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'K-' ";^' ' ' . ,o-- Metals 9 * " * '.*' o ' , /., 0 O ^ ` Section . . o o 0' . i"' 6' ' Officers 1935-36 General, Chairmdn-r-H. W. Dark, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. > *Vice-Chairman--A. Berquist, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., East Chicago, Ind. Vice-Chairman--C. M. AlleiI, The American Bolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio; Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Health)--]&. R C. Engel, ' Corrigan-McKinney Div. Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. . ^ - . Secretary and News Letter Editor--It. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. ` - Contest Committee- Chairman--Robert L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply,jCo., Louisville; Ky. a. 0 Engineering Committee* Chairman--J.^E. Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Co./ Bethlehem, Pa." Foundry Committee Chairman--Irwin* A. Brinkma,n, Mackintosh, Hemphill Co., Pitts-. burgh, Pa. ." Membership Committee Chairman--Mell E. Trammell, Gulf StatessSteel do., Alabama qty, Ala. ~ ^ ,,.Q *>, - Poster Committee Chdtrtnan--R. H. Ferguson, Republic Bteel Corp., Cleveland; Ohio. ^ Program Committee4 Chairman--H. M. Croghan, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind.. Publicity cCommittee Chairman^-C. W. Hanko,'Pittsburgh Steel Co., Monessen, Pa. Railway Car BuildcrjrCommiilee Chairman-~?P. J. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing CQrp.fc~Ptulman, Chicago, 111. Slides and. Safety. Kinks Committee Chairman--J. A. Oartel, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp.,. Pittsburgh,'Pa. - Statistics Committee Chairmari-pW. J. Ireland, Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. Members at Large-- % O F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel.Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. E. K. Blank, Jones & LSUghlin Steel* Corp., Pittsburgh. Pa. . <~ J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. G. A. Davis, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Chicago, 111. M. W. DundoRe,'Beloit Iron Works Co., Beloit, Wis, ^ John P. Eib, Carmgie-Illinois Steel Corp., Joliet; 111. W. T. Filmer, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. . r, . A. C. Gibson, Spang. Chalfanfr& Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. O. F. Harvey, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. E.- Hawke's, MacWhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. . H. H. Henry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. H. G. Hensel, The1 Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, BJ. C W. A. Jarvis, The Chase Companies, Waterbury, Conn. F. A. Lauerman, Republic Steel Corp., South Chicago, 111. T. H, McKbnnby, Chicago, 111. s' , // D. V. Medalie, InterlakeIron Corp.,`Chicago,1 111. . John O'Rourh, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Poh% Md. C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. - Frank Rowe, Wheeling steel Corp., Portsmouth, Ohio. Herman Spobrrr,- The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Evanston, 111. . J. K. Stafford, Mississippi Valley Structural ;Steel Co., Decathr,- 111. ; A."Voss, Republic Steel Corp.", Cleveland, Ohio.* . * Deceased; O . . -o' L '* 1'* \ * ? r ' O. 299g> y . .o c.* * 0 .0 oQ> ', ^ 300 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--C. M. Allen, The American Roiling Mill Co., Middletown, O. Pice-Chairman--R\ A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp,, Kokomo, Ind. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Mell E. Trammell, Gulf States Steel Co., Alabama, City, Ala. '-r Contest Committee,Chairman--Robert,L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., LoUisvitte, Ky. c Engineering Committee Chairman--R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Cor^., Cleveland, 0. Foititdry Committee - Chairman--Irvin. A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., Pltts- burgh, Pa. > Health Committee Chairman--Dr, R. C. Engel, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. Membership Committee Chairman--H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughfin Steel Corp., Pitts burgh, Pa.- ,, Poster Committee Chairman--H. R. Henry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland. Program Committee Chairman--C. W. Hanko, Pittsburgh Steel Co.,. Monesseh, Pa. Publicity Committee Choirtnanr-C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. Railway Car Builders Comnitttee Chairman--P. J. Brand, Pullman. Standard Car Manu facturing Corp., Pullman, Chicago. . Slides and Safety Kintis Committee Chairinan--J. A. Oartkl, Carnegie-Illinols Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. T. Filmer. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., . Youngstown; Ohio. r; Members at Large-- F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, O. R. A. Beyer, Central Tube Co., Ambridg, Pa. C A. Bianchi, H. H. .Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughfin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pal J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. h C. S. Craigmile, Belden Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. . H. M. Croghan, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ltd. J.-E. Cuixiney, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. .. H; W. Das, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron Works Co., Beloit, Wis. 6. T. Dye, Republic Steel Corp., Warren, O. John P. -Era, Camegie-Illinois. Steel Corp., Joliet, III. E. A. Ellis, Wheeling Steel Cbrp., Wheeling, W. Va. J. P. Gatherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. A. C. Gibson, Spang Chalfant Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. O. F. Harvey, American .Car and. Foundry Co., New. York, N. Y. S. E. Hawkes, Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wis. H. G. Hensel, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, 111. W. X. Jarvis, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Waterbury, Conn. "F. A. Lauerman, Republic Steel Coro., Chicago, 111. T. H. McKenney (retired), Camegie-Illinois Steel Co., Chicago, 111. D. V. Medaue, ' Interlake Iron" Corp,, Chicago, 111. - John O'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Md. C S. Phillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, .N. Y. Frank Rowe, Wheeling SteeTCorp., Portsmouth, O. . A, C. Schultz, Bucyrus-Erie Co., So. Milwaukee, Wis. H. J. Spoerer, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co:, East Chicago, Ind., E. J. Sterner, Bethlehem Steel Co.," Bethlehem, Pa. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. . MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October S, 1936 ^ The opening session was called to or- Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa., der by General Chairman H. W. Darr, who presided. Chairman Darr welcomed o Metals Section '' 301 the delegates, .pointed to fhe. excellent year, and commended, the'various corn- progress made by the Section during themittees on'; their work. ^ . C- ^o Industrial Relations and Accident Prevention * . By J. A.'VOSS . Director of Industrial Relations, Republic Steel Corporation, Cleveland, 'Ohio oO Industrial relations of the right kind presents to keep safety and accident pre- are essential to the success. of business, vention constantly before the worker... Men are nolonger regarded as commodi- Safety deseryes a place of importance in' ties, to be purchased at the lowest pos- the industrial relations program because aibie rate ahd^dischiarged when no longer of0the good, will it engenders among' needed. Employees must be-as contented' workers. as ambitious men can bti deserving ones Through, a constructive, well designed must have opportunities,for advancement; .accident prevention program the' manage-% wages, hours, and workingconditions ment can get closer to the men and at" must'be favorable. There must be an' the same-time bring^iehi more'real good earnest, - sincere effort to work with men, than through any other^ single medium, to appreciate their1 needs,and as far as Such a.program has one great advantage, possible, to meet them. O As intelligent labor relations are essen- Whether it's the. president of the comgany or the newest laborer on the pay- O tial to modern industrial management, sot' roll, there is a unanimity of opinion about intelligent safety work is essential to a , the' value of safety. wgrth while industrial relations program. A sound safety-program also .provides, - The Employee Representation Plan, through proper organization, a logical which has proved so successful during system of liaison 'between management past years, is an excellent medium for and .men. The safety man, who should carrying out both programs.^ Q. be, and frequently is, an integral-part of. This plan, .with its representatives the industrial relations program, mjeets . elected directly.by the meii from among with the- superintendents. The superintheir fellow-workers, gives'employees and tendents, in turn, pass oh the informa- management . every., opportunity ,to meet tion thejQhave gained to the foremen, together and discuss all phases of indus- Finally, the "fofemen0hold meeting^di trial relations, which should include a dis- rectly with the men working under them, cCV cussion of unsafe practices and'conditions. This,.completes-a chain that can, as need,;, By holdiiig regular matings, these prob- manifests itself, be used to; pass along . lems are promptly settled 'before^ serious other information7with equal effectiveness, misunderstandings develop and. accidents Such a. relationship is invaluable. It occur. The safety-man has an outstapd- should1 be fostered and developed, for in ing .opportunity to carry bn his work in. this relationship will frequently lie the cooperation with a safety-committee from;> methods which "will place a' restraining* among the representatives. . hand on trouble and djscord. ' That safety, and welfare. represent,, an In our corporation the safety depart-0 important part of the discussions between meiit is a part of the industrial relations men and. management under this, plan is department. The office of the safety man indicated by .the fact that ..during 1?35 ` ager adjoins tHy office, ancPhe is familiar more than 25 per cent of all the cases with the questions and problems which handled by the representatives in our confront us in', carrying out the broad corporation dealt with jhese''subjects.. - 1 program of industrials relations. r> No safety program is~really effective if Safety, to . us; is distinctly a sales job, . it fails to use the many opportunities that judiciously`mixed vrith a bit of crusading an enlightened industrial relations policy .spirit. & i' o* o o. mm ' I ... O - ', /. . 302 1/wenty-fifth National Safety Congress > There can be no laying down on, the mass trouble and tribulations. The in " job--no hoping that the- lesson has soaked dustrial relations 6r safety man who is through penhanently. New men are be- too indolent to mingle with his men to ingf hired who^must be taught,'and, being learn to know-them at first-hand is going human, older men too frequently get.1' to fail at his job. careless and"forget . So we use a dot of As you get to know the men better, ; -i selling, backed up withAdvertising and so they in turn4 get to know you better. combined with a' dash of sales promotion. A mutual respect and regard is developed It 'is ' in connection wittf.this constant which is helpful on both sides when prob selling job that the employee Representa lems of mutual interest are being dis tion Plan is most effective. Among the cussed. You will both be more holiest representatives are men from every de with ea'ch other. There will be less, beat partment. The very1 fact that they are ing around the bush and more plain facts. representatives is proof, that they. are If demands are-being made that are leaders, that the men listen to and respect unreasonable, it has. been my experience them and their judgment, ^f, therefore^ ,, that the best method to use is frankness. .we can sell the representatives on the Tell the representatives all there is to value of safety, we .have' a number of know about the company's. financial con influential proponents who rare unofficial dition, its sales problems, its. costs ot op- ;j r> safety representatives, and whose efforts/; : eration, and market conditions. Discuss ^supplement the instruction which has. with them the accident record. If you are been passed down through the superin honest, and they will know whether you tendents and foremen. are or hot,* you will find) that they are These representatives, who.se duty it is not only reasonable but sympathetic with to be; interested in everything that affects-, the company's problems. the welfare of their constituents, will,' This kind of frankness will also act as., without making-- the formal inspections a,barrier to the disturber from the out-^ that are the duty of the safety depart- side who is attempting tb create friction . ment, bring to attention unsafe practices by promising the impossible. The men that might, 'for a time at least, elude the will know that the disturber's promises eye of the most vigilant safety inspector. are false and impossible of fulfillment. We encourage our representatives to re Gradually a feeling of partnership will be port suchPpracticesr and when they are generated, and the old idea that men and reported we make haste to correct them. management must of necessity be enemies Sometimes these practices are reported will be broken down and swept away. to the representatives by workmen who-'' This new industrial relations -policy will cannot help but be impressed with the do more than anything else to make the prompt attention given their complaints safety man's job more effective if he will or. suggestions when ,they are passed on key his work , with that of the industrial to the management by the representative^ relations manager. Working together, they . We should4 know intimately what the" will not only do a real job forthe men, men want, what they are -thinking about but also for the company, arid it must We should have a living picture of their be a good job for both. Developments -in Hoisting Chain Practi6e :r By W. J. BLOOM Metallurgist, Otis>Steel Company;) Cleveland, O. The selection-of a suitable quality chain of the best material and workmanship the market^affords is of utmost impor tance.^Material which is ductile and suf ficiently elastic to recover from the strains produced byshocks should always be used. Though a high tensile strength may be obtained with hard material pf low ductility, such material has been found, unsuitable,'since it is liable to frac ture when subjected to sudden loads. The links of a chain should be designed a as small as Is practical, since, the greater this, working stress should be based on the number of links in', a given length the an ample margin of safety. We have es more flexible is. th'e chain, the smaller, tablished the practice of purchasing slings - the transverse . .dimensions of the link the made up completely by the manufacturer. O' less bending Action at'the ends. * In this way, we are assured of attach Ordinary short link or. close link chains ments that are correct in material and\de- have: links with-1-an approximate pveratl o sign. . ... length of four and a half.times, and a ' The kind of sling used depends largely breadth of. three and a quarter times' the on the;, nature and shape of the. articles to diameter of. the bat. For chaiiis designed 'be lifted. The size of the chain is deter- to stand severe shocks, links: with slightly mined by the weight of the article, and oval sides, instead of straight sides are ? also by the qngle between the legs of the . adopted, as they give the chain greater slin--g---o--r--t-h--e---p--o-s!iit!i--on in "which -i'*t-m--u--s-t Lbe- q elasticity. .* used. - ' C' v. Every user, qf chains is. familiar with In. ourjsteel foundries where large cast the recommended safe loads for short . ings have' to be raised frbm a mold, it - link wrought iron chains, (.oj the Chain often happens that the whole of the sand. -. Institute and the Rational Safety Coun is not removed from .the sides of the cast cil, but it may be"ivell to recall that the . ing, and the actual1 load upon the lifting safe -,working load for a long "link chain gear is'.augmented by the. pressure*; of the should not exceed two-thirds of that for sand, .or the "suction" *bf the sand, as it. O a short-link chain of ,the same diameter. is termed by.the molders.. Lifting gear of' Now,'as to chain attachments. A ring ample ^dimensions is therefore always" . should be made t>f material equal to or. used. - Again, in the; case- of our steel better than the material of which the .works,.the removal 'of "skulls" (slag con o. \\ -chain is made. A ring must be suffi taining, metal) from furnaces or casting ciently strong to carry safely a load equal pits-entails unknown loads on the crane to the sum of the safe loads of all the and.sling, chains,.and special precautions ' attached chains, and, moreover must be sire taken. capable of standing the total proof loads The important connection between the of* these chains without deformation. actual tension in the leg "of a sling and There- is little variation in the general, its angle ot inclination should never be outline of ordinary'books; both-the. in overlooked. ^ It is often assumed, and at side curved surface and . the outside' 'times with disastrous results, that a mul curved- surface are usually circular in* tiple-legged' sling will safely lift a load shape, though not necessarily concentric. equal to the safe load of one leg mul-_ The opening or gap "of cthe diook must be tiplied by tb?number cpjlegS, whereas O- sufficiently wide to admit the largest ring ^is-is^only strictly true wnemall the legs which has to be placed, on it. "are" in a vertical position. When a hook is loaded, the material Chains and other lifting gear are often in the shank is subjected! a direct ten exposed to abnormal temperatures in sile stress; this should., not exceed three foundries and steel works, and those in tons per square inchP The material in the open.are -subject to variations in at -those sections not in direct line of appli mospheric temperature, including , frost. , cation of*tne load is subjected to stresses The strength of iron and steel is.hat .se- 4 caused by bending action, ituraddition to. riously impaired at ordinary temperatures, the' direct tensile stress caused by the but above 600 degrees, F. the strength di Joad. These bending stresses increase with minishes rapidly .with increase of tem -the distance^ the section from the line perature. Possibly .with- the. exception of of loading, and are tensile at inside, and gifting appliances attached to ladles for compressive at the outside of the hook. moltei&metal.'tfew, if any,* are exposed, to The stress at the^insidg, is- the. greater, temperature (speeding 600 degrees' F. and a hook, therefore, should be^designed There has`beeh^h consensus of opinion so that. the. maximum stress produced by among chain users that chains exposed to. tfi^working load does not exceed, the frost become ^brittle and^.are liable to working stress usually allowed for 'the fracture without warning. Recent research- material of the hqpk^and as hooks are supports this view and shows that, ai- <- subjected to varying loads and -shocks,' though good quality chain' iron does hot n :a . s V Q r~\ O' 304 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress ... v develop - brittleness in the .absence of repair was considerednecessaryj-chams notches at lowtemperature, there'Jjs very. were found to be in use with links; sock 'grave .danger of brittle failure, even, at eted to half their; norma! diameter.; Un ordinary "frost" temperatures; in . chains der our presentiplJuiilwhere chains in use .containing defective welds or- links which are subject to 'cdh^ubus^Tyearj ithe ex-: have become notched or damaged in serv . aminer must: eventually ;decide: when :the ice. " n - ' - . - wear is suffiaent; to rendw;,the chain un It is, therefore, necessary to avoid ex safe for its norma! 'wdrldhg' load. - This posure *of - chains and other lifting gear decision is usually'left, to.the. experience to extremes of -temperatures, as^these and ,judgment; of the; examiner,/ If a chain tend to^aggravate the effects of anyslight 'containing worn - links ; becomes; distorted, cracks,'flaws, bad welds, or similar de as ..it.generally .doekj tl^e- chain, is removed fects. , r r . from .service mid the' wbrn' links- are. ire- Although annealing or normalizing, - placed. In 'some- cases,; a chain-or ap- Chains, and other appliances will cure ' pliance must nOtrbe used for- its .maxi the.skin hardness which arises in service, mum- safe working ..load if thewearjon neither of these heat treatments will pre any part exceeds/lOper cent; .in, other vent the..subsequent .development of'this cases wear is limited to ;a reduction) ii hardness'when the chain or appliance is diameter of theiron <?of ` -1/32 inch1 for. put into service again. 'Periodical anneal chains up* to 1 inch, and 1/16 inch ifor ing is, therefore^ necessary. . ~ chains oveiei inch. In all cases, the gen The period which should be allowed eral condition of the^ chain is also taken between consecutive annealings will de^ into account. . The wear, of a chain , it pend on the nature and amount-of use of often local, and the life of a chain may: the chain or appliance. - We- believe it is be extended by changing ends) thus sub the general practice of most huge users jecting different links to wear. 1 of chains' to specify definite periods for It is now the practice at the Otis Steel annealing, different classes of chains; O Company to identify every chain , in: use *As a matter'of safety,^11'.chains in or in their various departments. '-New- chains. dinary use, which are of wrought iron are marked by the manufacturer, -but and mild steel, are annealed once' at least - .-chains which have-been in-used for-some . in every twelve months. These chains, time, have an identifying letter for the. When subjected to frequent or severe* use department and a:number for the chain or where employed. in carrying molten. stamped upon a metal marker which is' metal, are'annealed-at least once eveiy bolted' to the :end links," We have- devel six months. Chains subjected to spe oped a- system of records) which, tie in cially severe use, such as those on .cranes with chain, identifications. These records .or grabs used to unload; coal, ore, scrap,, which ate maintained, by. the chain, inspec etc., .are ^annealed . once r every. three. tor contain such information as: months. 1. Brief description-with important- di-. One great advantage of -periodic an - mentions; 2. ' Purpose: for which used ; nealing is the opportunity offered for 3. - Reference number' on the- maker's test careful examination of the chain, since, certificate;- 4- Maximum permissible work with removal of all grease and dirt-by* ing load; 5. Date , when issued for-use; firing, the.surface of the metal is exposed. 6. Dates *of annealing,-'examination,' re The examinations are made bycompetent, pairs; ^Nature and-extent of-repairs. .' practical men, -conversant with the-land Filingc0ards afford very convenient rec of flaws and defects likely to be found, and able to make due'allowance forvany wear or distortion when considering vihe safety of,-a' chain. Though detection of ords where large numbers of lifting ap-' pliances are used. A record of each chain. Hook, shackle or sling with , its attach ments is Entered on .a separate card, and minute cracks in the metal is often diffi- - the cards are filed according to depart cult, a fire test facilitates their discovery, ments; Different periods , for annealing and is.applied, in case of doubt- . 2 may - be indicated by- cards of-/different Previous to the inauguration of our colors. O present definite plan of control, the wear . In each department there are-hlso in of ^chains was often allowed to reach-se spectors whose duties and. responsibifities rious proportions before replacement^or are to inspect all chains and chain assent- * '9 : ' Q ; . **. ' ` x_, JMetals Section 305 . . >> \ . J < j, o blies and to observc justj how the chains deterioration in service. lt was foundcthat; o are. used by workmen.'. '; . * '' the ^hammering. of : .the scarfs produced Inspectors'- are> .authorized to decide small depresskmsin 'which scale and dirt when a chain shall,be removed from sery- were imprisoned when the otiter edges of icefor,^ the jyeld \yere properly untied. Thus non* All.niateriais^thus^ adhesive . areas were; formed: within ithe to .the^ithetalluriidat 7depajf^hent ; ,which .weld which sometimes r extended- to the then assumes all^.respcnisibilities lor..' ire* surface. of the metalijiut were visible only conditioning or. replacing' chains an.d later asoveryfine cracks. ?.p . - .*< ' returning'them to depaitment atorerobm If a weld is made at a low temperature, for . future . .use: On a; specified 'day each= the,.edges of the weld are riot properly o week, a meeting of! the' department'.safety closed, as thpse ,parts^ cool first. This de . committee is held, and;the inspectof,;to-; fect by hammering is sometimes unin- .' getherwith a representative of .the metal tentionally concealed. ' Perfectly .: good lurgical. department,, .is included. Copies welds-; have ..at times trough - .edges which,^ of jnspectorfs reports are.* presented, 'land nia^ mislead even an expert chain exam the'* uses.: and abtises^'of chain, equipment--. iner.' ... 1v .are discussed. : -' . : a We immediately set about 'finding a At-the outset'of the; chain program, at "solution, to. our problems. 'The welds of0> the* Otis Steel Company, we, of-course,, the chainsweregiyingus the mdst trou- were primarily Soneerned wltheducajing ble,' so we decided that in our preliminary the. employee -In the proper gse of. the. investigations, we *should consider ' all equipment already in use in the various types of chain available. . departmental. We . stressed all the points Of the several samples Cof chain sub-.Q previously discussed, selected inspectors, mitted for -our first tests, we: found, that established central^epair stations, .posted i there Was only one that .showed .any safe load Charts conspicuously about the marked advantage over the others in.ten . plants, . Insisted upon good house-keeping sile'strength, ;ductility, andcstrength of. In caring for. chainS^ in'fact, we did'every- - welds. This' chaingn-several check tests,., thing] possibly, to make, our lifting equip- performed-exactly as it ,had . in the first mefat safe. We found, in the course of experiments;: .it not-only exceeded its our inspections, that;?while chain failuresnearest competitor in tensile strength, but had been.reducedtoji remarkable degree', " in. no case did it break in the.-weld. Mi-, we were still having' them and it-was ap- croscppic examination of transverse se> . parent that therd was still' work to be tioris of broken links cut through ; the done. Examination of chains after the welds revealed, that the fusion of metal failures indicated that there were still at the.weldUiadbeen,so perfect that;it c instances of over-loadifig,but that far fob- 0was very difficult .to determine -exactly many failures were- belng^'caused b$r in-&. where the joint was; made.. ; herently-defective'.chains'; and: we-were Chemical analysis ^>f..*the chains cdi- . buying the *best dredge chains on the vulged? tiiat tb?y were madf of a mate- market- Tabulation -of the datf gathered -mat- was-: entirely ;new to the, chain during the; investigations of failures, re- industry, an alloy, that conformed, to-the vealed*that. they doubl.e-refined wrought specification of ,.dhe Society^of, Automo- iron' dre__dtg`echa_m* wSh' ?ic--1h :severa4l, gen:__e___r__a 2 tiv.e .tETMnAgMinMeAeArMs fo^SAE 4615. .^Q tions of jchainmakers hadsperfected, did ' Two sets of-chains, were immediately; not entirely answer. our problems. 'purchased and placed inservicein a de ,We-found.-that' failures .due solely to partment whereotHey wou|d be iti almost reducrioh/of. material by wear werd^less constant us$; .here; they were* examined at ; common, and that next Ao misuse, oiir -least' once every month for about: a year, .greatest: difficulties': were^beirig encoun and a -half! / Since no fiaws, evidence^of " tered;by failures it tiiewcfld. These weld ` wear; or work-^tdening was apparent, at failures in.-general were>due to: the fol theV4nd: of that time,y the 'metallurgical lowing''caused:"';- ' ' 'o department?. along. -with ythe" department ; I/-Scale; and Ldiit )between the ,joining superintendent, recommended that the al- ' sorffites of..the-weld; 2;'Welding at-a; low, loy -chain be purchased for future re temperature; %3.; - Overheating, .causing placements.1 '.ci-v;.- v burnt and brittle , meta]; 4; Progressive -At the very outset of the service test^ .- .... $ ..... ,^ !: O .-a--.: K) 0 : 306 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress .? , the new alloy:; chains were received with alloy chain, using the standard safety fac .enthusiasm, particularly by the crane fol tor of 4 in each instance. lowers. The new chains hung free- from the crane hook, that is, they didn't kink dr twist, which saved considerable time in making lifts. This non-kinking feature, is in itself an innovation in the field of chain manufacture. It is simple, but then, so many time and labor saving devices- are simple. ' A built up section at one side and at the center of each link at the weld pre vents any link from slipping past the center link of the link preceding it-- which results in a practically kinkless Size * Dredge Chains Alloy 1/2" '4500Lbs. 9/16" ................. 5580 " 5/8" .................. 6930 " 3/4" ................... 10140 " 7/8" ..................14000 1" ............. ........ 18600 " 1-1/16" ...............21150 " 1-1/8" -*.......28800 " l-l/4"f ..?N_____ 34500 " l-3/8"S^^. ^ 14400 Lbs. 18000 " 20600 " 42000 " ". In comparing ^ the figures . .I. have chain. quoted, please note that the- safe working Alloy .chains -`are now recognized as load of 1/2 inch alloy chain is (14400 lbs., standard for all Otis plants. They-are notice also that the safe .load of 7/8 inch used in all sizes in which they are avail dredge chain is 14000 lbs. It is apparent, able from 9/32 inches to 7/8 inches, and therefore, that those of you. that have they have been in general use-for almost been using large bulky chains that are... a year and a half without a single instance hard to handle, can minimize this diffi- ' of failure due to defective material or'*' .culty by reducing the size of the chain workmanship. and^till maintain the desirable factor of 'x As a-comparison,. I cite the following safety!. However we recommend that you figures which are safe loads for double- take advantage of the additional margin refined wrought iron dredge chain and the of safety of the alloy chains. A motion picture on "Foundry . Dust & Tube Co.,, described a platform which Control,". produced by the Liberty Mu may. be located slightly above, the. floor tual Insurance Co., Boston, concluded the and .below the hooks, on which the chains' Monday session. The discussion which are hung for . storage. As workmen re followed the addresses was based on the move or replace chains,, they stand with following points: - their feet partly under this platform, so 1. What is a good method for mark- that falling chains may not cause serious ing/chains for identification and record injury. Safety shoes may, of-course, be purposes? used also. Stenciled metal markers can be fast ' 4. How may the difficulty of holding ened to all chains. safety meetings for men employed on 2. How often is! it. necessary to an-, different shifts be overcome? neal alloy chains? ' Many industries' are holding safety Mr. Bloom stated that alloy chains :in meetings on .various shifts, either day or use at the Otis Steel Co. as long as three night; under the foreman in charge of the years had npt yet indicated any need for shift. annealing. It is probable that the com 5. What is-the proper protection for ' pany jwill return the chains to the manu hands when handling rough, oil-coated facturer from, whom they were pur materials? chased when annealing or repair is found r- Mr. Ralston explained that a waxed, necessary. - "glove is available which, in some in 3. How may foot injuries be avoided stances, has been found quite satisfactory. when handling chains? Another suggestion was the use of hand Mr. Filmer, of the Youngstown Sheet holds made from burlap. 6. How may the use of protective 7. How many concerns require the clothing be made mandatory? ' use of ' abdominal belts as protection <> Mr. Ralston suggested that applicants-- .against hernia? -` for employment- be made to agrefe`, by They are required cin many'instances . placing their signatures1'' on . appropriate where. examinations show employees' to cards, to use safetyQequipment whenever ^ be sugc6p^|e^jp^ernia. <There is no G it may be required. Without that com unanimi^^m opfinion among doctors, pliance, men should , not be permitted to ' sothehfecommending the use of such belts, 'work. ^ ` . ywhile others advise otherwise. O- 0 & G o s if lJ WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1936 <D /"i o ' 0 Safe Practices in' Welding ,G By C. V. DAVISON \ ' \ /s Superintendent ofc-Pipe Manufacturing, America^ Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio If our welders are not instructed^prop ity, cost) service, a knowledge of his job, c- erly* in how to do their'"jobs we may and good will. - The welder can control cause accidents to individuals-who have the first three; these, combined with the put their confidence in our ability. 'Each fourth, make the fifth. c< day thousands1 stake their fives ,on weld- The^approach to -'an ideal safety se^ Up ing, a great many of whom do not know r.j- safety in welding and , safety from - o what welding is. Check.the welding, jobs' 'welding--may look . complicated,, but I u...n. dJe_ r your__ _ _ ____ . jurisdiction bamnJd ' (visualize SVihQatlll Ao<ulft1lIiIne how we approached our what might happen'to the . users if yourc problem, welders, do not do a sound, job. . A welder can make a job which will look perfect on the^ surface but under- neath will have lack of fusion, slag in Late' in 1934 our business, increased. to the point where it was necessary for us to. "take on additionalwelders.which we . ' could not find in'our territory. Thus we O clusions, or burnt material which may were forced to- mak.e welders, as. weld- cause breakage unless .there is'; a great ihg, lik&many industries, had not trained margin of safety in the design. The X- |jiany apprentices during the depression. ra-y ca.n detect -this Condition^, but-^unfor- ,,>e selected as a training instructor .pne tunately "there are but feu^X-rays .com- Of'our best welders, who had a thorough pared with the amount of welding done knowledge bf our products and proced- daily. [dies, and developed-a. course of training One solution to this problem is for.th.fe;., not only to =help. our older welders, but welding .supervisor to get his welders j to develop new ones. r,,Q : sales-minded. The welder depends on > Each job ..was ^broken down into its the salesman for his w.prk; the salesman component parts, Safety(in the6 plant and depends on- the welder's . quality to get safety of our product in the field. We this work. He must have a job to seil selected as ah experimental group 35 that he knows will prove Satisfactory. men,ca few=of whom had had welding ex- We try to educate our welders to'know'-' perieffee. These men had varied types that a. salesman-has only^ve tools:, qual- of education from three years in grade J. 0> I -j . - J* * \ ' ` _ 308 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress f,, school to some college training. We were cause a flash which, is likely.to burn by- very much surprised to- learn how little standers. Care should be taken in plac- some of the 'men whom we considered - ing leads around the, floor, as someone good welders knew about their equip- might trip, injuring himself as well as meat, how to use it safely. breaking a connection which might cause One of the first things we studied was a flash, the safety"switch which controls the cur- . We have had some {flashes from weld- rent going to the welding generator, ing hoods, due to their shape, misuse and How.many of your welders know that leaks around the glasses. Our training this switch should be disconnected when has largely eliminated thm condition; we cmaking repairs to. equipment? Also that have shown .the operators what rough this switch should be pulled out with usage will -do, and the. trained man. will the left hand while standing at one side, not work .-with a hood which has holes so that if there is a flash when the cir- that permit' light rays to enter. We sup- cuit is broken, the workman will not- be ply each welder with a slag hammer and -burned about the face,'since the majority brush to clean his weld and have tried to of these switches are set from four to have each welder wear a light pair of - five feet off the "floor? This'"may seem goggles under his hood to cut out light like a minor detail, but through one man's rays and also to prevent flying objects knowledge of this point we avoided quite rfrom entering his eyes while chipping a serious accident when a switch was ' slag. This has been quite a problem, as being pulled on a 440 line and, the flame, ithas been.very hard to find a safety lens shot out several feet. Our'-workmen goggle light enough for this purpose, were also instructed always to open the We ' instruct our welders and their safety switch before opening the cover helpers in the proper methods of han- . of the starter for any-reason. dling the materials with which they work . They were shown why,, they should --principally pipe, quite,often'of irregular, never place metallic . objects near; the shape. welding set Under "Reactance" we We try to get the welders to put the have a paragraph-which reads: "Never -ends of their electrodes, in boxes; on the. place metallic objects where they can. floor they present a falling hazard, contact the-.coil of the-reactor while the.. The gases given-off-from an electrode unit is running. This may result in dam- are not dangerous in the open, but when J age to the equipment or a severe burn' to welding inCa confined space, the worker the workman." o " should be instructed to make, provision We .do some welding with resistance for . fresh air. Witlf^aU the work we . banks. .' The operator is instructed as to have, done along this line we do find our how these resistance banks function; he welders working in confined spaces with- is also told before any .attempt is ..made out proper air. This point: should be to repair a resistance batik to. be sure . stressed, as': a welder might become that rite safety switch feeding the bank gassed when working alone and not be . is open. Otherwise he might be burned, able to get relief until it is, too late. Welding leads,.are one part- of our.. An arc screen is not used enough in a equipment which-get terrible abuse, jas great many plants.. The welder, if prop- they are often dragged across sharp erly- clothed, is safe from -flashes and corners of steel plates, concrete, or brick burns, but without screens he often sub floors; such treatment tends to cut off jects other workers to hazards. The the insulation. Often a welder, notun- best type of screen is a light, portable derstanding his job thoroughly, will select one made frdm pipe and fittings to which a lead too small to carry the necessary is attached a piece of awning. It should, current, which may burn off the insula- if possible,-entirely surround the-job. tion. ,;It is often necessary''for a welder to The .electrode holder is another great- do his own cutting, and sometimes this ly-abused tool which, when not properly< is done by men unfamiliar with the taken care of,^wiU cause excessive heat- proper handling of oxygen cutting gases ing and may'burn a worker. Ifthe and cutting equipment. Sometimes the holder is thrown down carelessly,if- may workers around a plant will foolishly turn f.)  . o -O'- Metals Section 309 on the values and play with the adjusting, the foreman or service man in order that screws "on''the regulators. Each, man, - repairs may be made) Defective equip before he starts, to cut, should, check the ment often results in defective workman valves and regulators ' to see that they ship and. in many cases makes the -job have not beei? tampered with. Oil or dangerous. l! " f?- grease shouldmot he. placed on an oxygen < Hoses should be protected from hot 'connection, because - these materials grill sparks and metal. They ..should never bfe5 not mix with, oxygen 'except as an ex run over/ and excessive tension should plosive. not be placed on them.' Oxygen and gas .Regulators on gas- and> oxygen con hose" should have right and'left-hand con tainers are .connected to v,-the valve by nections, respectively. ' Excessive, pres threaded connections. Such .connections __ sures, which might, burst the,, hose,' should should be protected r;om bumps or cross'' ^be avoided. ... - threading or they will become- Useless. Bottles, whether full or empty)'should be scored in their proper places. Oxygen bottles are charged; with very high pressure ajid should J>.e given ..spe cial safety attention. Should -a valve be broken, the pressure would exhaust-with . such force that the Heavy, bottle would turn- into a-rocket .i The safety.cap should never be' taken- from the valve until the'"bottle is placed in position for. use and 'made secure. Oil under pressure is 'highly explosive and should never-' be placed on threads , Torches are made to be used only as; torches and should never be used as* hammers or'pry-bars. Such treatment would result in distortion or breakage; making jie unit useless. Leaks 4n connections, values, tips or blow pipes are dangerous and should be. reported to the .foreman1 or maintenance man. - It is'very essential that tips be- kept clean and in good condition always. ' Goggles. are purely a safety device. They should have, non-shattering lenses of special amber-colored optical glass or connection of oxygen bottles. When0 not to be used for some time, the valves on both oxygen and gas bottles' should be turned off securely to avoid waste and fire, hazard. - - Too much pressure1'should not be ex erted upon the hand screw of the regu and should always be worn over the eyes, whilecutting, for protection against glare bnd 'flying particles0 of .-metal or slag. The outer, clear glass should be changed for new lenses when it becomes spattered to the extent that vision |& obstructed. -o ' lator, or the mechanism 'inside may . be .Friction lighters,,.,are snjall mechanical injured. The hand screw should always torch-lighting devices^ composed of a be,run out when the valve on the tank is wire handle, a file,, and flint.- When the closed,' to protect the' low pressure gage handle is squeezed, the flint passes over when the valve ..is reopened. c * file, thereby causing sharks to fly. . Gas connections are .always made with This provides a .'much safer method of left-hand^threads, while, .oxygen connec- . lighting a torch than matches. tipps are made with right-hand threads. -Good, tight-fitting wrenches ..should' be This is' done to reduce hazards and used ^when changing any connections on should be checked carefully before mak- '' cutting, equipment. AlPnuts^are made of ing connections. a brass and would easily be chewed up or Defective gages , or regulators should the corners rounded off. by the use of ' not be used but should be reported to p&>r drenches, pliers or pipe wrenches.--. ' -,J . : . . ' -c- k 5> Handling Material By Hand (; \ By. C. E. RALSTON 0 c Safety Director, Pittsburglv Plate Glass Company, Pittsburgh, Penn. c ../ .O- When we realize that "over-25 p^r cent to hand handling and manipulation of of all cpmpensable injuries are chargeable materials, Wermay well wonder^whether 310 Twenty-fifth Natio ml Safety Congress we have not been overlooking a funda-' other items- enter this picture and cause mental question. Have we not been dis much grief- ; posed to overlook hand labor because it The physical examination program must is generally -termed , "common labor," therefore take first place in a proper selec which any man could do, and were we tion and`placement'plan. not inclined to feel that no special train* Important items to be given considera ing-was necessary? Records for New tion by the examining physician are: York State show a total of $5,000,000 paid arthritis or rheumatism,-tumors, tubercu in compensation for injuries chargeable fo losis, syphilis and bone abscesses, infec- . this classification. 'Of all industrial injuries reported, 33 per cent are to hands and fingers and account for 18 per cent of the compensa tions from abscessed teeth, diseased ton sils, infected sinuses, etp. When two men. are carrying a- load and one slips, it is not always -this man who tion paid! 24 per cent are to legs and suffers an injury. Frequently the sudden feet, with 20 per cent of the compensa shifting, of .the load to the other causes tion; and 11 per cent are_to arms, with him to be injured. If two men can barely - 13 per cent of .the compensation costs. handle the load, three should be used. "Falling-objects" while being handled This is not waste of labor--just - good - are chargeable with S per cent of ail ing planning;. .The waste comes from having dustrial cases with 2- per cent of the time ' a man on the disabled list, non-productive, - lost and 6 per cent of the compensation. but an-overhead expense, and this may be "Handling objects" are chargeable with the deciding factor between profit and 29 per cent of all industrial cases and 17 loss on a giyen job.. per cent of the compensation. ' Care must be taken to see that the Another phase of this 'problem is that laborer is fitted for his work. The short, of infected cases. . The estimated . total thickset type of man must be given the cost of., compensation paid for such in heavy lifting and handling jobs, while the juries is $20,000,000 per year. ; Of this lighter work goes to the slightly, built tall amount 72 per cent is chargeable'to hand men. While there is no definite rule, I. and finger cases, 17 per cent to legs and believe that loads of not to exceed' 100 feet, and 7 per cent to arms. pounds should be considered the efficient A distribution. of "Handling Object load limit for the-average man.. Fatigue Cases" by industries would indicate the or weakness will often be found as the following: Glass Products ..... 40 per cent Clay Products ............36 per cent cause, of dropped loads. It is certainly inefficient for workers to lift to their ca-' pacityv Foundries ...................32 per cent Steel Works ........... 26per cent, Chemicals ............ 26per cent, Construction ............. 26 per cent - An analysis of the general problem naturally divides it into /the following sub-divisions.:. `. Improper Method of Lifting and Conveying - I cannot help recalling many personal observations--both on construction work and in connection with regular operating conditions.'' -The. outstanding : fact has been, the lack of definite instructions /by Poor Physical Condition the supervisors and their apparent inabil- ' ity, or incompetence, to give such instruc While we find much opposition to phyk. tions. This includes their failure to prop cal examination programs, we must rec erly recognize rthe mental capacity of the ognize the fact that, under existing^ laws . laborer, whether he'be a foreigner,'or an no employer can legally operate without American with little education. On one them. The * laws made to protect , the construction job the foreman told an Ital worker require the employer, to furnish.. ian laborer to go to a certain place and a safe place for him, to work. This can- bring back a barrel of salt. The order - not be -done if 'the employer /does not was not clearly given and the man re- - .know the condition of 'the mad and his turned with a VBuckisaw" over his shoul possible susceptibility to certain kinds der. v ' * ; and types of, exposure. Straiiis, hernias, Training of labor supervisors, as well falls, vision, colds, constipatioti'and many as. of laborers, is required as much, if not rs GO Metals Section 311 more, than in other liriea of labor effort. bound to0 result jt false seiise of security';' An inadequate force is not only ihefli- and the responsibility of the employer is cient but dangerous. The distribution of increased. the force to the load;is of prime'lmpor-; In addition to protective equipments) tance, whether handling' boxes, crates,^consideration should also be iyen^to pro^ barrels, timbers, rails, v pipes or other viding special hand tongs, or grips, for bulky,-as weir ast,lengthy, materials. certain materials. ""Team work is very essential and only When the, working conditions indicate obtained " through carefuls and systematic the"need for protective equipment, its use training--one stow thinking, or acting, should be a requirement of employment man can and will wreck.thegang. They --no- protection, no job.. are a menace, not only to themselves, out . Unsafe Practices -others, unless theiirr/' supervisor is con- IT . ... . .. stantly"recontiing their weaknesses, and q.Und<*-this classification* we cap con- places them accordingly. _ ss,iddeerr ttooo hheeaavvyv,` oorrc,hbuu,lkkvy ,loofatdd9s,' oopr ,innattddee'- . Failure to. obey -orders fhay . denote either mental or physical inability and' should,r,be a warning flag to the super visor. ^W-some cases this cSn be, attn- 'quate force. I recall many old-time stone masons and, their handling of stones too heavy for one man to properly handle-- .hernias were common among the men-- J>uted to stubbornness "or independent thinking, although we generally find only ^muscle andiione imcomtn'on labor groups. .theyohad never been taught how to-lift,0 such methods were not thought necessary nor given any considerations. ' Walking backward with loads is a dan Inadequate Hand and Foot Protection gerous practice and thi,s is particularly so , This is mainly the problem of the eiri- ' in restricted areas;. Visionpis very impor- pIoyer worked-out through the super . tant, as there is notionly the. stumbling r visor. Too often the employer fails Jo - hazard to be considered, ;but also that of. recognize that in hiring labor, he has bruised hands and aims against project-, hired only, the man arid fails to properly ihg piles of materials or parts of'.perma- considerthe hazards to which the man , neiit structures. ' .0 will be exposed. Protection against bod . Store-room hazards' are present in prac ily injury, as well as protective clothiqgr, tically all plantST-siich^as handling; mate should recehje very- careful consideration. rials with rough surfaces, as well as those * All exposures should, be analyzed, in jus which offer no (hand hold.. A.'man was tice to the laborer, and adequate-protec-, moving a large paper carton by burning it. tive equipment- should be provided.- In^ over agd over along the ground Instead some cases this may only" iftvolve the' of u|^Ahad tru^k or securing anotheir hands, arms,-feet`and legs;-while in-others man "e*p ",m* Some jagged pieces <of the body be included, such as0 in glass become imbedded in the carton and handling pig-iron or. other rough as well his hand was severely cut by the sharp as heav^' materials. Hot substances and edges. ~, acids call 'for special consideration and .Care should be exercised in piling and treatment, as in such cq$es5We find thex blocking materials so .that they will not 'face, head' and eyes also'involSfed. v roll, or slide, and so"*ithat. they will fur Proper protective' equipment for the nish proper hand-hold when necessary'1 to hands will includeogloves of various types . ,be rehandled. . as well as wriSt protectors and hand laps. Bjilky materials should be carefully Leggings and special foot protectors, 'tipped to a balance and secure hand-holds whether the latter be safety shoes,^metal, obtained before any! attempt is made to or leather guards, will be clearly indicated . lift'ormove. from an analysis ofjhe exposure. I fear-O' Filed materials sfibuld always be raised thatr; too often protective 'equipment is from the pile before any sidegmovement purchased entirely on a price basis and in order to prevent dragging whiclonight as a result many preventable injuries ^cause the balance of the pile to fall. occur-rthat never woula have bccurrednhad- Inadequate Regard for Inspection proper consideration been given the im Hazards portance of the problem. Where inade This condition can be accounted for Jn quate equipment is. furnished, there is several ways--name!y,ignorance, inability b G S3 & * r ' 312 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress to think, inability to'draw a personal les accident losses.^The larger, employer, as son from the experience of others, over- Vwell, cannot afford, to overlook the situa confidence and a desire to make good oh tion--his losses, through waste of-time, the job. These can only be overcome by money and* materials, will seriously-affect careful and systematic handling^-on the his profits and hold his company- up to part of the supervisor. His. is the respon- the public as a very inefficient organiza - sibility of putting over to the worker the. tion. The ever -increasing cost of com >vahte and advantages resulting from a ' pensation insurance will undoubtedly be a ^ckwjs observance of rigid safety inspec factor in forcing more consideration for tions. ' J . Systematic Organized Safety Effort . well organized safety work. Personally,. I emphasize the side of humanity above the dollar and am satisfied from long ext There ^should be little need to make a perience that where humanity rules, the plea for more concerted action along this profits :will be satisfactory. Where a real line. As safety men, we know how eas safety program is followed, without doubt ily the_ small employer could be put out. r efficiency and economy of the highest or of business as the result of-even a few der will also prevail. The Present Status of Control of Dust and Fumes in Industry : By H. B. MELLER Managing Director, Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc.; Head, Air Pollution Investigation, MeHlon Institute of lndustrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa. The problem divides itself naturally into Clarsification of Dusts medical, preventive engineering and legis lative phases, and includes consideration of the responsibilities of employer and employee to each other and to the public. -It is axiomatic that, in case of physical disorder, impairment of function or dis There are available different, published, classifications of dusts. Included in such classifications are dusts, the exposure, to inhalation of which are, or are likely to be, occupational. , Those that are inher- = ently toxic'when inhaled or otherwise ab ability, the more thoroughly the cause and . sorbed and which cause systemic poison course of action are known, the more ing, include lead, arsenic,, mercury, man-1 'certainly can possible remedies be applied ganese. Examples of dtjsts which have or preventive measures taken. <3 the ability to penetrate the deep ,lung tis- I In the diseases or affections under con sues and to be retained there are quartz, sideration, there are.fefets uponywhich pre flint, chert, asbestos, talc, coal, iron,.clay,, ventive methods ajre based, and upon slate, and other types of rock dust. ' which further studies now in course ''or. Attention here will be centered upon .contemplated are^at least in part, predi- this last group and upon pneumoconiosis, - 'cate'd.. -- the general term used to designate lung During the development of the present conditions caused by dust Silicosis, which' state of knowledge of the. influence of is caused by the inhalation of free silica, so'me air ^contaminants on health* natu has been prominent recently in the public rally. many theories were advanced that press, sometimes in a-way that made, mis later scientific work has modified or dis understanding possible,, if not probable. - placed. However, not always has the Aside from silica, many of the insoluble correction been as widely and' thoroughly .mineral dusts may bring about slight disseminated as was the original theory;: changes in the lung tissues, which may be -this condition, perhaps, has led to some demonstrated on the roentgenogram if - confusion in the minds of many who have " there is silica in. the dust that is inhaled^ not followed too closely the evolution of As far asris known today, most of them knowledge in this field..-' are relatively or entirely harmless. nr^r.v o o /' " Metals Sectpion 313 o G>, v' ^ '0,> '.', ' Ability of Dasts to Cause Injury of the* silicotic process toward the stage -, , ... i. j . i?' _ . _ of disablement except through limiting or It has been established that the poten- reventin fwther exposure to silica dust, tiality of silicious dusts to. cause lung damage cis,* with few exceptions, .depend ent upon, .their content of; free silica (SiO). - The..development of silicosis1 de-. *Nor has medical science found ^ way to, ~prevent tuberculosis from being super imposed upon - silicosis, except through " control, of contact! The course of stlico- pends, therefor^ upon the concentration of dust containing free silica in the -air breathed, in other words,, the .total tuberculosis is chronic arid is very diffi- cult to influence by treatment, according to.phthisiologists. o amount of free silica breathed and re.tained seems pto be thS primary factor; the' length or time necessary for a suffi cient accumulation is importantgjbut less sp thanvthe.total load. - -Silica occurs, also-in,,chemical combina tion in silicates. Some of these com pounds have been proved'to he relatively harmless to health, some are still in the realm bf doubt) and one--asbestos?--may cause the'industrial disease called asbestosis, which is the result of lung daniage similar to, but not identical ^with nor as serious as.^that produced by free silica. Importance of Partite Size. The size '^Medical Control. As a basisHfor intelli gent determination of the physical fitness of. a man for a. job in a dusty trade, physical examination, with stereoscopic roerifgenograms of th chest, is necessary. . Along with this study"-goes, naturally, this preparation^ of an occupational history with Retail as to the exact nature of previ ous-work and,, of exposure -to industrial dust--not a valueless0recording of occu pations 'as "laborer," "machinist," etc."' Dr. Sayers, of the U. S. Public Health Service, has developed a- method of secur- ing information for a proper- occupational history; among others, Cummings, offdust particles in. the-air which an in_ _di -pof Saranac Laboratory, alsoChas .worked vidual may breathe -is important. ___ out a useful history blank. -; often are particles, larger than 10 or 12 microns found in tire deep lungfe, except in the- case Of asbestos dust, where fibers as long as 200^microns have worked their way down lengthwise. Standards have been developed for -the. diagnosis of silicosis.0 There is also a suitable technic for taking roentgeno grams of" the chest in order to. bring1 out the characteristic lung changes: Uncomplicated- Silicosis. Silicosis, un complicated by an infection, is more of an impairment than'a disability. . It iscnot seriously disabling until it reaches an ad vanced stage, and'-does not of itself greatly-shorten the fife of a silicotic. c From'the considerable amount "Of work that has been done, it is possible to fore cast with va reasonable, degree of accu racy the silicosis potentiality of various .dusts. > oc SiUco-Tuberculosis. -When a silicotic dies, the immediate cause of death is usur ally some type of'intervening lung infec tion. It is not known1 just why the presence of silica in.the lungs increases-sus- Periodic physical examinations, Jncludr ing - roentgenograms, are essential if em ployees are to be enabled, accurately to learfr the effect of individual exposure and *intel.lig,er.ntly, to, transfer df^fjabted- wo. rk-, ceptibility-' to tuberculosis, but when an Piep-to.lower dust^nceirtratmns before adult with silicosis is exposed to tuber-V se"ouc! *njury.has been done, or to work culosis, an active infection may'occur, re- oUt a sy^em of rotation where indicated gardless of the previous state Of health. as des,ra6le in order that exposure may It is thought -probable that silica dust can' reactivate healed tuberculous lung lesions of the adult, type; how^long after such be intermittent- Such examinations are heipfulualso in showing the efficiency of engineering control iiiethods. lesions have' healed the reactivation^is The ability to place responsibility^' in possible is not-certain. -cExposuge of sili-r casPof claim for injury is no small part cotics to tuberculosis of of tuberculous of the vahje of such .initial and periodic jj individuals to silica dust fis serious and,., examinations. - < should be avoided.' . % o' . Asbeatosia. Clinical experience has After silicosis has'become well estab- shown that the inhalation of a sufficient fished- in the lungs, medical science has afnount of asbestos dust causes* a serious, not found a way to arrestthe progress .-.type of fibrosis, which is not accompanied . o a :n tv 314 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress by an unduly high incidence of tubercu tions in' air are . recorded grayimetrically losis. as milligrams per cubic meter. Others Other dusts and silicate compounds so (as silica, where size is a-factor in de far studied produce, at most, only a mild termining dangerous particles); are given non-progressive reaction ` in the lungs, by count Neither method gives the provided there is nonsignificant amount whole- story, but in both cages it may'be of free silica in their composition. While possible-to secure the information neces not serious clinically, such conditions may sary for the purpose. give rise to considerable litigation. In one of the reports referred to earlier, Adequate statistics on morbidity and there occurs this statementr "There is mortality from "occupational disease,' to no doubt jii the mind of anyone familiar serve as a basis for effectively focussing with the present .dust-sampling and dust the efforts to study and control dust disp estimating methods that they will be enses of the lungs, are non-existent. amended ..and changed from time to, time. In concluding this section, the follow At the present writing, we would advise ing quotation from a court decision ,in the use of the'simplest1possible procedures Wisconsin is pertinent (Schaefer v. In where' dust control alone is in question. dustrial Commission, - 265 N. i-W. ' 390 If one wishes to obtain values which can (Supreme Court, February; 1936)) : be. compared with published., data, it is ". . It will be necessary to distin generally necessary to copy with consid guish carefully between medical or patho erable care the technic used in the. origi logical disability and actual. physical in nal case. This is another way of admit capacity to work. The medical-experts ting the annoying fact that results by apparently ignore this distinction, and so one method are usually hot comparable increase the difficulty of arriving at a just to those obtained by another method." result under the law." > '' ' In"another place, the report says: "It is very doubtful if any useful purpose is .Preventive Engineering served by determining accurately exr It would be needless repetition to dis- tremely dense dust concentrations--the cuss toTtechn!-i^l TlIy' Xa!_ "eSnee ringC^L^Sf SU<*?ata.is to s.hw ?e phases of dust control. All interested are referred to "Industrial Dust," by Drinker and Hatch, which /deals comprehensively with the subject; U. S< Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 6840 and 6848, by Harrington and Davenport, a review of literature on "Prevention. of Dust Dis eases"; U. S. Public Health Service Bul letin 217, by Bloomfield and DallaValle, on "The Determination and Control, of Industrial Dust"; Report Z9 of the Amer ican Standards Association; and to. the U. S. Bureau of Mines for a list of ap proved protective devices. It may be said that, in general, .the engineering-specialist can and will devise the necessary equipment to meet the con ditions specified to him; But the setting of limits of permissibleQdust concentra tion is not his hut the physician's resppn- sakkeeDptti,cc tthhaatt ^the wwoorrkkop,laaccee 1is8 mm1u1cchh dduussttiieerr than it should be. ... ' . "It is probable that any sampling pro cedure which fixes concentrations in groups 10d per cent apart is sufficient and that the results of any attempts to come closer to the concentration at the moment of sampling are. simply misleading. Thus ranges stich as 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40, etc., suffice for dust control." As dust particles in the lungs, are of the order of 1 micron, with rarely a particle oyer 10 microns,."dust control for hygienic reasons should.be timed at parti cles in the size range found to have been breathed and retained. Again quoting: ". . . if one could avoid use of the dusts of.l micron or less or exclude them from the dust which passes a 325-mesh screen, nearl.y, all dust diseases would be elimi- . sibility. The engineer is concerned with ' >naiea' keeping dustiness to or below the limits Dust Elimination at present considered satisfactory. Obviously, it is better, when possible, . Methods of Determining Dust to purchase Equipment already supplied with exhaust hood, rather, than to have- Some dusts '(as lead) are determined to worry to fit one to equipment not de by chemical methods and. the concentra- signed to be hooded.. Thus .the responsi- bility for potential efficiency is upon $e Some -metal-mining companies have manufacturer. -* < " gone further, setting the maximum of There is available comparatively little permissible dustiness, at 5 million particles information upon which to base the scien pejr cubic foot. . 1 tific design of .hoods. Thfe Preventive. "Certainly, tl^ere is a degree of air clean . Engineering' Committee of Air Hygiene , liness ..that is safe, from the standpoint of Foundation includes m its. recent report concentration of harmful.^dust. But the a table of minimum air velocities tg cap engineer'may find himself"in the position "" ture certain industrial dusts (for use in of practically being forced to control any granite cutting, ..grain_ elevators, .paint dust, harmful, or otherwise, if he would spraying, sand pulverizing and electric. protect his employers against shits at welding). . common law .and the possibility of award For protective equipment such, as dust . qf damages to men who have breathed respirators, air supplied masks, sand blast dust containing little or no free silica. A helmets, and goggles, very complete "in-^ dusty workplace is difficult to defend in formation is available, because of the work court Neither courts noncompensation -' of the U. 'S. .Bureau of Mines,"the Bu boards, and certainly not juries, have reau of Standards, and - the American .- seemeffi to be greatly impressed with , a Sfan.dards Association In preparing and, low silica dust-cotint' in .an otherwise <5 issuing specifications to be' met ^f the duSty atmosphere. ` equipment is tb* be-used under conditions Quoting from rqne of the reports re-' where approval' is necessary. ferred to: "Each'state i^,a unit--a sover " Of course,r all agree that, where possi ble, dust should be controlled at the source, and protective" equipment used where this action^cannot be accomplished. eign--and it0 handles its^ problems inits own way. Uniformity is lacking although- . of course the statutes of many'states are similar. The courts of-the various states follow such precedents asjtppeal to them; .- Permissible Dustiness . * consequently, on^any important question? . there^is likely to be a divergence of opin- ' There are various figures that have been "' ion among the courts, and often the and are being use^'as guides1 to permissi- . courts fall into two or more groups, each ble dustiness where free silica is present group t following a different^theory^with It-should be . noted, that.many of the data respect to the'same legal problem."' . were not determined as the medical re O' ,. quirement, but as beigg attainable in 0 ^Workmen's Compensation Acts . good practice atid apparently satisfactory from a safety standpoint. In South Africa the .figure is l;i milli Workmen^ .compensation^ acts' have bein passed in.46 states (all except gram per cubic meter (or 300 particles per cubic centimeter,-or approximately 8.5 millionjer cubic footjt ,o Dr. Lanza found in 1917 in the Joplin, Mo., district that, with good engineering ' practice, a figure of 1 milligram per 100'' 'Arkansas .and Mississippi)* and the Dis trict of Columbia. These acts are com- . pulsory as to ..private employers in 15 states andcjele'ctive in 31'states.. Insur ance to cover - the' risk' is compulsory in^-, s,eve'n state-s. O : Q^ liters of air could be attained. * 1 i A state fund, out of which .Compensa The U. S. Public Healtii Service, in its tion is <paid, ;is maintained in 18 states; study in the Sithracite region of-Pehnsyl- - in two of these the employer, may, by vania, found that 50 million particles per cproving?financial responsibility, carry his cubic' foot with 5. per cent quartz, in the - own risk with' limited* contribution to, the coarse dust and 10 million particle,? per state fund for the expense of administra cubic foot with 5 per cent quartz"were ' tion'; in 11'more of^this group df states apparently satisfactory '-and .often were tlje employer is. not .required to avail attained. himself ofthe privileges ofethe state fund The figure of 10-20 million particles per and may provide compensation otherwise.. " cubic foot for granite dust witii 35 per In 28/states, there is no provision for a cent .quartz content is often quoted from ^state compensation fund. - 0 . *' ' the Vermont granite..studies of the U. S. . Administration of the compensation a'ct Public Health Service. -s is vested 'In a commission,Aboard, or;single . } o -r.i. </ o 316 Twenty-fifth National. Safety Congress .commissioner in 40^. states; in six states diseases, which call for diagnosis by the acts are administered by the local skilled specialists experienced in that courts. Again from 'the report: "The guiding field." C o . - :- - principle in the early acts was the 'award Examination Before Employment ing of compensation for accidental injury, * 1. Under Compensation Acts; The meaning thereby ?traumatic - injury.'* New Mexico Act contains a provision re- (Traumatic means of. or pertaining to a quiring-'the workman, at the time of j his wound or wounds.) "In those years, the employment, or thereafter at the request importance of disability due to occupa of the employer, to submit himself to; an tional disease was not generally recog examination. nized. It however became increasingly^ . The New York Act of 1936, covering apparent that `injury' might be suffered--' silicosis and. other dust diseases, provides, gradually, and that the result of such in, the opening paragraph: gradual breaking down of the strength and resistance of the employee was more serious in many instances than traumatic injury. Courts therefore,. in some states, wrestled with the problem of construing `injury' so as to include disease and bring disease within theocompensation acts.'' In one state a diseased condition is compensable under the act if caused by the negligence of the employer. Occupa "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this , state, in enact ing this article, to prohibit through every lawful means available, any requirement as' a prerequisite. to employment which compels an applicant for employmentJrt any occupation ,coming within the pur view of this article to undergo a medical examination." tional disease is ^.compensable, to some The North Carolina Act, effective /-N extent, in 16 states and the District of March 26, 1935, contains a provision reColumbia; in five of these states silicosis quiring-^examination both prior to employ is not included among the compensable ment and from time to time during em diseases; in one state silicosis is the only ployment occupational disease made compensable. In the compensation acts of ' no other There is a legal obligation on the part states were found provisions with respect of the employer to provide-? safe place to to examination' prior to the time of em work, and usually the matter of ventila ployment. tion is featured. The mining laws ap proach uniformity as to air quantity and as to equipment for mechanical ventila tion. ^ The right, at common, law, to recover '--for occupational disease due to negligence of the employer, is important. In three . 2. Under Other Statutes: Five states (Louisiana, Maine, New. Jersey, - New York, and Pennsylvania) have statutes requiring physical examination before an employee is permitted to work under compressed air or in caissons. states it has been held by the courts that 'the right never did exist; in three states the right is extremely doubtful; in 12 states it probably exists, although, there is some doubt; in 12 other stated, the right seems well settled, but is limited in bight Examination During Employment . The five -states mentioned in the pre ceding paragraph require periodic exam- . inations during the course of employment under compressed air or in caissons. of this group; in the remaining states and Missouri statutes provide for-examina- the District of Columbia, no court de tion, as often as once a month, by a com-, cisions can be found which decide the petent licensed and reputable physician,' question as, to whether or not such com of all employees who come into direct mon law right exists. It^should-again be `contact with certain poisonous agencies noted that occupational 'disease, is com- or injurious processes. pensablfe in three states in this last group. Three states (New Jersey, Ohio and "With the adoption of Occupational Pennsylvania) require employers to cause Disease'-Acts? new.Hmedical problems arise to be examined at least once a month, and more adequate provision is required employees engaged in any work or proc r for medical, examination1 and treatment ess exposing them to lead dust, lead'" *r This is especially true with respect to dust fumes or lead solutions. . .< O' Metals Section. o -> o .317 Examination After Claim for Disability studied separately for details, but in each Arises occupational disease, including .'silicosis, No two state acts contain identical pro vision?, but in all (including the District. oi! Columbia) that ' have compensation acts, there is provisjiw^ior physical ex-' animation after claim ror disability arises. is* compensable. ^^ The importance of roentgenograms in . "any thorcyugh^physical examination for pneumoconiosis is well known. This im-. portance is- recognized cin the Acts of* New Jersey, New York, North Carolina^. In five. states (Kentucky, Massachu and West Virginia. setts, New York, North. Carolina, and *** ' % West Virginia), definite recognition has been given to the importance of. some - * - W vJ O Medical Treatment 4 sort of medical board composed of spe In the 17 states (inclu&ingcMaryland) cially.' qualified physicians and /surgeons, in which occupational disease- is,, to some and charged with the duty of diagnosing' extent, compensable, the acts usually en occupational disease and qf advising the title the"' claimant to a limited amount of .administrative board or commission with medical, surgical, and hospital-care, meas respect thereto. The' laws, of these five ured in money 'cost- or length -of time states are quite different- and should- be covered by treatment. c These points were-, raised inCthe dis cussion following/the addresses": 1. How much .time is required for completing a training course? Mr. Davison, said that the tuning course in, their plant ordinarily cdJwj&d a period of one and one-half years, bin that some students completed -it sooner. The time required depends upon the individ ual. Vo 2. Is it advisable to -limit the number^ of students j>er teacher? . Ten students pep instructor is a good* ^rati0s>f?)!!j'- ^ v-.- '^oN^which._gas.es present `the greatest harzards. in welding? . *<CT a* Silicon gases are the most. harmful. The risk, however, has largely been over o come by mqn:ufacturers'c,of welding sup plies. * i- jrj- THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8, 1936^-v ... ..3 Metals Section Safety Contest Two hundred and two Units, Were reg-o certificates were awarded in the Contest., istered in the 1936 Contest of t the Metals.^. `"The plaques were presented by John B." Section. During the Contest period^ Gibson, Publicity. Director,. Hawthorne 267,792 employees worked 561,788,579 works, Western Electric Company,. Chi man-hours with an - average* frequency ' cago, .and Vice President for Community rate of 8.030, a decrease of. 4 per cent . Safety Councils, National/ Sdfety Council, from the 1935 rate of 8,354. : Ninety-five as follows: 6 . 'O units completed the Contest with - a fre- ' Steel Mills Division, Groupv A--Conti . quency rate. below the average, and 8 nental Steel Corporation, Kokomo Divi per cent of the units finished with pec- sions Kokomo, Indiana, 4,14i,806 man feet records. Nineteen plaques and eight hours, 12 injuries. . ! s 318 Twenty-fifth Natiottal Safety Cottgress i Steel Mills Division, Group B and C-- port, Penn., . 669,449 man-hours, ho in Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, juries; Haynes Stellite Co.,. Kokomo, South Chicago Works, Chicago,. Illinois, Ind., ' 481,481 man-hours, no injuries; 1,198,735 .man-hours, 1 injury. American Rolling Mill -Co., Sixth Street Rolling,-Finishing ft Fabricating Divi Foundry, -Ashland, Ky., 142,948 man sion, Group A--The Chase Brass and hours, no injuries. Copper Company, Cleveland, Ohio, 2,245,- Heavy Machine Shops Division, Group 286 man-hours, 5 injuries.' A--Lycoming Manufacturing Company, Rolling, Finishing ft Fabricating Divi Plant. No. 1, Williamsport, Penn., 1,842,- sion, Group B---Six tied for first place-- 474 man-hours, no injuries. v Revere Copper and Brass, Inc., Baltimore Heavy Machine Shops Division,-Group Division, Baltimore, Md., 1,042,599 man B--Three tied for first place--C. Hager hours, no injuries; Central Tube Com & Sons Hinge Manufacturing Company, pany, Ambridge, Penn., - 1,037,084 man St Ltiuis, Mo./ 805,007 manrhours, no hours, no injuries; Continental Steel Cor injuries; D & B.Pump and Supply Com poration, Chapman Price Division, In pany, Los Angeles, California, 208,253 dianapolis/. Indiana, 833,146 man-hours, man-hours, no injuries; Noera Manufac no injuries; Republic Steel Corporation;: turing Co., Waterbury,' Conn., 214,792 Grand Crossing Plant,'Chicago, Illinois, man-hours,'no injuries. - 603,234 man-hours, no injuries; Union Light Machine Shop Divirion--Three Drawn Steel Company,7 Beaver: Falls) tied for first place--Western Clock Com " Penn., 443,363 man-hours, no injuries; pany, La Salle, 111., 5,309,320 man-hours, Lehigh Structural Steel Co.,'Allentown, no injuries; Ilg Electric Ventilating Com Penn.,. 319,353 man-hours, no injuries. pany, Chicago, 111.,`370,222 man-hours, no Foundries Division--Three tied for ' injuries; Tite-Flex Metal Hose Company, first place--Lycamrag Manufacturing Newark, New Jersey, 146,536 man-hours, Company, Plants Nos. ~2 and 3, Williams no injuries. New Developments in Safeguarding By JOHN A. OARTEL Safety Director, Carnegie-IUinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety kinks assembled by Mr.. Oartel opments in safeguarding and ways of. pro during the past year were presented as moting`safety. It included 13 views taken' film strips, 56 views being shown. in the Ohio and Chicago District plants The first strip dealt with prevention of of the Carnegie-IUinois Steel i Corporation falling of material; with good ;housekfeep- and 13 photos received from, other com ing; pilingiand storage; keeping loose ma panies, including the Ashland and Butler terial from crane runways and other 'ele Divisions of the American Rolling Mill vated places; and -similar safe practices. Company; the Duluth Works of the It included 30 views reproduced from , American Steel ft Wire Company; the photographs which originally appeared in Republic Steel Corporation; the Ford the National- Safety News during the Motor Company; the National Tube Com past year. pany - and,, the Pittsburgh Limestone The second strip illustrated new devel Company. The_ Thursday session closed with a Corp., in the absence of T. H. McKenround-table discussion, ;"Your Hour," led itey, past general chairman of the sec by H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel tion, who was unable to attend. - ADJOURNMENT