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FILE NAME Colonial Sugar Refinery CSR DATE 1958 Mar DOC CSR033 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Trade Journal Article - Toxic Agents in the Factory ~ , 7 . t a 1S tes thy Ve We: ay i re A "aA. yale od hl are ft 7 oe, : te 3 Th, . ts 2 Ae: oe ~ are,Po ewr s : ; ~ iss re i eaoe . omer - Paw = Smtemer At + 8. aoe hm me 0 4 tmipe afi sry re per DOC 147 115 53 155800-147 155800-147 535 155800-147 155800-147 ne. on Toxic agents NDUSTRIAL diseases occupy unique position field a unique position in the field of medicine because all in- dustrial diseases can be prevented in in in "+ the ; industrial industrial medical When an industrial medical officer takes up an appointment in an indus- try his initial step is to study all the different types of operations by a pro- cedure called job analysis At this time the industrial medical usually in company with the safety officer the employment officer and the foreman of a section alyses and physthi e c phya sicl al and environmental factors in a particular job conditions humidity Such as light heat humidity pressure noise dusts gases toxic chemicals and radio- activity are noted He then applies the general pro- cedure of ensuring through an in- dustrial dustrial hygienist usually well officer of the very informed equipped and extremely helpful Industrial Hy- giene Division of his State Public Health Department whether any tox- ic agents are above their maximum allowable concentration called the M.A.C. Should this prove to be the case recommendations are made for the elimination of the agents or substitu- tion by a toxic agent or a con- trolled process to ensure that the operator does not expose himself to concentrations above their maximum al- lowable limit For example suppose a greasing area were being studied and trichlorethylene was the greasing agent used The industrial medical officer knows that this chemical is an anaesthetic is an efficient greaser and may cause burns Also when drawn over a very high temperature source it may turn to the bighly tox- oO ic gas phosgene He would know if he could smell its familiar odor that probably there was more in the air than the maxi- mum allowable concentration of 200 parts per million He would then re-- commend steps to be taken possibly for the properly controlled ventilation at the greasing area a By By Dr. etn ea TS = W. F. COOPER = Medical Director = General Holden's Ltd. PUAN TET) eo esse TMU Ree eT) Het5 When all the jobs have been analysed and completed the information might well be collated by the for- mation of a chemicals committee which would set up standards for use on these various chemicals and make recommendations for their effective control or substitution . Dr. T. A. Lloyd Davies has clas- sified industrial discases into groups based on their manner of origin The principies to be adopted for their pre- vention and a brief sketch of each is presented below Physical Temperature Heat cramp occurs with temperatures above 100 deg F. They are seasonal occurring mostly in foundries forges and mines Cramps are experienced in the areas of the hands legs and feet and in the back and lumbar region They are particularly assium by due to loss of fluids and loss of sodium and pot- sweating Saline drinks 36 : will prevent cramps the drink being composed of 72 grains of sodium chloride and 48 grains of potassium chloride added to a half gallon of water . Heat exhaustion may call for re design of work areas particularly with aluminium screens and alumin ised clothing conditioned , rest very roorm oomss are very effective . Cold Exposure to cold ue may pre- cipitate and aggravate existing colds bronchitis and kidney inflammations . LigLhigtht viUlotra let liligght ht as pro- for welder duced example example by by a welder cooks the protein in the cells of the trans- parent part of the eye causing the known welder's flash This may be entirely prevented by correct pre- ventive wear . . . Infra over a period of many years from such sources as moltes glass and the heat and glare of an- nealing furnaces causes the lens of the eye to become opaque and thus produces a cataract The industrial hazard may be abolished by improve- ment in manufacturing methods . Pressure Compressed air illness is caused by greater volumes than norm- | al of oxygen and nitrogen being ab- | sorbed in the blood With the rapid releases of nitrogen on decompression severe damage may be caused in the nerves bones ligaments and tendons In America mixtures of oxygen and helium are used as a substitute for oxygen and nitrogen to prevent these Oe called bends and also as an ef ME AEM fective agent abolishing symptoms similar to acute alcoholism caused by 6 the poisoning effect of nitrogen Oe Vibration Pneumatic tools average PTI about 700 to 3.000 blows per minute minute PHOS although some vibratory tools maymay go YEN to 6,000 blows per minute They may ROR by a nervous reflex produce FEN hand or white fingers in one hand Usually the left hand is first affected in a handed person The vibrations may also affect the joinu and bones Prevention embraces rest periods for workers tool balancing silencers and exhaust design Noise Prolonged exposure to over- all noise levels above 94dbs especial- ly in the frequency range from 500- ak 2,000 c.p.s. may cause a perm^/nent nerve defect A preventive technique here is to have an audiometric ca fs Continued on Page 38 mn Mear f Australian FACTORY March 1991 -_- we eer oe hls > j , if! HI . ! oH i : D t OS f o i. aE CA dbti, te 4 : ote eile mw i 2 if Het 4 oa shin | i at Ee os ( ie : 4 if fy . wa 3, 3 ; Ve: 1 ea oe He. . A, f yet ey 4 i q t . vee 2-7,74% * so ao ince fo. i = = Jie ivi ae rh aed 33 =| "al site} iat ry ore wa pie, fo: 4 THE DISEASES THAT CHEMICALS CAUSE DISEASES and fine mottling the lu the jy, fume fever may result from fron DISEASES DISEASES DISEASES 36) particularly give lung poison Continued Continued Continued from Page Chromium checks of 361 workers new ination checks workers gives checks of employeemployeeses when prpeersieo.nditc ipenrio-dic mgm where cu there of aie * dust air the worker recovery noisy the nerve chest frequently complained and maximum six months results trits toxic systen system jaundice maximum Electricity Electric Electric shock results depend sometimes Electricity the electric The trinitrotoluene current medic: routes itself where through the body poisoning in Changes Changes the nervous system adequaitnveolves mechanical hand- only poisoning Changes the current passes through ventilation nutri- the nutri- result spinal cord or paralysis periodic medical Serious results results come come workers adequate o portion from Dusts the respiration paralysis of brain controlling controlling . Trinitrotoluene . manifests , poison . Trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene manifests manifests oxides effects effects with a dermatitis turning turning nickel skin orange orange color acute red- the insensitive insensitive person it of skin exposed exposed giving giving The blood may be altered in the 1.5 blueness blueness lips pain Gas- produce tritis as and complained sometimes antoxic jaundice jaundice incurable prevention trinitrotoluene tion adequate tion and ing facilities with and barrier Pneumoconiosis examina- wash- creams an in- of particularly Chromium metal producing meta met, those of of 2 may produce nose nose cancer a ; cancer cancer inhalation . inhalation inhalation in the fo fo the dust where there more more fo; w we lead poisoning with we its effects on muscular muscular we system syste the blood and nervous deposited deposited deposited periodic bones medic at be prevented prevented periodic workers examination exposed protection an with personal protection treated ay adequate E.D.T.A. a chelatin chelatin now with E.D.T.A. the removal which effects the body removal 0 metal from the body mercury heavy the the heart heart importance flammation of the lungs produced is Poisoning often absorbed com- It extreme importance to com- th mence artificial artificial resuscitation dusts particularly silica predisposing as dusts does to tuberculosis The max- most most absorbed through the in form vapor with symptoms symptoms of classical resuscitation a com- imum allowable loss teeth wit salivation figure being that respiration respiration com- teeth, generalised menced within within one minute concentration sil- silica is 3,000 particles per c.c. Silicosis generalised Industrially progressive progressive accident weakness tremor symptoms symptoms accident accident pe 90 r cent survive sometimes sometimes may not be produced those cent commenced as and and if respiration is commenced destroyer accident til 10 or 22 00 years after Asbestos is un- extreme apprehension tremor extreme apprehension on the of the 90 long as minutes minutes another destroyer of F sufferer on thhe e os after cent lung tissue and the maximum Arsenic Pat of f the 90 potentially missible concentration is a ee potentialy potentially Electrical dangerous giving All appara- two that a half million particies per cu ft that through ; inhalation of arsene Arsenic Arsenic compounds giving giving mal burns shock same care care ther- is 87 particles per c.c. gas to may burns The prevention of silicosis around produce diseases skin bestosis revolves itself the ing as well various Radio oxide Radio causes ionization ionization suppression of dust and exhausting it Zinc and cadmium cadmium cadmium their lungs activity possible damage of proteins proteins damage damage to blood- plus personal workers workers protection placement and by respirators produce severe irritation of mouth mouth Antimony salts taken examinations tgheerminal forming system inflammation inflammation periodic are abdominal pain the nervous nervous forming lining lining digestive medical radiological reviews essential ness giddiness nausez nausez nervous nervous the membranes effects with inhaled felt has delayed re- tract damage Additional effects include Cotton protein combination combination combination Gases Gases Arsene : bones tumour vessels damage damage of chronic chronic asthma and bronchitis action causes Phosphene gases rapidly re Byssinosis formation cataract skin inflammation inflammation death and Byssinosis causes similar the lungs called con- dissolve dissolve Phosphene death from lead coma death nerve nerve dition occasional occasional skin. formation formation of asbestos asbestos con- dition Fibres left after the sugar pases rapidly centre paralysis paralysis well known and in- extracted extracted from cane Cyanide medical Preventive measures booths require screen the allergic sugar produce produce preparations medical for in the acute acute efficient ventilation workers lung disease known preparations that ventilation monthly . Bagassosis Vanadium Vanadium examinations examinations produce from inhal Protective Jung produce the inflammation gloves and be Protective clothing and hazards especially contamination considered Common must usually firing contamination emergency swallowing swallowing cyanide cyanide Carbon dioxide dioxide replacing replacing oxygen the especial y especially X rays used examining castings those firing oxygen blood cause cause especialy essential for workers sciousness and and examining radio active inhalation is dioxide, by gassing the cleaning protective furnaces use completely dusts and inhalation radio protective furnaces furnaces The prevention prevention of gassing clothing an air- dir protective protective clothing and have ected an their Disease Disease Due Causes feed respirators respirators beryllium beryllium 1. Escape poisonous gases dir- ventilation gases Chemical Chemical Manganese Manganese 2. Adequate exhaust exhaust intofume chemical inflammation digestive ChemCihcemailcsals Chemicals may absorbed digestive through chemical a inflammation tract the lungs inhalation pchemicaal rticles 3. Respirators Respirators trained _ 4 Reliable trained persons persons 3. rescue important The The lungs entry industry Portal portal portal entry the in most industry * oxide be detected cause films of work- detected detected ray films be detected in can X-ray films of work- | Continued Continued Page Australian FACTORY March March Austrelian FACTORY, March 4, Se ee and Control of toxic agents in plants Continued from Page 38 5. Periodic medical examinations Carbon tetrachloride may be acute or delayed in its poisoning effects and its maximum allowable concentration Is somewhere in the region of 100 parts per million Other chemicals requiring control if they are used are chlorinated naphthalenes ethyl alcohol methyl alcohol methyl sulphate methyl bromide methyl chloride carbon disulphide ethylene oxide and diethylene The following table is a good gen- eral reference one for limits of toxic chemical concentrations It has been mulgated by I.C.I. Industrial Pro- cts and Health Research Committee Gas Concentrations in the general atmosphere of the plant greater than those given bar Now indicate unsatis factory conditions Acetaldehyde Acetic ocid Acetona 200 i 20 i 400 Acryl chloride 1 Acrolein 3 An monic $ isc Amyl acetate An 100 10 Arsine Benzine petroleum spirit 0.5 250 Benzol benzene Senzyl chloride . Bremine Carbon dioxide Carbon disulphide Corbon monokida Carbon tetrachlorida 50 S . 0.5 3,000 10 SC Chlordinitre benzeno Chlorine 1 otorm99 ve Dichiorbenzene tnarel Ether T chioride Ethylenc chlorhydrin 23 505 506 2,000 2,000 tiene cichloride Stine Stine aside : wv Jchyde ogen chloride : 1C 10 10 10 Hydrogen MvCrogen Hydrogen Methanol cyonide fluoride sulphide 110 0 I 30 200 Meinyl bromide Monyl Monyl chloride Mergen ezider 20 100 nitrous fumes Netrobentend : 10 ; 1 Perchlorethylene Phosgene Styrena Sulphur chlarida Sulphur dioxide Tetrachlorethane Taluoi toluene 200 0.5 100 - S - 10 -| 10 100 Trichibrethylana XrXirailal syiene Dusts fumes and we metals Chlorinetad 400 100 To cu metro a 20 deg oO C. ~ machincleme t Cinitrophanci Te comanunda Cinitrophanci :aad sut's agin, Lece Marchry 7 TMT 01 1 C1E 0.1 2.0 gey Sore ee paoes > ; (BB x Sy + Saree Illustration shows angle iron beam~- held securely by the rapid and accurate application of P.T. Toggle Clamps during weiding operations 'Rugged constructica suits any jot @Cuts set times to a minimum 'A size for every need from a midget h igh to a giant clamp holding 4,000 lbs pressure WRITE FOR A FREE ILLUSTRATED | CATALOGUE TO Poee 2 apetmetnm DISTRIBUTED BY Andrew Gault Demco Machinery Co. Pty Ltd HarrisScarfSe carfe Ltd Industrial Pty Ltd McPhersons Ltd Paul & Gray Co. Queensland Machinery Ltd. L. ee Hardware Pty Ltd Pit 57 Australian FACTORY March , 1958 atten eam hs hime te wegen ewe te 2 Re ee eee ee pee nw ge <9 mF e ee e e ee eae gee cee esat ee Oe ee Ne om wees