calcium carbonate can modify the action of silica it would not apparently judging from these observations have any inhibitory effect _ Author's summary 20th ANNUAL MEETING | INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE } FOUNDATION FORARMED CEFORSCESARFMORECEDS x MAY \ " FORCES \ 22 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION ; MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE OF AMERICA PITTSBURGH 13 PA Copyright 1956 Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America Inc. Pittsburgh Pa Printed in U.S.A TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA HELD AT MELLON INSTITUTE PITTSBURGH PA NOVEMBER 16 and 17 1955 TRANSACTIONS OF The General Meeting AND -Medical The Conferences Toxicological -Joint Medical and Toxicological . -Legal ee _Engineering 8 ites. -Joint Engineering and Legal THE ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH A. R. FISHER President Manville Corporation As a trustee of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation it is only natural I suppose that I should be quite enthusiastic about its aims and its accomplishments during its twenty years of service to industry To me the Foundation exemplifies what is being done by privately supported institutions to improve the health of the nation When I use the word health I do not restrict it to its physio- logical sense My concept of it is much broader than that And I am sure yours is too Nowadays when we speak of health we do not think only about diseases and injuries that afflict mankind Equally important are the mental being and the personal dignity of man and the members of his family Throughout the ages man's being has been his chief concern Since the dawn of civilization man has sought protection against common ailments and dreaded epidemics But for the most part man's efforts were individual and inspired by his instinct for preservation Neither the ruling classes nor private groups paid much attention to the health of the community Our world is many thousands of years removed from primitive man who first sought shelter in a cave and who later relied on a fanatical medicine man to cure his physical and mental ills And yet in many regions of the globe millions of people exist under conditions not too unlike those of primitive man Poverty ignorance and superstitions prevail Disease is rampant The death rate is high In many areas human life is considered cheap and expend- able It is a burden to be cast off The Most Effective Approach It is only in our Western civilization that real progress has been made And the greatest progress has been recorded in the United States and Canada Perhaps there is a definite reason for this Ours is the middle approach We do not leave the problem of the nation's health entirely to the government We do not leave it entirely to private groups Nor do we neglect it or merely pay lip service to it Through experience we have found our way to be quite effective Other countries may not agree with the way the nation's health is handled in the United States and Canada In this connection I 12 read an editorial in the Wall Street Journal It dealt with England's cradle security It happened that a man in England went in swimming and lost a set of false teeth he had obtained under Britain's National Health Program The man's application for a second set of false teeth was turned down by the city's health council on the ground that he had I exercised lack of care by swimming in a rough sea This raised some interesting questions Was the sea rough when the false tooth man first went in or did it become so later Is that particular sea always rough and are the nearby beaches to be denied all wearers of false teeth To rule that a man should be denied a second set of false teeth is to say that government responsibility in the matter of false teeth should go so far and no further But to say that about false teeth is to question the whole scheme of socialized medicine For someone is bound to ask as in the case of the false tooth man how did he lose his own teeth in the first place Our approach to the health of the nation is different from that of England Ours is neither a government health program nor one completely dominated by private enterprise It is an excellent example of state health agencies and private enterprise working together for the common good There are many private organizations in the United States and Canada all supported by individual contributions and dedicated to promoting the health of the public of both nations There are also health departments in every state and city And there are organizations devoted to improving the health of those engaged in industry Our Industrial Hygiene Foundation is an outstanding example In addition to these privately supported local and state government groups there are several federal health agencies doing wonderful work There is for example the United States Public Health Service In my opinion this excellent organization has been most helpful and cooperative in collaborating with us in industry to solve our many and at times complex problems in health This is a typical American way of doing things Our private groups utilize the services of the government and our government agencies work with us In this way we retain our freedom and our initiative Concern for the Individual's Welfare As a result private industry promotes the being of the individual Indirectly we have our called cradle security without the heavy hand of government Directly we in industry are 13 interested in the employee from the day of employment to retire- ment And that covers a good measure of the span of life of most of us As you all know industry does this through carefully planned programs based on maintaining a sound mind in a sound body We need only refer to a few statistics to realize how the nation's health has improved through the combined efforts of state industry and private groups In 1909 the life expectancy of the industrial population was 46 years For the general population it was 52 years In 1954 the life expectancy of the industrial population was nearly 70 years or an increase of 24 years And for the general population the life expectancy was also about 70 in 1954 an increase of only 18 years There are truly significant figures They show that the life expectancy of the general population has increased ighly a third during the last 45 years And they show that the life expectancy of the industrial population has increased more than a half in this period These advances have been due to a considerable extent to the amazing achievements of our modern scientists The figures also show the important part played by industry in improving the health of the nation It has done so because industry today is directed by enlightened professional managers who realize their obligations and responsibilities to their employees customers stockholders and the public This concern for the individual's welfare of course is a relatively modern idea At the start of the Industrial Revolution 200 years ago no one gave a thought to man's health or his dignity All too frequently employees were looked upon as mere chattels or commodities Men women and children were transplanted from homes to factories and mines Sweatshop conditions prevailed What little progress there was could hardly be detected For example what was considered a milestone in industrial relations occurred in 1842 almost a century after the start of the Industrial Revolution At that time Massachusetts passed a law forbidding children under 12 years of age from working more than 10 hours a day in manufacturing establishments I mention this merely to point out that the capitalism of a century ago is a far cry from the progressive capitalism existing in the United States and Canada today Admittedly early capitalism was primitive crude and on occasion inhuman and ruthless Very little if any thought was given to the health working conditions and general welfare of the employees Nor was any thought given to the effect on the community of fumes polluted streams environmental and occupational health hazards and other nuisances of the factory and mine Amazing progress has been made in eliminating such conditions 14 But past evils are difficult to live down Even in this enlightened era of ours the memory of former wrongs still haunts the word capi- talism Those who would undermine our system of private enterprise still build up their strawmen or tilt at fictitious windmills as they continue to hurl their reckless charges about the exploitation of the common man Fortunately they are fast becoming a woefully weak minority The falsity of their claims is too apparent Industry has shocked and stunned them by its amazing strides To be sure industry's awakening was a slow one Fifty years ago a few leaders in industry attempted to improve the health and working conditions of employees But it was just an attempt The few efforts that were made were crude and isolated And precious little financial support was offered It is not surprising that progress was slow Then the public's voice was heard The public's growing concern for the health of the employee was forcibly brought to the attention of industry There were just too many occupational diseases too many tragedies in the mines mills and factories And to the great credit of industry the problems were recognized Industry no longer considered an employee to be a mere chattel or commodity to be put on the block and auctioned off to the highest bidder His dignity as a human being was acknowledged spirited men of wealth endowed research institutions to probe into occupational hazards and diseases and to develop methods and procedures to improve the health of the individual of the employee in industry and conditions in the community Progressive companies established medical clinics They pushed ahead with health and safety programs The programs were and still are based on taking care of the physical and mental wellbeing of employees helping and protecting the consumer and promoting the common good From Defensive to Offensive In the early days of course industrial medicine was essentially on the defensive For the most part its programs were confined to treating injuries and diseases But in recent years industrial medi- cine has taken the offensive Its programs are positive They are directed at the preventing disease and maintaining good health In its sincere concern for employees industry has truly covered the field Its entire resources have been mobilized to this end The talents of engineers doctors scientists chemists and personnel men have all been enlisted in the cause Through the efforts of industry 15 occupational diseases accidents and other causes of absenteeism have been reduced amazingly It has been said that each year about a half a billion man days are lost to industry But of these only 10 per cent are due to necupational causes The problem of industry therefore is not only to try to reduce occupational absenteeism Our job is to work with other health organizations in our economy to reduce the nonoceupa- tional causes of absenteeism Obviously such an undertaking requires a vast expenditure of funds Statistics on this point are not readily available But in a survey made in 1951 by the National Association of Manufacturers it is interesting to note that almost 1,600 companies spent many mil- lions a year on health services Multiply this figure by the thousands of other companies not surveyed and I am sure you will agree with me that modern inindustry is doing its best to promote the being of its employees We in industry realize that as good citizens it is part of our obligation to society to help improve the health of the nation as well as the community Obviously it is also good business for healthier employees mean less absenteeism and more productivity Manville of course is but one of many companies that has established health and safety programs In the thirty years that I have been with Manville I have observed the increasing interest in and the progress made by our company in the field of occupational health And our records show that as long ago as 1895 we established a clinic with a doctor serving part time at our Asbestos Mine in Quebec One Company's Program Today our program is typical of those in American industry I mention it only because naturally I am more familiar with it Manville's program includes a physical examination when em- ployed; continuing preventive health measures and periodic examinations; control of occupational hazards immediate job medical care safety precautions accident and health insurance hospitaliza- ; tion group life insurance vacations a pension plan and plant staffs of medical industrial hygiene and safety personnel coordinated by a headquarters health department In past years Manville has sponsored independent research on various raw materials and finished products at private research institutions throughout the country For example the Industrial Hy- 16 giene Foundation is currently investigating the properties of one of our newer products All of these features of our program are based on keeping the employee in good mental and physical health They enable him to be more useful to himself his family his company and his community Responsibility to the Consuming Public As with the rest of industry we are also aware of our responsi- bilities to the consuming public Today the products of industry are designed to promote the health and comfort of the public Industry is constantly striving to bring about more pleasant living through improved products at better values to the consumer Moreover every effort is made nowadays to protect the consumer with safer products and better methods of handling them Years ago industrial research was unconcerned about problems of health and safety that might be involved in a product When the product was developed it was put on the market Today our indus- trial research organizations probe into every health hazard And every safeguard is insisted upon before the product is marketed to the consumer A number of companies have established research organizations and laboratories for the sole purpose of eliminating health hazards that might injure the consumer Some companies have granted fellowships for this specific purpose And industry has inspired to a very great extent the movement to label properly certain types of products that might harm the con- sumer if he were not forewarned Health and Safety Outgrowth of Free Enterprise System All of these things not only help the individual employee and consumer but the community at large Modern plants in which nuisances and health hazards are reduced to a minimum are the order of the day And in their construction every consideration is given to healthful and safe working conditions .. Now how has this come about In my opinion it is the natural result of the free enterprise system directed by enlightened men of modern management who are aware of the fact that employees are first of all human beings not mere commodities to be exploited Under our system modern management has had the freedom to progress It has not been shackled by the totalitarian state or dictator 17 And modern management has been able to finance these costly projects through the profits of the free enterprise system As a result industry has not only established its own health and occu- safety programs It has also fostered independent research in pational health and has benefited through the products of this All of these efforts are reflected in lower turnover less absentee- ism and reduced production costs At the same time the employee's health is better his morale is higher He and his family live longer and more happily But despite our amazing progress there is still a great deal to be done Many problems have hardly been touched Some are too big too baffling and too complex for one company to finance or to study All of them however have a direct bearing on the nation's health A tremendous job lies ahead of us ~ . We must solve the tragic riddles of cancer cerebral palsy muscular dystrophy alcoholism The common cold still exacts an astronomical toll of absenteeism in industry We have much to learn about mental health and rehabilitation And in a wracked world we must redouble our efforts to further improve working conditions through noise abatement use of appropriate color schemes and other devices to promote the being of the industrial employee Continued Cooperation Needed I have merely mentioned a few problems cry out for a solu- that tion These problems call for further of management cooperation labor and the government all working together right down to the man at the machine nation For we all realize that no asset is more vital to a than the health of its people It affects a nation's happiness its social welfare its industrial productivity its moral fibre its future growth and its prosperity matter how There is no doubt in my mind that the job no gigan- tic it may seem can be done And it can be done within the spirit and the framework of free and enlightened enterprise 18 GRADUATE EDUCATION FOR INDUSTRY'S PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL J. ROSCOE MILLER M.D. President Northwestern University Graduate education for industry's professional personnel involves two developments historically speaking of relatively recent origin These developments are the great and constantly growing need of business and industry for persons with advanced training and a related increase in the number of university programs designed in part to meet this need I stress that these programs are designed or should be designed only in part to meet present needs The relationship between today's industrial needs and today's graduate training should not be a sort of one basis with each course fitting like a cog in a machine into its matching need Such an arrangement I believe could lead us in a direction quite opposite to the one we think we are traveling Let me forewarn you therefore that I shall concern myself here not with advancing programs for particular courses for industry's professional personnel but with a discussion of certain considerations . - which are basic to any successful attempt to draw up such programs Social Structure of Business and Industry Changing To begin let us focus our attention on the general situation which has brought among a few other notable events in history appearance here to address you on this particular topic I refer to the industrial and commercial revolution that has occurred that is occurring every day Thanks perhaps to the use made of them by some of the more flamboyant publicists and advertising copywriters of our day our present stock of adjectives and adverbs seems wholly inadequate to characterize this revolution and its consequences in the lives of individuals and nations The words no longer measure up to the accomplishments The miracle has become a commonplace Observe how quickly we settle down after a brief flurry of excitement to accepting with no further ado such marvels as television and supersonic flight It seems we are losing the very capacity to marvel under the impact of a new marvel following quickly upon heels of one to which we have barely been introduced The possibilities of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy are no sooner dimly perceived than we begin to reassess solar energy and we greet each with comparative equanimity Space satellites 19 gone a step farther by introducing a labeling code This is for the further breakdown of chemicals into smaller lots and again it lists the toxic materials and the antidotes That is as far I believe as one can go MODERATOR DORSETT One more question What are the qualifications for an expert in industrial hygiene engineering That is a good one Mr. Hemeon MR HEMEON I will say that it all depends on what your definition of expert is I think the lawyers present can tell us what it means when it comes to compensation hearings There is also the definition involving degree Certainly there are a very great number of men who are not known who have published or appeared on programs who have as good a knowledge of certain subjects as men who are labeled as experts I think it turns on your definition of the term MR WATERS On behalf of the Engineering and Legal Com- mittees I wish to thank you members for the interest that you have shown in this particular session and on our behalf I would like to thank the Moderator and the participants in the panel for the excellent presentation that they have made of the subjects which we have been discussing -~ [ 274 . BOARD OF TRUSTEES ANDREW FLETCHER Chairman President St. Joseph Lead Company New York N. CARL B. POLLOCK Secretary Vice President Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Pa M. W. THOMPSON Treasurer General Manager and Treasurer The Hall China Company East Liverpool O. T. C. WATERS General Counsel Miles & Stockbridge Baltimore Md V. P. AHEARN Executive Secretary National Industrial Sand Association Washington D. C. H. W. ANDERSON Vice President General Motors Corporation Detroit Mich JOHN BUGAS Vice President Ford Motor Company Dearborn Mich H. K. CLARK Director The Carborundum Company Niagara Falls N. Y. Manager General J. DEWEY DORSETT Asociation Association of Casualty Casualty and Surety Companies New York N. PHILIP DRINKER Sc.D. School of Public Health Harvard University Boston Mass A. R. FISHER President Manville Corporation New York N. Y. A. D. ROSS FRASER President Rome Cable Corporation Rome N. Y. WILLIAM B. GIVEN JR Board Chairman American Brake Shoe Company New York N. Y. OSCAR A. GLAESER Vice President United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company Salt Lake City Utah mee A. C. HIRTH Owens Glass Company Toledo O. we HARVEY B. JORDAN Executive Vice President United States Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Pa Mutual Vice President Employers B. E. KUECHLE Mutual Insurance Liability Company Wausau Wis A. J. LANZA M.D. President's The Comision on Veterans Washington D. C. GEORGE MIXTER . Director United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company Boston Mass e E. V. MURPHREE Sc.D. President Esso Research and Engineering Company New York N. Y. ee ALAN M. SCAIFE e Vice President T. Mellon & Sons Pittsburgh Pa R. C. TAYLOR Executive Vice President American Can Company New York N. Y. we C. RICHARD WALMER M.D. ane Managing Director Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa : mel W. P. YANT Sc.D. Research Director and Research Development Development Mine Safety Appliances Company Pimsbyrah Pa EXECUTIVE STAFF C. MICHARD M.D WALMER Managing Director H. H. SCHRENK ... eee eee Ph.D Research Director DANIEL C. BRAUN M.D cece ec ecnee sce see eececaseese .Medical Director THEODORE F. HATCH S.M eee ces ccce ee esseeucc ss .Research Adviser PAUL GROSS M.D . eee F. SCRHURPEEIRBTEIPSh.D Hea.Fideld Chemical Analyst LEE 02. eee eee eee eee ee eee ce sess M.P.H ccc cc cece ee Survey Director GEORGE F. HAIJRNME.S S sete ec cecesceenss Chemical Engineer PUNDT. PUUNTRUREERIRI MS....... eee seeeeeeee tes sceneeses Chemical Engineer HAROLD M. Hygienist bees eee ensnccaeee beac eee eaeee Chemical 7 MARIAN L WESTRICK Ph.D a eeeeecees + Research Toxicologist JAMES M. McNERNEY cece ees esees Research Associate C. WELLINGTON 0c cece cccese esses Research Assistant MATCH GraduUantiveerSscihtoyol of Public Health THEODORE F. Secretary Prttetessceeececceeseeecss ++ Pittsburgh and of Industrial Industrial Foundation Hygiene W. M. GAFAFSCE.RD 00.2... w sec eee eneee tesseeseesss U. Public Health Service Washington D. C. WM A. HAMOR SC.D COMMITTEES MEDICAL COMMITTEE O. A. SANDER M.D. Chairman FO A. G. KAMMER M.D. chairman eee n er caw etec cease +. .Marquette University Milwaukee Wis oe treseesee University Pa D. C. BRAUN M.D. Secretory bre .Industrial of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh .Industrial Hygiene Foundation H. M.D Pittsburgh Pa oe. cece eee oe eeeee A. CARLETON ecee Inland Steel Company East Chicago Ind UniverCsinicintnayti L. E. HAMLIN A. KEHOE M.D . American Brake Shoe Company Chicago IL of E. M. KUNE M.D sues . Cincinnati O. eee en ween C. HOWARD 00.6... oe fee eenes General Electric Company Cleveland O. ener eee eer C. MARCY M.D deed e ert . Tuberculosis League of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pa McGEE M.D cence M. NEWQUIST M.D. ec ce cn .Hercules .Hercules Powder Company Wilmington Del eee N. ROBERTS M.D cee pete eee The T exas Company New York N. cence ee C. .. M.D +.Standard Oil Company N.J. New York N. SELBY eee eee eee c een e eens te .. of ccc cece cae University Michigan Ann Arbor Mich W. P. SHEPARD M.D 0.0.6. Metropolitan Insurance Metropolitan Life J. F. SHRONTS M.D Company New York N. Y. ccc cece W. SMITH M.D ener enccsecnnene +++ General Mills inc Minneapolis Minn ceca c cee ccc ncenean Man ville Corporation New York N. Y. LEGAL COMMITTEE T. C. WATERS Chairman 0.006. c VANDIVER BROWN cece cece cence cncacsucccccs +. Miles & Stockbridge Baltimore Md A. J. GENTHOLTS Attorney Waco Texas .. emcee .National .National .National enon beeen e nent Rep ublic Steel Corporation Cleveland O. THEODORE HETZLER .National Asociation Casualty Association of Mutual Companies New York N. JAMES HILL Ford Motor Company Dearborn Mich C. HIRTH As ociation cence beac eenaee e eee anes Owens Glass Company Toledo O. ANDREW KALMYKOW Companies . . Association of Casualty and Surety New York N. Y. C. . oe. ese ee eee Carbide and New OVIATT Union Carbon Corporation York Y. J. .. ecreeceeenereesnessese .. New RSEAGBAONURIN nee. Quebec AsbesTthoes iPrnosduucreerrss Association York Y. IVAN PennsylvPaennnsylivanaia Corporation Berkeley Springs 00... eee ceerer ences C. WACHTER tree A. G. WEISS Teese reese Glass Sand sarrereccreevenvenreserer ces As ociation Association Cable Quebec Montreal W. Va Rome Corporation Rome Y. W. E. ZIMMERMAN Cover eer cece reese renee ereeeee veer eee Sun Oil Company Philadelphia Pa PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING COMMITTEE PHILIP DRINKER Sc.D. Chairman .Harvard 000.0 ccee ce cev cece +. of School Public Health Boston Mass WESLEY C. HEMEON Industrial Po D. A. BRANDT Sc.D J. M. KANE Air Filter C. L. ......... WAIN Secretary ...... trees cece e eee renee Der erenes eee trorrecrcrsee. vee . eeneeee International Hygiene . Bethlehem Steel Foundation Pittsburgh Company Bethlehem Pa CompaCn ompy any Louisville Ky Business Machines F. Ww cece ne Corporation Endicott Y. R. PRING Wheelabrator Equipment Corporation C. W. SCHWENZFEIER JR Brush K. SPENCE , Md F. E. TAYLER eee eee American & . Funkhouser .American Mishawaka Ind B erylli um Com pany Luckey O. Company Hagerstown Pittsburgh Coke Chemical Company Pittsburgh Pa 00. cece wee cece .American Brake Shoe Company Detroit Mich W. THOMAS cee soeseeesees & TOXICOLOGICAL COMMITTEE ANNA M. BAETJER Sc.D. Chairman The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health Baltimore Md Westinghouse B. C. BARNES Pertwee ere reerecaneeescerenes Electric Corporation Pittsburgh Pa W. A. COOK Dee eet meee eet e eee ee eacnne +++e+ of University Michigan Ann Arbor Mich F. C. FUNT 8. vee we veeene + +++... Hazel Glass Company Wheeling W. Va N. V. HENDRICKS . + Esso Research and Engineering Company Linden N. J. D. D. IRISH Ph.D see ee renee Dae .. Dow Chemical Company Midland Mich eee eee ccc cece S. MALLETTE 0... ene American Society of Mechanical Engineers New York N. A. PATTY cece cee cee n eee cc cree cece crccectrcarees +++ General Motors Corporation Detroit Mich cece reereee H. F. SMYTH JR Ph.D wena een vase eeras st eeeeeeee + Mellon Institute Pittsburgh Pa ce. cece cee H. E. STOKINGER Ph.D. 0... cece tee e .U .U S. Public Health Service Cincinnati O. cence teers YANT W. P. Sc.D Tete eee twee neces Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh Pa AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE WESLEY C. L. HEMEON Chairman oe eeene H. H. SCHRENK Ph.D. Secretary 0.0 tr DAVIDSON c ee W. F. .. Conslidated Consolidated ae ; Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa Industria l Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa Edison Company of New New HEBLEY ccc eeeeeee Coal York York City Pittsburgh H. F. . see ee Consolidation Consolidation Company Company Pa S. HeaClothmpSearnvyiceSaIlntc.LaPiktetsCbiutryghUtaCh. C. McCABE Ph.D Smeltin Smelg ting Refining and Mining ec cece cece ccc cecncees .U S. Public Washington D. 4 Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ~ ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL decis ions and trends FEBRUARY 1956 Vol 20 No. 2 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE - PITTSBURGH 13 PA FOUNDATION FACTS Volume 18 February 1956 No. 2 . Fs ; . a TWO NEW EXECUTIVE STAFF MEMBERS OF MELLON INSTITUTE . General Matthew B. Ridgway Chairman of Mellon Institute's Board of Trustees and the Chief Administrative Officer has announced the appointment of Dr. H. L. Anthony III as a Director of Research and of Dr. G. A. Webb - with Director of Engineering Both appointees who took office on February , have served on Fellowships of the Institute and are familiar the operating princi- ples of the organization me ra : or, a : 4 technology incinding of metallurgical Dr. Anthony a member of Mellon Institute since 1939 well iswell known professionally for his achievements in and management _ search and engineering . He is an authority in metalworking pa: pressure vessel drawing o oe . a vom ~ pe sewr Industrial Hygiene Digest February 1956 in the capillary surface In the evaluation of large numbers of cases although not in individual cases there is a certain parallel between the radiographic changes and the severity of functional disturbances The examination of lung function especially by work tests gives an objective criterion for assessment of incapacity so that remedies may be applied varying from removal from exposure to inhalation therapy and cardiac treatment according to the stage of silicosis In countries where silicosis is compens- able as a disease the system leads to late diagnosis depending on ray examination when severe functional disturbances have aiready occurred In Switzerland silicosis is compensable not as a disease but only through resulting incapacity for to early diagnosis and exclusion of the patients from exposure In early investigation of respiratory function is highly important Hence the aim work this leads diagnosis the is to distinguish the limits of disturbances of function due to silicosis from those due to accompanying dis- eases The basis of all research on respiratory function is spirometry and analysis of the gases in the arterial blood The technique used in the investigations is described A class- ification is given of the different disturbances of lung function and these are discussed very thoroughly Assessment of capacity for work is made on the results of functional tests Limiting criteria for this assessment are given A study of 46 silicotic workers showed that after at least four years freedom from dust exposure radiographic appearances had not changed for the worse in more than half of the patients and in about half lung function and capacity for work were either improved or maintained -- Cond from Bull Hyg 248 Investigations on Breathing Capacity in Silicosis by Means of Oximetry During Work E. Sartorelli and Eleonora Giorgi Med lavoro 45 600-607 Nov. 1954 Italian The procedure used in oximetry is described and results in 30 persons normal and silicotic are presented In all the seven cases with silicosis in various forms anoxemia appeared for lighter loads than in normal cases of the same age The onset of severe anoxemia was noted even during light loads in two cases of nodular silicosia with severe emphysemia and chronic cor pulmonale Oximetry during work as proved by the results obtained is a method of undoubted practical utility for the study of the respir- atory function Compared with other methods by which the behavior of blood oxygen saturation is studied only indirectly oximetry during work presents the following advantages 1 the appearance of anoxemia is recorded directly 2 the research is very rapid and 3 the examination is better tolerated by the patients because during work they are allowed to breathe freely without the use of a mouthpiece or a mask -- Cond from English summary Bull Hyg ) 249 The Reaction of Middlebrook in Silicosis and Silicotuberculosis among Coal Miners J. Poignot Arch belges med sociale hyg 13 17-25 Jan. 1955 French The reaction of Middlebrook is concerned with the agglutination of red cells sensitized with tuberculin by serum dilutions of 1 in 16 or more Certain modifications fully explained were used in a study of 82 silicotic coal miners of whom 18 were tuberculous and 16 with tuberculosis without pneumoconiosis Positivity of the reaction was found to depend upon the presence of tuberculosis rather than silicosis The low proportion of positive re- actions in advanced silicosis does not support the widely accepted claim that the passage from isolated nodules to more advanced confluent silicosis depends upon a superimposed tubercu- lous infection The reaction may thus contribute evidence in the differential diagnosis be- tween miliary tuberculosis and micronodular silicosis -- Cond from Bull Hyg 250 Carcinoma of the Lung in Asbestosis H. R. Thomas Southern Med Report of Two Additional Cases J. 48 565-568 June 1955 K. H. Lynch and The evidence of correlation between the occurrence of asbestosis and of lung cancer is collected No such correlation has been found with other forms of pneumocon- iosis like silicosis and anthracosis or pulmonary tuberculosis The pathology of asbesto sis is abnormal it seems to be due to traumatism between large particles of asbestos too large to penetrate into the alveoli and the pulmonary tissues while other pneumoconioses present reactions between minute particles and the living tissues Further no efforts to induce lung cancers in animals exposed to asbestos dust have been successful Nevertheless the statistical evidence is strong Two additional cases of lung cancer associated with a 22 Incustrial Incustrial Hygiene Digest February 1956 ~ asbestosis are reported In both cases filtration over both ray examination showed the diffuse granular in- lungs characteristic of asbestosis and the lungs after death exhibited the fibrosis distinctive of asbestosis but both patients succumbed to bronchogenic carcin- oma The appearances of the lesions are illustrated The authors have seen four cancer cases in 49 autopsies of asbestos random 8.7 compared with 0. to 2.4 in autopsies taken at -- Bull Hyg Asbestosis and Pulmonary Carcinoma in an Asbestos Lung Cancer by Asbestos Fibers G. Rombola Med lavoro 46 242-250 Apr. 1955 Italian Spinner Notes on the Induction of The first case of pulmonary carcinoma occurring in Italy in a subject affected slight asbestosis is described The diagnc is formulated in life by the gross and microscopic findings of which are briefly reportedwaTshceopnrfeisremnetd cblyinaiuctaolpsy pathological and statistical knowledge on the capacity of asbestos to cause tumors is marized Statistical data are abundant sum- but experimental studies are few and not concordant The author believes that a study should be made to determine how the capacity of the different types of asbestos to cause tumors differs according to their chemical composition -- Cond from English summary Bull Hyg ) 252 Peritoneal Tissue Reactions Produced by Various Kinds of Carbon and Coal Dusts H. Sakabe and T. Chi Bull Inst Public Health in Japan 4 18-22 June 1955 the Rat somewhere between Peritoneal reactions in rats produced by various carbon and coal dusts studied The results showed that the natural and artificial were graphites free from silica pro- duced a fibrosis or granuloma on the peritoneum of rats although far more feeble than the tissue reactions produced by quartz dusts The more the graphitization of carbon dust pro- gressed the more the resulting tissue reaction became severe The tissue reactions graphite dusts were variable according to the type of graphite Carbon black by assumed to be completely inert except types of large spherical carbon black coal dusts for tissue reactions lie could not be Potency of may black but a difference of tissue reactions natural graphite and carbon in this study among various coal dusts was not demonstrated +- Public Health Eng Absts 253 The The EEffefct fect of Various Forms of Alumina on the Lungs of Rats E. G. P. Mohanty and G. Nagelschmidt J. PatholLunBgascteriol 69 J. KinKigng C. V. 81-93 1955 Harrison When introduced into the lungs of rats powdered hydrated alumina and aluminum phosphate of small particle size produced reticulin nodules nodules developed into areas of dense In the case of alumina the collagenous fibrosis There was a slow dissolution of aluminum hydroxide into the surrounding tissues as shown by aurine of The amount of alumina found in the staining sections lungs was less in the animals which survived longest Condensed fumes from a corundum furnace which consisted divided alumina and half silica produced a much less approximately of half finely severe fibrosis but there was a notable exudative reaction in the lungs and several animals died during the course of the experiment This dust was partially eliminated from the lungs of animals during the 12 months of the experiment The doses of dust used to produce these results excess of those which have been used in the are mostly in prophylaxis of human silicosis Chem Absts 254 Bake's Rhinitis and Asthma C. Pestalozzi and U. W. Schnyder Schweiz med Wochschr 85 496-501 May 21 1955 German A study was made of the prevalence symptomatology course sensitization and spontaneous desensitization and the family disposition in baker's rhinitis and Of 159 bakers in Zurich 42 had allergic symptoms of the respiratory tract 36 haadsrthhinmiatis only and six also had bronchial asthma Skin tests with flour extracts in 24 of the rhinitis cases The rhinitis is gave positive reactions apparently due to a flour allergy but other factors must be considered the cause of the asthma -- Cond from Bull Hyg 23 Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL decisions and trends JUNE 1957 Vol 21 No. 6 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE -1- PITTSBURGH 13 PA June 1957 H STAFF MEMBERS PARTICIPATE IN MEDICAL MEETING Participating in the 23rd Annual Meeting of the American College ofChest Physicians held in New York from May 29 to June 2 were two members of the Founda presented Topographic tion's staff Dr. Paul Gross a paper on The C. Distribution of : ' . ; ( : Industrial Hygiene Digest . June 1957 ve the light microscope Incidentally it seemed that a particle with quartz particle could easily pierce the layer sharp angles such as It was limited on both the space side osmium staining and the connective tissue side by an cell membrane a basal membrane found The partition between the blood and the air was where the space consisted of seven layers In places capillaries were not in immediate apposition to the alveolar wall the tissue space was filled with connective tissue fibrils lattice cellular connective tissue cells threads elastic fibers and Various cells detached from the alveolar walls and septal cells were found Hyg but a definite decision could not be reached on their origin -- Cond from Bull a not 757 Silicosis 11 Effect of Sex Hormones on the Amount of M. Anme Nagasaki Igakkai Zassi Silicon Excreted into Urine 31 381-385 1956 { Urinary excretion of silicon before and after castration was case of male rabbits silicon increased after investigated In the 1 creased Silicon castration while in the case of females it de- returned to the normal level after the administration of male follicular hormone Corpus luteum hormone showed hormone or no effect -- Chem Absts 758 Silicosis 12. Influence of Thyroid Hormone on the Amount of Silicon Excreted in the Urine of Rabbits R. Kakita Nagasaki Igakkai Zassi 31 438-445 3 . Thyroidectomy increased the urinary excretion of silicon by 2 to 3 silicon returned to normal level after the administration of times and methylthiouracil to normal rabbits increased thyroid hormone Injection of hypophyseal hormone showed silicon slightly Diiodotyrosine and anterior no effect -- Chem Absts Apr. 1957 759 The Neutralization of Silica Toxicity Brit J. Ind Med 14 81-84 in Vitro J. Marks , compound 4Ph8a/g8o0cyatic cells were protected in vitro against the toxic effect of silica dust by histamine releasing agent formed from phenylethyl mine The health of the cells was studied by direct microscopy and by measurement of their not known but may depend on a reduction in silica also exhibited by certain alkylmono and solubility A slight protective action was polymyxin B. -- Author's summary 760 Pulmonary Fibrosis and Giant Reaction with Altered Elastic Paeumoconiosis R. L. Walford and L. Tissue Endogenous Kaplan Arch Pathol 63 75-90 Jan. 1957 Y clinicopathologic The clinicopathologic findings in 12 autopsied cases of a - elastica disease are presented and discussed It is peculiar pulmonary tissue may act as a foreign body or concluded that injured pulmonary elastic , sequestrum and produce a progressive paeumoconiosis . -- Cond from authors summary 2 761 J. Frost J. Georg and In Denmark only a few persons manipulate insulation products kieselguhr magnesia glass wool and rock wool including asbestos fibrogenic to the lungs when their dust is inhaled The first two have been regarded as In order to ascertain any occupational 31 risk in the work workers with more than 20 were carefully examined clinically and by rayyeaArbsnoerxmpaolsituirees of 52 years average age A ing number of 22. total of nine exhibited fine mottling were found in the surprisindicative of pulmonary asbestosis In 19 patients pleural changes were seen which were due to adhesions and extensive thicken- ing with calcification The abnormalities in the pleura were so widespread in as to obliterate other pathological changes The calcification is some instances { to combined exposure to calcium and unusual and may be ascribed Sample analyses of the magnesium in the presence of fibrogenic asbestos dust kieselguhr in use did not reveal the presence of quarts The finding of pronounced bilateral pleural changes in the present series occupational origin definitely points to an -- Cond from Bull Hyg 16 i 21st : ANNUAL MEETING | INDUSTRIAL : HYGIENE FOUNDATION Transactions Bulletin No. 30 mn INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGHH 18 PA W3 IN1029 no 30 19561956 c1 Copyright 1957 Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America Inc. Pittsburgh Pa Twenty ANNUAL MEETING of INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA HELD AT MELLON INSTITUTE PITTSBURGH PA NOVEMBER 14 AND 15 1956 MANAGEMENT MEDICAL LEGAL TOXICOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AND JOINT TECHNICAL CONFERENCES Printed fn TT QA ) INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION An Association of Industries for Advancing Industrial Health and Improving ve Working Conditions 41 FOUNDED IN 1935 hach no Auditorm Instiue Melon the filed atendc Capcity CONTENTS Management Conference Andrew Fletcher Chairman Address of Welcome General Matthew B. Ridgway Foundation Facts C. Richard Walmer M.D. Foresight in Industrial Health Andrew Fletcher HygieneIndustry's Industry's Opportunity and Challenge George A. Benington Application of Communication to Industrial Health Mathew J. Beecher The Importance of Air Pollution Control Regulations in Industry Alexander Macdonald Page 3 T 19 23 Afternoon Session Robert A. Moore M.D. Chairman 31 Looking Forward in Medical Education as it Relates to Industry Joseph C. Hinsey Ph.D. 31 Epidemiology in Industrial Health Paul M. Densen Sc.D. 50 Automation's Effect on Environment Merald Lue 61 Operations Research Problems in Health John D. Dillon 76 CONTENTS Continued Medical Conference O. A. Sander M.D. Chairman . . . . . . . . . 33 Effective Educational Techniques in Industrial Health Counseling Raymond J. Murray M.D. . . . . . . =. ' = 95 Legal Aspects of Industrial Medical Practice William A. Challener, Jr. and Francis S. McQMcQuuilkinilkin . . . 103 CONTENTS Continued PNEUMOCONIOSIS IN THE DIATOMITE INDUSTRY Page Summary of Progress Report of Public Health Service Study W. Clark Cooper M.D. eee ee 180 an SSummuary mmary of an Summary of EnEvnviironmrentoalnmental Environmental EnEvnivirroonnmmeentnatlal Environmental StuSdtuydy of of the Processing IndustryIndustry AndrewAndrew D. D. HoHsoseeyy . . . . . . . . . - . . 182182 Some Medical and Radiological Aspects of Diatomite Pneumoconiosis Kenneth W. Smith M.D. - . . . . : . . . . 189 Legal Conference Theodore Hetzler Jr. Chairman . . . . . ' = 117 Gas Chromatography: A Means for Separation and Analysis of Volatile Materials John R. Lotz Ph.D. and Charles B. Willingham 2.00... 195 Review of Occupational Disease Legislati1o95n6 Andrew Kalmykow 2... 0.7 eee eee 119 . Pol ution Air Pollution Control Leonard C. Johnson . . 2. . 127 HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS IN A WORLD OF . EXPANDING ATOMIC POWER Engineering Conference Philip Drinker Sc.D. Chairman Soe ee ee 201 : Public Health Service Engineering Program on Air Pollution Control Arthur C. Stern . 2. eee ee 203 Medical Aspects MedicaThlomasAspectsL. AspectsShipman M.D.M.D. 139 for Equipment Research and Development of Equipment for Cleaning of High Temperature Gases aharet Legal and Insurance Aspects Ashley St. Clair I 145 Reactor Safeguards C. Rogers McCullough Ph.D. 2 '. - eee 161 Leslie Silverman Sc.D. 2. 0. eee 210 Spread of Particulate Contamination from Stacks W. B. Harris 2. 2. wee ee 233 Dispoal of Radioactive Disposal Eng.D. Joseph A. Lieberman Eng.D. Practical Industrial Air Cleaning Problems 167 Robert T. Pring Ca ee 215 Se eS Toxicological Conference Joint Technical Joint Technical Conference Toxicolgical aagi AAnanna M M..Baetjer ScS.cD..D. ChaC irhmaanirman . 177 V. P. Ahearn Chairman and Moderator ee ee - . 247 TE The Relative Roles of Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Irritants in Problems of Occupational Cancer A. Wesley Horton Ph.D. . tee ee 179 Problems Involved the Health Problems Problems in Manufacture Sale and Use of Toxic Materials 06 0. ee ee 200. of REVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE LEGISLATION 1956 CasultyAsociatnof ANDREW KALMYKOW Asociatn Assistant Manager Casualty Department Association of Casualty and Surety Companies Asociaton I have often heard this remark why is it that after more than Nationl AsociatonManufctres 40 years of experience there is so much workmen'sworkmen's compensation ManufctresJr. , legislation many problems for which the right answer appar- ently has yet to be found Some may have felt this to be a reflection ae, on the operation of the system Personally I feel that is a healthy HetzlrDepartmnJersy ee sign There is always room for improvement in any field Certainly we have had courts not for years but for centaries Yet revision of court systems and court procedures are receiving major attention in New a number of jurisdictions I would look with doubt upon anyone who ae , Casulty announced that he is possessed of such wisdom that he could produceproduce Theodr ee the correct solution to all questions in the field of workmen's workmen's com- Chairman pensation Chairmn Secrtay While change does not of itself necessarily mean improvement it MangerChairman usually is an effort in that direction Possibly therefore we should Chairman not be unduly disturbed by the continued volume of legislative ac- Executiv tivity in workmen's compensation This year as usual there were rightAsitan Johnsleft several important occupational disease enactments despite w to the fact that it is an legislative year so called Only 12 states were in full regular session Since neither Mississippi nor Wyoming were among these there were no completely new occupational disease KalmykowC. laws These are the only two states which do not provide some form wer of compensation for such diseases In Montana there is a state pension system for silicosis AndrewLeonard;; Companies and Extensive Revisions in Pennsylvania and Kentucky Conferc ; Pennsylvania and Kentucky made extensive revisions of their LegalCompaniesin ParticpngCMausutlatlyCoSmupraneitesyand occupational disease provisions These are probably the two most im- portant enactments of the year in this field I touched upon the Penn- sylvania law last year when it was still pending before the legislature because of the probability of its enactment Since it has now become law somewhat broader treatment seems warranted Most of the amendments are similar to those made by a separate bill affecting the Workmen's Compensation Act proper These deal largely with benefit increases and procedural changes For example compensa- tion has been increased to a maximum of 37.50 a week Medical bene- 119 been increased to a mandatory period of six months Addi- ftiitosnahlavmeedical care may be ordered by the Board if it is established will result in restoring the disabled employee's that further catroe a substantial degree This latter provision is I be- would elaiervneingdepsiogwneerd to further the employee's rehabilitation and of seem to be an important qualification Such revieIwn badyditthieonboaarhdear- the necessity for medical care should be helpful ing period has been provided in the case of scheduled permanent parhas tial disabilities Moreover the time limit for making of claims been extended from one year to sixteen months Changes have also been made in the provisions relating to modification of agreements and awards As far as occupational diseases specifically are concerned the most important change of course is the provision for broad occupa- To the list of compensable diseases added tional disease coverage All other occupational diseases 1 to which the following language: and 2 which the claimant is exposed by reason of his employment; ; to the industry or occupation and 3 which are not are peculiar It is further provided that for common to the general population of this clause partial loss of hearing due to noise shall tnhoet pbeurcpoonsseisdered an occupational disease The roecqcuuipraetmieonnt athnadt ntohte disease must be peculiar to the employment or should be helpful in preventing population common to the general of life However even though this lan- awards for ordinary diseases will doubt be made to is found in the definition attempts no guage for such conditions The first cases to reach the obtain compensation in determining the highest court should be of particularocicmapsoirotnanhcaeve reached some un- scope of these provisions Courts on to be clear language in the expected results despite what appeared to mean only law I recall one case where the law defbinoeddyinjTuhrey court held that violence to the physical structure of the I am inclined to think violently meant harmfully however gently to the that in this instance there was violence but the violence was English language excluding partial loss of hearing should also prove The provision disease coverage might well invite claims helpful Broad occupational it is the cases of partial for loss of hearing due to noise However that have caused the main difficulty In these cases loss of hearing without loss of earnings the claimant continues his regular occupation While the and yet is entitled to substantial paymeinnt Poefnncsoymlpveannsiaatiroenfers only to permanent partial disability schedule 306 c it is a good thing that total loss of hearing Section cases of Gas Co. Mo. 1936 92. W. 580 1 Downey v Kansas City 1901 Wisconsin the law on this point has been clarified We should all keep in mind in this connection the experience of New York and In and asbestosis cases maximum compensation has been silicosis increased from 7,500 to 10,000 and some changes made in time increased limitations Injuries due to war have been specifically excluded Let In us hope that such provisions will never have to be invoked the of present state of unsettled world conditions however clarification the law on this point at least removes one possible source of anxiety I the privilege of being a member of the group that gave con- had sideration to these proposals prior to the actual preparation of the sideration bill many different viewpoints were represented in that group Since One necessity the result was one in the nature of a compromise of easily point to provisions that might have been modified or might incorporated omitted or that could have been but were not provisions However if my recollection serves me correctly legislative history of workmen's compensation in Pennsylvania has on occasion been extreme something in the nature of swings of a pendulum from one I to the other This is an effort to pursue a more moderate course be- cite many provisions which were discussed but rejected as could good too ing controversial Granting a reasonable amount of will on each side an exchange of viewpoint usually produces better results usually than a knock fight Even though broad occupational disease coverage was provided in Pennsylvania the legislature also enacted a specific amendment to the schedule of compensable diseases itself Tuberculosis previously limited to nursing in hospitals and sanitaria is now compensable also when contracted in auxiliary services involving exposure to such disease Amendments Enacted in Kentucky Extensive amendments were also enacted in Kentucky Broad occupational disease coverage is here also now provided under a definition similar to that in Illinois Previously the law had covered only injuries or death due to noxious gases of smoke in mines or the in- halation of any kind of gas These provisions are retained The elec- tive silicosis provisions however have been repealed This disease is now included under the new language Question may arise however gases to whether these new provisions apply to injuries due to any kind as diseases are due to exposure to It of gas Many occupational would seem that the new provisions should be applicable to such cases Nevertheless litigation on the point may well arise Among the new provisions is a requirement that notice must be given given of the first distinct manifestation in the form of symptoms 121] CompanyrighStil-TaftU.S. to Leslie A. LabortyleftDr.Robert Filter were Air SternSafety C. Corpatin andAmerican particns ArthurHealth WhelabrtoProgam HealthHarisProducts CEonngfierecr UniverstyDivsonPublicB.Contrl ofWilamDust ContrlScholServicManger Fume theand HealthKane ComisnTechnical M. tohefm DustHarvdPublicJohn theDirecto U.S.and was DrinkerCentr Cleanig Philp EngierAirPringDr. and Energy T. InRdustorialbertvermanSnitaryAtomic PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE ENGINEERING PROGRAM ON AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ARTHUR C. STERN Chief Community Air Pollution Program Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center United States Public Health Service The Community Air Pollution Program of the Public Health Service is divided into two major segments medical and nonmedical The medical program is administered by physicians in the Division of Special Health Services whereas the nonmedical program is administered by engineers in the Division of Sanitary Engineering Services Because of this we think of the entire nonmedical portion of the program as the Public Health Service Engineering Program on Air Pollution Control At the time of the passage and implementation of the Federal Air Pollution Research and Technical Assistance Act Public Law 159-84th Congress in the summer of 1955 provision was made not to limit the program to personnel and facilities within the Service but to utilize those outside the Service to carry a major portion of the program load At present approximately 45 per cent of the engineering program is in the Public Health Service whereas 55 per cent is in universities research institutes state and local air pollution con- trol agencies and other agencies of the Federal Government namely: Weather Bureau Bureau of Mines Bureau of Standards and Department of Agriculture Training Personnel This division of effort is most apparent in our program for train- ing persons in the special skills needed for work in air pollution On the one hand the Public Health Service has this year at the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center in Cincinnati undertaken seven short training courses in the chemical physical meteorological engineering and administrative fundamentals of air pollution Last year 287 persons attended five such three to week courses On the other hand university schools of engineering or public health are being assisted in providing one- or year graduate courses leading to advanced degrees in air pollution by both direct PHS grant support for such courses and PHS fellowship funds to allow students to take them The division of training support is about 45 per cent for the short courses and 55 per cent for university course and student support 203 C. I. Industrial Industrial materials MedicnResarch Nationl JaoitntDLr.. GenralCarbonE.HealthAso- of right of and Public Sand toDirectoCounselCarbide of toxicleafrteandGenralUnion Schol of use and and particns DepartmnPresidnt GraduteMangerand Vice sale manufctre LTaobxoirctlgyyPitsburghCompany UniverstyBachmn ExecutivSecrtay involedaspcts GeralPanel Legalforof HaskelW. Oviat P.DeputyR. tihnevariousDr.BaileLCt.d HatchPAhe.arn on S. V. H. and Corpatinauthories TheodrPowderInc Drecto problems Jr.Inc FoundatiAsuranceCompanyHerculshealthleading Zap the Companyon wer A. to Life & Adviser Kopers John Directo and Dr. Adviser Cferncquestion NemoursMedical Fire de Devlopmnt CorpatinAnswerigTchnial Acident ResarchMcGe pont and duand HEALTH PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THE MANUFACTURE SALE AND USE OF TOXIC MATERIALS A Panel Discussion MODERATOR V. P. AHEARN Executive Secretary National Industrial Sand Association PARTICIPANTS P. W. BACHMAN Ph.D. Vice President & Director of Research & Development Koppers Company Inc. H. S. BAILE Deputy General Manager and General Counsel General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation Ltd. THEODORE HATCH University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and Research Adviser Industrial Hygiene Foundation L. C. McGEE M.D. Medical Director Hercules Powder Company C. R. OVIATT Legal Department Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation JOHN A. ZAPP JR Ph.D. Director Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Inc. MODERATOR V. P. AHEARN AHEARN I would like to tell you some- thing about the procedures for the operation of this panel A list of questions has been prepared on the subject before us today and copies will be distributed to the audience Two members of the panel in most cases have been asked to be prepared to be called upon That doesn't mean that other panel members are not supposed to participate I want to make it clear that panel recognition is not necessary by the Moderator for contributions by members of the panel whose names do not appear at the hand side of the question Each participant is supposed to add to the contributions made by the other members of the panel whenever in his judgment there are additional [ 249 ] contributions to be made The panel participants met this morning to look over the questions and to discuss the program After the recess at 3:30 we propose to give priority to questions asked from the floor rather than to the written questions We hope that there will be floor discussion even if we haven't answered all the written questions because we want to establish the town hall atmosphere and to give each of you an opportunity to ask a question to make a contribution to challenge a member of the panel or do any thing else that your democratic instinet suggests you do " The first question which I am going to ask the panel is How does one define health problems What is meant by toxic material I am going to ask Dr. McGee to answer that question DR MCGEE In a broad sense one might say that any deviation from optimum physical mental and social being is a health problem That definition of health as the optimum state of mental physical and social adjustment has been batted about for a number of years I believe for the purpose of this afternoon's contribution however the health problems involved should be limited to those deviations from optimum health which occur as a result of an exposure in manufacturing sale and use of something which is called toxic - material As the title is stated of course any deviation in health of a worker would react on his work in output and so forth in a broad sense But I believe the meaning here is in a more limited sense of those deviations from the optimum physical mental and social adjustments which result from the contact with this thing called toxie material Passing then to the second part of the question What is toxic materiaPaslsing we are in trouble immediately I find very few people outside of those who are concerned with deleterious substances as they affect man who have a concept of the large range in degree and character of toxicity It is a word which means what anybody wants it to mean Unfortunately to substitute for toxic poisonous deleterious or what have you gets us no place It so happens that everything with which man is in contact can be troublesome and toxie if he gets too much Those things that we consider essential to life including food vitamins minerals and water can be toxic to man 1 believe Dr. Henry Smyth Jr. defined toxic simply as a matter of too much If we keep that in mind we will realize then that we cannot circumscribe a certain group of materials and say these are toxic others are not toxic I must admit and possibly Dr. Zapp can [ 250] help us here that for purposes of orientation must have some arbitrary definition of what is toxic DR ZAPP I can only express my agreement with the remarks that Dr. McGee has made The term toxic material is subject to very many interpretations by different people The great difficulty that we have in talking about them and in drawing up laws and pro- cedures to govern the use of toxic material revolves about the defi- nition of toxic material Dr. McGee was quoting to you just a few moments ago from the report of the Council of Toxicology of The American Medical Association in which are reviewed the various definitions of poison The Council found that there was no uniformity As a matter of fact it states that there is no uniformity of legal or scientific opinion as to what constitutes a poison And then since a precise definition that would fit all circumstances is not possible the Committee felt that any substance that when improperly used may produce harm by chemical action should be provided with an appropriate cautionary label or statement et cetera So here we have not only difficulty in defining what we mean by toxic material but also a concern on the part of this group forwarning of the consequences of misuse I think what we really mean to talk about this afternoon is more properly defined as hazards that is the probability that an injury will occur in the manufacture sale or use of these materials MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you very much Dr. Zapp Now I move on to the second question unless at this stage a member of the panel wishes to add something to what these two gentlemen have already said You football men will notice I am playing a seven lineup on this platform I am going to ask my right tackle Dr. Bachman this question Do you think there is any basic difference in safety as applied to people in research and development in comparison with people involved in regular production operations DR BACHMAN I think this question in the first place refers to an approach to safety In that respect I will try to pass an opinion I think there is a considerable difference in the safety that one encounters in the laboratory and that which one encounters in the plant In plant in the regular production operation it is possible for the engineers to break a process down into many component parts and study these parts from the point of view of safety the different operations can be adequately safeguarded I think there is not very [ 251] much difficulty in this and it is rather rarely that we have accidents of any significant nature in processes that are continually operating in a repetitive manner I think that is rather easy to control and it is more feasible to train the operators in safety measures Now in contrast with that is a research laboratory The men in the laboratory are frequently working in unexplored and unknown areas They may or may not and probably will not know the toxico- materials logical or hazardous explosive properties of the with which they are working or of the materials which might be formed as a result of their researches So here you have only a few of the general rules of safety that apply I think a great deal of it in the case of approach the research man depends entirely upon him I think his to it must be one of safety consciousness I think he has to really live safely and to be effective this has to be a part of his background a part of his disposition MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you Dr. Bachman Now Mr. Hatch MR HATCH I certainly agree with everything he said except people who the second point attitude Certainly it is true that the are doing the basic research development work should incorporate respect into their day thinking the needs with to safety to a greater degree than people out on the production line However has it of been my experience and I am sure many of the rest us here other other other had the same experience that very often we find it just the way around The man who is doing so wrapped up his research in is research objective that he is inclined not to give very much considera- tion to these other matters I can recall visiting laboratories where for example they around using such a known agent as and benzol were slopping it around like water At the same time they be quite concerned developing might they toxicity of the new and exciting material that are developing developing So am sure it is important to make sure that in he of course re- search and development these questions are constantly raised but don't think we can rightly assume that the research people are alwayalsways going to raise them MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you Ted I want to remind the panel that other contributions are always welcomed MR BAILE May I interject one comment The very research distine- tion that both gentlemen have made between the slightloy peration and production operation suggests the desirability of a operation ferent approach to the safety program with respect to operation In [ 252] the production operation you are dealing with guarding against the individual isolated accidents in the course of the research production whereas in operation you are concerned with the lem Therefore your program in that respect shoulcdatbaestdreospihgenepdrobt-o provide for the type of action required in the event those catas- trophes occur MODERATOR AHEARN Thank The next question gives us chance you very much Mr. Baile a to break out our legal talent up here Does not the obligation of the insured under a Products Lia- bility Policy particularly his agreement not to settle with a claimant nor to admit liability interfere with a manufacturer'smanufacturer's relations with his customers and with the public Mr. Baile you can be the first one to answer that question MR BAILE I believe the simple answer to the question is that it should not I think at the same time you have to there is an recognize that apprehension on the part of some people that it does In order that it shall not interfere with customer and public relations I think it is of utmost importance that there be understanding on the part of both the insurer and the insured and also that there be the utmost cooperation between the two The basic understanding that has to exist is to recognize the distinction between customer complaints on one hand and claims on the other Customer complaints must be a concern of the insured the manufacturer himself He must be free to deal with customer complaints as you deal in business relations without necessarily being concerned with the legal basis of the claim or the legal possibilities that might arise out of your action On the other hand it is most important on the part of the insurer to recognize that the insured must be free to act in that way that he must be free to deal with a customer in order that he will have a satisfied customer Since that is the interest of the manufac- turer he can't restrain that action in order to protect his legal position The interest of the insurer and the insured must be recognized as an identical interest They are not parties they are one party serving one aspect of the insured's insured's business which is his relation to the customers insofar as they are affected by his products I hope I don't sound idealistic speaking as an insurance man on that subject because I think it is the actual practice of every company of standing to operate in the handling of products liability claims in precisely that way If it is done that way then there is no interference with the company's relations with the public the customers H SCIENTIFIC STAFF C. RICHARD WALMER M.D. Managing Director DANIEL C. BRAUN M.D. Medical Director H. H. SCHRENK Ph.D. Research Director THEODORE HATCH S.M. Research Adviser PAUL GROSS M.D. Research Pathologist FRANK F. RUPERT Ph.D. Head Chemical Analyst MARIAN L. WESTRICK Ph.D. Research Toxicologist LEE SCHREIBEIS JR M.P.H. Head Industrial Hygiene Engineer J. M. Assistant McNERNEY JR Research Research Toxicologist Toxicologist Toxicolgist Toxicologist W. J. SCHREIBEIS M.P.H. Industrial Hygiene Engineer ETHEL TOLKER Research Assistant JOAN MCDONALD Research Assistant KIRIL H. GRAF Technician Laboratory Technician ELLEN C. DIAMOND Office Manager VIVIAN M. COLONNA Editor ~ H RESEARCH ADVISORY COUNCIL W. A. HAMOR Sc.D. Chairman 0.6 cert Mellon Institute ete n terete st ennees THEODORE HATCH S.M. Secretory ee Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh and Industrial Hygiene Foundation E. H. CARLETON M.D 00 0 ee te tne ee tenet eee Inla nd Steel Company E. ECKARDT M.D cc tee Research Esso erent eer . Research & Engineering Engineering Company W. M. GAFAFER Sc.D.. ne eee cnet t en ..US. Public Health Service A. LANZA M.D eee eee bce cece tee tenn .. Institute of Industrial Medicine N.Y.U. Bel vueBellevue Medical Center W. YANT SC.D eee enn tener ene Mine Safety Appliances Company General Counsel T. C. WATERS Esq H COMMITTEES MEDICAL COMMITTEE .. ee eee eee eee nee cece esaee Marquette University School of Medicine bene University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health D. C. . e eens M.D.M.D.Secretary BRAUN L. E. HAMUN M.D ee R. A. KEHOE M.D Laboratory E. M. KLINE M.D MARCY M.DM.D e C. HOWARD see ee eee eee cee eee C. McGEE M.D ce crete ceeeeee ecter c Tuberculosi M. N. NEWQUIST M.D e ee Standard N. J. ROBERTS M.D cece eeee neces eset encec C. D. SELBY M.D ee W. P. SHEPARD M.D J. F. SHRONTS M.D see Johns Manville Corporation eee W. SMITH M.D cece cccecn - .. Industrial Hygiene Foundation American Brake Shoe Company University of Cincinnati Kettering Sede teen eee ee eer eens General Electric Company ee eee ete . Tuberculosis league of Pittsburgh n .Hercules .Hercules Powder Company ste eet . The Texas Company .. Standard Oil Company N. J. . University of Michigan Graduate School of Public Health Metropolitan Life Insurance Company bbe e nee ecnenesece General Mills Inc. ec erettetectrseucncecane T. C. WATERS Chairman 00 eee ccc cnn c cee ccccceveencce Miles & SuretyStCoompcankiebsridge see eee Asociation Association of Casualty Casualty & .Republic Steel Corporation - National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies Bee ce eee ee ewe .Ford .Ford Motor Company M. JACKSON Ce Owens Glass Company 20. ccccencecnc Johns Manville C. R. OVIATT J. J. REGAN see oe . See eseeetvevennese Corporation ee . Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation e eee soe The Insurers Association eee cece eee IVAN SABOURIN .. cece eee eve ven DOUGLAS SOUTAR C. WACHTER e eee G. A. WEISS 0 |cee cececeeeceenet ne enc tn W. E. ZIMMERMAN een . Quebec Asbestos Mining Association tee : American Smelting & Refining Company sere ees Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corporation ctnentaerietaeanee Rome Cable Corporation ee cece e ecb ne cb bebe eee yen. Sun Oil Company PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING COMMITTEE PHILIP DRINKER Sc.D. Chairman .Harvard University School of Public Health LEE SCHREIBEIS JR Secretary 6... V. BENDER A. D. BRANDT Sc.D J. V. GRIMALDI Ph.D. M. KANE eee C. F. WAIN cece G. MEITER Ph.D 0... ec cece ce .Harvard .Harvard cee .. Industrial Hygiene Foundation cece eee etre reernen nnes cree e .National .National Lead Company . .Bethlehem Steel Company General Electric Company cece creer et ence rence. American Air Filter Company Busines Machines Corporation cece cece een eee Interaionl International . Employers Mutuals of Wausau T. PRING 0. cece eee e eee erences ..., Wheelabrator Corporation C. W. SCHWENZFEIER JR cece cece cece ccc . Brush Beryllium Company TOXICOLOGICAL COMMITTEE ANNA M. BAETJER Sc.D. Chairman 0.6 cece cece ccc cceacaceeeees Johns Hopkins University PAUL GROSS M.D. Secretary 6... cencecee ence ees eencaeeeenas Industrial Hygiene Foundation E. C. BARNES . Westinghouse Electric Corporation C. FLINT 0... . N. V HENDRICKS D. D. IRISH Ph.D See eee ee e ewe eee beeen ere cec ee e es Hazel Glass Company + Esso Research & Engineering Company Dow Chemical Company eee : ence ne ce ence eeneee J. F. MORGAN 00. ee ec eee Pennsylvania Railroad Company F. A. PATTY LL. General Motors Corporation L. E. RENES . - Phillips Petroleum Company D. SALLEE ... cen cece cece e enceee eecereberrtreesnves American Can Company H. F. SMYTH JR PPh.hD..D cece ence enereeeet U. H. E. STOKINGER Ph.D. ee cee ce ten . Mellon Institute treet e teen e eter .. S. Public Health Service AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE C. A. BISHOP Ph.D. Chairman . cc cee neesUnited States Steel Corporation H. H. SCHRENK Ph.D. Secretary Ind ustrial Hygiene Foundation C. BALLMAN 0.2 . Air Pollution Control Association L. V. CRALLEY H. F. HEBLEY G. M. SAUNDERS M.D. a . aan Aluminum Company of America Pittsburgh Consolidation Consolidation Cool Company beens Socony Mobil Oil Company Inc. MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you Dr. Zapp will you comment DR ZAPP Well I can't speak on this topic as a lawyer or as an insurance man involved It does seem to me that there are two separate concepts involved in this question One concerns the mechanism of settling claims which presume that there has been an injury for which the plaintiff seeks to recover damages The other part concerns the relations of the man- ufacturer with his customers and with the public definite manufacturer definite Now it seems to me that the has a very public responsibility to his customers and to the and that is to point out to them how his product can be used with safety can Nothing turer's interfere with that responsibility on the part of the manufacturer If however a claim arises which suggests either that the manufacstatements were inadequate or in error then you have this question of deciding about liability which I feel is a separate matter MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you Dr. Zapp The next ques- tion is "What information respecting physical and chemical prop- industrial erties and toxicological properties of the material does the hygienist need in order to develop the hazard control program Mr. Hatch MR HATCH The answer to this question is very easy get You all that is available There is one very important aspect of this ques- tion as to what information concerning physical and chemical and needs toxicological properties that the industrial hygienist The toxicolgical plication is that there is information with respect to the toxicological properties of the substance obviously essential to an understanding understanding the hazard That doesn't tell the whole story however must There with be added to this question what information does he need also toxie respect to the way in which the process operates in which mind that mind that substance is to be used It is important for us to keep in there is a very real difference in toxicity and hazard Here that where toxicolgical prop- the physical and chemical properties as well as the toxicological prop- erties come in toxic We know for example that two substances may be equally toxic but quite different in respect to hazard Thus it should be the should the indus- trial hygienist's hygienist's responsibility to accumulate all the information information is and it should be his available responsibility digest this tion and determine to what extent more be- only simply that information only cause he can't limit his responsibility by informa- to informa- is needed be- saying so much is known about the substance and therefore decisions have [ 254] be based upon this limited data He must see to it that the additional information is obtained necessary MODERATOR AHEARN Dr. McGee DR MCGEE Accepting the suggestions that Ted Hatch has given I wonder if he would admit there is is useful in human a practical shortcut which exposures to some materials I refer to the fact that if you have an explosive hazard at below that a concentration in air well and causing a definite clear biological effect it is a simple good operating rule to take the lowest concentration needed guide You may disregard certain as a at levels above that level which properties which are evident only can be tolerated for reasons of safety MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you very much Dr. McGee There are two questions on the list which bear essentially on the same points and we will therefore discuss them jointly They are 1. What is the liability of a manufacturer of a toxic chemical who sells it in bulk for packaging and resale by the purchaser under his own name or brand in the event of an injury to an ultimate consumer and * 2. What liability does a company have for its product if an adequate warning label is placed on the container but the ultimate consumer either does not read the warning label or does not follow its instructions I am going to call on Mr. Oviatt first MR OVIATT If the manufacturer adequately warns a reseller of the toxic nature of the material either on the label or otherwise and of the care that should be used in handling it he is not liable if the reseller fails to put such warning on the package when he re- packages it and sells it to the public Of course if a manufacturer should find out in any one of numerous ways that the reseller is fail- ing to put the notice or the warning or any material part thereof on the packages then he should call the reseller's attention to it If the reseller persists in disregarding those warnings then I believe that he should stop selling it to him for his own safety Of course what should go on label depends greatly on the class of trade to which any product is sold the knowledge of the people who are going to use it the chemical knowledge and results that might come from mishandling So you can't say a label has to bear thus and so for the entire general public And that would also control to a certain extent what should go on a label to a reseller It is what knowledge he may have of the chemicals sold and what he should advise his purchasers as to the method of use 2551 MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you very much Mr. Oviatt Mr. Baile questions MR BAILE I think in answering the first of the two you have to make a distinction between chemicals which are toxic as a normal attribute of the chemical itself on the one hand and on the other hand the chemical which is toxic as a result of some dangercreating defect that exists in the chemical which would normally be harmless Now | think Mr. Oviatt's answer is primarily directed to the first class where you are dealing with the chemical which is naturally toxic Under those circumstances when the purchaser is given full knowledge of the toxic character of it and the dangers that are inherent or the purchaser without your telling him has that knowledge I don't think there is any liability on the part of the manu- facturer However where the toxic character of the chemical is created by some defect in the manufacturing process then I think there is liability on the part of the manufacturer I don't think we are going to permit manufacturers to insulate their own carelessness in the manufacture of their product against consumers by the intervention of a middle man MR OVIATT Mr. Baile after all the question was what is the liability of the manufacturer of a toxic chemical Now a chemical is either toxic or not toxic is that right MR BAILE Not according to my friend at the beginning of the meeting MR OVIATT If a chemical becomes toxic because of the de- meeting it thought we feet that isn't the subject of our today is I are just speaking of materials that are inherently toxic without any defect producing toxicity MODERATOR AHEARN I believe it would be helpful to the discussion the audience Mr. Baile if we had more pointed of swehcicohnd half of this question because it seems to me it is a question which most people in this audience are very much in Will you interested point your remarks specifically to that question MR BAILE As Mr. Oviatt pointed out the basic consideratidoisenmi- in imposing liability upon a manufacturer of a chemical which disemi- nature is toxic is the obligation that is imposed upon him to dissemi- nate the knowledge that he has of the dangers to the purchaser Now his only method of doing that in most instances through labeling rorry the product with an appropriate warning stating prohibitions against particular use and providing an antidote in the event harm is encountered Having done that there is not much more he can do If therefore he meets that requirement an adequate warning on his product unwillingness of an ultimate user to take advantage of the knowledge that has been made available to him either refusing to read it or failing to understand that which is clearly understandable does not create a liability On the contrary it constitutes on the part of the consumer the party injured a fault which would bar any right of recovery that he should have against a manufacturer MR OVIATT On the other hand what you are really saying is that the manufacturer does not have to police his customers MR BAILE I think that is a fair statement MODERATOR AHEARN I believe the audience appreciated that additional contribution from both of you By the way I forgot to say in opening this meeting that at the request of the panel I want to make it clear that the members of the panel are speaking only for themselves as individuals and are not to be regarded as committing their companies in any way I think we may assume that they and their companies are fairly close together We will go on to the next question now In what way can the producer of a toxic substance aid in securing its safe use by education research and development of control measures Mr. Hatch MR HATCH We agreed in a preliminary panel meeting this morning that this question answers itself The point is how can we get the producer to recognize and accept his responsibility ? We have many examples in which the manufacturers of toxic substances have recognized and assumed responsibility in this respect even to the extent of requiring the customer to show evidence in advance that he has made adequate provisions for the safe handling of the material before they will supply it to him I recall when I was with the York Labor Department that one company which was producing and distributing a highly toxic material required every potential customer in New York to get the approval of the State for their proposed control In the case of another toxic substance one of our large chemical companies has set up an elaborate program of education of the ultimate consumer of the material in recognition of the very important fact that without adequate safety measures serious difficulties were bound to result I would like to turn to the last item the development of control [ 257] measures There is a particular responsibility and opportunity here maetaerrliiaelr development of on the part of the producer because as I the hazard can said be magnified or minimized for a given toxic the in which the process equipment operates It is the the the producer of such materials to take part in process equipment so that he will be in a by manner responsibility of to position advise his customer on the kind of equipment in which he is to use this toxic material MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you Ted Dr. Bachman DR BACHMAN I can only add to Mr. Hatch's remarks by ing attention to an action one company is taking They customer's employees who are going to use this call- bring in the and material give the employees of the customer a course in the handling of it Now this think is an excellent approach when you get to extremely hazard- ous conditions I don't know of anything that you can do beyond that questions MODERATOR AHEARN Now we come to two which the panel believes should be grouped together also What pro- cedures should be followed to determine whether any of the plant materials personnel are abnormally sensitive to toxic In conjunction conjunction with that How is a health problem to be anticipated Recognized Prove?d"' Dr. McGee DR MeGEE In general there are certain principles which some of us feel should be followed In the first place we must know as much as we can about the biological action of the material concerned to know it priWmaerilliyke how can affect the animal with which we are concerned There rabbit may be a species variation such as the story Ted Hatch understand- tioned The full story of biological action involves some understand- ing of the molecular structure action at a cellular level the details of the chemical metabolic and other changes brought about in the understanding body to the extent that our research methods and our of metabolism of the body allows us to define those wortkheirngs Secondly from the standpoint of man the it is quite essential that we know who in the plant has a deviation from his not able to optimum state of health when where and why We are recognize or anticipate a health problem unless we know what to lok for and actually do look periodically at this crucial and continuing experiment in which the worker is To accomplish that involved we must know what his situation healthwise is when he starts to work before exposure and at intervals thereafter I think a large number of organizations in order to be careful 258 1 when using a new material examine the worker intervals until they define for themselves : at rather frequent 1. That the average person does well under the and the control situation that exists at the plant and circumstances 2. That in a sufficient experience they have not demonstrated unusual sensitivity an I refer not only to the entire group of allergies but to some of the idiosyncrasies which are not too well understood A part of this recognition of a hazard involves other than basie knowledge orientation and thinking about it day by day A sible individual reviews some of the possibilities which respon- looked and checks and double checks may be over- to see if they are actually occur- ring If you don't look I will assure you that the of us is that experience of most you can miss them until they force themselves on By looking carefully for an untoward reaction you than otherwise you may find it earlier MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you Now Dr. Bachman DR BACHMAN Once again I am in a position of backup man with very little to say on the subject because I think Dr. McGee has pretty much said what can be said I do note that the point at which most of the conditions arise or appear is at the start of I think it is only by following the points as made by Dr. a MnceGweepltahnatt one can discover or uncover the abnormal sensitivity of a The only thing that I know of that could be done is person to remove the man from the action and pray that he doesn't get worse MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you Dr. Bachman Mr. Hatch MR HATCH I would like to add to what Dr. McGee said In addition to the continuing observations on the men for the purpose of identifying a problem area it is equally essential that there be paral- lel studies on exposure The ultimate purpose is to compare the one with the other So don't forget that it is the two together the man and the environment that have to be studied continuously in order to reveal significant relationships . With mechanization and automation the maintenance people in a plant become more and more important There are more of them in proportion to production men and difficult problems arise with respect to them because their exposures are so varied and uncertain Thus systematic and continuing studies are even more important DR ZAPP I should like to comment on a suggestion that is frequently made that is why can't we detect the abnormally sensi 259 dermatitis for tive individual by some sort of screening test ? For example why not a patch test before he is put into contact with the suspected material on his job Generally speaking we do not recommend this procedure I believe one of the biggest scale attempts at this sort of thing was the testing of volunteers with mustard gas at the individual individual beginning War II A great many were tested in an effort to individual thathtat determine individualreacted variations in sensitivity One consequence of this program was that some of the men were sensitized to mustard gas and therefore abnormally whenever they came in contact with small concentrations So. it is not a practical procedure to weed out the by dealing hypersensitive a preliminary testing program if we are with a sensitizer sensitizer The other comment is that we can anticipate certain types of that difficulty For example suppose we are with a chemical that produces dealing kidney injury It would not be wise to expose a And And man has only one kidney he might very well be abnormally adequate sensitive medical that brings up the importance of an preplacement certain examination and a classification of a man as fit or unfit for a certain type of exposure DR MCGEE May I add one thing which I think is important It is the absolute necessity of a critical attitude in tying down the important to diagnosis I know of a few areas where it is more cross- examine a diagnosis and prove it to the extent that it is possible high prove it than in occupational disease The very act having high of potenial potential index of suspicion when supervising an operation with potential troublesome troublesome hazard sometimes leads to false diagnoses that can be troublesome troublesome physician the plant I am reminded of the incident of who was aware that a chemical could be a sensitizer of the skin and lead stub- dermatitis He showed me a case of a very stubborn stub- dermatitis six born because the man had been removed from the exposure at the months and still had the skin lesions I was visiting the plant time I had a hunch of a different diagnosis when I dermatitis dermatis as lesions partly because I was not expecting contact dermatitis dermatitis the plant physician who lives with the problem at man's the was asked every similar the patient if there were members of his family trouble There were two members who had complaints had who The complaints similar patients diagnosis proved to be scabies for all three of the patients MODERATOR MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you Does very much We will cover on to the next next question question ** DoesDoes the usual Products Liability Policy cover any usual and all liability that may be imposed any liability may upon a a manufamanucfacturter urer for for resulting of damages resulting from the use of hihiss product product product MR BAILE I think the answer to that question is obviously no [ 260] First of all it does not cover any liability in excess of limits that are provided in the policy Second it does not cover the might be imposed upon a manufacturer for liability that itself That liability is excluded in damage to the product product liability policies the normal policy Third most basis are written on what is called accident They cover liability imposed upon the manufacturer for damages arising out of the use of a dent is used there in the product caused by accident Acci- sense of some event which is identifiable in point of time and place of occurrence as distinguished from adverse effects which are cumulative over a long period of time or amount of space For that reason it is very important aonvderpaargtriecaut- larly when you are considering the exposure of a manufacturer to liability resulting from toxic effects of the products that you keep ina mind that a policy which is written on the usual accident basis is a satisfactory policy for your purposes In that instance you shounlodt be certain that your policy is written on what insurance men choose to call occurrence basis as distinguished from an accident basis " I thing in one other instance the fact that it is basis is important because that also is on an accident coverage of the results of designed to exclude any business decisions that might be made It is pretty difficult to illustrate that in a case of products I think it is more apparent in the case of general liability policies You take the road contractor who has two methods of tearing up an area One method is a little cheaper for him but it involves exposing surround- ing properties to damage by shaking or noise or a The other method which might cost him something like that little bit more money would avoid that With that knowledge he proceeds to follow the less ex- pensive method That is a business decision the company has made MR .T C. WATERS May I ask one question as to that do not insurance carriers write policies on a broader Why beyond the concept of accidents basis so they get MR BAILE I think to answer that question have to out with the premise that the insurance you start be company if it could would very happy to write policies on a completely broad basis They would be very happy to insure the total liability of industry To do that of course we would have to receive the total income of each com- pany individually which you would be unwilling to pay by way of premium Therefore it is the question of balancing the risk that have been exposed to against what you are willing to pay for ynoout necessarily willing but what you can reasonably pay for So it is a question of isolating those hazards which are most common to industry generally and covering them and excluding the 261 specific hazards of a particular company or industry which are sub- jected to a much greater hazard than any other part of that industry or any other industry standpoint The second answer to the question however from the standpoint general of products liability is that the insurance industry in will write the policy on an occurrence basis What they are going to want to know in a particular industry is what are the hazards to which that company is exposed And they will try to measure the rate additional that they charge in the light of those hazards But as an point for the company that is exposed by virtue of the nature of its effects product to damage arising out of the toxic it is most impor- tant that they should have their policies written on the occurrence basis I think in the main it will be an insurable risk on an occurrence basis MODERATOR AHEARN Dr. McGee DR MCGEE I disclaim any knowledge of product liability arbitrary poli- cies As a physician I would hope that no device or fae- manufacturer tors would ever lessen the desirability and need for a to know those things about his products which are reasonable and determine prior which which he should should determine prior to their use next MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you very much The question is Inasmuch as your industrial experience been has quite broad what based upon that do you think experience constitutes management's the average corporate philosophy concerning bility for the safety and protection of its employees mangemnt's responsiDr. Bachman DR BACHMAN I think this is rather an question interesting and of course can only be answered on the basis of one's own thought perience and I think in arriving at any statement or any thought philosophy today concerning what the average corporate is one mustmust of review what has happened over the course one's lifetime The different gen- eral approach to safety 30 years ago was quite safety of interested is today The companies that were mostly from what in the safety safety had their men were in a large measure those companies where you and sort of a paternalistic feeling between the owners of the company effort towards their men I don't think there was much of a concerted effort for safety Some perhaps but not too great Then as time went on and we grew we have had a change in economic and sociological conditions I think we have had towards socially ment people as a whole become much more conscious towards their fellow man and conscious of their obligations to him over this the year period That has created a great deal of in the difference approach to developing safety measures for employees [ 262] In addition I think managements over the years have that safety is economically sound for a number of reasonsreIctoghnaiszeda very definite monetary value when you consider our competitive economy Processes have grown more and more complicated new products have appeared This has caused the management to spend more money in order to build plants which inevitably have become complicated With the plants becoming more complicated and the production increasing it has been very desirable for the management to see that they obtain the highest quality of work and the most skilled workers that they can The skilled worker became a very intricate in the cog production wheel and it was certainly most desirable to protect him in the best possible manner to look out for his health and be sure that he worked safely The loss through accidents or through some fatality would be serious and actually mean a lot in dollars in duction time and production effort I think this social consciousnpersos- and these other two factors have gone a long way in improving our approach to better and safer working conditions Furthermore has been saved and this has been well money recommended in the savings in the workmen's compensation fees Again I think another factor that makes it worthwhile for management to have a very favorable attitude towards safety is that it increases and improves the morale of their workers and I know in our organization we have a saying A safe plant is rather a happy plant And usually if you have a happy plant you have your least difficulties and you get your best work From my own experience I would say that whereas in bygone years when one approached expenditures for safety purposes the question might be raised Is this necessary the attitude taken today by most corporate managements is Will this do good If it is likely to do good then put it in I think this is rather charaeteristic in my experience MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you very much Mr. Oviatt MR OVIATT Dr. Bachman has pretty well covered the subject I don't know that all those who were safety conscious 25 or 30 years ago were paternalistic but there has been a definite change in philosophy Twenty or thirty years ago there were small infirmaries that companies established with time medical personnel and they sat back waiting for accidents to happen Now they try to prevent accidents They go to great lengths and spend great sums of money to prevent accidents and I think this is true of most of the large corporations Every year large sums of [ 263 ] money are spent on equipped hospitals in the plants and in the office buildings They have periodical examinations made of their employees They have safety programs and training programs for the supervisors in the plants All in all industrial medicine has become a large part of the medical profession and a very important cog in an industrial organi- zation I know from experience that the presidents of some of the divisions of large corporations put up trophies to be competed for by the plants to see who can have the least time accidents over a period While the accident statistics may not bear out the statements that have been made nevertheless there is that consciousness and a striving all the time for bettering their record and I think the records over are being bettered every year As long as employers are conscious of this safety and what it will gain not only in a monetary way but in a happy well organization they are not going to let up just because they have arrived at some degree of safety I feel that is the philosophy today MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you Now we will move on to another question Have there been recently substantial changes in the law respecting the liability of manufacturer to one injured by his product MR BAILE That term recently is a relative term If I would treat it as meaning in this century I would say yes there have been what you might call substantial changes a change in concept and a change in application of principle Prior to 1916. generally in this country you would have heard the rule stated that a manufacturer has no liability for re- injurideisrect sulting from the use of his product beyond persons who are in contractual relations with him In 1916 by the famous decision of Justice Cardoza that principle was finally broken down and lieu in of it was adopted the rule if a manufacturer would that recognize a defectively made product of his involved an unreasonable risk of harm to remote users or persons in the vicinity of remote users that has then he was under duty to make it carefully and from that grown the general principle now that manufacturers are in main liable the they for defects in their products or for hazards against which can guard even to those persons who have no contractual relationship with them Probably more important than that has been the change in the claim remote application of that rule Needless to say in any by users against a manufacturer the problem of causation is a serious one A [ 264] manufacturer may make his product at one place and it travel through many hands over much may territory and during a long period of time before it becomes a factor in somebody's injury The problem is then to determine whether or not some activity on the part of the manufacturer was the cause of that injury In the main in the past years our courts required rather specific proof of casual relationship If there has been a major change of our law it is the tendency of our courts I am one of those who thinks it is a very undesirable and unfortunate tendency accept what I call hypothetical or tionable proof of relationship between cause and injury I think qtuheosse- two main changes that have occurred have been very substantial changes and have greatly broadened the scope of the liability of the manufacturer MR OVIATT I have very little to add The concepts of non- contractual relationship has been broadened the last few years I think the courts are inclined to stretch that doctrine perhaps sometimes a little too far but that old doctrine of McPherson vs. Buick has opened a new thought on this question of liability whichCoImpthainnyk is all right as long as they don't take it too far MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you very much Now we will go on to the next question What are the possibilities of changing process equipment or methods of manufacture or use of a toxic material in order to reduce the potential hazard MR HATCH I should like to speak at great length on this point but we don't have the time It is a very important point There are great possibilities for changing a situation from one of great danger to one of relatively little danger through the proper design or choice of process equipment I don't know of anything more frustrating than to work on a plant problem and to realize while wrestling with it that it should never have existed in the first place Somebody along the line failed to give proper attention to the selection of the right kind of equipment so as to avoid the problem I feel that the industrial hygienists who up to now have been largely concerned with hazard control though application of ventilation and other such secondary measures must in the future give greater consideration to redesign of the process equipment itself for purposes of hazard control There are endless numbers of examples of the creation of an unnecessary problem because of the failure of designers of process equipment to incorporate into their initial thinking questions of hazard and to accept from the outset a responsibility to minimize the poten- [ 265] tial hazard which is on a par with the responsibility they assume for the operation of the process itself DR ZAPP I would certainly agree with everything that Ted Hatch has said I notice that this question really concerns three things possibilities of changing process equipment methods of manu- facture and use of toxic material I am sure that we could think of examples of all three Ted has Then spoken of changing process equipment of one sort or the other the manufacturer may sometimes be able to substitute a less toxic toxic material As far as the hazard of use is concerned I can think of examples I think it is almost a truism that we can control some any hazard if we are willing to go to the trouble to do it Now sometimes economics is a decisive factor there That is if you have to take ex- tensive measures to control a hazard it may not be economically feasible to do it MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you Dr. Zapp Next question : Can one distinguish between health impairment resulting from effects of handling toxic material and that resulting from fear anx- iety states of effects from handling such " materials Dr. Metiee DR MCGEE I think the answer is yes for certain materia's is be and no for others If a satisfactory differential diagnosis to made there are two requirements First there must be some objective test which is specific for the effects of the material By that I by reliable chemical analysis Second there must be the ability mean to rule out a similar effect from anything else with which the worker may have come in contact inside or outside the plant In other words we must be able to say that a specific health impairment resulted from the material in question and under circumstances where we can rule out other possible factors producing that end result phosphorus- An example is the anticholinesterase effects of certain containing insecticides You have an objective test in most instances you have the opportunity to rule out other exposures which could alter significantly the level of cholinesterase in the blood There is another field however of materials whose effects are signs and symptoms which are rather vague I feel the clinician can- the not be sure whether such illness is a result of actual to a exposure material which is known to give such vague symptoms in early stages Butterflies in the stomach problems of sleeping malaise and has the like are symptoms found frequently in the man who an anx- iety state Sometimes the recognization that the exposure is insuffi- cient to produce the diseased state gives us a reasonably good clue that an anxiety is responsible [ 266] I think all the physicians present here will periences examples of epidemies of recall in their ex- cause one anxiety in groups of people be- or more workers felt that he had developed illness from particular exposure He talked about it and others a the same soon felt they had the symptoms In some instances we have sufficient control of environment to know exactly what were the sure and to say that it is possibilities of expo- impossible under the amount of for the episode to be a bona fide exposure exposure with resulting illness There- fore the entire thing must be on a psychosomatic basis MODERATOR How AHEARN Now we will go to another question: adequate are animal experiments as a means of icity for human beings predicting tox- DR ZAPP If we are trying to predict effects being then the human being himself would be on the human animal We can't the ideal experimental we must use man as an experimental animal and therefore accept other species as an imperfect substitute Now perhaps the soundest basis for man from the effects on animals is predicting the effects on that our internal anatomy and physiology are rather similar If we are dealing with a chemical that produces liver damage in dogs and other animals then we can be fairly sure that it will produce liver damage in man We too sure about the quantitative relationship There are diffceraennncoets bine species of susceptibility Now with all that with the recognition that animal tation is an imperfect substitute I think we can look with esxopmeerismateins-faction at results that we have obtained in predicting effects on man through animal experiments over the past 100 years We have tainly learned a lot from the animals and we have with the useceorfperhaps arbitrary factors of safety been guided by those results in setting up criteria for safe practices with respect to man By and large we have been successful There There are materials that affect in are exceptions in man ways that we cannot reproduce any experimental animal but they are fortunately rather rare MR HATCH I like the emphasis Dr. Zapp put on the tative aspects For obvious reasons it is quanti- not possible to translate the findings on animals for direct application to man How adequate are animal experiments In some cases they are highly adequate and in some other cases they haven't been adequate Certainly none of us want to go away from here with the idea that the experimental animal can give us all the answers but given us information of they have enormous value So there is no question that the animal plays an important part in the study of toxic agents [ 267] ( i MODERATOR AHEARN We have arrived at the moment when we would welcome questions or statements from the floor If anyone has a question to ask about any phase of the discussion of the panel I would welcome his getting up and giving his name and asking his question or making his suggestion DR ANNA M. BAETJER Hopkins University I know that the time is very limited and we have not had time to cover all the questions I would particularly like the panel to discuss two phases one the three questions that deal with the labeling laws and the importance of these and two how can the consumer determine the composition of toxic materials sold under trade names MODERATOR AHEARN As a matter of fact we had grouped those three together Dr. McGee will you take off on those questions DR MCGEE How can consumers determine the composition of toxic materials sold under trade names Sometimes it is almost im- possible to do so From the standpoint of a practicing physician treating acute poisoning such information comes in too late for him to help his patient His problem is that of taking a trade name and trying to find out what it means He gets a chemical identity as the first step and he still doesn't know what the material is in a pharmacologic sense He has to have that material classified in a pharmacologic or toxicologic sense for the information to be of any help to him If he doesn't know something of the biologic properties of the material if he doesn't know the site of action he will have no basis for intelligent therapy Too frequently in our present setup that in- formation comes to him a little late to be in the best interests of the patient The labels are not big enough to contain all of this information which might be required by the physician There are in some packages inserts of descriptive material which can be of use to him in some instances I think frankly we must improve techniques for getting the information that is required to the customer and in turn to his physician where there has been an accident and resulting illness Poison control information centers may help MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you very much Dr. Bach- man you are a chemical engineer I believe everybody would like to hear your specific answers to the question of whether a manufacturer of toxie materials can be compelled to follow labeling restrictions and cautions as recommended by the Manufacturing Chemists Association Also we would like to have your comments on the current status of efforts by a number of organizations such as the Manu- [ 268] facturing Chemists Association to develop adequate labeling and to standardize labeling DR BACHMAN I don't believe the Manufacturing Chemists Association has any authority My answer to that is no I don't believe manufacturers can be compelled to follow the recommendations of the Manufacturing Chemists Association On the other hand I think it is highly desirable that they cooperate to the maximum degree possible and I think the great majority of the manufacturers do at- tempt to do this because most of them are members of the Manufacturing Chemists Association Now as to the current status of these efforts that is perhaps one of the most active committees in the Manufacturing Chemists Asso- ciation In many cases it has formulated codes and labels to be used which I believe are being used Of course I think the crux of the whole question here is for such organizations as the Manufacturing Chemists Association The Amer- ican Medical Association and the chemical specialty people to get together and try to formulate a coordinated policy on labeling We are always going to have difficulties if you have several approaches to labeling I think we must have a unified approach or if it is broken down into compartments these compartments must all originate from the same source That is they must originate from the same authority be that authority one that results because people work together or one that is enforced by virtue of government action MODERATOR AHEARN There are a number of associations including the Manufacturing Chemists Association busy in this field I believe the American Medical Association is equally active It seems to me Dr. Zapp I should ask you to devote yourself specifically to the question How can consumers determine the composition of toxic materials sold under trade names DR ZAPP Before I answer that Mr. Ahearn I would like to make one comment on the current status of the work of these various associations The Manufacturing Chemists Association through their Precautionary Committee the Chemical Specialties Manufacturing Association and the American Medical Association have agreed that they will work together towards wording of some uniform labeling law or at least a set of principles that will guide these various associations The CS.M.A. group is now meeting in Philadelphia on this very same subject That is the current status as far as I know With respect to Question 21 I think that all three of the agencies I have just mentioned the Manufacturing Chemists Association [ 269] C.S.M.A. and A.M.A. agree that there should be more information believe with on product labels than there is at the present time I respect to the industrial uses of chemicals that industry is fairly well satisfied with M.C.A.'s principles of labeling as expressed in its Manual of Warning Labels with which I presume all of you are familiar However when it comes to the consumer and particularly cement the user of small packages of cleaning powder or toothpaste or or what have you it is agreed that there should be more information on the label so that the user will have some idea of the active ingre- dients and some idea of the hazards involved in an accidental exposure to material One of the most frequent inquiries I suppose that we get in the du Pont Company is what happens if a child swallows a little du Pont cement It was never intended for that purpose of course but the question is what happens Fortunately the answer to that is prac- tically nothing don't worry about " but that's the thing that the person needs to be reassured about The physicians : the other hand would like to see on the label the kind of information that would enable them to treat cases of accidental exposure Now with all the good will in the world on the part of these organizations there are still many practical difficulties involved in formulating a set of label- ing principles that will do the job to everyone's satisfaction The householder really wants to know how to keep out of trouble and avoid calling the M.D.'s And so it goes Now I think that something is going to be done and out of all this activity there will be more product information on the labels Meanwhile we have the resources that Dr. McGee told us about the poison control centers There are one or two compilations that give us a good deal of information about the trade name and Dr. products Hodge of the University of Rochester is coming out with an encyclo- pedia which will give more information of that type But ultimately it the manufacturer is the best source of information if you need In most of these cases where information is needed in a hurry I think it can be best obtained by getting in touch with the manufacturer or his branch office MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you Dr. Zapp I Mr.quBeasitlieon this believe to complete the discussion you ought to answer : to Are present labeling laws adequate with respect requiring warn- ing and preventive measures as to toxic qualities MR BAILE I think there we first have to define the sense in which we are using the term adequate If the we use word in the sense that compliance assures immunity from liability for the manu- [ 270] facturer our answer would be one thing and on the other hand if we mean by adequate in the sense of sufficient requirements and enforcement to protect the public from injury I think there is a dif- ferent answer From the first standpoint labeling laws as such do not give immunity from liability to a manufacturer by mere compliance with the labeling law The common law itself imposes a duty upon the manufacturer to bring to the attention of the users of his product and people who are in the vicinity of its use the dangers which are in- herent in its use or may flow from it He must comply with that standard Considering it from the second standpoint the adequacy of the laws to protect the public from injury think we have to that the laws as such are inadequate I am also one of those who shaays the view that the laws will always be inadequate because I think there is necessarily a lag between technology andand its development and the ability of legislators to act For that reason I have always felt that effective labeling legislation should be broad and general in its terms and depend for effectiveness upon detailed and limited regulations issued pursuant to that broad general statute I think when this is done we are then able to more quickly adopt regulations to changing conditions and to more effectively enable industry to comply because they can be more specific and thus more clearly understood As you know the number of labeling statutes that exist today are bad Even the person who confines his attention to that subject and nothing else and there are few people who do not only has three or four federal statutes with which he must deal but there are some 28 separate state statutes and then there is a multitude of local or- dinances that have other effects upon us They have many advantages from the standpoint of imposing criminal liability In all instances however they are not effective in enabling authorities to take out of the market the products that do not meet the requirements of those statutes and needless to say the only way that you can really effectively prevent harm from substances that are improperly in the market is to exclude them from the market by confiscation Mr. Ahearn I would say by way of summary that yes our labeling laws are inadequate They need to be changed and I am hopeful they will be MR WATERS I think the audience would be interested in the question of whether industries should tell their employees that the material they are handling is toxic or carcinogenic 271] MODERATOR AHEARN I think we decided to group that question with the question Should information on the presence of toxic exposures in industry obtained by health departments be given to labor unions and employees or only to management Dr. McGee DR McGEE In answer to the first question I have found no way to conduct a program which will get the cooperation of the employees without giving them the reasons for it These people are en- titled to it I think the only successful programs that 1 have observed elsewhere outside of our organization are those in which the employee has some knowledge of why he follows certain operating procedures regardless of what the end effect is of the material or the end effect might be in the materials that he handles Therefore I would say that we must give the employee that knowledge so that he can understand and use it in coming to a conclusion as to why he must do certain things to protect himself I think the same statements apply to organized groups and safety committees and union leaders MODERATOR AHEARN You draw no distinction as to infor- mation made available? DR MCGEE That's right FLOOR SPEAKER It is required in Ohio to tell the employees of the toxic material in the department and it is required to repeat it to them monthly MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you very much think MANFRED BOWDITCH Lead Industries Association I there were two important matters not covered in the discussion of nature labeling First of all Dr. McGee said that very frequently the of the toxic substances gets to the doctor too late I wonder if he is aware of the fact that the American Academy of Pediatrics has now established over 30 poison control centers from coast to coast There are 15 in the State of Florida alone All of them are manned by telephone 24 hours a day All are in charge of a physician and at a Public meeting only day before yesterday it was agreed that the Health Service will be asked to take over the national direction of these centers and see that current information is supplied to all of them I really think that this is of importance With regard to the matter of warning labels there is a body of laws known as the Pharmacy Laws which were designed to protect the public in purchases over drug store counters In a court in one of the southern states recently one of these laws was interpreted to cover a shipment of litharge in industry and an award of 18,000 was made on that [ 272] basis and at the present time I understand that further suits amounting to 80,000 are before the courts I am told that only about half a dozen of the states have adequate exemptions to prevent such misinterpretations Only about three weeks ago I discussed this with representatives of the Manufacturing Chemists Association and it is my understanding that they will take steps to try to bring proper exemptions into the laws of the other states " MR T. J. LANIGAN General Electric Company I would like to hear discussion on the question How is it best possible to main- tain a continuing safety awareness among employees engaged in hazardous occupations involving the use of toxic materials MR HATCH To have an effective safety program the people who are attempting to do this must maintain among themselves an awareness of safety needs that is stronger than the safety awareness of the employees I have no particular procedure to suggest since I have had no special experience in developing and maintaining such awareness I do know from experience however that there is great risk if such awareness is not maintained and developed on the part of everybody concerned We have all seen good programs break down because of lack of maintenance of awareness _ MODERATOR AHEARN Dr. Zapp would you comment DR ZAPP I will only add to what Ted Hatch has said I think the promotion of the continual awareness of the safety program among employees is a responsibility of supervision Supervisors will only do it if they know that higher management wants them to do it Now when safety policy is set at the top level of company management and is passed on down through the various supervisory channels to the employees then 1 believe the program can be maintained adequately and the employees will have a continuing awareness of the program If the foreman goes around an area without wearing a mask where a mask is required or without wearing safety glasses in an area where safety glasses are required obviously by his example he is going to undermine the whole program If on the other hand he goes in with a mask on or goes in with safety glasses on and insists that others do likewise he has a good chance of enforcing the rules and maintaining the continued awareness that this question speaks of MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you Mr. Baile you are the general counsel of an insurance company It seems to me you are the panelist to answer these two questions What methods are available to insurance carriers to assist their insureds in the protection of em- ployees and the purchasing public from the hazards of toxie ma- 273 terials and What methods are available to insurance carriers to assist small industries in the detection and control of hazardous conditions " MR BAILE I think those questions are primarily directed to the insurance carriers place in contributing towards the reduction of accidents in industry either among the employees or in users of the product or in third parties who might be otherwise affected by the activity of the employees of an industry I think that it can probably come under eight points First is the function that Dr. Zapp has already mentioned that is through the sale of the insurance there is brought to the attention of top management the importance of the safety program It has a very direct influence on the amount of costs a very substantial item in the cost of any industry By bringing that to bear on the top management you get the influence which Dr. Zapp suggested which is so necessary of that philosophy going down through the various echelons of the company Also I think it is that very force that brought about the changes in the philosophy of industry that we referred to earlier I think the safety awareness of industry has been to a great extent brought about by the influence of the salesmanship if you will of the insur- ance industry But in a more practical sense the insurance industry contributes through its engineering facilities and its suggestions and participation in the development of safety programs in any industry This consists of arranging and conducting safety meetings distribut- ing the proper type of literature and the proper type of postings Secondly by its own engineering it supplements the safety program of a company in ascertaining where the hazards in that industry exists And in doing so it approaches it I think with a greater objectivity because it is uninfluenced by those unconscious influences which company people are subject to such as the costs of changing a process the reduction in time or the increase in time which some change of process to incorporate a safety factor would involve Another way in which they can contribute is in the preparation of a catastrophe plan for specific hazards Insurance carriers can aid in the development of drills so that companies are prepared in the event those catastrophes occur Another manner in which they aid is in the supplying of information for the preparation and distribution of safety material The insurance industry acquires the collective knowledge of many industries and can bring that knowledge to the aid of a particular company The insurance carrier also aids in the preparation of purchasing [ 274 agent manuals which is a method of coordinating the receipt of toxic materials into a plant so that knowledge comes to the attention of the production personnel of the nature of the product that is being brought in in order that proper safety precautions can be taken Finally 1 think the contribution that the insurance carrier can make is to maintain the awareness of safety I think the great difficulty that occurs in many industries is that you develop a program to avoid accidents and prevent accidents It has a peak and then it tends to slacken off Every once in awhile it needs to be rejuvenated I think the fact that the engineers of the insurance carrier and its staff come in regularly and constantly bring safety to the attention of the people at the production level helps establish the habit of safety and it is that habit which in the long run will prevent many accidents MODERATOR AHEARN On that same point will you elabo- rate on methods available to insurance carriers to assist small indus- tries? MR BAILE might say this 1 think there is a distinction that should be drawn there In some industries because of their size they are able to employ the technical talent which is required in effecting a sound safety program whereas in other industries because of the small number of employees they are not able to have people who will specialize in those particular problems In that instance the insurance carriers become another arm of the company and supply it with technical talent which it doesn't have available within its own personnel MR OVIATT Mr. Baile isn't it true that the insurance companies look to the larger manufacturers many times to get information on these toxic materials on the processes that are used and the safety devices that may be necessary? MR BAILE Very much so MR OVIATT And then they can impart that knowledge to the smaller companies that are not in a position to hire these highly trained experts MR BAILE I would say that is definitely true MR OVIATT There is also another way think you will bear me out on that insurance companies have been helpful That is in making counts counts petrographic analyses and so forth They go into the plants to make these and make their recom- mendations MR BAILE Yes that is right [ 275 ] MR OVIATT I would like to add just one word if I may to the earlier question on efforts to develop adequate labeling and to standardize labeling Those on the panel who spoke to that question failed I think to mention the fact that the Manufacturing Chemists Association at present has a law a proposed federal law for labeling and for the far more important matter of confiscation You can have criminal statutes all over the place but throwing a man in jail or fining him 10,000 will not save the life of someone using a chemical that impor- is not properly labeled I think this confiscation feature is tant This new law that M.C.A. proposes does take care of that ade- quately as to the defining of what a poison is and setting forth tests for determining a poison Now what will become of that law no one knows That is the present status of the M.C.A.'s efforts MODERATOR AHEARN Thank you DR BACHMAN I would like to comment in reference to earlier questions To maintain safety awareness you must say that a company has to tell its employees what the nature of the materials is which they are handling whether they are toxic or carcinogenic because you can never have a safety program unless you give the people working with toxic or carcinogenic materials such information I don't think that was adequately emphasized before I think as far as the question of the most economical and best _ way a small plant can get help on problems of toxicity and industrial hygiene the obvious answer is a good consultant I don't know if there is enough consulting work done in a continuous manner with the different smaller companies DR THOMAS L. SHIPMAN Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory : I would like to have this question : discussed If a manufacturer con- forms to the highest standards of an industry in the manufacture of his product will that be a complete defense in an action against him for injuries resulting from his produc"t In placing this question before the panel I would like to remind them of the experience of some of the electrical product manufacturers and their difficulties with beryllium MODERATOR AHEARN Mr. Oviatt let me ask you to answer that question MR OVIATT I think that can be categorically answered as no There have been cases where a court has held that even though the standards of the industry have been followed the highest standards that under the circumstances those standards weren't high [ 276] enough Each individual manufacturer must assess his own product and go beyond under certain circumstances the standards set by the industry That is so even though labeling laws are followed MODERATOR AHEARN Mr. Baile would you care to add something to that answer MR BAILE By way of addition The responsibility of the manufacturer is essentially one to conform with the standard of care that the law imposes Now that standard may be imposed either by statute by judicial decision or by what is probably a pretty vague standard namely the standard of care of a reasonable man acting under those circumstances Now in determining whether that third standard has been met a court or jury should take into consideration what the practices and standards of an industry are but they are only a measure for the factfinder to use and are not binding upon them In other words the widespread adoption of a particular method or practice will be a test for determining whether or not reasonable care was used But the courts have said that 12 lay people who don't know a thing about the busi- ness can say you could have used more care I can't believe that reasonable care can be any more than an industry would use because I don't think industry would ever adopt as a widespread practice a careless practice if there were a safe one The court seems to think that 12 jurors can say they can I might say whenever I have been confronted with that problem I have always remembered the one judge who said the only reasonable man he ever knew was his wife's first husband MR SCHWENZFEIR JR Brush Beryllium Company I would like to have the expression of the panel on the distinction in labeling procedure between what is required for a retail product and what is required for industrial products It has been inferred that it is not particularly important to exercise greater care in labeling if the product is to be handled in commercial use though it may be in retail It is implied in another question that the manufacturer of the toxic material can pass the responsibility on to the corporate purchaser who in turn passes the hazard on to his employer I wonder if that is really correct MR BAILE If I understand your question it is this Whether a manufacturer has a duty with respect to giving warnings as to the attributes of the product to the ultimate consumers where he sells let's say to a middle purchaser who repackages -- something like that tr MR SCHWENZFEIR JR No intermittent handler is another production concern like this bulk packaging that was in one of the earlier questions of the program MR BAILE Your question then concerns the liability of the manufacturer who distributes in bulk to people who handle that product in transportation and who are employees of the purchaser who use it in some manufacturing process MR SCHWENZFEIR JR Right MR BAILE I would say by way of answering that first of all I.C.C. regulations of course control to a large degree the requirements of labeling in transportation Now they are designed primarily for the protection of employees who are handling it in transportation and of course conformance with that is required and if there is a lack of conformance and injury results to employees of carriers who are transporting it liability would be imposed From the standpoint of the employees of the purchaser of the product the problem there as I see it is this The law imposes upon the manufacturer the obligation to give warning reasonably calculated to call to the attention of the users or potential users of the product the hazards that are apparent in that product Now notice it is a duty of reasonableness that is imposed upon them It would be an utter impossibility for the manufacturer of carbon tetrachloride let's say to go to every employee in every manufacturing plant that uses that and inform them as to the hazards that are involved in the use of it So the law recognizes under those circumstances that if the manufacturer brings to the attention of the purchaser whose employees are going to use it the hazards of that product or if the purchaser without having it brought to his attention is aware of the hazards of that product then there is no obligation on the part of the manufacturer to inform them because the law never requires a man to do a vain act You don't have to tell somebody the dangers in a product when he already knows them Then the law imposes upon that employer the duty of providing his employees with a safe place to work and of passing on knowledge of hazards to the employees so the employee can take such action and exercise such care as is necessary for his own protection Does that answer the question or am I still missing it MR SCHWENZFEIR JR That's it Thank you MODERATOR AHEARN Now is there another question from the floor [ 278] MR W. W. HODGE Koppers Company Inc 1 would like to hear discussion on the question of how industry can best work with governmental groups in order to be certain that regulations for the control of hazardous materials are proper and reasonable MODERATOR AHEARN Mr. Hatch we had assigned you to answer that question MR HATCH I am not certain what the framer of this question had in obviously there are many different answers to it Industry presumably does have a large volume of information that can be best utilized by working with governmental agencies in order that the proper regulations be formulated I have in mind one very specific way in which industry is working with an official agency to make sure of proper regulations and that is in the State of New York where under the procedures for developing or regulating codes for industry it is required that an advisory committee be formulated including representatives from the industries directly involved those who supply equipment to be used in industry representatives from labor unions and so on Now I think the important point here is this in the very framing of this procedure recognition is given to the fact that the problem pertaining to the use of a particular toxic substance in one particular industry may be different from the problem that arises in the use of that same toxic substance in some other industry and that to be reasonable regulations must recognize this Regulations developed from this point of view are distinguished for example from a general regulation which consists principally of a list of permissible concen- trations Take carbon monoxide for example adequate regulations for control of this hazardous gas should be different from regulations governing its control in steel mills This is recognized in the New York procedure and provisions are made for the active participation in formulation of industry codes by those people from the industries who do have needed information and experience Obviously to be objective it must be agreed by all those who do participate that the purpose is to come out with a regulation which will in fact prevent ill health or accidents We had in this room not long ago a public meeting which had the same purpose here in Pennsylvania Prior to the official adoption of regulations pertaining to a certain industrial hazard people from the industries who could bring important information and experience to bear on the problem were invited to attend and contribute sugges- tions which would make the final code more effective I believe that the industries that do have this information should welcome and indeed [ 279] H BOARD OF TRUSTEES FLETCHER ANDREW President St. Joseph Lead Chairman Company New York N. Vice President CARL B. Allegheny POLLOCK Secretary Ludium Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Pa General Manager M. W. THOMPSON Treasurer and Treasurer The Hall China Company East Liverpool O. C. WATERS General Counsel Miles & Stockbridge Baltimore Md V. P. AHEARN Executive Secretary National Industrial Sond Association Washington D. C. Vice President H. W. General ANDERSON Motors Corporation Detroit Mich JOHN BUGAS Vice President Ford Motor Company Dearborn Mich H. K. CLARK Director The Carborundum Company Niagara Falls N. General Manager J. DEWEY Association DORSETT of Casualty and Surety Companies New York N. PHILIP DRINKER S~ .D. School of Public Health Horvard University Boston Mass A. R. FISHER President Johns Manville Corporation New York Y. A. D. ROSS FRASER President Rome Cable Corporation Rome N. Board Chairman WILLIAM B. GIVEN JR American Brake Shoe Company New York N. Vice President United OSCAR A. GLAESER States Smelting Refining and Mining Company Salt Lake City Utah A. Y. GREGORY President Whitehead Brothers Company New York N. A. C. HIRTH Owens Glass Company Toledo O. HARVEY B. JORDAN Executive Vice President United States Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Pa B. E. KUECHLE Vice President Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Company Wausau Wis A. J. LANZA M.D. Institute of Industrial Medicine N. BellevueBelevue Medical Center GEORGE MIXTER Director United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company Boston Mass E. V. MURPHREE Sc.D. President Esso Research and Engineering Company New York N. ALAN M. SCAIFE Vice President T. Mellon & Sons Pittsburgh Pa R. C. TAYLOR Executive Vice President American Can Company New York Y. C. RICHARD WALMER M.D. Managing Director Industrial Hygiene Foundation Pittsburgh Pa