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DIOXINS IN ENVIRONMENT, Chapter 20, Panel Discussion, Plaintiffs' Exhibit 1802: McConnell, page 271: "We have shown in animals that chronic low-level exposures in several species of animals appear to be more potent than a single equivalent dose. In other words, it takes less of the TCDD, spread out over a period of time to produce a given effect than it does in a single exposure; just the opposite, of what occurs with many, many chemicals." irw uaigjy 1 ! m m v no toxicology a n d Chem ical Cara n ogc nesii 103 1977. 24. Freireich, Emil.. G ehan. Edm. A., Rail. David.. Schmidt. Leon., and S lip per. Howard: Q uantitative com parison of toxicity of anticancer agents in mouse, rat, dog. monkey, and man. Cancer Chemotherapy Reportj, JCftyilM, 1906. 25. Baker, S. B. and Davev. O. B.: T he predictive value for man of toxicological tests of drugs in laboratory animals. Br Med Bull, 26f3):2Q&. 1970. 26. Clegg. 0 . J.: Animal reproduction and carcinogenicity studies in relation to hum an safety evaluation. In Deichman, Wm. (Ed.J: Toxicology end Occupational Medicine. No. H olland. Elsevier. 1979. 27. Jansen, J. D.: T he predictive value of tests for carcinogenic and mutagenic activity. In Deichman, Wm. (Ed-J: Toxicology and OccupationalMedicine. No. H olland. Elsevier. 1979. 26. Littlefield. Nell A.. Farmer. John. Gaylord. David W., and Sheldon. Winslow G.: Effects of dose and time in a long term-low dose carcinogenic study. nv Path and Tax, 3:17. 1979, 29. Pochin. Edw. E,: Assum ption of linearity in dose-effect relationships. Env Health Perspective!. 23:103, 1973. 30. Saffiotti. U.: Experimental identification of chemical carcinogens, risk eval uation and animal t'o hum an correlations. Env Health Pen, 22:107. 1978. 31. Guess. H . A., and C rum p. K. S.: Best estimate low-dose extrapolation of carcinogenicity data. Env Health P en 2?.*H9. 1978. 32. jones, H.: Dose-effect relationships and the m atter of threshold of carcino genesis, Env Health P en 22:171. 1978. 33. Litchfield, j . T., Jr., and Wilcoxon. F.: A sim plified m ethod of evaluating dose effect experim ents. Pharmacology ondExperimental Therapeutist. $6:99. 19-19. 34. Schmahl, D.: Problems of dose response studies in chemical carcinogenesis with special reference to n-nitroso com pounds. CRC Crit Rev in Toxicology, 257, 1979. 33. M antel, N athan. Ncett. Bohidar. Brown. Charles C., Cim inera, Joseph L., and Tukey, John: An improved mantel-Bryant procedure for testing of carcinogens. Cancer Retearch. 35:865. 1975. 36. Wilson. R ichard: Risks caused by low levels of pollution. The Yale Jovm. of Biol and Medicine, Si:37. 1978. *-- 37. Silkworth. J. B.. and Loose. L. D.: Environm ental chemical induced n* cation of cell m ediated im m une responses. Ann AVu* Fori Acad Sci IS 38. Taylor. M. A.. Israel. B, A., Escobar. B. R.. and B erlincrm an, D.: In vitro nd tin rcro param eters of hum oral and cellular im m unity in an animal model for protein calorie m alnutrition. Ann AVtr Jbrl AcadSci 1979. 39. Luster. Michael 1.. Faith. Robt. E.. and Clark, G eorge: Laboratory studies on the imm une effects of halogctiated aromatics. Pan VII. Immunologic Abnor malities. Ann AVtr )i*rt A cud Sci. 1979. 40. Luster. M. 1.. and Faith.: Assessment of im m unologic alterations caused by halogenatcd hydrocarbons. Ann AVw Fori- Acad Sci. 1979. 104 Eiti'inoumcHtal Toxicology 41. Dean J. 11.. Padarathsingh. M. L. anti Thom as. J.: Application of tmm uno- compmcnce assays for defining im im m osuppression./inn AVir YortAcadSci, 1979. 42. Sell, Stewart: Lymphocytes in Immunology'. Immunopethology and Immunity 3rd cd. New York. N.Y., H arp er and Row. 1980. 43. Drew. J. S.: Immunological surveillance against neoplasia: An immunological quandary'. Human Pathology, 10(I}:b. 1979. 44. Fudenberg, H . H .. Stiles. D. P.. Caldwell. J. S.. and Wells. J. V.: Basic and Clinical Immunology Los Altos Calif., l.ang Publ. Co., J9S0. 45. Benacarrai, B.. and Unaiiue, E-: "Textbook of Immunology Baltimore. Williams and Wilkins Publ. Co., 1979. 46. Penn. I.: Cancer associated with imm unosuppression. Sect. F.CRC Hand book scries in clinical laboratory science. Cleveland, Chemical Rubber Publ. Co.. 1979. 47. Fraumeni, J. F.. and M iller R. W.: Epidemiology of hum an le u k e m ia ./ Nat Cancer Inst, S3:593. 1976. 48. M cM ichael. J. J., Spirtas. P.. Kupper, L. L., and Gamble. J. F.: Solvent exposure and leukemia among rubber workers: an epidemiologic study. Oct Medicine, 7(4); 1975. 49. Vigliani, . C.. and Swim G.: Benzene and leukemia. New EnglJ Med. 271&72, 1964. 50. Infante, P., Rinfky. R. A., Wagoner. J. K., and Young, R. J.: Leukemia in benzene workers. / Env Path and Toxicology 2.2.51, 1977. 51. Goldstein. B. D.: H*,atoioxtciiy in H um ans. / Tbx and Env Health, Sup plem ent 2, 69. 1977. 52. Forni, A., Pacificao, and Limonata. A.: Chromosome studies in workers exposed to ben/vne, toluene or both. Arch Env Health, 22:373, 1971. 53. M ahoni, C. and Scam aio, C.: First experim ental dem onstration of the carcinogenic rfrccts of benzene. M ed Levoro, 7fSJ:352. 1979. 54. Wolman. 5.: Cytologic and cytogenetic effects of benzene. / Tox end Env Health, Supp =2. p. 33, 1977. 55. Picciano. D.: Cytogenetic study of workers exposed to benzene. Env "Res, 13:33. 1979. * ' 56. Frvdman, M. I..: T h e m olecular site of benzene toxicity. / 7ox and Env Health Suppi. *2. p. 37. 1977. 57. Zarrabi. M. H .. Zucker, S,, Miller. F., Cerm an. R. M.. Rom ano. G. S.. . H artnett. J. A.. and Varna. A. O.: Immunologic and coagulation disorders in chlorprom azine treated patients. A o f Int Mttl, $J:194, 1979. 53. Hiller, I. J.: DoprcsMOn of macrophages in mice dj'inking hyperchlorinated : -ater. A'ttare. 2i"i(S^79j:73b, 1977. 5V, H ihhj. J. H,, ar.,! W-inberg J, 1J.: Suppression of macrophage* by chlort- nnicd compo-mcN. .Vature. 'JhO'iA5, 1977. UO. D.nndfiktr, W P,.. I licks. A. N'.. L':vtion. S. A,. Su-wart, K., and Brawn, J.: t.ffccis of pi*tniics on the innuune response. Environmental Sci end Tech J W J 0 1 . 19^0. niii'ino* leadSci itn unity, '/logical lif *tld illhm s l/audRubber *.J A'at Solvent tiy. Oee. *71.-672. in i, Sup- orkcr* o the ir f Env tt* lift, ul Env c. s.. order nateti Mori* j.: ' AVA. i tt l /tw itunuhixicofogY and Chemical Carcinogeneiii 105 01. Ceglowsk, W. S.. Ercegovith, C. D., and Pearson. N. S.: LymphocyWt and M*croph-jg-s New York. Plenum Preis. 1978. y'J, Faith. R. K. :*r.d Luster, M.: Investigation* on the tiled* of 2.3.7.6-tetrach* lorodibt*t:&*tl:<nfin (TCDD) on parameters of various immune function*. Ann Ti Y Acad of Sei 1979. fil. Thigpen. J. k.. Faith. R. F., McConnell. F. F., and Moore, J. A.: Increased susceptibility to bacterial infection as a sequelae of exposure to 2.3,7.6icirachlor'-cbenrndfoxin. Infection and Immunity, A?; (6) 1319. 1975. frl, Luster, M. f.. Clark. C., Lawson, L. D.. and Faith. R. .: Effects of brief in vitro exposure in 2.3.7,B-ictrachtorodibenzodioxin on mouse lym phocytes./ f.uv Path and Tax. 2:963, 1979. f. Shurma, R. K, and G ehring. P.: Effect* of 2.3,7.8-tetrachlorodiben d io x in on splenic lymphocyte transform ation in mice after single and repeated exposures. .-Inn .V J' Acad Sei 1979. 66. La Via, M. F.. Loose, L. D-, LaVia, D. S.. and Silberman. M, S.: T he im m uno suppressive effect of phenol derivatives. In Lymphocytes and Macrophages, New York. Plenum Press, 1978. 67. Ochme. F. W.: Twenty First Caines Veterinarian Symposium, 1972. CS. Archer, D., Bukovic-Wcas. j..a n d Sm ith. B.: Im m unosuppression by phenol derivatives. Prae Soc Exp Biol end M ed 156:46b. 1977. 69. 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W.: Hcxachlorobeitcrne induced stimulation of the humoral immune response in rats. Ann Sew lhei Acad Sei 1979. 76. Sharma. K. P.. and G ehring, P. J.: Im m unologic effect* of vinyl chloride in mice, Ann Sew York Acad Sei 1979. 77. Mler, K.: T he effects of asbestos on macrophages. CPC Critical Rcviewt in Toxicology. Sept.. 1978. 78. Kagan. F... and Miller. K.: A lveolar m acrnphagr-splcnic lymphocyte in te r actions following chronic asbestos inhalation in the rat. In Lymphocyte! and Mucmphagex New York. Plenum IYcm, 197ti. 106 Environm ental Toxicology 79. Herscowiu. H. B.. Conrad R. E.. and Fennlinc. K. H .: Alveolar m acrophage induced suppression of the im m une response. In Z,vmpAoeviri end MacropAa^ci. Nc*' York. Plenum P re. 1978. 80. Drath. D. B., Davies. M. L . Kamovsky, M. L., and Huber, G. L.: Tobacco sm ote and ihe pulmonary alveolar macrophage. In vmpAoortei andMacrophoftL New York, Plenum Press. 1978. 81. Kersey. J. H.. Perry. G. S., and Spector. B. D.; Cancer associated whh imm une deficiency diseases. CRC Handbook jener in Clinical Laboratory Sci ence. Sect. F. Immunology. Cleveland Ohio, CRC Press, 1978. <' \ I nhal U ilvf si/e of ii*w. r e s lions irrquer live pn based o sonsorv oral veu in ihc i been vt* ni irritt lalsoruw |>i^ mo< by inh; have sit ic*r imir. Iti prodt opmeni In ma spread i n i n l It,-. X