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NATIONALhidi offer the list: SAFETY congress /' .*i SM 1 T ItWNAlTlOVN I960 ll 322JO--10 322JO--11 322J0--12 322J0--13 322J0--14 322J0--I5 2i >16 I22J0--17 I22J0--18 >22JO--19 (22J0--20 I22J0--21 22J0--22 I22J0--23 22JO--24 22J0--25 22.10 members. VOL. 21 PULP and PAPER; PRINTIN6 and PUBIISHIN6 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NO. MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO 11, ILLINOIS II. IU. 022.30--20 ,i.: CONTENTS PULP AND PAPER SESSIONS Safety for Profit....................................................... .................... H. A. Black 4 Off-the-Job Safety Makes Good Sense.........................................H. E. Newbury 8 Consolidated's 30-Vear Climb--Is There An Easier Way?............ J. A. Draper 12 The Conservation of Hearing in the Paper Industry............ Dr. Roger B. Moos 17 The Seven Basic Steps of Safety (A Symposium) (a) Company Policy................................................................ Arthur Carle 23 (b) Getting Cooperation.........................................................Ralph Myers 24 (c) Accident Prevention and Analysis.............................Alfred P. Barnes 25 (d) Records and Statistics......................... .........................Ross E. Scott 26 (e) Training ............................................... .........................Harry J. Hahn 27 (f) Inspections........................................................... C.W. Matzenger, Jr. 28 (g) The Foreman's Responsibility for Preventing Accidents....................................................... James W. Pinkston, Jr. 29 Paper Winding with Safety................................................. Joseph V. Calderone 30 Is There a Price Tag on Safety?................................................. Kenneth Boober 33 An Association's Assistance to an Industry's Safety Program..................................................................... Jefferson D. Keith 36 Safety Posters for Southern Woodland Hazards...........................A. R. Bentley 40 A Philosophy of Guarding................................................. Oscar P. Rutledge, Jr. 44 Management, Union and Safety................................................. Robert C. Smith 45 Accident Prevention in Pulp Manufacturing (a) Is Out Tag-Out Procedure Adequate?.......................W. B. Ballinger 50 (b) Safety Precaution--Pulp Storage Facilities............ George LaHusen 53 (c) Sodium Chlorate Hazards..................................................... R. E. Bell 55 (d) A Decade of Pulp Mill Safety Progress.............. Harris K, Williams 56 (e) If We Have a Chlorine Break.................. . William Van Hout 58 2  ) lack 4 iury 8 rper 12 loos 17 arle 23 yen 24 we* 25 :o 26 ahn 27 Jr. 28 Jr. 29 one 30 brJ3 iHh 36 ley 40 Jr. 44 \'rth 45 get SO tea S3 fell 55 ws 56 out 58 CONTENTS--Continued JOINT SESSION WITH WOOD PRODUCTS SECTION Tractor Safety................. ................... .......................LW. Randt 63 Standardization of Logging Signals Is Effective...........................E. Paul LeRoy 67 Coordinating the Safety Program with the independent Contractors........................................... ........................................ Merrill D. Ely 69 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING SESSIONS Joint Session with Small Business and Associations Divisions........................... 74 Report of General Chairman ................................................................................ 93 Report of Nominating Committee........................................................................ 93 Legislation and Discipline.......... ................................................. J. R. Stroube 94 Nursing Care in the Newspaper Plant......................... Mrs. Joyce Benoit, RM. 95 Pre-Employment Physical Examination................................... Dr. John Pohlman 98 Accident Prevention in the Newspaper Reid...............................Stanley Jutoff 100 Noise in the Printing Plant..........................................................Stuart MansEeld 103 Use of Solvents in the Newspaper Plant................................... H. Burt Wallace 105 Dermatitis in the Graphic Arts................................................. .Robert F. Reed 107 Organize to Promote Safety!............................................... Gordon H. Rasbetg 109 Questions and Answers .......................................................................................... 109 Officers of the Pulp and Paper Section, 1960-61................................................. 113 Officers of the Printing and Publishing Section, 1960-61................................... 115 Other Volumes in I960 National Safety Congress Transactions.......... .. .Back Cover 3 PULP AND PAPER SESSIONS SAFETY FOR PROFIT By E A. BLACK Director, Industrial Relations, The Mead Corporation, Chilicothe, Ohio I want to discuss an aspect of accident prevention that is becoming more important day by day, year by year. That is, safety for profit I chose this topic because it is a current problem in our own business and I suspect is a concern in many of your own companies. We are eagerly engaged in a search for profits--a way to increase the return on our capital employed. I'm sure you've all heard of the so-called profit squeeze. The profit squeeze has arisen out of the dilemma of- rapidly rising costs of dwing business coupled with stable or soft ening prices, leaving less each year in the terms of net earnings and dividends for shareholders. Who is responsible for the profit squeeze? Is it the unions with their continual in sistence upon annual wage increases and additional fringe benefits? Is it manage ment which has not pursued an active cost reduction program? Is it foreign competi tion which is becoming an increasing prob lem, if not in pulp and paper, in many other industries? Is it the politicians or the gov ernment through their inept fiscal policies or social welfare programs who have brought about this condition? I won't attempt to analyze today the causes or to assign the blame for the profit squeeze. It is enough to accept the fact that it is here. I ran across this statement the other day by a nationally prominent econo mist; which pretty well sums up the situa tion. It is titled "Required Corporate Ac tion." ^ "Faced with an interregnum between the boom of the 1950's and the as-yet unreal ized boom of the 1960's, corporate policy must recognize that there is no easy or automatic solution to the profit squeeze. That is, basic economic trends of themselves simply will not carry business along as was so often the case in the early post-war years of rapid sales growth and easy price ad vances. Business, therefore, has no al ternative but a program of strenuous cost cutting directed to every phase of the oper ation--overhead, distribution, manufacturing and financial, clear through to the roost minute phase of every business organization. The profit squeeze suggests that nothing else than a massive assault on costs will suffice." Well, this is where we are, and if you're not in this situation you should count your self one of the fortunate few. Accidents are a direct drain on profits. Their cost is wholly unnecessary to the production of any product, including pulp and paper. Accidents are an evidence of inefficiency and failure cm the part of some one or something, whether it was the in jured employee, his fellow employees, his supervisors, the management, or the equip ment manufacturer. Someone or something failed. Accidents are important to cost cutting and to profit development because unlike many other costs of doing business they can be reduced or at least prevented from climbing; and they are unique in this respect. Take a look at your costs of doing busi ness, costs of pulpwood, of coal, of chem icals, the costs of new equipment and ma chines, the costs of labor. How many of these show any promise of cost reduction except as you may be able to introduce labor saving derices resulting in decreased num bers of people. I don't think anyone here expects wages themselves to go down nor the price of chemicals or pulpwood to diminish in the foreseeable future, but ac cident costs are not in tins category. We know in our own company and you know in yours that through progressive safety pro grams and safety measures they can be re duced if not entirely eliminated. This emphasis on costs and profits as re lated to safety is in no way intended to minimize the humanitarian aspects of acci dent prevention. This is still our most im- 4 bio ituous cost f the operiufactoring the most 'ganlzathm. at nothing costs will d if you're ount your- on profits, ry to the iding pulp ridence of t of someas the inloyees, his the equipsomething t to cost it because g b'-'tpess p: tad tue ui this bing busiof chem: and mamany of reduction luce labor ised numyone here down nor >wood to t, but acfory. We i know in .fety proan be re sts as re tended to : of accimost im Pulp and Paper Sessions portant consideration--the prevention of loss of accidents, that is workmen's compensa of life and limb,' the elimination of pain tion and medical costs alone, leaving out and human suffering, and to avoid the the indirect costs, for the industry group deprivation of families through the tempo in which pulp and paper is found, are 1 per rary or permanent loss of their breadwin cent of payroll. ners. Such a subject might also be more appealing since most of us are or should be emotionally involved in the sacrifices of ourselves and of our fellow-men. The fact that we will not dwell on them here does not diminish their importance. Now this 1 per cent is an easy figure to use because it is readily converted into your own situation. In other words, if you have annual payrolls of a million dollars and assuming the ratio reported by the Cham ber survey prevails in your company, your Let's talk a little bit about how much ac accident costs are $10,000 per year. If you cidents really do cost At the outset. I'm have a ten million dollar payroll your acci not going to burden you with a heavy treat-' dents are costing $100,000; and if you have ment of statistics--if you're like most peo a hundred million dollar payroll, naturally ple you don't get too excited over figures. you have one million in accident costs. So please don't dose your minds; I only Applying this same formula to the paper want o give you a few significant facts. and allied products industry, we find that The National Safety Council's Accident Facts estimates the total-cost of accidents m the U. S. in 1959 at 4 billion, 200 million dollars. This total is made up of about one-half direct or visible costs of accidents and about one-half of other or less visible costs of accidents. It indudes both compen sation costs and medical costs as well as wage losses and the value of damaged equipment, lost materials, production delays, and time losses of other workers who are sales in 1959 were more than 12 billion dollars, earnings were reported at roughly 600 million, and wages and salaries (ac cording to the Bureau of Labor Statistics) were approximately three billion dollars. Using our 1 per cent formula we come up with an accident cost for the paper and allied products industry of 30 million dol lars in wasted profits due to accidents. Re member these are direct costs alone. These figures in themselves are staggering in total. not directly involved in the accident With Another significant thing about accident corporate profits for 1959 estimated at 25 costs is that they are continuing to rise. billion, you can see what a significant ratio That is, the costs for each accident, like the exists between the cost of accidents and other costs of doing business to which we actual corporate profits. The ratio is almost referred a moment ago, are zooming. lit one to six, accident costs versus total cor 1946 the average compensation case in the porate profits. Or another way of express nation was estimated at around $280 per ing it accident costs are 16 per cent of case. In 1956 this figure had risen to over total profits. With most of us struggling $600 per case, and 'in I960, while I don't to increase our profit margins by as much have any data, it is certainly still more: as a fraction of a per cent, you can see the The reasons, of course, are obvious and profit potential which exists here. well known. Each session of the state I could find no very ready source of in legislature that meets in your state is being formation on the costs of accidents in the continually pressured to increase not only pulp and paper industry. If any of you the levels of compensation but to extend know of such statistics I would be interested the coverage to many more areas of occu in learning about them. In an attempt to pational disease than had ever been previ get some idea of the cost of accidents in ously considered compensable. The costs of our own industry, I made use of a figure medical care, as all of you realize who have recently released by the U. S. Chamber of had an illness in your family or who have Commerce in their fringe benefit survey, anything to do with group insurance pre which some of you may have seen. In this miums, are continuing to grow at an alarm survey pulp and paper was classified with ing rate. This, too, is directly reflected in two other industries, namely lumber and the cost of your accidents. The cost of furniture, so the figures can be somewhat manhours lost by the injured and fellow misleading. But allowing for this margin of workers continues to increase as wages con error, the survey reports that direct costs tinue to go up. So even if yon do have 5 t 1960 National Safety Congress b*r a ak a 3 o 0.-03 2sr* s ' i a*a q 8 j?f lip 's fr&srfl a. k-s.&s ek.* k' ^ b u h-rs a.' an improved safety record with diminished accidents ? We know these are difficult frequency and severity your accident costs things to measure but they are costs just in total may be higher than before. the same, as evidenced by the National So much for national and industry fig ures. Much more significant to you and to me is bow much is the accident bill in our own money? Do you actually know what your accident costs were this year, last Safety Council's over-all figure of more than four billion. Two billion of that figure was in so-called indirect or less ob vious costs such as we have been talking about year, the year before--what you can ex Back some time ago, as most of you pect next year? Probably you know with know, a formula was suggested for esti reasonable accuracy if you keep any kind mating these so-called indirect or uninsured of records, how much you're spending for costs of accidents. This was the so-called workmen's compensation, whether you be four times formula: that is, the indirect privately insured or insured through state costs of accidents were estimated to be four fund, or self-insured. Probably most of times the direct or readily measurable costs, you also know what your medical costs are namely compensation and medical. Perhaps for accidents. These so-called direct or in you have used this in your cost forecasting. sured costs of accidents are much more easily measured In our own company, for example, we spent about 460 thousand dol lars for-these two items last year. I think there are some disadvantages in this method. First of all, we know that the four times formula is not a true measure of indirect costs for every type of But how much do you know about the injury nor for every industry. It is a very other less obvious costs of accidents? Do gross measurement, and it seems to me that you know how much accidents cost you its use sometimes discredits the more re for the repair or the replacement of equip liable data, namely the direct costs data ment or supplies and materials lost or dam which are probably pretty accurate. In aged? .These are a drain on profits. You other words, when you present a package of all have an idea of what the loss of an information in some portion of which there eight-hour shift on a paper machine run is room for considerable margin of error or ning at speeds over 2000 feet per minute doubt, it frequently affects in the receiver's can mean in terms of dollars on the profit mind the acceptability and the validity of and loss sheet. Do you know what the the entire data. And this, of course, is un costs were in your company of wages paid fortunate, particularly when you are trying for working time lost by other workers who to sell a cost conscious business man upon were not injured in an accident, those who some sort of a safety activity. stopped to watch or assist the injured or to talk about the accident? I know of a case where a fatality occurred in a machine crew, for example, where the rest of the crew were incapable of continuing work for the entire day due to their shock and reaction to the sudden and fatal injury. Much more acceptable and salable in my opinion are actual costs of accidents that can be accurately measured in your own case. One recommended procedure is found in the text Safety Management, by Simons and Grimaldi, which describes a relatively ample method for ascertaining what your How much, for example, did it cost your company to replace an injured man? If a replacement was not available, it is entirely possible that you paid overtime to other workers during his absence. If a replacement was available he may have had to have expensive training and he in torn may have been replaced chain reaction-wise throughout the mill so that a whole series of re-training actual accident costs are. It is important that you get down to actual cases in terms of your own company and your own ex perience. In this connection I would recom mend that you get with your accounting people and attempt an analysis with thenassistance which will organize your data in terms of the lands of cost systems that are used within your organization. jobs had to be done, particularly if he were For instance; how do they go about pre a highly skilled worker. How much did it paring cost estimates to obtain approval to cost in supervisory and safety personnel's buy a new rewinder or a new hydrapulper? time in accident investigation, in making Use the type of accounting or statistical foremen's or other supervisors' reports of treatment that is most readily accepted arid T1 r 6 Pulp and Paper Sessions net understood in your own organization. I am be says, "Well, maybe the accident won't ts .) sure you will find your accounting and fi happen anyhow and if it does it won't aticmal nancial people interested in helping you in show up in my budget" more E that ss obtalldng f you r estinsurcd -called this regard. Find out what your accidents are actually costing. Find out what you are spending for accident prevention. What is the cost of your safety activity--your salary, your secretary's, the time spent in safety meetings, the cost of membership in the National Safety' Council, the cost of posters, contests, and the rest of it--put it all together. What better way to convince this kind of a man or at least his superior than to make an actual study of bis department and what his accident record has done to the cost of doing business for that depart ment I venture to say, if be won't listen to such statistics, someone in the company will. I know of some companies who have gone so far as to see to it that accident adirect Then present your analysis, again in terms costs are charged back directly to the de e four of the way that it is most meaningful for partment in which they occur, feeling that costs, your organization. Does your company look this can have the desired effect of motivat erhaps at expenditures on the baas of return on ing each supervisor to take an active part in asdng. investment or capital employed, or as a per accident prevention. ges In r that true ?pe of t very e that re re data !. In ige of there centage of the sales dollar, or as unit costs in terms of tons or pounds of product? Whatever system or combination of systems is used, try to use die same one. Prove; if yon can, what your activities have done to affect costs and ultimately profits: Go back historically to make your point and make reasonable assumptions and projections for the future: Don't draw a pie in the sky picture for your management but one that is reasonably attainable. We have (baited die accident experience for our company for a period of years. From a frequency of near ten in 194% by aggressive safety and accident prevention measures we were able to reduce our fre quency down to the four and five area and were tending pretty well downward until the year 1959. This year our frequency shot up again almost as high as it had been ten years ago.. This was occasioned by the fact that for the first time we included in nor or I have heard much wailing and gnashing our safety statistics for this year a number river's of teeth by safety people became they of new plants and companies which had been ty of could not get the top management support acquired by the corporation as a result of is tm- behind their safety programs and it is for a merger and acquisition program. Many of this reason that safety activities were falling these were small box plants or. small mills down or failing in the company. I assure which had never had an aggressive safety you if you can show your management that program in their history. The results are a my your safety programs, your accident pre obvious. Now we have demonstrated that : that vention activities can turn up dollars on the by pursuing an aggressive safety program own P & X. sheet, you will have not only an in acadent experience- can be brought under found noons terested listener, but an insistent listener and control. Our management is convinced by I one who insists upon action bong taken to tiie record that this can be done with this lively capture these dollars. new group of members of our corporate your irtant Perhaps some of you have had experience family. with a recalcitrant supervisor, one who has Although I have used frequency figures terms i ex*ommting their ita in that been around for a good many years, and you have been attempting to persuade him to put a new guard on a machine or to take some time out for safety meetings, but have been getting nowhere rapidly. Remember, tins supervisor is probably under pressure from his supervision for cost reduction and as a measure of our accident experience, we all know that this measure can be mislead ing, even deceiving. In our opinion the im portant thing is not to demonstrate a lot of frequency and severity figures to man agement hut to translate these into dollars --dollars for each year in total and dollars profit development. As is true in most com per accident, using methods traditionally ac pre- panies, the costs of accidents are not ceptable in the field with which you are al to charged hade directly to his department but familiar. On a second chart we have made Iper? come out of some overhead account which covering the same period, we see revealed stical may be the insurance premium or a fund the trend which I spoke about earlier of I arid maintained for self-insurance purposes. So the rising costs of accidents. Even though 7 I960 National Safety Congress frequencies were diminishing markedly dur ing this period, actual dollars of outlay were going in the other, direction. You can im agine what happened in 1959. We intend to show historically what has happened to our profit* as a result of our accident rate and our rcddent prevention program, as well as what can reasonably be expected from pursuing this program in the future in terms of profits to our company. At Mead we know of no short cuts in achieving good safety performance; safety takes a lot of hard work. However, we believe that the work should be properly directed. A well rounded program of activi ties has produced the best results for us, a program which encompasses all the impor tant dements of safety*: supervisory and management interest and participation in the safety program, making it clearly their re sponsibility; adequate first aid and medical facilities; good accident investigation and records; good engineering and maintenance; training and safety promotion--all are nec essary if good safety results are to be con sistently achieved. Now this is a simple message and not very new. For some of you it may have been boring because you are already doing this and much more in convincing your man agement of the importance of accident pre vention. If so, well and good. Others may have done this at some time in the past but not on a continuing basis. If you have not made cost estimates for several years, I suggest that you bring your figures up to date. You may be surprised at the inflation which has occurred in both the direct and the indirect, or the insured and uninsured costs of doing business today. If you have not done this at all, I suggest that it's time to get with it. Remember that numbers like 200, 300 and 400 have little meaning to most business executives but figures like $200, $300 and $400 really talk. They know exactly what you mean. OFF-THE-JOB SAFETY MAKES GOOD SEMSE By H. E. NEWBURY Safety Supervisor, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation Ecusta Paper Operations, Pisgah Forest, N. C. When I was contacted by our program chairman with reference to this assignment, I was hesitant about accepting it Not that I wasn't deeply interested in the subject, but I felt that our plant's program for "getting safety into the homes of our personnel'' was not the success we had hoped it would be-- could be vastly improved--and was not of sufficient magnitude to be publicized at this time. There is no doubt in my mind that every one of *you here today, will agree with the statement that "safety* is not an experiment --it has taught us to place a greater value on human life." Not only on the lives of those we work with or supervise, but on the lives of their loved ones--their friends --their acquaintances--even those who are total strangers! We all know that safety is actually living insurance. At the 10th Annual Conference of the Southern Pulp and Paper Safety Assoda- tion in 1953 at Brunswick, Ga.--we heard E. J. Gayner, III, speak on "Safety Applies to People"--and I wish to share with you his opening remarks; "I have for many years, been keenly in terested in people. Not that they are black or white; rich or poor; young or old--but rather, whether or not they are happy or unhappy;--which leads me to ask these three questions: Have you ever seen an injured person who was really happy?--I haven't! "Have you ever seen a father, mother, sister, brother, son or daughter happy, be cause a loved one was injured?--I haven't! "Have you ever seen a fellow worker happy because good old George was injured? --No, neither have I! "Could we not, therefore say, that "safe people are happy people"--and since I stated earlier that I am interested in people's hap piness--I am necessarily therefore, inter- 8 Pulp and Paper Sessions ar*> H I- and not ivebetn ing this ir tnanent preirs may he past ra have years, I 5 Up to nflation ect and insured m have t's time ers like ting to es like . know o heard ipplies h you tly in black I--but Py or three tjured ven't! other, r, beven't! oiker tired? V a 1 "safe tated hapnter- ested hi safety, welfare and well bong of you have never had to go back into the all people--some of whom are our em home; and tell a man's wife and five small ployees.'' children that the worst had happened . . . Wouldn't It be wonderful if everyone of Or, If you have never assisted the doctor ns frft Hus way? Think how/valuable h and nurse as they worked with a roan so could be to us--providing it was sincere! badly burned with sulphuric add, that you We had copies of Mr. Gayner's talk re wondered whether or not he would live--his produced for every supervisor and foreman entire neck, face and forehead one raw blis in our plant and have, for seven years, tried ter--his tongue twice its normal size--his to encourage them to adopt this wonderful right eye burned out--burned so deep that attitude toward people. it would be impossible to fit a glass eye At our plant, we are continuously striving to sell our personnel cm just what safety means to them as individuals, and we are indebted to the "staff" of our medical de partment, for the wonderful assistance they into the socket. If you have never had to go tell a man's wife and four lads about something like this--and try in your humble way to assure them that you felt he had an even dance to pull through . . . are giving ns in doing this. We fed that Or, if yon never received a telephone call our medical director and Ins staff of 10t just after reporting for work, to come to have contributed greatly to our low frequen a certain paper machine quick--and upon cy and severity rates--far below the industry arriving, see an employee with the right side average over a period of years. Around-the- of Ins chest caved in ... and bleeding free clock professional services are available' to ly; if yon have never had to go tell the all personnel of the film and paper opera man's wife, take her to the hospital and tions, and as a result of the prompt and spend the entire day with her ... in and adequate treatment of even the minor type out of the hospital chapel, with both of you injuries, infection! have been few and far offering up prayers to the Almighty that between. tins man might live; if you have never I look upon our doctor, and his assistant, and all the muses, as a great asset to our program for preventing injuries on and off the job! They are continuously preaching to everyone, the great importance of adhering to safe practices. Safety supervisors, and I am no exception, are often looked upon by a small minority of hourly employees, as a necessary evil connected with industry*--a meddlesome person who is always sticking his nose into other people's business--one who has nothing better to do than to he always pointing out various ways that stood by as the surgeon talked with her late in the afternoon, explaining that it was necessary to amputate the right arm three indies bdow the shoulder--that he had done all he could--and that God be willing, she and the three youngsters would have their husband and father bade borne within sev eral weeks--providing no serious complica tions arose . . . If you have never experienced cases such as these three I have related to you, then you cannot appreciate just what it will do to you, deep down made. someone can get hurt We who are in safety Unfortunately, these are three aeddents work, never take offense at such thoughts that occurred on 8/5/42,--6/50/58--and --we do know from experience, that acci 1/2/59 respectively; -- and I've prayed a dents can be tragic, and wffl continue to do thousand times that it will never happen everything posable to help prevent them. again--to me, or to any other person in If you have never seen an employee so badly manned as a result of being caught in moving machinery that you did not recognize him; if yon have never ridden safety work. It's experiences like these that will instill in a person, the desire to do everything possible to'help dmnnate even tiie minor type injuries! In an ambulance to the hospital with such The task of going into the home and a person, fully realizing that his next breath telling members of the family about their could be his last; if you have never stood loved ones bring seriously injured or killed, by the operating table as they were prepar is indeed an unpleasant assignment I per ing to administer whole blood, and heard the sonally fed that if such an assignment was doctor say that there was no life left; if the. responsibility of the foreman or super- 9 I 5 i:i ' :. 1960 National Safety Congress visor of the department in which the acci were on school bus safety and bicycle dent occurred, a much greater interest in safety- -- seeing that serious injuries do not occur, would be manifested by supervisors in all industries. One such trip is one too many. I couldn't forget the latter two cases mentioned, even if I wished to--I'm living with them live days a week! (The man who lost the eye is now working for me as a fire inspector--the man who lost the arm is in an office just across the hall from mine I see and talk with both of them several times each day). Each of them is a walking We have for several years made avail able to our employees at cost, fire extin guishers, first aid kits and snakebite kits -- We furnish tree, wet felt to be used on the soles of fishermen's shoes and boots. (Trout fishing is one of the finest sports in Western North Carolina, and our per sonnel swear by the wet felt, when it comes to the prevention of slips and falls on slip pery' rocks). testimony of the importance of on and offthe-job safety. Now. let's take a look at off-the-joh safe ty--and why it makes good sense! To begin with, let me tell you what we are doing at Ectista Paper Operations, to publicize the importance of safety off the job. For over four years we have furnished our supervisors and foremen with three to five pages of supplemental material each month, to assist them in conducting their monthly safety' meetings . . . material that carries as much, and sometimes more, in formation about safety' off the job, than on the job! We have sent into the homes of our em ployees, prepared booklets sudi as "How to Drown-proof Your Family"; and one on eye protection, entitled: "Only One Pair to a Customer." At our employee recreation area where we have from 100 to 200 swimmers and nonswimmers daily* during the summer months, we are forever stressing the great impor tance of waterfront safety. Capable life guards are on duty* seven days a week-- eight to 12 guards at all times, eaeh a col lege student having a senior life raving certificate, and several of them have had the National Red Cross Aquatic School Instruc tor's course in waterfront safety. Swimming classes are conducted for youngsters and adults, and in the past 15 years, more than 2,000 "beginner swimmers' have passed their tests lor swimming 50 yards or more. (In fact, we do not allow anyone in the deep water area, until they pass such a test under the supervision of one of the life guards). Incidentally, the National Red Cross predicts a drowning a year at such areas, and we are very- proud to be in our 15th year of operation without any tragedy. Also: a) A seven page special bulletin on traf fic safety -- In addition to a playground supervisor who is on duty* seven days a week, a boys' coaching school is conducted three days a b) The picture of an automobile, show ing the 10 vital points that should be checked for safe operation. -- c) Plastic pocket card on artificial respira tion -- week from 9 am. to noon. This is handled by college students, who emphasize true sportsmanship m teaching various forms of athletics, and safety is tied in with every activity. d) A bulletin on fire fighting, listing the many- ways that fires can and do start in the home -- e) A bulletin on gun safety--for the kids and adults -- f) Copies of our State Highway Point System for traffic violations -- To the schools in our small county, which have an enrollment of about 4,000, we furnish varied bulletins three to four times a year (one for each of the lads to take into their homes), and the more recent ones With the use of two safety bulletin boards just inside the main entrance to our plant, we are continuously subjecting our personnel to pertinent messages with reference to safe ty on and off the job. (We use 8 and 17 inch green plastic letters, and tire boards are 4x6 feet and 6x16 feet in size). Mes sages have been changed from three to five times a week for the past 10 years, and at least one out of every four messages on the large board pertains to off the job safety. (The smaller board is seen by employees as they leave the plant, and every message -on 10 br : availextinkits - ised on boots, sports it per: comes m slip- where id nonnonths, impore lifeiveek-- a colsaving lad the nstrucmming rs and e than ! their e. (In : deep a test : life- Red ageuy. rvisor boys' lays a andled - true ms of every wards plant, sonnel safead 17 cards Mesa five nd at is on ifety. *s as je on Pulp and Paper Sessions this board covers items off the job). What has our off-the-job accident experience been in recent years? This is the sad part that might be left un said, but that it might help impress you with the title of this talk: Until July 1, 1959, we did not attempt to keep an accurate record of off-the-job acci dents. However, we do know that 12 of our employees have died as a result of them, since the plant started operations 21 years ago ... as compared with one fatality on the job during this same period. These 12 deaths were as follows: otto wrecks, 6; private airplanes, 2; drownings, 2; hunting, 1; and wood saw, 1-- From July 1, 1959 to July 1, 1960, not counting a fatality from drowning and one that resulted from an auto wreck, the per sonnel of our plant experienced 35 disabling injuries off the job that caused them to lose 1,018 days from work. Auto wrecks--21 (1 fatality) Home--12 (several severe injuries) Public--2 (1 drowning) During tins same 12 months period on the job, we had four disabling cases with a total time charge of 117 days. No, we are not proud by any means of our on-the-job experience other--but in com paring it with the 35 cases mentioned before, it does prove to us that we still have work to do in our efforts to get safety into the homes of our personnel. Let's take a look at the cost to our plant, for the 35 cases referred to: (This includes life insurance, hospital and surgical costs, and the weekly benefits for days lost from work--it does not include necessary overtime that was paid on numerous occasions, and tins amounted to hundreds of dollars ... or the seemingly intangible production efficiency that is lost when members of a production team must be supplemented by new players when an accident benches one or more em ployees). The total cost to our plant was $22^00. And listen to this: The 35 injured employees lost $12,500 in wages during this 12 month period! A total cost to the employees and the paper operations of $35,000. Incidentally, the four cases cm the job during the same time, carried a compensation cost of less than $500. We cannot overlook the fact that when a company or corporation pays out money from their profits for `accident costs,' they are pay ing out money for something that could be prevented, avoided--in effect then, paying out money for nothing. To give you a clear picture of just how much one off-the-job accident can cost, I wish to cite an auto wreck that involved three of our machine room employees on March 8th this year, a foreman, a machine tender, and a third hand. These three men were returning from a short vacation when their car was struck by an auto which entered the highway from a side road. (a) The foreman received multiple con tusions; four badly broken ribs; and lost 47 days from work-- (b) The machine tender's left leg was broken in five places above the knee; he lost 114 days from work to July 1st; and will not be able to return to work before January or February of next year-- (c) The third hand suffered severe inter nal injeies--and facial injuries that made him almost "unrecognizable"; lost 59 days from work to July 1st; has already under gone surgery for facial scars cm several oc casions--and the estimated cost of this plas tic surgery alone, will be in the vicinity of $7,000. The entire cost to the three employees and to the plant on this one case, will be between $15,000 and $20,000. It appears to be a ample matter for our employees to put cm a cloak of safety when they enter the plant, and to discard it as they pass through the gate on their way home-- and these same employees insist that safetywisc^ every suggestion at the plant should be followed immediatdy. And yet, they neglect their homes; their loved ones; their automo biles; and their own safe actions--away from the plant! We all know the great importance attached to setting the right example--that actions anil often be copied--whether they are right or wrong--safe or unsafe. We know that children mimic actions of their parents--and that some traits have even been known to become hereditary! Regardless of how strong management's interest might be from the humanitarian standpoint, let's not forget that.they are also 11 1960 National Safety Congress vitally interested in accident prevention both on and off the job, from the standpoint of reducing operation costs. No plant, company or corporation can stay in business without showing a steadily increasing profit to more than match rising operating costs, and it is the responsibility of every person connected with accident prevention programs, as well as all others in supervisory positions to help assure them of showing a steadily increasing profit! This can be done, by each of us doing our utmost to hdp eliminate the "need less cost" of both personal and non-injuiy accidents--on and off the job. CONSOLIDATED'S 30-YEAR CLIMB-- IS THERE AN EASIER WAY? By J. A. DRAPER Director of Safety, Consolidated Paper Corp., Ltd, Grand Mere, Quebec, Canada Let it be understood that we do not daim that the policies, training schemes, psycho logical approach, and general safety set-up that have worked for us will work for you. We certainly do not guarantee that having reached a corporation frequency rate of 15 (11 injuries) (7,311,583 man-hours) in 1959, we can maintain that figure. We've seen many companies -- good companies -- reach wonderful acddent prevention results for a period, and then fall from grace. Some fall only a little way, then struggle back to good performance, others, usually smaller com panies, fall back and do not recover. Be lieve me, in representing my Company, Con solidated Paper Corporation Limited -- and tdling our story of current relative success in safety, we are not here with our chests out We've had set-backs before, and we know how insidious, how intangible, are the influences, the feelings and the pressures, that work to the detriment of an organiza tion's safety quotient I propose to give you a brief history of safety work and results in our company to date. I suppose the next division of my paper could be called "Policies and Practices." Then will come a section outlining what we bdieve to be the reasons for our good posi tion. To the title question "Is There An Easier Way" we hope to be able to offer suggestions, but would remind you now* that anything fundamentally sound, good, and lasting, does not come easily, for that is not the way of the world. Organized safety work started in our Belgo and Laurentide divisions about 1915 and 1916. Net many early records are left but we do have a sheet that, show's 275 and 243 lost time accidents for Belgo in 1916 and 1917. Last year (1959) Belgo had one lost time acddent. We do not pretend that the figures are strictly comparable. How ever our 1916-17 sheet on Belgo is very complete. It shows 30 and 33 winder acddents for those two years! In the period 1927 to 1930, by which time Belgo and Laurentide had improved consid erably, even dramatically, the Canada Power & Paper Corp., was formed with the same mills that today comprise the Consolidated Paper Corp., Limited. The appointment of a Director of Safety and the organization of a corporation-wide medical service made for much better results. A further sys tematizing of the handling of acddent fol low-up and prevention occurred on the Que bec Workmen's Compensation Act coming into force in 1931. We have continuous ac ddent statistics since that datr. However, we do know that in 1929 our 433 lost time aeddents gave a frequency rate_ of 40.3. Following 1929, great improvement was made but we should be careful to allow that the medical service and compensation follow-up made for better frequency' rate figures. The safety' department must not take credit for all the betterment in acddent fig ures. A little later, I plan to show that one of the greatest mistakes a safety department can make is to "take credit" In the period 1931 to 1938 our frequency rate varied between Yz to of the con tinent-wide rate for our Industry. The .Na- 12 as well i of us i "needi-injury nada are left 275 and in 1916 tad one ad that . Howis very sr acd- ch time consid. Power te same slidated atf )i e made tr $ysat folle Quecoming ous ac- >29 our icy rate vement o allow snsation ty rate lot take ent fighat one irtment ( iquency ic conhe Na Pulp and Paper Sessions tional Safety Council literature and con gresses were and are our chief guide. The Quebec Pulp & Paper Safety Association, fi nanced by the P. & P. Class of the Work men's Compensation Board and formed in the early thirties, were, during this period (as they are now) sending their inspectors around our nulls, checking up on physical hazards and urging us to make improve ments. This was valuable help. Even more valuable was the determination, tenacity, courage, and persuasive powers of Harry Turner, then our director of safety. Mr. Turner died in January 1938. During the last six years of his regime the Corporation frequency rate varied between 13.92 and 6.72 -- the average was 924 for the six years. This average of 9.24 compares with the N.S.C average of 17.84 for the same pe riod, 1933-1938 inclusive I mention this to show that safety was a real going concern in Consolidated long before I came into the picture As a matter of fact, if Mr. Turner returned to us after 22 years, he would find almost unchanged, all the forms that he de veloped. He would find very little added to, or discarded from the ideas that he was pushing. There was an interval of nine months between Mr. Turner's death in Jan uary 1938 and my appointment as Director of Safety. Incidentally, 1938 was one of our better years for those days -- frequency 6.72. My appointment seemed to be the signal to set oil some extremely serious and even tragic accidents. Deaths, heavy disabilities and a rising frequency rate that eventually rose to 10.01 in 1946, Of course the war, 1939 to 1915, presented us with a great many problems that involved manpower, the dif ficulty and at times the impossibility of at taining acceptable maintenance standards, in ability to buy new equipment and tools, and many other difficulties that could be expected to militate against good accident prevention performance. As for the national accident results in in dustry, 1946 was also the turning point for our company. With minor fluctuations, we have been improving since that date. But I am a bit ahead of my story. Considerable soul searching and honest assessing of our wartime and immediate post-war experience showed us that, detri mental as war conditions were to good ex perience, there was something else wrong. Safety effort was too much concentrated in the safety department Shortly after my appointment, George Mc Kee, then our production manager, a fine and wise old man, told me "Julius, this job of Safety is too big for any one man or small group of men. Your job will not be done until every man in the corporation is trying to do it for you." Every man in the corporation his own director of safety -- a fine ideal! How to go about reaching it or even getting within measuring distance? About 1942, an article appeared in the National Safety News. It gave us a lead. "We Fix Responsibilities" was written bi ll. O. Sprinkle, a superintendent of the Monongahela West Pennsylvania Public Service Corporation. I have never seen a finer piece of industrial safety instruction than that article. Its message applies to any situation where men are supervised. It is fundamental and timeless. We persuaded the National Safety Council to make the article available as a reprint We bought hundreds of them. We made a translation into French and the Council produced the translation as a reprint for the benefit of their members in the Province of Quebec. This was an instance of outstanding service and co-operaticn on the part of the National Safety Council. We divided the article into five chapters, and wrote a covering letter for each chapter. We called it a guided reading course and we covered all ranks of supervision. Each di vision manager wrote a letter to his super visors explaining the object of the course and asking for careful study. Each man then received the article with covering let ter for the first chapter. Letters for the re maining chapters went at weekly intervals. This scheme has been repeated so as to cover newer supervisors (each in his own language) since about 1945. We are at present using the course for supervisors ap pointed since 1956. Since the article is out of print at N.S.G, we, with permission, make reprints in our own plant One of the fine and true remarks made by Mr. Sprinkle is: "The prevention of acci dents is the logical and inescapable result of good workmanship." That sentence has almost literally became our watchword and we are continually belaboring that point at safety meetings. 13 i 1960 National Safety Congress For some reason "Safety First," "Take a course of five one-hour sessions. AU fore no Chances," and such safety catch phrases men were given this course. carry little or no pride value, but "Good workmanship" is a matter for pride the world over. With good workmanship, you have many desirable results besides safety. This was a very simple and inexpensive scheme but it took basic and fundamental ideas from a well known and reliable source, slanting them to our own conditions and Another of Mr. Sprinkle's remarks has pointing out their truth in the light of our had a profound effect on our approach to own experience. safety work in the past several years. Here it is "--We found that nearly every' man knew how to do his job better than he was We believe that like the covering letters for our "We Fix Responsibilities" reading course, such a training scheme carries more doing it." This made us think -- perhaps we should reach for their hearts rather than their minds. But I am ahead of my impact than so-called "canned" programs such as movies, sound-slide, or even safetygraphs. By the same token, we believe that story again: We are listing some of the the best visual education device is a black things we have done to improve our Safety board with a well guided piece of chalk results--tchich means to improve our people. plus comments that are the product of con During the war years and immediately after, we did a great deal of training among superintendents and foremen using the J.I.T. and J.R.T. Courses. This interest in J.I.T. and JJR.T. continues but not at the some what intensive level of some years ago. Since about 1943, a regular feature of our work has been the issuing at irregular intervals (about 4 or 5 per year) "Letters to Supervision." These go out from my office to all superintendents, foremen and leading hands in the corporation. They are safety news letters. Their format is ex tremely simple, merely "ditto" jobs. They keep all ranks of supervision informed re garding the score to date. They suggest useful safety activities. They are instruc tional and inspirational, and we believe the inspirational side is by far the most im portant Beginning about 1942 and up till about 1930 or 1931, we made considerable use of sound slide films and records. All foremen were given the N.S.G "Safety in Foremanship" series of 12 programs. The Human Side of Safety (6 programs) was also used together with many other sound slide films for both foremen and the rank and file: Some few years ago, the American Manu siderable thought and preparation. The dis advantage of the latter approach to training is that thought and preparation are required. The tremendous advantages are its flexibil ity, it allows one to put in the local touch, it is personal, and it allows one to get be yond their minds and reach the men's hearts. We are still listing the things we do to improve our safety performance, which means, (and I repeat again and again and again) to improve our people, their knowl edge, their thinking, their attitude, the fun damental health of their minds and hearts. There is little or nothing new in what we do. The fundamentals of the requisites for good safety performance can be found in the Bible, and in many' other ancient writings not to mention relatively modern, and mod ern works. Listen to this from the pen of Ralph Waldo Emerson: "Now understand me well. Any fruition of success, no matter what shall call forth something to make a greater effort necessary." Shakespeare had a wonderful lesson or guide for safety men, or any other men when he wrote in a "Midsummer Night's Dream" -- "our doubts are traitors and make us lose the good we oft might win, by fearing to attempt" facturers' Association produced a very well printed sheet containing their "Ten Com mandments of Safety." We were impressed by this effort We made up a lecture and discussion course for foremen using these What do we do? Read almost any safety man's account of his "safety program" and what do we find? -- safety meetings, com petitions, good housekeeping, keep-the-bossinformed, good communications up and Safety' Commandments as a base or frame down, good tools, good guarding, floors- work. Two commandments per session made painting-lighting all the best, etc. etc. We 14 \.U*'re- ) xpensive lamental i source, ons and : of our 5 letters reading es more rograms n safety eve that a blackf chalk of conIThe dis training equired. ffexibilJ touch, get be: men's e do to which ain and knowlbe funhearts, rhatwe Wy d v. ..Je writings d mod- Ralph ne well, r what greater son or a- men Night's rs and bt win, ' safety m" and s, comic-bossip and floorsc. We Pulp and Paper Sessions all know how to do it Why such varying turers, with 3,197,801 man-hours without results? I submit that those who succeed lost-time accident In July of this year, our have reached their men's hearts, and the Laurendde division beat the Wayagamack converse applies. record with over 3,300,000 man-hours. In Before leaving the "what do we do" sec tion of this paper, I should mention our training department We have on head office staff, quite sep arate but parallel to myself, a director of training. Mr. Ladd has a full time training 1959, our Belgo division with over 1$4 mil lion man-hours had one lost-time case. Our Port Alfred division, also with more than 1J4 million man-hours per year, this sum mer completed over 365 days without re portable injury. organizer on his staff at each division. The The Arthur Hoyt Scott Award was in training department people write their own stituted in 1953. This, of course, is a con textbooks and prepare all their own ma test for multi-plant paper companies with terial-process courses, spot training courses, over 3 million man-hours per year. Our courses in English and in French. When I standing since 1953 has been as follows: say they do a fine and valuable job and leave it at that it is because, bring English, l am given to understatement 2nd - 1st (1954) - 3rd - 2nd - 4th - 2nd (1958) and 1959, who knows? Our corpora tion frequency rate was 13. Don't forget Mr. Sprinkle's remark:: "The prevention of accidents is the logical ar.d inescapable result of good workmanship." I believe it to be no accident that our relatively good safety record since 1952 coincides with the intensification of our in-company train ing activities. Now, when yon have a situation where one department does the woric and another department gets the credit, then the latter department has a very pretty little set-up! We mentioned that we would tell you something of results obtained. Here I must be careful We are not chest thumping. We are very conscious of our failings, and we know that there is more than a modicum of truth in the quotation "Pride goeth be fore a falL" What success we have had is relative success. We still have accidents producing serious injuries and we are far from satisfied. However, we have won trophies and awards. I do not intend to bore you with a list of them, but perhaps the following facts might be mentioned: In the 34 years of competing in the "Saf est Mill in Canada" Contest -- sponsored by the Pulp & Paper Magazine of Canada, our corporation's mills have won 12 times. Our Laurentide mill itself has won right times. Our company has four pulp and paper di visions and we are competing in a contest among an average of about 40 mills in Class "A". Returning to "Safest Mill in Canada" Contest, in 1958, we had three divisions-in the first four places -- last year, we had three divirions in the first five places, our Laurendde division taking 1st place both years, and also 1st place. Group "B" in the National Safety Council Paper Industry Contest, 1959. If we dare be proud of these results it is only for two reasons -- we are proud of good workmanship on the part of our men. We are proud of the great saving, in human values, due to accident prevention. As I come to policies and- practices, I find myself on difficult ground. These things are intangibles and some of the most im portant and effective are not written down. Again, company, or safety department policy and practice may*be such-and-such but a tough superintendent or foreman will tend to give that policy or that practice a tough slant -- the reverse of course applies. So we find that safety or any other endeavour is not practiced in the same way in all de partments because of the difference in the character and personalities of supervision. I don't believe I am far off the track in saying that for a given group of men the most im portant intangible influencing their safety performance is the character, personality and ability of their direct supervisors. To that perhaps I should add that in safety work (but not only in safety work) the intangi In 1953, our Wayagamack Division beat bles are far and away more important than an 18-year record held by the St Croix the tangibles. This I suppose is what makes Paper Co. -- Woodland, Maine, for North our work at times so baffling, frustrating, American record for newsprint manufac difficult, and fascinating. 1960 National Safety Congress But I digress again--we are talking about policies and practices--and when reading this (if they do) I can hear quite a few of our Consolidated people saying to themselves-- there goes Draper; away oif the beam as usual! 1) We, as a corporation, will do all that is reasonable and practical to ensure the safety of our people 2) The safety department will work through line supervision, neither going over people's heads nor behind their backs. 3) When something goes wrong, all con cerned will look for their own failures rather than concerning themselves with the faults or shortcomings of others. The rami fications of this item are considerable! organizations who have gotten their acci dent rate to low figures run into: "As the frequency rate gets lower, the in centive to accident prevention diminishes, whereas the lower the frequency rate be comes, the greater is the effort necessary to maintain that low rate" I guess this is one of the things that will keep safety* departments in business! As for what we believe are the reasons for our relative success we can only tell you what we think. Perhaps first should come that we operate in the Province of Quebec Does that sound queer? O.K. Then you tell me why the top 12 nulls in the "Safest Mill in Canada Contest" 1959 were all in the Province of Quebec 4) The safety department will keep watch over departmental injury trend by means of volume of first aid primary dressings, and act on variations from "nonhaL" 5) When doubt exists, the injured party will receive all benefit of that doubt 6) The safety department will keep all concerned, down to departmental level, in formed regarding frequency and cost of accidents. 7) When accidents occur in other mills or other companies, action taken will be as if the accident had occurred in our own plrnt 8) The safety department will not "know it alL" When changes are required in a mill or department get the responsible supervi sion to suggest the necessary changes. All we have to do is to get them to agree that something should be done. For the rest, I cannot do better than quote from part of the conclusion of my Annual Report for 1959: "Others say we are successful. We pre fer to say we have relative success, and much remains to be done Why do we have such marked relative success? If we don't know the answer we are groping in the dark. Your writer is going to suggest some answers to this question, not necessarily in order of importance: a) We believe we have a good psycho logical approach to our workers and there fore have, by and large wonderful co operation. b) We have "general" safety meetings and keep the workers right in the picture c) We have a great deal of support and encouragement from the top men in the corporation. 9) The safety department will not lose touch with the rank and file employees. Have them in to safety meetings. Give them all possible information. Act on suggestions given by men or tell them why not. 10) "Discipline" in only the rarest of cases. -Let mercy always temper justice. The seemingly obvious cause of accident is often not the real cause. This list is far from complete. I should add that these policies and practices are somewhat idealistic They are not in prac tice applied 100 per cent. Nothing human is 100 per cent Perhaps this is as good a place as any to put in one of my pet theo rems or formula or whatever it should be called. It poses a difficulty that I guess all d) We have a first class medical depart ment with good industrial nurses at our mills. e) We operate in Quebec and in fairly small towns. The rural French Canadian is a gentleman and a fine' person to deal with. Our labor turnover is small. f) Our managers, superintendents and foremen are behind all safety* work and do a great deal on their own initiative. g) We have led, rather than driven, our foremen into safety activities and have sold them and trained them. They* do more and more for safety as the years go by. h) We have staff direction on safety from head office. This has been shown to be good practice. 16 ir acd- shushes, rate bessary to igs that iness! reasons mly tell should incc of C. Then in the 59 were sr than of my Ve pre ss, and re have e don't in the st some arily in psychoI thereful co la pidi_. ort and in the departat our i fairly -dian is il with. ts and and do en, our re sold ire and safety awn to Pulp and Paper Sessions i) We have a good well-organized train ing department Very valuable. j) We have wasted no effort on the frills of safety but have stuck to fundamentals. k) There may be quite a few other rea sons. Your writer believes that the sum total of the above adds up to a better "safety quotient** than that of most other companies. We succeed because we are the kind of company we are. It all adds up to good men and good management from top to bottom." Now -- Is there an easier way? Perhaps not -- but one thing is sure -- if. in the early days of organized safety, the safety men had concentrated on getting the job done by way of line supervision instead of trying to do the job themselves, no doubt progress would have been more rapid. This is probably unfair criticism, for their ob stacles were tremendous. The human race seems to be past masters at learning the hard way. However, we do believe that there is a great deal of wasted effort in safety work even today. There is a great deal of barking up wrong trees. The Bible and other ancient writings have the answer. Shakespeare knew a thing or two about it R. W. Emerson had it, all written down. The early morning sessions at National Safety Council Congresses -- at least during the past 22 years -- give us all the lead we need Alfred Lateiner and H. W. Henrich have it all wrapped up. There is no really easy way. Neither are there any insurmountable obstacles. There are many, many paths that lead to better safety results. Anything that makes for better people makes for better safety. In a nutshell perhaps it could be stated: The Golden Rule. Attack on the broadest front possible. Stick to fundamentals. Fix responsibilities -- especially remem bering your own. Hard work. THE CONSERVATION OF HEARING IN THE PAPER INDUSTRY By DR. ROGER B. MAAS Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Company, Wausau, Wis. The pulp and paper industry has made unusual progress in the promotion of hear ing conservation objectives in the last five years. Your group has probably done more to save the hearing of employees working in noisy environments than any other group I can name. Unfortunately, the job isn't done. We are most encouraged to hear of some of the notable engineering achievements which have resulted in significant reductions of noise in pulp and paper machinery itself. All of us know that we have noise trouble spots at suction rolls, pulp screens, slasher saws, drum barkers, chippers, high pressure air nozzles and vacuum pumps. Of course, if noise levels in excess of 85 decibels are hazardous we face similar problems in the converting end of our business. I have learned -that the redesigning of machines, for example a bag machine, has brought down noise levels as much as five to ten decibels. Another change that I have observed recently Is the wearing of ear muffs by' slasher saw operators in woodrooms, a job requirement, to .make sure that these men exposed to hazardous noise will not lose their hearing. The Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Pacific Coast Asso ciation of Pulp and Paper Manufacturers, Engineering Section of the Technical Pulp and Paper Association, Kimberly Dark Company, Scott Paper Company and others have been aware of the noise problems and have done something about them; and I could add manufacturers of equipment More engineering controls can certainly be expected. -i I960 National Safety Congress s In the very early days when we panicked Actually, very few employees ever come over potential claim costs because of the to the first aid department and complain threat of noise-induced deafness, your paper about noise, for the average worker accepts industry was one of the first to open its noise as a normal part of his occupation doors and to invite engineering specialists Employees don't seem satisfied with or won't to make extensive noise level surveys so continue to wear protection unless noise that more could be learned about this new levels are extremely high or annoying, even hazard in order to determine methods which if they are told that with continued exposure might control or reduce noise exposure and some degree of deafness is inevitable: What its effects on man. do we care about something that is so re It was the Pacific Coast Association of mote as deafness and perhaps will never Pulp and Paper Manufacturers who pio happen to us? neered a film in order to promote hearing To do nothing or to allow initial efforts protection, entitled "Ear Protection in of protection to bog down and die, as we Noise." If you have not seen this film. I have been doing, is to allow this "sneak would encourage you to do so. thief acoustic insult to the hearing mecha However, with all of these laurels and the head start the paper industry has shown, there is still much to be done before we can say that the noise problem is licked and all workers are protected. It must be remembered that pulp, paper, and woodworking employees probably ex perience one of the most hazardous noise exposures due to the high noise levels, the high frequency characteristics of the noise, and the steady or right-hour exposure. Where noise is intermittent we have a more favorable condition. We have come to the conclusion that a man can take considerable doses of noise without damage to hearing if it is broken up or intermittent Probably one of the most discouraging aspects of a sound hearing conservation pro nism" to destroy slowly but surely the deli cate bearing nerves. Either we must find a way to achieve some degree of success in protecting human ears, as we have for other occupational hazards, or we may* as well give up and concede that noise will be an added cost of production of articles made in noisy plants, or, even more important, allow workers to lose this sensory ability decibel by dedbel, each day, each week, each year --which is inevitable, but which we know is unnecessary. In order to understand better the prob lem of failure in obtaining successful car protection. Employers Mutual Liability In surance Company of Wisconsin recently completed a questionnaire study directed to 1,148 plants having sufficient noise exposure to warrant the wearing of hearing protec gram is personal hearing protection, ear plugs and ear muffs; hut for the most part, so far we have been unsuccessful in ob taining protection for the worker. Several tion devices. A large number of these in quiries were directed to pulp and paper manufacturers. The information was ob tained largely from occupational health weeks ago an occupational health nurse in a large paper mill, who built a reputation for herself in the State of Wisconsin for developing an outstanding employee health and safety program, told me, "I've given up trying to get our employees to wear ear plugs.. I can't help but feel this is an im possible task." This is certainly not the first time our staff has heard a remark like this. Con scientious nurse and safety personnel fre quently think of their failure to achieve functional ear protection efforts as personal ineffectiveness. This attitude, of course, is wrong. Let's examine the problem of hear nurses and safety engineers. The net response should be of help in directing or redirecting our efforts in be half of successful, functional hearing pro tection."Of' special significance are the tech niques or practical suggestions which describe successful hearing protection efforts. Here are the questions we asked and the answers. 1. How many plants having noise expo sure sufficient to warrant hearing conserva tion control measures have had reasonable success in maintaining successful ear plug programs for a period of six months or more? ing protection and see w'hat we are up An analysis of the data indicates that against very few noisy plants have had much suc- 18 cupation. or won't 5s noise ng, even txposure le. What s so reil never I efforts as we i "sneak mecha- the deli st find a ecess In or other as well II be an made in it, allow deribel ich year e know e probrfnl ear lity Inrecentlv tctrJ to 1L riese inI paper ras ob. health help in in be- Bg pro le techdescribe i. Here inswers. : expomservaisonable ir plug aths or es that ch suc Pulp mid Paper Sessions cess with hearing protection efforts. The actual figure is 22$ per cent reporting suc cess after a start of six months. 2. What are the primary reasons the use of ear protection has failed in plants where the promorion has been unsuccessful? Seventy-five per cent of the respondents indicated that the programs failed because of lack of management interest and support. To try to summarize the full meaning of this by making a composite statement takes the real meaning out of the study. There fore, I'd like to quote verbatim specific answers which help us to understand the apathy of management in the support of rigorous and successful efforts. a. Our management takes an ostrich attitude toward the noise problem. b. Management fails to sell employees on the need and value of ear protection. c. Management is afraid it will create an industrial relations problem particularly with wages and job placement, not to mention claims. d. No continuous follow-up by management because other matters are more pressing. e. We need a law to get management inter ested as they do not feel the problem exists until a law is passed. f. Lack of interest, reluctance of manage ment support because of bad experience with other protective equipment briefly describes why our program has failed. g. Failure of management to follow through once a program is started. h. Complete lack of interest on the part of management as other problems are more pressing and need immediate attention while this problem has results or implica tions that are far in the future. L Foremen and supervisors are discouraged because they think this is a "fruitless task." j. No single person has been assigned re sponsibility of seeing that the program is made to work. Too much it is assumed that ear protection will be worn, but what it rally amounts to is, "What is everybody's business is nobody's busi ness." Unfortunately, the importance of this new venture is rally not understood; therefore, little can be expected in the way of results. 3. What are the major objections to the wearing of hearing protectors that you have heard first-hand from workers? a. Ear plugs are uncomfortable--85 per cent b. Ear plugs are too much bother and get lost c. Ear plugs are a nuisance and an incon venience. Workers cannot hear the sounds of machines to check their operation properly. d. Ear plugs cause infection. e. Fear of placing an object or foreign body in the ear. f. Danger of not hearing signals or voices. (The noise is really not bothersome.) g. Ear plugs are an insult to a worker's manhood; I can't take it! h. Joking, or kidding pf the. fellows wfeo wear muffs or plugs. L There are no real complaints or objec tions once management derides it is good for the employees and pashes the pro gram. 4. Do you feel that insert-type ear plugs can be worn throughout the working day with negligible discomfort to user? Ninety per cent of the nurses and engi neers answered "yes." Many of the re spondents qualified their answer by stating that the plug must be fitted properly and that you cannot help but feel a little initial discomfort, which should be recognized and understood as the price one pays for pro tection. 5. In plants where insert ear plugs are available, have the employees been fitted by one individual who knows how, or have the employees been expected to fit them selves? This question was answered about fiftyfifty, but 80 per cent of the respondents indicated that without question a nurse or doctor should be in on the program, and self fitting should always be discouraged. The nurses, when we have them, seem best qualified and most successful in obtaining acceptance to the wearing of hearing pro tection by their own personal counseling and direction. 6. If you have any experience with ear muffs, what is your opinion of the practical value of tins type of protection? 19 1960 National Safety Congress There is a great deal of enthusiasm ex pressed for using this type of protection. In fact, it look like the ear muff is "in." a. Ear muffs are very good. Ear muffs are easy to take off and put on like goggles. In many plants ear muffs are replacing ear plugs. b. Employees in one paper mill wouldn't operate a machine without wearing ear muffs. c Ear muffs are excellent for operators on slasher saws in woodrooms. They should be compulsory. d. Ear muffs in a number of plants are ac cepted because it is mandatory, and once management takes the stand and explains the reason for the polity of compulsory wearing, it ceases to be a problem. e. Xoxr that ear muffs are less expensive, approximately $12 to $15, they are per haps even more economical in the long run than trying to replace the lost and forgotten ear plugs. f. Ear plugs are no good in paper machine rooms because they are too hot and un comfortable. Ear muffs are successful because they eliminate the usual fitting problems and complaints. The only serious objection to ear muffs is that other workers kid and joke with the wearer. Once this is eliminated and the fel lows get used to the appearance, it ceases to be a problem. 7. What methods, techniques and gim micks have you found most successful in promoting hearing protection? a. Supervision must sell employees on the need and value of hearing protection de vices. When employees understand what the protective measure is for, it will be accepted because the employee realizes it is for his own good. Isn't this the ap proach we take with any protective de vice? Supervision needs to make itself an example in the wearing and promotion of hearing protection. How many times are we reminded of this when visitors in our industrial plants tell us how im pressed they are when management re quires the wearing of safety glasses on plant tours. It is symbolic of manage ment's consideration for its workers and friends. Likewise, it should be pointed out that management provides hearing protection because of its consideration for its employees. b. Personal demonstrations are effective. Show the employee the wearing of plugs makes a tremendous difference in ob taining comfort, and ask him to sud denly remove the plugs in front of his noisy machine or operation and note the difference c When the nurse or the doctor plays a part in the program, we have much greater success in maintaining hearing protection efforts. The fitting should be a prescription and the nurse or doctor can explain the why of protection and answer many questions frequently asked Improper fitting has been one of the greatest causes of discouragement and fadure in getting protection cm the em ployee. . Physicians are now beginning to use the audiogram as a motivating device to urge the worker to wear protection faithfully, by noting high frequency loss so often discovered in routine preplace ment and follow up audiometric measure ments. The audiometric card is a visual tool that helps make the worker feel the importance of preserving his own per sonal record of hearing sensitivity, for this record tells him something about himself; and if protection is faithfuliv worn, further damage to the delicate hearing nerves can be prevented. d. Hearing protection should be emphasized to the new worker along with bis other safety' orientation, safety' shoes, hats, etc The wearing of plugs or ear muffs should be included in the job description and the worker told that this particular operation requires the wearing of pro tective equipment at all times. There is a rapidly growing trend toward manda tory hearing protection programs. e. Use the sound and sensible argument that employees will be more comfortable and hearing will be preserved if your hearing protection is worn. f. Management should let the employees in on what is going on. When they' know it is for their own good, they will ac cept it; but supervision must set an ex ample by wearing protection themselves whenever they enter a noisy area. g. A meeting with supervisors haring the 20 ig the Pulp and Paper Sessions nurse or another qualified person properly fit each supervisor and at the same time explain the occupational hazard and con trol principle. Also, explain that each individual must become accustomed to wearing the protective device the same as one must become accustomed to wearing eye glasses. Have each supervisor agree to give the plugs a fair trial, using them for short periods to start and gradually working up to longer periods until they can be worn for a full shift without dis comfort. This method not only sells the supervisor on the value of protection but also convinces him that required use by the employee is not unreasonable. The fact that the supervisor is using the ear plugs himself will encourage the em ployees to "give them a fair try." h. The nurse and safety director must al ways be prepared to answer the usual objections such as "ear protectors hurt," "I can't hear when I wear ear protec tors," "I can't tell whether the machine is running right," and many' others, all of which can be answered successfully. i- You must have several types of ap proved protective devices, so if the em ployee finds one not to his liking, you can direct him to the use of a different type. j. Unless you have a mandatory program and make workers wear ear plugs just as you do safety glasses, respirators, hard hats, etc, you are bound to fail. And last, k. Keep at it, keep at it, keep at it This is the only way and the way we have dealt with all other protective equipment which is now considered commonplace in our industrial environments. Is there any thing different or more difficult in this new area that .veteran safety men have not experienced all these years with other equipment? A nurse in one plant which has succeeded in obtaining a 100 per cent hearing protec tion effort for over two years tells us why her program has been successful "First of all, we had 100 per cent management in terest and support Then we took the time and effort to sincerely explain to each em ployee why it was so important for him to wear protection at all times. We fitted each man individually, showed him how to insert the device in the ear canal, and lastly, sent a notice signed by the foreman to the man who forgot or neglected to use the equip ment It didn't take long for them to realize that we meant business. Now it is just taken for granted." It is possible to establish the necessary effective controls and abide by them, just as we have done with countless other protec tive devices, thus assuring the worker that he can maintain normal hearing. It need not be a fruitless task. Now let's take time to summarize some of the more recent research and practical experience, much of which has been ob tained in the paper and pulp industry, which should help us in maintaining prac tical and realistic hearing conservation ef forts. 1. There is every reason to believe that compensation loss governing noise-induced deafness will become more and more severe, resulting in increased claim costs. Each year our legislatures are faced with bills request ing more benefits. Regardless of laws or administrative rulings, hearing can be kept within safe limits by the establishment of sound hearing conservation programs. 2. Audiometric measurements are a must In fact >f you have not started a pre employment program of audiometric testing, you are losing valuable information each time a new employee is hired.- Some paper mills I know have had audiograms on each new worker and in some cases annually at the time of periodical physical examinations for over ten years. Hearing measurement is not only one way of providing protec tion against claims, for we know that for every four new "hires" one comes to us with a substantial hearing loss, but we make available a device to keep an individual check on the ears of each worker. An audiogram properly made can "spot" a sensitive ear, and we obtain these warnings well in advance of damage to the critical speech range; which makes it possible for us to exercise controls. 3. In regard to the question, "What is hazardous noise?", it will no doubt be an impossibility to satisfactorily establish dam age risk criteria that will help devise practical controls that will protect all work ers. According to Doctor Carhart, Profes sor of Audiology, Northwestern University, 21 1960 National Safety Congress "All we can do is establish target goals to know that higher frequencies predominate attempt to protect the most people we can; in the paper industry.) but we know from the onset that we can't possibly protect them all. There's too much difference among people. Also, there are many practical limitations imposed on the average industrial setting, which includes sufficiently trained personnel. The money necessary to employ them will impose a limiting factor cm hearing conservation ac tivity', but at least we can pinpoint the highest areas of exposure and start there; later we can go down the ladder to areas of less exposure." Let's not worry about trying to protect everybody at once, but let's be certain we are doing something for the worker who is exposed to the greatest amount of noise. Perhaps we should change our system of arithmetic. If we can get 50 or 60 per cent of our men to accept ear protection, we can cut our exposure by over one-half. 4. In answer to the question "is it good to hire a person with a hearing loss?"--cer tainly, if he can perform the job. Dr. Aram 6. We now know that noise-induced hear ing loss results from years of exposure, and probably it would be rare indeed to find severe losses from exposures of less than eight to ten years; and most of this hearing loss occurs in the frequencies above 2,000 cycles, which is above the speech range. In other words; the ear appears to be tougher than we thought it was, at least in the critical speech range. 7. Noise-induced loss is permanent Medi cal treatment will not help. Prevention con stantly and consistently applied can be our only answer. & In studying the research on effects of noise on man, about all we can say for certainty is that noise destroys hearing sensi tivity. Concerning the contribution of noise in loss in productivity, loss of efficiency, physiological changes, health hazards, and noise 'as a contributing hazard to safety, etc, little is really known. Glorig, Director of Research, Sub-committee 9. Recent research, yet unpublished, leads on Noise in Industry, recently stated, "I us to believe that the greater portion of believe we can say with very' little reserva damage to the hearing mechanism occurs in tion that a person who already has a hearing the first 12 years of work, probably from loss is not more susceptible because he years 20 through 30. When the final findings works in a noisy environment I do not are published, it may lead us to put spe believe that the amount and type of hearing cial emphasis on protective efforts during loss found in most industrial employees these beginning working years, which will should deter management from placing these lighten our supervisory* and administrative men in the usual noisy' environments." Of responsibilities in seeing that protection is course; with ear protection a man should be worn. able to work almost anywhere. And finally, we are not engaged in an 5. Higher frequencies are potentially impossible task, if we keep at it, keep at it, more harmful titan lower frequencies. (We keep at it! 22 |te red hear:xposure, d to find ess than hearing re 2,000 tnge. In tougher in the f. Mediion conhe our Fects of ay for gsensid noise idency. Is, and safety, I, leads ion of curs in ? from indings it speduring h: tea. j ion is in an 1 at it. Pulp and Paper Sessions THE SEVEN BASIC STEPS OF SAFETY (A Symposium) (a) COMPANY POLICY By ARTHUR CARLE Safety Director, The Northwest Paper Co., Cloquet, Mum. When Harris Williams asked me to par ticipate in this panel, he assigned me the subject "Company Polity" I wrote Harris a letter back, accepting and advising that if I could educate myself first, I might be in a better position to know what I'm talking about So after wading through a few chapters on company policy and stealing some stuff from the experts--here I am try ing to tell you what I learned. First of all, I learned that we should have a dear idea of what policy is. I found out that policy is a plan of action and that a plan is a policy. When we refer to policy, we mean a guide in making de cisions. I then learned of three classifi cations of personnel management One, man agement has no definite policies but has confidence that supervision will know enough to do what it is supposed to da Two, man agement has some pretty definite ideas but has not spelled them out in writing, but hopes supervision understands them as well as management and will do what it is sup posed to da Finally, there is Utopia. Man agement has a thoroughly developed policy or plan of action--spelled out in writing and communicated down through supervision so everyone understands, witb nothing left to chance--which will accomplish what it is supposed to da We can conclude from this that a policy or a plan of action must be written. It is of little use unless it is in writing and, of course, communicated down to super vision--down to employees so everyone, with out question, knows what the policy is. To put policy in writing there are three basics: 1. The objectives--^what do you want to accomplish with the policy or the plan of action? 2. The procedure to attain the objective-- spelling out the mechanics of the plan of action. 3. Assignment of responsibility--delegat ing the responsibility to see that the policy is effectively carried out So far we have found out that policy is a plan of action or guide to set forth princi ples for supervision and employees to fol low. We learned that policy to he effective must be in writing and that we have to know what we want to accomplish with it We follow this up with blueprint on how we want to make policy operative, and then to communicate the blueprint to levels of super vision and employees to see that it is car ried out These are the basics of policy and would apply whether the problem he hiring policy, vacation policy, safety policy, or what have you. Now let us apply company policy as it would relate to safety. Management must first spell out that it is company policy to operate the plant or plants in such a way that will realize to the fullest extent possible the safety and welfare of the employees. This should be the prime objective. Now let us consider some examples of procedure to accomplish this. One item of company policy could be to provide to the fullest extent possible that the physical status of the plant comply with all safety code re quirements on 'mechanical safeguarding. Another cotdd be that personal protective equipment as may be required for safe per formance on the job be furnished to and worn by employees. Safety could be incor porated under other policies such as employ ment policy-each applicant for work could be examined at the time of employment to determine employability on the basis of health. Finally, we have assignment of responsi bility. Naturally it follows that this re sponsibility would be delegated by top man agement to supervision to so enforce the policy that it is complied with at all levels. Safety supervision should cooperate to see that those policies that pertain to safety are carried out 23 i 1960 National Safety Congress (b) GETTING COOPERATION By RALPH MYERS Safety Supervisor, The Mead Corporation, ChiQicothe, Ohio The word cooperation signifies working services or produces the product--to come together. In modem language it is an effort into the plant mentally and physically alert, of "togetherness" bom of a commonly rec wear his protective equipment, follow ac ognized need to accomplish a desired goal. cepted safe procedures, and above all to try The efforts to prevent accidents in our to think a little. plants will succeed in direct proportion to When all these various elements of the the cooperation obtained from all the people working force are genuinely interested and in the plant One rotten apple may eventu working at the business of accident preven ally spoil the whole busheL tion, there spreads in any plant an enthu From whom must we get that spirit of siasm and a safety contagion that is hard to togetherness in preventing accidents and resist what is the contribution of each group? The Most certainly cooperation is best obtained help of every employee is needed from the from the employee on a volunteer basis. president of this company to the janitor who Occasionally, however, it must be sought by- sweeps the floor. ~ compulsion. This is particularly true in get We need the help of -- Top Management--to demonstrate by its attitude, actions, and stated company policy that it has a heart and a conscience, and is genuinely interested in the health, welfare, and paycheck of its employees and their families, even though occasionally there is no visible direct return on the dollar spent for accident prevention. ting cooperation in wearing protective equip ment .Ninety-five per cent of the employees will wear their hard hats and safety glasses when there is a recognized need and a good job of selling is done. The rule book of discipline must speak to the other 5 per cent Since most employees like to feel that they have a part in doing a job of value and one that is appreciated, the factors of recognition, participation, and sense of be All levels of operating supervision--to ac longing are valuable tools to gain their cept the key responsibility for preventing cooperation. Recognition of a safety job well accidents, train the employee and follow up done on the bulletin boards or in the com to see that he is working safely, set a good pany magazine, membership on a safety example in safety and enforce fairly and committee, a part in housekeeping inspec impartially the safety rales and procedures. tions, help in investigation of accidents, The purchasing and engineering departmeats--to blueprint, specify, and buy ma chinery, equipment, and materials of good quality, safe to use, and properly guarded if guards are available. The construction and maintenance depart ments--to install and maintain the buildings and machinery according to legal codes and accepted safe standards of plant layout and machine guarding. The personnel and medical departments-- to obtain the best and safest working em ployees available by interview, testing, and physical examination and to assign these employees according to physical and mental ability. membership on a contest or banquet commit tee, recognition through such organizations as the Turtle and Wise Owl Qubs, a visit to a Safety Congress or banquet -- these and dozens of other ways are instrumental in developing die general accident prevention climate in a plant to the point that the en tire work force feels that it is separately and collectively a vital cog in the safetyprogram. One of the things that affords me the greatest satisfaction in this business is to pick up our plant publication and read a statement such as that made in a recent is sue by a retiree in his farewell interview with his editor. His first statement was "During the 36 years I've worked here I've And last and most important of all, the never been involved in a lost-time injury." rank and file employee mho performs the When an employee has this degree of pride 24 -to come illy alert, >IIow acall to try s of the sted and : prevenn enthu; hard to obtained x basis, night by : in gete equip, iployees glasses a good wok of er cent el that f value tors of of bei fheir 1 e i..__/safety inspecideuts, nmnitrations a visit these aental ention ie en* lately safety e the is to rad a nt isrviewwas : I've uiy." pride Pulp and Paper Sessions in this phase of his work record, you are getting his cooperation. Would that this were the sentiment of every member of the work force! I believe that it takes a long time to de velop a genuine spirit of cooperation in acddent prevention in a plant, but only a short time to destroy it (c) ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND ANALYSIS By ALFRED B. BARNES Safety Engineer, Fibreboard Paper Products Corp., Oakland, Calif. There are many means of investigating ac cidents--individual, team or groups of in dependent investigators. The extent and scope of the investigation will vary with the means used, the type of acddent and extent of injury. This is logical, but a more im portant determinant is honest application of the purpose of investigation. Obviously if there is a system requiring reports of accidents, an investigation of some degree is necessary' in order to fill in all the little blanks on the form.' In some cases filling in all the little blanks seems to be an end in itself. Then there is the "I've got to get off the hook" type. In this one the victim doesn't have a chance. The investigator first looks up the safety rules and then searches until he finds the "cause." There may have been a definite hazard involved and the victim didn't even know of the rule's existence let alone understand it, but on the report he vio lated a safety rule. Of course, there is the "cover story," too. In this one, interviews will reveal every real, suspected or imaginary hazard within 150 feet of the acddent scene and will document the time, date and drcumstances of numer ous previous reports of these hazards. When it comes to describing the circumstances of the acddent, there are 150 versions or a complete lack of eye witnesses. That is, until the buzz sessions start We really know the purpose of investiga tion, but let's repeat it The primary pur pose of investigating acddents is to find the causes, to find the corrective steps necessary and to prevent the same type of acddent from recurring. In making the investigation the who, what where, when and how are relatively simple to determine, but the why often gives us fits. Unfortunately it is the why that gives us the most valuable answers. We must find the immediate causes--the broken step or missing guard; the contribut ing causes--the dropped load because it was too heavy or the poor fit of the guard; find the steps to prevent recurrence--replace step or guard; lighter loads. .....The two primary requisites for good in vestigation are open-mindedness and prompt ness. The quotation Carman Fish uses at the head of his column in the National Safety News each month is an excellent statement for investigation--"Nothing hu man is alien to me." If you have had to investigate many acddents you will firmly believe this. You will also realize that you cannot have preconceived notions of the cause or causes if you really want to find the real "why." Promptness is essential to obtaining ac curate facts. Memory fades with time and the human mind deplores vagueness so that it is quite common for the mind to fill in missing details with quite honest intent The more logical the story, the better, but all acddents don't follow a logical story. Too long a delay in the investigation allows too much time for busy minds. Where acddent investigation is concerned with a single acddent injury case and is primarily directed toward solving an indi vidual problem, the data yielded can give valuable hdp in the total acddent prevention effort Tins plus of investigation is a strong reason for investigating all acddents. In our modern safety programs we can hope at least that the lost-time injuries are really few in number. In this case we will truly be at tempting to solve only isolated problems. If we develop a good source of information from many investigation reports we can find patterns, problem areas, operations or posi tions. Stripped of all the mumbo-jumbo of 25 I$ 1960 National Safety Congress causes, classifications and dissection listed in the manuals, this is the function of accident analysis. In brief summary, accident investigation and analysis are real tools to help yon find the only possible benefit from an accident. We must learn preventive measures for every accident and these tools provide the means. (d) RECORDS AND STATISTICS By ROSS E. SCOTT Asst. Secy.-Engineer, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers Safety Association, . Toronto, Ontario What can you say about "Records and ual concerned. We could even tell a superin Statistics" that might be illuminating and of tendent whether his married people were suf sufficient general appeal to hold the attention fering more injuries than his single workers. of such a well-informed and alert group? I am sure we had records that no one ever I talked this matter over with my brother, and he readily agreed to join me in a little test. We journeyed to a golf course the fol lowing week-end to conduct an experiment During the first nine holes we kept the score cards in our pockets. We played the entire first half of the course without recording a stroke. On the back nine we changed our technique. From the tenth hole on we re kept before or since. After about two years ray boss called me into his office and, in a most diplomatic manner, inquired bow many injuries had been prevented and what bene fits bad accrued from my voluminous rec ords.- I got the point and we immediately reduced our record-keeping to sensible pro portions which permitted us some free time for accident prevention activities. corded everything that occurred to us. Whether we sliced or hooked, number of sand traps played into, putts, numbers of irons used on each hole, and even the fre quency of our expletives! Certainly, some records are required, if only to be able to tell your boss the fre quency is decreasing. There is excellent in formation available on this subject in the National Safety Council Accident Preven In the locker room after the game we com pared notes. You can guess the conclusions we drew--which were: 1) It is necessary to maintain rec ords to retain interest, and 2) Over-recording becomes a nui sance and is actually pointless. tion Manual for Industrial Operations, Chap ters 9 and 10. Anyone setting up records at this time, or wishing to review his pres ent system could do no better than study this in detail Probably, the greatest advantage to be gained from maintaining accurate records is from knowing what type of accidents are It is much the same in any sport Veryfew people are interested in whether or not Willie Mays hits a pitcher's first throw more frequently than any other batter in the league or that Johnny Unitas throws more 19-yard passes than any other specific distance. Nor is there any tangible reason for keeping such statistics. I recall, years ago, when delegated the responsibility for the safety program, it seemed to me that more statistics would be an asset in the control of accidents. Accord happening and where. What would be the point in conducting an intensive educational program in an area, or on occupations, re markably free of injuries? Obviously, the answer is "none!" Through the maintenance of good records and statistics, many situa tions and conditions adversely affecting your overall program can be detected and cor rected. In conclusion I can only say that, in my opinion, records and statistics are an im ingly, I set up records on everything con portant and essential step in the "Seven Basic ceivable. I had information on the age of Steps of Safety" but, please refrain from people injured, time of day or night the malting the same mistake I did--over- accident occurred, education of the individ recording. 26 ans For every e means. superinrcre sufworkers. one ever ro years nd, in a w many at beneous recaediatelv ble proree time t to be cords is aits are be the national ons, rcisly, the itenance y situaag your nd cor- Pulp and Paper Sessions () TRAINING By HARRY J. HAHN Safety Coordinator, Hammermill Paper Co. Erie, Pa. The importance of safety training is quite dear to all of us. Proper knowledge and skill to do a job safely are essential to any business operation. No business can survive indefinitely if such training is not provided. Training means teaching or instructing and is essentially selling; selling attitudes, knowledge, ideas, skills and appreciation. Those responsible for the training of others must do a proper job of instructing. They must acquire the fundamentals of the art through study and practice to be effective and efficient in training people to remember how to work and live safriy. Safety instructions must guide the think ing and actions of employees to secure their desire to avoid injury to themselves and fel low workers. Most people have the native ability to strive for knowledge but the in structor must show them why they need safety training; why it is important to them. Be enthusiastic. Plan your presentations beforehand and be sure you have something to" selL Arouse interest, explain, illustrate, discuss, demonstrate. Teach by eye as well as by ear. Take it easy--one point at a time. Repeat ideas but keep than from bring monotonous and boresome. Have worker try what it taught Test him. Correct errors immediately. Be sure he can perform safely. Remember perfection is not always pos sible at first but progress is a must Some tilings can be taught in one lesson, however, many things are easier to learn the wrong way. Faultfinding can hurt your cause because it is negative. Harping on unsafe methods causes workers to dislike safety. Be gen erous with your compliments because they stimulate good results. Let employees know that improvement is expected and they will produce proper results. Take into considera tion the imperfections and frailties of hu mans; Le^ their lack of judgment, lack of consideration for others, resistance to change, troubled minds, laziness, ignorance and lack of interest in work. Build around human nature. Teach workers to relax their bodies, their muscles, but to keep tiirir minds alert Tenseness leads to accidents. An alert mind and relaxed body are a winning combination. Use visual aids to add interest and to stimulate thought Show employees the ma chine or hazard or a skilled worker perform ing the job the safe way. Eighty per cent of our knowledge is gained through the eye and retained 55 per cent longer. If we see we learn more than what is taught by words, but the two combined make impressions more effective. You can use models, photographs, charts, diagrams, motion pictures, filmstrips. Show why--arouse interest Coach em ployees and then check them to be sure they can do the job safely. Recheck them as frequently as necessary to be sore. Leave every employee with a clear picture of bow to live and work safely. Safety is for the employee and it must be by the employee, but continuous training by supervision is needed to secure individual, voluntary acceptance of safety through proper attitudes. p. 27 i c:! i-\? I960 National Safety Congress (f) INSPECTIONS By C. W. MATZENGER, JR. Safety Director, International Paper Company, Southern Kraft Division, Mobile, Alabama To me, safety inspections are, in most in stances, of little value if the line foremen and the rank and file employees are not trained in being safety conscious and always watchful of conditions or practices that may cause injury to themselves or others. We walk, sometimes hurriedly, through a de partment and make a list of mechanical things that tcill probably help to prevent injuries. We then say we have made a safety inspection. Check jour list, or think back over some list you have prepared. Aren't most of them unsafe conditions and not un safe practices? The National Safety Council instruction cards separate a mechanical safety inspection (Card #333) from a safety inspection (Card #325). I am not saying we don't have to have these mechanical safety (or as I am accused of at times, maintenance) inspections. You can never convince an employee that the company wants him to perform his job safely and not get hurt if nothing is done to cor rect an unsafe condition. Of course, these conditions do account for some of our acci dents. I am saving, however, that we can not just make inspections of unsafe condi tions. Before I go any farther, let me say that I feel a good inspection must be done in a lazy way. By this I mean that you should, at times, not appear to be making an inspec tion, and you should not hurry- Some of the best ideas for correcting an unsafe prac tice can be gotten while sitting in a smoking ring, apparently doing nothing but "shooting the bull" when, actually, you are observing some operation that is going on. Listening to comments being made by employees can, at times, tell you more than you can see. The foreman can make one of the best safety inspectors a department can get if he is truly interested in eliminating unsafe prac tices and unsafe conditions that may cause someone to get hurt He is always in the department and can observe the hour-to-hour way that jobs are performed and not the way some employees will perform them while a planned inspection is being carried out Housekeeping is another most important safety item to look for on an inspection. This is the background of the cause or the direct cause of some injuries. A department may' look fine on a planned inspection, but how much thought is given to the hour-tohour housekeeping ? How does the depart ment look when they are having difficulties with some phase of operation? This is the time that everyone is rushed. If housekeep ing is good only on "inspection day" then this is the place you will probably have an ac cident. Someone slipping on broke paper or falling over an uncoiled hose can be a nasty injury. These comments are in no way intended to suggest that employees be spied on, but because many' injuries are contributed to by human failure, it is my belief that we should concentrate our inspections on unsafe prac tices. We must get away from our inspec tions showing 9 out of 10 recommendations to be "correct an unsafe condition" of a mechanical nature. Based on our own state ments, this type of inspection won't obtain the results we want 28 -istening ees can, a see. the best ret if he ife praciy cause s in the -to-hour the way while a nit nportant spection. e or the artment ion, but hour-todepartfficulties is is the usekecpIhen this : an acsaper or rj intended on, but !d to b}' e should fe prac inspecndations " of a n statet obtain Pulp and Paper Sessions {9) THE FOREMAN'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR PREVENTING ACCIDENTS By JAMES M. PINKSTON, JR. Personnel and Safety Supervisor The Crossett Co., Crossett. Ark. Let me suggest to you that whether he likes it or not, a foreman is held responsible for the prevention of accidents in his de partment This is true, it seems to me, because ex isting laws, rules and ordinances require, in varying degrees, that places of employ ment machinery and equipment be 'main tained in safe working condition; that acci dents be reported; that adequate first-aid facilities be provided. The burden of re sponsibility for compliance with these re quirements is fixed by law and it is fixed squarely on the shoulders of management Furthermore, the accepted moral obliga tion of an employer to his employees; to his employees' families, and, in fact to society, requires that a reasonably safe working en vironment be maintained. This same obliga tion demands that consideration be given to adequate training and instruction of em ployees in safe working methods. Addition ally, it requires that a systematic effort be made to eliminate, minimize and control the physical and mechanical hazards that have produced accidents or are likely to do so. The same effort to eliminate, minimize and control unsafe actions of persons is de manded. In short, dependence for the prevention of accidents must and is placed largely on the management And the term management is used in its broadest sense--that is, from the president to the foreman. A foreman is in the front line of manage ment; he is the on-the-spot representative of management who must lead and take the brunt of responsibility for both the good and bad. He is responsible not only for scheduling, upkeep of machinery and the other necessary ingredients of profitable management He is also responsible for his men--to see that they work productively, safely, and insofar as posable, happily. It seems, therefore, only logical that the fore man must be responsible for employees' safety training and the creation and main tenance of safe working conditions. In short the immediate supervisor or fore man has the greatest opportunity to control unsafe acts and to correct unsafe conditions of anyone on the management team. After all, the president or general manager can set policy that provides the broad terms under which a safety program can be carried out But it is the front line foreman who must take the leadership in affecting the safety program. It is the foreman who must be constantly, on the lookout for hazards and infractions of safety rules. He is the man who can get them corrected. In a sense, the foreman must be his brother's keeper. After all, he knows more about his men and their working conditions than anyone else in the management set-up. And, of course; the foreman has and must have the authority to do something about unsafe acts and conditions that exist in his department In summation, I would say that the fore man has the responsibility for controlling unsafe acts and conditions, and thus acci dents; in his department because he has the opportunity and authority to do so. The things that the foreman does to prevent accidents are the same things that he does for efficient production. 29 1960 National Safety Congress PAPER WINDING WITH SAFETY By JOSEPH V. CALDERONE Applications Department, Cameron Machine Co., Dover, N. J. Manufacturers of winding equipment pro guards is readily apparent The in-running duce winders which have a variety of nip creates a condition which can be con safety features to make the equipment as sidered potentially the most dangerous, and inherently safe as possible without encum in addition, this is the area in which the bering the operation. greatest part of the crew's time is spent Safeguarding of the winders can be di Another point which magnifies an already vided into two general areas: that which dangerous situation is the element of hu covers the guarding of power transmission man reaction as related to the winder speed. parts, usually protected by conventional Once the fingers or hand of a crew mem chain, belt and gear guards, and that which ber are caught in the nip it is very difficult covers the operational area. Other aspects if not impossible to withdraw it or for any of winder safety which certainly should not other crew members to give any assistance. be minimized are good housekeeping and Stopping of the winder in time, of course, maintenance, which are as important on would be impossible since the time element winders as on any other mill equipment. involved is a fraction of a second and With respect to operational safeguarding winder stopping times, even under emer there are several devices available. One of gency stop conditions, range from 10 to 20 the most important is nip guards. seconds. Nip guards range from the simple angle- Accidents associated with the tup of the iron frame-type covered with woven wire winder indicate that more attention should mesh or expanded metal, which are hinge- be given to the proper guarding of in-run mounted on the winder's front beam, to die ning nip areas. Winders are bring operated box-shaped type, which completely embraces with the nip guards in the lowered position; the front section of the winder above the in other cases, the nip guards have been re front beam. Generally this latter one is moved from the winder or are in such dis motor-driven and electrically' interlocked so repair that they are inoperable. In many that the drive cannot be accelerated from instances, nip guards are not interlocked. the jpg or thread speed, which is usually 50 to 60 feet per minute, until the guard is in place: Regardless of the type, nip guards should be used. To insure that they are in position when the winder is in operation, they should The type of nip guard that can be used be interlocked with the main drive. Even varies with the particular operation and the the simplest guard which may be six inches conditions of the paper. Generally speaking, or right inches high can, merely by its winders in operation on newsprint, catalogue presence; serve as a reminder to the crew stock, tissue and krart can be more com that care must be exercised when working pletely protected than winders on bonds, in the vicinity of the nip. A further aid in day-coated papers and other fine papers. this direction will be to paint the nip guard These papers require constant vigilance on a bright red or orange color. Interlocks can the part of the crew to eliminate die forma be provided which are either electrical, tion of wrinkles or other roll defects by pneumatic or mechanical depending on the proper tension or spreader bar adjustment nature of the drive used. To detect wrinkles the crew member must feel that surface of the rewinding roll with the palm of bis band, since wrinkles or corrugations are not always risible to the eye when the winder is running. Obviously, this requirement restricts the degree to which the nip can be guarded. To anyone who has seen high-speed winders in operation, the importance of nip On the subject of drives, it is desirable to have the starting circuit so arranged that the drive cannot be actuated unless the rheo stat is in the zero, or off, position. This is to prevent the winder from accelerating to a high speed, when the start pushbutton is actuated, in the event that the speed rheo stat was inadvertently left at the high speed setting. 30 running re con us, and idi the Spent already of huspeed metniifficult or any stance. sourse, lement d and emerto 20 uf the should n-runerated rition; en refa dismanv scf ' hcL... isition hould Even nches y its crew riong lid in fuani S can rical, i the table that faeoiis is to a n is faeopeed Pulp and Paper Sessions Idler rolls are another source of poten tial danger, especially in large high speed winders, if they are not stopped before the crew is ready to thread the winder. These idlers have a tremendous amount of energy stored in them by virture of their weight and speed. If they are not stopped by some braking means they can continue to rotate for a considerable length of time. This time is normally greater than that required for the crew to put on a full roll in the un wind stand and start threading the web through the winder. This procedure requires that crew members come into close prox imity to those idlers and consequently into close proximity with danger. To eliminate the hazard, all mill type and large converting type winders should have means of stopping these idler rolls before any attempt is made to thread the sheet through. This can be accomplished by a manually actuated brake either mechanically or pneumatically operated. Another method is to have pneumatically operated brakes which operate in conjunction with the main drive motor. In this method, an extra contractor is provided in the main drive motor starting circuit, which controls a solenoid-operated pneumatic valve. The cir cuitry is so arranged that when the drive rheostat is put in the off position, or when the "off" pushbutton is actuated, the idler roll brakes are applied. When the rheostat is put in the run position, or when the "on" button is actuated, the idler roll brakes are released. Riding rolls on many winders are pow ered by either hydraulic, electrical or pneu matic means and these riding rolls are equipped with a counterweight system for the riding rolls consisting of a cylindrical tube to which weights are applied for con trolling the amount of riding roll pressure. In some instances when the riding roll counterweight element is in the extreme bottom position, the distance between it and another element such as an idler roll, tie bar or roll ejector cross member is only two or three inches. One of the reasons that this factor be comes a point of danger is that in many instances the control console is so located that this portion of the winder is not risi ble to the operator. Another reason is that the crew may be inclined to relax their caution since the winder will be shut down when, the riding roll is motivated during the coarse of unloading the completed rolls and making preparation for starting a new set . Under these conditions a crew member threading the winder, or cleaning broke in this vicinity, can suffer very painful and disabling injuries if any part of his body becomes trapped between the counterweight tube and any other of the elements men tioned This can occur, and has occurred, on winders. There are devices which can be employed which will reduce or eliminate the hazard; and the most positive method is to incor porate a photo-electric cell which scans across the back of the winder and will pre vent the riding roll from moving if the beam of light is broken. Another method is to locate a loud alarm signal in the dan ger area which will ring when the riding roll is motivated A third method is to uti lize a properly placed mirror so that the operator has a full view of the area in volved This last method of course, de pends on the operator's alertness and is not fool-proof, although it does offer some de gree of safety. Winders which are equipped with pow ered roll ejectors should have an interlock system which will prevent any motion of the roll ejector until the riding roll is in the full-elevated position and the rewind shaft bearings are in the extreme bottom position. Since the controls for the roll ejector are generally grouped with the other operating controls, there is always the pos sibility that the controls may be accidentally actuated If there is no interlock and the roll ejector is put into operation when the machine is in motion, it can result in injury to some crew member, to say nothing of damage to the equipment. A roll of paper weighing upwards of three or four thousand pounds, leaving the winder with a peripheral speed of, say, five or six thousand feet a minute is a serious threat to personnel in the vicinity. In addi tion, there are the broken fragments of the rewind bearings, or parts of the rewind shaft; which could inflict injury. Since the winder is always run with the rewind bearings engaged with the rewind shaft, the interlocking of the roll ejector with the re wind bearings will certainly eliminate this threat 31 i i 1960 National Safety Congress Shaft pullers and roll lowering tables are from the winders on flat bed hand trucks other sources of danger. with no more than a loose wooden chuck Shaft pullers can be as much as 20 feet long or longer, and since the operator's at tention will be occupied in engaging the rewind shaft end with the shaft puller coupling, he may not be aware of any per or wedge to prevent the roll from falling off the truck. These trucks are usuallv towed along an aisle directly in front of a winder or several winders. A roll weigh ing a ton or more fatting from a height of son in the vicinity who may have his hand in the path of the chain and/or chain sprockets. The best method of preventing accidents from this course is to completely enclose the top area of the shaft puller with an inverted "U" shaped guard. Roll lowering tables, in many cases, are equipped with powered roll out arms which bridge the gap between the winders front beam and the table itself when the table is in the raised position. A man pinned be tween the front beam and one of the roll out arms will, be severely injured. Generally 18 inches to 24 inches off one of these trucks can seriously injure operating per sonnel especially if he is pinned between the roll and winder or any other object. If this type truck must be used, then they should be provided with a concave top contoured to fit the particular roll diameters being handled. A safe way of transporting rolls in front of winders is to use low steel trucks which run in tracks and are practically flush to the floor. this area is in full view of the person op erating the table and it would seem that this should eliminate the possibility of an acci dent. However, the danger exists and it is a real one. Here the employment of a pres sure board interlocked with the driving medium of the roll out arms will greatly reduce or eliminate the possibility of acci dents from this source. The most desirable table top should be "diamond plate" or any other threaded de sign to reduce the possibility of slipping. In cases where the table top must be smooth to prevent marring or scuffing the outer layers of the rolls, it is suggested that crew members be instructed to wear rubber, or composition-soled shoes. The location of the operator's console is also an important consideration. In some instances the console is so located that the operator has virtually no view of the from of the winder; in other cases the controlare so placed that the operator must face away from the winder. While it is very difficult and in some cases impossible to locate the control console so that the op erator has an unobstructed view of the en tire winder, the use of strategically placed mirrors will certainly go a long way in eliminating this deficiency. Education -- The safety education of winder crews and operators is one of the most powerful tools that can be employed to reduce winder accidents. The general arrangement of a winder in stallation is also a factor to consider from the standpoint of safety. Layouts which en courage or permit traffic, such as fork lift trucks and personnel not connected with the winder operation, to pass in the vicinity of the winder can affect the safety of the op erating- crew. The element of danger here is the distraction caused by this traffic Existing installations are limited in what can be done to eliminate traffic in the vicin ity of the winder. However, in future plan ning a great deal of consideration should be given to this factor. Another point which must be considered under this catagory is the safe handling of the rolls produced by the winders. In many instances the rolls are being transported To borrow an adage used frequently in conjunction with automotive safety cam paigns, "the best safety device is a careful driver"--so it is with winder operation, "the best safety device is a careful operator." Experience is often tagged the best teacher and since the nature of the winding operation varies from one mill to another along with the type of accidents incurred, from one mill to another, the basis for winder safety educational programs should be derived from the experience accrued by the safety department in conjunction with the particular operation. Of course, the ex perience of other safety groups, such as. state safety inspectors and also insurance company safety engineers should be incor porated in any safety training program. 32 i r~ifs " 1 jk falling usually ront of weigh right of 'f these ng per.een the t. d, then ave top ameters n front s which flush to isole is l some hat the e front rontroh st face is very ible to he opthe enplaced vavin )- ion of of the tployed stly in cam- areful ration, ul ople best hiding aother rurred. is for should ted by t with he exch as. uranee incor un. Pulp and Paper Sessions The training program should also include familiarization on the function and opera tion of any safety device employed so that any sign of malfunction can be 'mmediatdy reported. Close liaison is required between the safety department and the maintenance department so that any irregularity of the winder and/or safety derices is quickly resolved. The winder accident rate of any installa tion will show a definite decline with the institution of a comprehensive safety pro gram encompassing the careful selection and use of safety devices and a good safety training schedule with conscientious follow up on the part of supervisors. By this I mean that: 1. The guard or safety device must be properly applied. 2. It must be in operating order. 3. Its use must be enforced. IS THERE A PRICE TAG ON SAFETY? By KENNETH BOOBER St. Regis Paper Co., Bucksport, Maine Safety: What is it? Webster says that safety is the condition of bring safe; "Free dom from danger or hazard. A keeping of one's self or others safe especially from danger of disease." The last L> the one that I like best Let's look at it again--"a keeping of one's self or others safe especially from danger or disease," and with this in mind, let's proceed and see what it is that we are concerned with and what it is we are trying to be sold on. Let's treat safety as a commodity and see if we want it or not Of course today most of us are very cost conscious and the first thing we look at is the cost; so let's take a look at the price tag on safety*. First let's look at the company's side of the tag. Could you guess what the company spends annually in your plant for safety?. Would you like to venture a guess as to what the costs are for the Doctor, Nurse, First Aid Room and insurance premiums on the Workmen's Compensation? How about the costs of the protection de vices, the guards for machinery, belts, the non-sltid paints? What about the equipment for the em ployees--the goggles, safety helmets, rubber gloves, respirators, gas masks, and air breathing packs, warning signs, file handles? What about the safety shoes they make available? Do you think this is all compelled? The insurance commission requires that each em ployee be covered with insurance, that the elevators be inspected. If there were a high disease rate coming out of the mill, or if there were some condition affecting the em ployee's health, they would step in and have it cleaned up. But what about the rest of these things? Why do they spend the money cm them? Would you swap vour year's pay for what it has cost them? Why do they do it? Don't you feel that the stockholders could use the money, or do you think that maybe the company is merely looking for a chance to spend a little extra money? Why does the company spend this money? They aren't spending it They are investing it They know when they lay out money to make a safe worker that they are invest ing in production and that they are investing in the man. You ask how? Well let's take Ray Lord for example. Ray is the construction fore man with 25 years experience with that type of work in the mill.. Hie boss knows that when he and Ray sit down and go over the preliminary layout that Ray will take it from there. The boss knows that the job will be done the way that he expects it to be and he won't be bothered with questions about small details every 10 minutes. You don't walk into the State Employment Office and say 33 1960 National Safety Congress you want a man with these qualifications Bill Goodspeed puts up a teeter-totter stag and get accommodated. ing. The staging teeters. Bill totters, and Earl Johnson is a motor winder. Mac has when he comes home from the hospital he worked with Earl enough so that he knows has a stiff knee. now that when he hands Earl a motor to Supposing Dan gets careless and opens a rewind that it will be done the way he wants disconnect under load splattering his eyes it. He doesn't have to stand and watch every with hot copper. Dan can't read the news move. paper too well now, but do you know the But what good would these men be to tire company if they were out with an ac cident when they were needed. If a con real price he will pay for safety? Do you think he'll be cruising down the bay anymore enjoying the scenery? struction job came up and Ray was out with Orville Shirley checks the brushes in the an injury or a motor blew and Earl had hydrafiner and gets his knuckles busted on a hurt himself and wasn't available, what fan blade. Results--a stiff hand. Ask Or good would those years of experience or ville how he'd like to play golf one-handed: hours of training be to the Company. Suppose Mac changed drills in the pres* Through the years, the boss has built a team in the electrical department Each in some small way makes the team dick. But we can only function effectively as a team if each one of us will do his part and can be depended upon to do so; and that is why the company invests this money, to keep the with tiie safety switch turned on. Someone wanted to ask him a question and stepped on the foot switch and the chuck key went into his thumb so the thumb joints were useless. What price does he pay? Ask Mac how he'll rock the hammer back on the old 30-30-this fall. team operating as such, so they can maintain Suppose Reg Linscott goes out into the their effectiveness as a unit Now that we have some idea as to the costs to the company and why, let's turn the price tag over and look at the cost to the workers. Would anyone like to venture a guess? Look at your check stub for payroll de ductions--bonds, union dues, income tax-- but not one penny for safety so you fed pretty good, do you--nothing deducted for safety? But let's take a doser look at what it means to us if we pay the full price for safety. new bleach plant without his hard hat on and gets a brick on the head and gets an injury that causes him to lose his hearing. What price has he paid? Ask Reg what good a radio hobby is to a man who can't hear. Accidents won't discriminate between the boss and the worker, they just wait for that careless moment and move in and deprive us of more than just a physical capacity, they deprive us of the very pleasures of life. Look around you. you'll find men drag ging around half sick. Too sick to work, too well to stay home. I've done it--so have Let's take some personal examples: you. Why? So we won't lose a day's pay. Now Carl Green got a sliver in his eye a while back. Suppose the eye had gone; would Carl be able to see that big buck jump, or those ducks sit in on that side of him? Suppose it was late Sunday night and Lloyd Burr wanted to check a piece of ma chinery but figured that it was late and there was no one around so he wouldn't bother to tag it out Someone started the motor and when Lloyd came home from the hospital, he held up his hand and said, "Look, Dear, no fingers." Do you know the price he would have to pay? Ask Lloyd if Look around the next repair Sunday. Such a man will be standing under the crane when it's moving a bull roll over his head. It doesn't make sense for a man to come in half sick so not to lose a day's pay--then lose his life! They do some foolish things that might cripple them forever. Workman's Compensation pays us $35 a week while we're layed up. While we're on the job for a full week we take home $125. For a 10 week period we have lost $900 in pay, but the cost could have gone higher. How high can this price go that we might have to pay for safety? he gets any enjoyment from playing the So you want to say safety is for the birds? piano? Well O.K.--but_____ 34 wmsmam ospttal he I opens a his eyes he newsknow the Do you anymore es in the >ted on a Ask Or-handed: he pres* Someone stepped *}' went its were isk Mae the oM into the hat on gets an hearing, g what to can't pen the ri I they ft dragworit. o have 's pay. Sucii t when id. It me in --then things $35 a 're on $125. >00 in igher. might irds? Pulp and Paper Sessions If you don't want to wear your hard hat, that's O.K. but you'll have trouble getting the old Fedora on and off with a brick stick ing out of your head--and you'll get used to the headaches in timt You don't want to wear your goggles--that's O.K. too, because they make some real nice plastic eyes nowlook real natural with small blood vessels in them and everything; but remember, when a good looking girl walks by--you know, really stacked--you're going to miss a lot, and only do her half justice. You don't have to wear your rubber gloves when you handle Delon fuses or tong test Don't worry about the bum and those blue marks. They can be covered by Tweedie, the undertaker, and formaldahyde will kill the smell of the burned flesh. You don't have to lock it out and put on a hold tag. Never mind if you lose your fingers. You don't need buttons anyway-- zippers have replaced them. Don't worry about changing ceiling lamps without wearing your goggles. But I would recommend that you get a book on seeingcye dog care as soon as possible and study it thoroughly while you are able to, because you are asking for one. They tell me that a white cane is standard equipment with the outfit. You don't have to buy safety. You can pay the price in other ways--if you want to. We are all aware of the misfortune of one of our fellow workers. If wasn't through an accident but he still was incapacitated for a long while. Where would you and I be if we had a serious accident and were laid up as long as he was? We saw where we would lose $900 in just 10 weeks, but sup pose we had the misfortune to be involved in a long. lost-time accident, what would happen? Our homes, our automobiles, and the very pleasures and luxuries of life that we had sacrificed for and gone without to get, would be taken from us for that one moment of carelessness. Maybe we don't care about safety. Who is going to pay for this attitude? Who is going to suffer because we are careless or take the don't-give-a-damn attitude? The company pays a little because the}' will have lost the service of a trained worker; we must pay in pain and suffering. But who really has to pay? Who pays the most? Who are the ones who surely pay? Our families --yours and mine. Think of the bills--the children going without food and clothes--consider the pos sibilities of having the children deprived of a college education, or losing the home or family car. Remember this: before you climb that lad der that is not properly footed, grind with out your eye protection, work on equipment without first tagging it out, tong testing or handling Delon fuses without your rubber gloves, or do anything unsafe--if you don't give a damn about yourself, then consider your family. Where does the responsibility for safety lie, with the company or with the workers ? Is it the duty of Bobby, Mack or Everett to follow us around to see that we work safely? Haven't yon seen that fellow step up to the emery wheel with a small grinding job to do and peek over his shoulder to see if any one is watching to see him grind without his goggles. Who does he think he is putting something over on? It's his eyes! If he doesn't think enough of them to wear his eye protection, why should be expect his foreman to be responsible for them? Safety is the responsibility of all con cerned--the company and the workers. As workmen, we owe it to ourselves and our families to work safely--but, we also owe it to our fellow workers and it should be a re ciprocal duty. Let's take an example. Suppose I'm work ing on a light fixture in the basement and lay my screwdriver on the stairs while I have to get some material Uppie walks up those stairs, sees it lying there and figures it isn't his, and lets it stay where it is. In a few minutes Oliva Jacques hurries down the stairs, steps on the screwdriver and goes off into orbit Where does the fault lie? Who is to blame for this accident? Where did the responsibility lie? While you're finding the answer to that, also find the answer to who will pay Oliva, his fuel bill buy the clothes, and feed his family while he is laid up. We owe it to each other to know two things--artificial respiration and where the pressure points are to control bleeding. Look at the fellow beside you. Take a good look. If you get belted or cut bad, are 35 \ I I960 National Safety Congress you going to lie on the floor and die because he didn't care, or wouldn't get into the safety program? Look again! Is that the fellow you are going to let lie there while you run for the doctor because you wouldn't put your self out a little to learn artificial respira tion or bleeding control? You don't learn artificial respiration to save your own life, so you had better hope that the fellow working with you knows how to give it. Remember, those first seconds are pre cious, maybe life itself. So learn to give artificial respiration and learn how to con trol the bleeding while someone else goes for help. The worker who is with a crew that has trained first aid and safety men in it is very fortunate. When you're working with someone like Orville or Russ you can feel some satisfac tion that, if something does happen, at least 3'ou have some chance when it really counts--which is immediately. I would like to reflect a moment on our attitude about safety. Why am I here to day? Last night I worked 12-8. I have given up sleep to be here. I will have driven 14 miles and am here on my own time. You people are getting paid to listen to me talk, so don't feel too bad about it When I was informed that I was to handle this program for three months, the first thing I thought of was bow can I get out of it The wheels turned and I had the solution, my work schedule was wrong, so I couldn't be here. I informed Ferdin and was told to drop it into my committee. I passed the buck to them and I was informed in good plain English what I could do. I could still have gotten out of it I began to think, "What kind of a damned fool am I to want to shirk the responsi bility of safety. What if all folks had the same attitude? This would be no program at all. It might even cost me my life or I might have the responsibility of a fellow worker's life on my conscience because I wouldn't concern myself or put myself out a little; If I can't spare a few hours of my time and a little effort to devote to my fellow workers welfare, then I should be denied the privilege of working with^them." What I have tried to drive home is that if everyone can get some small contribution into the safety program, maybe present something in a little different light or on a different angle, he will be helping his fellow workers; but he also could be help ing himself. We all know that there is no enjoyment in working with an unsafe worker, or a person who isn't concerned with safety. Be cause a worker who isn't concerned with safety, isn't concerned with your welfare either. If anyone sees me during the day, doing something unsafe, you will be doing me a big favor if you will first tap me on the shoulder and say, "Would you like to go duck hunting with me tomorrow, Boober?" AN ASSOCIATION'S ASSISTANCE TO AN INDUSTRY'S SAFETY PROGRAM By JEFFERSON D. KEITH Safety Officer, American Pulpwood Association New York, N. Y. The American Pulpwood Association is a national association, with members from coast to coast Membership consists of con sumers and producers of pulpwood. Our consumer members represent approximately 80 per cent of total U. S. pulpwood con sumption. Our producer members account for almost three million cords of pulpwood. The Association's program of activities is carried out through the New York office and four field offices which are in the charge of forest engineers. These are located in 36 ). was f informed it into my them and igiish what gotten out a damned t responsics had the J program ay life or f a fellow because I ayseff out hours of ote to my should be itb them." ae is that ntribution t present ht or on ilping his I be help- njoyment :er, or a fety. Bened with welfare iy, tiding ng me a e on the ce to go 3oober?" account ilpwood. vities is k office : charge ated in Pulp and Paper Sessions Portland, Maine--for the Northeast Region; Roanoke, Virginia--for the Appalachian Re gion; Sylacauga, Alabama--for the South; and Wausau, Wisconsin--for the Lake States and Western Region- In each region, we have technical committees made up of repre sentatives of members working actively in their area. These committees meet two or three times each year. In addition, we have a Washington Repre sentative who keeps in close contact with legislative developments affecting our indus try and also serves as a liaison with the government agencies with which we work. The over-all activity of the Association falls Into five major categories: Technical. This program provides for ex change of ideas in better methods and ma chines for growing, harvesting, logging and utilizing pulpwood. Industrial Forestry. Through this program, the Association encourages maximum utili zation of mill and woods wastes; provides for exchanges of ideas on policies, tech niques and management of company forest lands and forestry' personnel; and provides for cooperation with conservation agencies as well as leadership and coordination in the formation of policies on national issues and legislation concerned with forestry matters. Statistical. The Association makes avail able current details on receipts, consumption, and inventories of pulpwood. At the present time, through participation by non-member companies, our reports cover over 95 per cent of the total U. S. consumption. Legal and Legislative. We keep members advised on legal and legislative matters af fecting the pulpwood industry and when necessary present the consolidated viewpoint of the industry before committees of Con gress and other governmental agencies. Safety and Training. This program has been designed to help producers and foremen of pulpwood logging operations train labor safely. Preliminary' to reviewing the assistance APA provides to its members concerning safety, let us consider some of the problems we face in our program. Statistics which show the complete, over all accident picture in the pulpwood logging industry are non-existent We know our record is not good, but we don't know the important facts on this record, because re ports that are available do not cover a major or even a significant portion of the pulp wood workers. Early this year, the U. S. Department of Labor published a thorough analysis of acci dents in the logging industry in 1955. Ad mittedly, these figures are old Nevertheless, they are extremely revealing. If yon haven't seen this report entitled "Work Injuries and Work-Injury Rates in Logging Operations," you should order it and study the facts which show that during the 10-year period between 1945 and 1955 these government studies seem to show that the pulpwood logging aeddent frequency rate dropped a mere J7, from 762 to 75.5. During this same period, the report states that the all-manufacturing injury frequency rate dropped 34 per cent, from 18.4 to 12.1. We cannot be sure what the picture would be today if a similar survey was conducted, using data, based on the 1959 record. A major problem in approaching safety in our industry is the varying methods of operations throughout the country. In a few areas, the-wood-consuming companies con duct their own logging operation, depending on independent operators for only a portion of their wood supply and thus can insist that certain precautions be exercised and can direct that woods workers attend safety and training sessions and obey established rules. This involves only 10 per cent of pulp wood consumed. Mills in all other areas rely primarily upon independent producers to supply their pulpwood needs. In such a situation, there is little opportunity or obligation to empha size the need for safe work habits. In attempting to set up a national safety program, we rim into other problems. The terrain in the various pulpwood-produdng areas requires different types of equipment and presents varying working conditions and work habits. Climatic conditions also make it necessary to consider each particular region in setting up a safety project Where logging is a seasonal operation, there is always the prob lem of employee turnover. This, naturally, leads to a continuing need for an adequate, basic training program. For various reasons, logging attracts dif ferent types of workers in the various re- 37 1960 National Safety Congress gions. In some areas, the logger is quick to realize the need to work safely, and in other areas, he just cannot be sold on the benefits of a safety program. Such a variance in at titudes naturally requires a different ap proach. on hand designed specifically for the logging industry. They were created from suggesdons of our members by the APA Staff, the National Safety Council, and Dill Poster Service. We have them printed in volume, and make them available to members at cost Safety, in the woods, as anywhere else, The Association maintains a safety film requires salesmanship. If you don't get the library. Whenever we become aware of a opportunity to make your pitch, it is prac movie we feel is appropriate and useful in tically impossible to make the sale. This is our program, it is procured and made avail- also a problem which faces our industry*. able on a loan basis to members for use in For many reasons, communication is so dif company safety and training meetings. This ficult with the men in the woods who cause sendee is quite popular, and most of the the poor accident record. They are difficult films travel quite widely. to reach because many shift from one jobsite to another daily and refuse to spend any of their working hours listening to a safety lecture. Other problems in setting up a safe ty program result from state laws which vary in their requirements throughout the industry. At the request of any member, the Asso ciation's safety officer, usually accompanied by the area forest engineer, will obsen*e logging operations and report the findings and make recommendations. In addition, the As sociation has on occasion-arranged Training conferences on a particular operation or in Despite these obstacles, however, there is a given area when requested to do so. a tremendous need for an extended safety program at all levels. Slides will give an indication of some of the hazards and prac tices which lead to the high frequency rate in our industry. They also present very vividly the need that exists. Equipment manufacturers are anxious to do whatever they can to prevent their product from bring used in a way to cause unnecessary accidents. The power saw manu facturers, especially, are active in this regard. They assist the Association in its With our limited budget, it is not pos sible to do the job which should be done. Since we cannot cover the entire field, we attempt to have materials and sendees avail able to our members who request assistance. Through bi-monthly "Safety Guides," which we have just begun, members are advised program and in many cases have published handbooks of their own. Our engineers have aided them in the technical aspects of these booklets. On occasion, the Association has urged manufacturers to consider safety devices developed by some of our member company employees. regarding developments in the field of safe Occasionally, similar field trips or training ty for the industry. Through tins medium, conferences are conducted by insurance comwe hope to pass along helpful ideas and panics. The slides of the woods activities suggestions which we receive from time to (shown earlier) resulted from such a trip. time. We feel that coordination of our efforts One series of publications which has been very favorably received is our Training Guides and Workers Notebooks. These have been used in training sessions conducted by the' Association, and also by individual pro ducers and companies. They are available at with those of the insurance companies will eliminate duplication. With so much to be done, there is no need for any wasted effort Within recent months, we have been discussing ways in which we could cooperate in this field. cost to our members. The entire set costs The various technical committee meetings only $230 to non-members, while members provide a forum to consider safety problems get them at a discounted rate. Additional on a regional basis. Many aspects of the guides and notebooks are published peri safety problem, including cost of insurance, odically. have been discussed thoroughly at these Our problem in using these has been to get this material into the hands of the proper people where they will receive the most meetings by individuals who deal directly with pulpwood producers. The exchange cf ideas at these meetings is very beneficial. beneficial use. We have a supply of posters At the request of consumer members, our 38 1 * & e v ' !j * 1 $ 3 c ' ( s < ; < . , , , { j . j j j . j | ( , j ; Pulp and Paper Sessions tff^Bgmg on. JggesAPA Stag, Dill Poster in volume, bers at cost safety film aware of a id useful in made availi for use in etings. This lost of the ', the Assoiccompanied abserve Iogindings and on, the Asted training aticm or in do so. anxious to their prod s'' to cause sawmanuin this reition in its e published ineers have tts of these cfe' has si J de ar member or training irancecoms activities uch a trip, our efforts panics will ouch to be isted effort *n discussloperate in x meetings y problems cts of die insurance, ' at these al directly cchange cf cnefidaL tubers, our forest engineers have initiated safety proj ects in their own areas. Three of the regions have developed what we call "Safety Fly ers." They are designed to insert in an en velope, along with a check in payment for wood delivered to the mill The message concerning safety is presented comically. These are currently being used by many of our producer and consumer members. They are sold at cost and in each case, more than one printing has been necessary. During the last two years, our forest engi neer in the Northeast has arranged ten supervisory and safety training conferences. A typical program will include a keynote address by a mill representative, usually the woodlands manager, three or four discus sions on maintenance and safe operation of various types of equipment by sales engi neers from equipment manufacturers, dis cussion on various aspects of workmen's compensation laws and how the cost of in surance is affected by a poor accident rec ord, with each conference being closed with a brainstorming session on a particular phase of safety. These conferences have been held in all areas of the Northeast, providing an op portunity for many logging and forestry workers and their employers to meet to gether for a day to consider safety. At tendance at each conference has averaged between SO and 100. The programs have been interesting and beneficial, and it is ex pected that this activity will be continued. In addition to the conferences and safety flyers previously mentioned, the companies in the Northeast have developed a safety film fund for making and purchasing safety films, have an accident-reporting program, and have printed a loggers handbook, which is made available at 10 cents per copy. Companies desiring their own cover may order it The films they have are in addition to those in the APA library in New York. These films are available to members in other regions, only if there is no need by a Northeast member. Some safety slide pre sentations, with recorded narration, have been created in that area and have been ex tremely successful. Although the accident-reporting program is not detailed, it serves the purpose in tended. Participating companies are able to compare their record with others in the area. An interesting outgrowth of this activity' was an analysis of the woods safety pro grams being followed by each participating mill. The analysis was made to determine the reasons for the great difference in acci dent frequency rates among companies in the same producing areas. As might be ex pected, the analysis showed that the lowest frequency belonged to the company doing the best job of selling safety. Facts developed in this study should be revealing to some of the companies. During the past year, a statewide safety program in Florida has been considered. If this becomes a reality, companies with mills in that state would finance a program to be handled by' a safety expert; under the direc tion of the New York office and a commit tee of representatives from supporting com panies. Other states and areas are watching this development If initiated, it could be the forerunner of similar projects in other states. While the headquarters office of APA in New York develops and makes available to members data and information applicable to the industry generally, our engineers are relied upon to develop the field programs. Through visits with members and attendance at technical committee meetings, they main tain a continuous contact with the companies in their particular areas. They are familiar with the conditions and methods of opera tion. They know the desires of the members and what type of activity mil best suit them, thus they can determine the best approach to a problem on a local baas. The American Pulpwood Association will continue as it has in the past, to stress the needs of the industry at large, and assist any member or group of members who want to develop an active safety program that is adequate to meet their specific conditions. 39 1960 National Safety Congress SAFETY POSTERS FOR SOUTHERN WOODLAND HAZARDS By A. R. BENTLEY Safety and Training Coordinator, Bowaters Southern Paper Corp., Calhoun, Tenn. Before 1 go any further, 1 must state emphatically that safety posters by them selves, in my opinion, have never made a job safer or prevented accidents. Putting it even more bluntly, from my experience, we don't get safety by putting up a bunch of safety posters. However, in the next breath, I must say that appropriate safety posters have their place in well-run and well-organized acci dent prevention programs. Safety posters help to-carry and develop the safety message for supervisors and their workers, provided that message has already been put over and sold to these employees by hard working foremen, supervisors, and safety co-ordinators and directors with maximum cooperation from top-manage ment To get Safety in my book, you have to have teamwork which uses safety posters as a lubricant or a catalyst in helping spread the safety message. Let us examine some of the southern woodland hazards and the present day safety programs organized to combat these hazards. Since I am most familiar with the one used in our company, I will take it as my exam ple. Then, after a full evaluation of the hazards and the problems involved, I will then look over the available safety posters and see how they fill the bill. Present day safety programs in southern woodland operations may be divided into two parts: (A) Safety programs designed for company employees engaged in forestry work or working on company owned wood yards and company transportation of pulpwood from forest to mill (B) Safety pro grams designed for the independent pulpwood producer (as he is called in the South) who is engaged in manufacturing the trees into pulpwood and hauling it to the yard or mill. Let us first examine a woods safety' pro gram designed for company employees. In general, we believe the primary job we have to do in any safety program is to cultivate a safe working attitude among our workers. This is the old story of trying to make the worker safety conscious. To do this, you have to make the foreman or supervisor safety conscious. The foreman has to recog nize that safety is a part of supervision and thus safety is a part of his job. The fore man is also in a unique position, being the supervisor closest to the job, he can spot trouble before it happens and by correcting it, he can preventacddents and injuries. In any safety program, management also has a responsibility. As superintendents, woods managers, and safety officers, we have a big job to do in getting behind our fore men and workers, and encouraging them in safe working practices and providing where possible safer working conditions. No safety program is complete without regular safety meetings. On the local level, they are invaluable in bringing the message directly to woods supervisors, foremen, and company workers. It also helps to make them conscious that they are running the safety program for their workers and that they have a safety responsibility towards their men. On all company operations, safety inspec tions arc necessary from time to time to keep a close watch on operating procedures and provide and maintain safe and efficient operations. These inspections are conducted by district personnel; usually a team consisting of a forester, foreman, and a permanent employee make a complete district inspection three days prior to the safety meeting. We believe that operating personnel should make these inspections rather than the safety officer as the information collected is for the direct benefit of employees in the district How ever, the primary responsibility for district safety inspections and following up the recommendation remains in the hands of the safety officer, as does the overall direction of the safety program. an, Term. to cultivate >ur workers, to make the lo this, you : supervisor as to recogervision and . The foren. being the he can spot y correcting injuries. gement also erintenderits. ers, we have id our forc ing them in idmg where ns. lete without : local level, the message Dremen, and ps, " \make rur Jg the :rs and that ity towards ifety inspecto time to ; procedures and efficient d by district listing of a ut employee tction three We believe make these ty officer as r the direct trict Howfor district ng up the lands of the ill direction Pulp and Paper Sessions Prompt reporting of accidents is essential to a good safety program, and we encourage this as much as possible, even to long dis tance calls and telegrams in cases of auto accidents and all serious accidents. We re quire supervisors reports on all injuries as well as the regular insurance forms. All serious accidents are personally investigated by the safety officer in order to develop methods for correction and possible disci pline. We insist upon prompt treament of all in juries no matter how small, ether by first aid administered by the foreman or treat ment by qualified doctors. We provide first aid kits in all strategic locations. Along with this, we encourage injured workers to return to the job as soon as possible. All employees whether salaried or hourly, permanent or temporary, must have a physi cal examination by a qualified doctor before hiring. We encourage the wearing of safety equipment in their proper locations: Hard hats, leggings, hard toe shoes, gloves, gog gles, safety' belts, life jackets, tractor cabs, first aid kits and fire extinguishers. We believe that the keeping of adequate records is essential to a good safety program. The computation of frequencies and the analysis of accidents is also necessary' to point out where future improvement is possible. Of the total man hours needed to produce one ton of paper (newsprint), the mill operation takes 42 per cent The company woods operations takes 16 per cent of the total man hours worked, and the independent producers take 45 per cent of the total man hours worked. It has also been conserva tively estimated that for every' man working in the mill, there are 10 men working in the woods at different times. Although all these figures are of themselves only esti mates, based on the assumption that the average producer's production is 1.5 cords per man day, nevertheless, it can be said that the man hours worked in the woods are close to the man hours worked in the mill and for every worker in the mill, there are approximately 10 in the woods. This is because, as a whole; most pulpwood pro ducers work intermittently and are tied to other occupations. This gives us some idea of the number of independent pulpwood producers work ing in the southern woodlands, and the size and scope of a safety program for these people and its importance to the industry. A safety program for independent pulp wood producers has other problems as well as size or number involved. The average pulpwood producer is a part time farmer as well, completely independent, who doesn't take kindly to advice or direction from any one, especially from foresters or represent atives of paper companies. To complicate the situation further, there was a case in court in Alabama a few years ago which decided that if company repre sentatives guided or instructed pulpwood producers in safe operating procedures while they worked, the pulpwood producer would no longer be considered an independent pulp wood producer, but an employeerof that com pany. This decision has prevented any direct contact by the companies with their pro ducers and has complicated any safety ap proach or program for the producers. Notwithstanding the difficulties involved, pulpwood producers will have to be intro duced to safety sooner or later and we are trying to make it on a voluntary basis. Presently the state of Florida has elim inated most of the exemptions in the work men's compensation act Now workmen's compensation insurance in that state is cost ing 36 cents per cord to insure wooods workers. This is bring paid presently by the wood dealers. However, workmen's compen sation costs have a habit of going up. For example, Florida producers were first in sured at somewhere around 16 cents per cord and it has jumped to 36 cents in three years. Everyone knows that the only way to prevent these costs from skyrocketing and becoming a burden on production is through a well-run, well-organized safety program. One approach to contacting producers was a series of four safety and training conferences put on by the American Pulp wood Association in Lincoln, Maine; Tupperlake, N. Y.; Glen Falls, N. Y.; and North Conway, N. H. Although these con ferences were conducted in the North, it is only a matter of time when they will be carried on throughout the South. Already the AJP.A. has a man scheduled to work in Florida this year to help put on a safety program for pulpwood producers. 41 I960 National Safety Congress Another approach was tried oat on die DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTHERN Pacific coast in February of this year at WOODLAND HAZARDS the University of Washington. Here 83 contract loggers were exposed to an inten sive 4-day session on safety and from all reports, the meeting was a great success. I am sure that this approach will he tried out on other sections of the country and (A) Independent Pulpwood Producer* Percentage Cuts & bruises axe, saw, pickeroon, 31 small tools & equip. (B) Company Employed Percentage 34 possibly in Florida this fall. Struck by falling As I stated in the beginning, posters are no good without a safety program to go along with them, so I felt that it was neces sary* to give you some background into the or flying objects 26 (head, trunk, feet) Lifting 14 (Strained backs, etc.) 6 4 safety programs before we discuss the posters. As I have explained previously, safety posters in company safety programs for company employees carry the safetymessage to these employees and help the foreman and supervisors get the message over. In the case of the independent pulpwood producer, safety posters may be the one way to get a safety message across to these peo ple. Therefore, good safety posters can play an invaluable part in bringing the safetymessage to the woods worker. I admit it is only a start, but a start must be made. Posters for independent pulpwood producers or company employees working in the woods Falls of person (stump holes, machinery, etc) Caught in or between (fingers, legs, hands, etc) Foreign body (ineyes, ears, etc) Vehicles (Collisions, breakage, etc) Insect Bites (snake bite poison ivy, etc.) Miscellaneous 7 5 3 10 1 3 9 16 16 5 5 5 should have the following points: 1. They should be attractive and with eye 100 100 appeal. (A) Based on estimates made by Certi 2. They should have a good safetymessage. fied Pulpwood Dealers Self-In surance Fund. 3. The message should be topical and at tempt to correct a local unsafe act or (B) Based on figures collected by Hiwassee Land Company. condition that the company employee or producer might meet in everydaywork. Now- let us list the jobs performed by the pulpwood producers and company employees in the South: 1. felling; 2. bucking; 3. skid 4. They* should be on stiff board or card ding; 4. loading; 5. hauling; 6. unloading; board so that they can stand a little 7. storage; 8. loading, trucks, rack cars, weather. barges, etc; 9, transportation -- men and 5. They should be cheap (5 cents or 10 ,, cents apiece is plenty) and one color is all that is necessary- By keeping them cheap and plentiful, thQ- can be changed often. 6. They should cover the major safety hazards that occur in Southern logging or Southern silviculture or forest management equipment; 10. fire fighting; 11. tree plant ing; 12. hardwood control, including (a) air spraying (b) mist blowing (c) root raking and (d) girdling, and basal spray ing; 13. boundary* marking; 14. timber marking; 15. maintenance and repair shops; 16. road construction; 17. general construc tion -- buildings, bridges, yards, etc; 18. timber cruising and land examination; 19. cone collecting; 20. nursery practice; 2L Now let us list the southern woodland scaling wood; 22. lumber production; 23. hazards that affect the company employee chip manufacturing plants and 24. office and and pulpwood producers. administration. 42 Pulp and Paper Sessions STT B) Company Employee* Percentage 34 6 4 9 16 16 5 5 5 100 1ti- sV I by Hi- ned by tfae employees ig; 3. dadunloading; rack cars, - men and tree plant11ding (a) (c) root isal spray14. timber air shops; 1 construc, etc; 18. lation; 19. ictice; 2L iction; 23. office and 1 think you can see from this list the num ber and variety of jobs in southern wood lands performed by people whose livelihood is principally obtained from pulpwood pro duction. Now with all this for background, let us look at the available safety posters and see how they fill the bill j The first group of posters we will ex- j amine are those published by the National Safety Council. Generally speaking, these are good posters on many different subjects, colorful, and eye-catching with a good safety message. However, there are some objections. Gen erally there are not enough good posters devoted to all tfae woods hazards and con ditions. Those that pertain to woods condi tions feature conditions prevalent in other sections of the country with axes, saws, machinery not generally used in the South. The most recent drive of the N.S.C. which features safety off the job is somewhat inappropriate when we haven't yet figured out how to get safety on the job to our producers. Lastly, these posters are not cheap enough for the widespread distribution and changing that is necessary. In the National Safety Council Logging Poster sets we have attractive, eye-appealing posters, featuring Paul Bunyan, pointing out safety tips. Unfortunately, Paul Bunyan is not a hero of southern logging. The safety tips that Paul is pointing out are largely Northern or West coast conditions, featuring large timber and heavy machinery not generally found in the South. Lumberman's Safety Association safety posters include some excellent hard-hitting safety posters with good eye appeal and a good safety message. However, they are produced for the people they hope to reach --namely, the lumberjacks of Eastern Can ada. The safety message is in both English and French and they are slanted for Cana dian conditions with the problems of snow and ice, and other typical Canadian or East ern conditions which we do not have in the South. U. S. Forest Service safety posters are generally excellent and we have used sev eral of them in our safety campaign. How ever, the posters were designed for people who have a well-designed and organized safety program and are just a little bit too sophisticated for the average pulpwood producer. Thom McAn safety posters are excellent posters to stimulate the wearing of safety shoes. They cover only one subject and the poster "I'm too Smart to Wear Safety Shoes" borders a bit on ridicule, and I would be a bit hesitant to exhibit it to the average producer. There was an original set of safety posters put out by the American Pulpwood Assn., and I believe most of them are now out of print They were good posters in their day but are largely out of date now since the advent of the power saw. Also, they were limited as to subject and they do not cover many of the unsafe acts and conditions found in Southern woodlands. In the spring of this year, we ordered sev eral hundreds of the AJA. safety grams and have distributed them out to our yards. In our opinion these safety grams are good and help get the message to our producers. We think they fill the six requirements for woods safety posters: 1. They have eye appeal; 2. They have a good safety message; 3. They contain mes sages covering local conditions; 4. They are given out with the producer's check so don't have to be permanent material; 5. They are cheap enough so that plenty can be distrib uted around, and 6. Although they do not cover all the woodland hazards, such as eye injuries, slips and falls, insect lutes, etc, we feel they cover a lot more than just the hard hat or hard toe 'shoe program of other posters. We make up 8J4 x 11 posters based on the A.PA- safety grains and fed that these posters.plus the grams are filling tie bill in introducing our producers to safety in the woods. In conclusion, I want to say that the criti cisms and comments that I have made on the various groups of posters were made with the hope that we can develop better posters for woodland conditions. There is a vast field for safety improve ment in the independent pulpwood producer operations and I believe good safety posters wiU play their part in bringing unproved safety records to these operations. 43 1960 National Safety Congress A PHILOSOPHY OF GUARDING By OSCAR P. RUTLEDGE, JR. Safety Supervisor, Pollock Paper Corp., Dallas, Texas "I've been operating this business for 15 years and have made $5 million, and no ---------------- safety engineer is going to come in now and try to tell me how to do things!" This is probably familiar to each of you who have been in our profession for more than 10 years. It graphically represents the attitude or philosophy of management in many sections of the country toward safety, in the period preceding and immediately fol lowing the war. But this situation has been with us for longer than just during the span of our professional experience. It was the growth philosophy of American industry in the early days. It expressed a brutally frank fact, but completely ignored the high cost paid in damaged equipment, wasted material and more seriously, wasted manpower. It ex pressed a firm conviction in the abundance of our resources, and a lack of concern for conservation of those resources, including manpower, and failed entirely to consider the possibility that waste of these resources might be leading to unnecessary expense and eventual government controlled conservation programs. It was a philosophy based on the premise that production was paramount, and that any means to this end was justified. It was a period of unequalled prosperity, and little thought had been given to the cost of waste as it affected production. But as our production curves went stead ily upward and supply caught up with and passed demand in many manufactured items, competition became greater and those same management people began to search more closely for cost items that could be con trolled and reduced to maintain profitable production operations. There they found the answer in a program of control of waste, elimination of needless expense of accidents and the resultant loss of equipment, material, and men, and the benefits of accident pre vention programs to aid in controlling and eliminating these expenses. It became ap parent that through proper use of safety, waste of our material resources and more important, waste of men and reduction of insurance costs, offered a fertile field upon which to reap future profits. Here was the phce to start. The turnabout in management's philosophy first became noticeable through efforts to improve the equipment in use, adding refine ments to reduce the hazards to workmen where possible, through re-design and mod ification of machines, design and installation of guards to protect the operators and help ers, and development of improvements for the benefit of our human resources. As this attitude advanced, it became ap parent that mechanical guards were not enough. Machines were protected against men, but there were still injuries. Some how, the human element had also to be guarded, protected against the human in clination to evade, "shortdrcuit," and make inoperable these mechanical guards. So was evolved the second step in this "new" management philosophy of safety, that of training the human operators to live with, improve with, and progress with their mechanically improved tools. It became a basic concept of management philosophy that as machines improved and as the op erators were required to superintend more complex and advanced equipment, a contin ual training program was indicated. Then, as the program developed, it soon was no ticed that a constant retraining of operating personnel was required to keep them aware of operating procedures, and to enable ex perienced people to help in the training of new employees. Thus developed the trained, the educated safety engineer, a man who could, through his imowrledge of human behavior and engi neering principles, help design machines and train employees for efficiency and the ut most in quantity and quality production while at the same time reducing or eliminat ing needless waste through job accidents. A good safety engineer is a process engi neer, tool engineer, design engineer, produc tion engineer and manufacturing engineer, all combined. Of him it has been said ". . . his primary responsibilities revolve around his obligation to select for his em- "\ : field upon ere was the s philosophy i efforts to [ding refineo workmen n and mod. installation rs and helprements for ces. became ap were not ted against ties. Soxnealso to be human in" and make rds. step in this of safety, itors to five s with their t became a philosophy as die opntr' more it, JndnatedL Then, on was no)f operating them aware enable ex training of he educated tld, through r and engiachines and md the ut- production or eliminatacddents. recess engiser, producg engineer, been said ies revolve tor his em Pulp and Paper Sessions ployer the most efficient methods consistent with practical comfort and complete safety for the working man ... the engineer must unconditionally refuse to allow the installa tion or specification of any working condi tion which would endanger the life or limb of a workman who exercises only ordinarycare. In every case, the state of training of the least skilled operator who might be as signed to the process should be considered before approving a process." With such a delegation of responsibility to the safety engineer, company or manage ment policies should be such that safety can be designed and built into the job, rather than added as an afterthought in the form of a guard after the job has been put into operation. Safety engineering must try to anticipate potential hazards in new jobs and discover the hazards present in existing jobs. Although his prime responsibility is not that of building safety into the job by designing and installation of machines or equipment, he does serve as an important consultant during such development. In order to effectively carry on a cam paign for eliminating the hazard from the job, die safety engineer should form the constructive habit of frequently calling on representatives of the various engineering and service departments to find out what is new. Personnel of these departments should, in turn be encouraged to form the'habit of saying, "Well, let's have the safety depart ment in on this." The safety department will be able to function best if individuals connected with the service departments get into the habit of coming to it for ideas and consultation. Furthermore, these departments will cone to include safety as a baric factor in their thinking, not just an afterthought The safety department should operate as staff function and in an advisory and direc tional capacity. Immediate responsibility for safe operation of the plant should be in the hands of the supervisors. "Building hazards out of the job" is the responsibility of the engineers. MANAGEMENT, UNION, AND SAFETY By ROBERT C. SMITH Supervisor of Safety, Industrial Hygiene and Plant Protection, johns-ManvQle Products Corpn Waukegan, ID. Discussion Leader: O. B. Eustis, Mill Man ager, Abitibi Corp., Alpena, Mich.: Accidents are like sin, everyone is against them. On that point there is no disagreement between management and unions. Our dis cussion today will be devoted to ways and means by which management and unions can cooperate toward better safety and possibly toward clarifying some of the points of dis agreement between the two groups insofar as accident prevention is concerned. Unions have a responsibility to their members to work for better wages, job security and working conditions. Safety is certainly a very important part of job se curity and working conditions, and I am sure that wages are at best of only second ary interest to a man seriously injured in an industrial accident Therefore, unions also have a responsibility for safety. This responsibility cannot relieve management of its responsibility, but there should be some way in which the unions can supplement and aid management in accident prevention. Any matter regarding management-union relations is apt to be a controversial one. In the audience there is probably a great variety of opinions ranging from the feel ing that union participation is essential to safety, to the other extreme, the belief that unions do more harm than good in safety work. This panel does not propose to try to tell individual companies or unions how to run their business, nor does it presume that it will bring a new era of sweetness and light to industrial relations. We do be lieve that accident prevention is of such vital importance that we cannot afford the luxury of fighting among ourselves as to how it might be accomplished. 45 1960 National Safety Congress Therefore, starting with the accepted fact proached their supervisors with an un that safety is die inescapable responsibility safe working condition and the supervisors of management, we propose to discuss ways have given satisfaction by saying they that unions may use their capabilities and trill correct this condition as soon as they facilities to improve safety, and areas of can, only to find that six months or a year co-operation between unions and manage later it still has not been corrected. Or ment towards accident prevention. To start many times there is money involved if these the discussion, each of the panel members corrections are to be made, and of course will spend a few minutes giving his view in these instances the supervisor will say point on the matter. I do not expect that that he has no authority to make this ex these viewpoints will all be in agreement penditure or that they can not afford to We do expect that they will provoke you make the necessary correction. I feel in into asking some questions which might many of these cases management does over shed some light on the subject look the importance of fulfilling its obligation Malcolm Trach, Mid-Western States Repre sentative, IAV-A-, Bemidji, Mich.: First let me say that a safety program, wherever it may be practiced--in the fac tory, in the home or on the street--involves people; and if the program is to be a suc cess we must show favorable results that are derived from such a program. What I mean by this is that oftentimes, or should we say practically every day, we are confronted with unsafe conditions or unsafe acts which are not being corrected. This of course to the safety program, and I know of noth ing that will discourage a committee any more than repeatedly running into the sit uations mentioned above. In conclusion my opinion regarding safety is simply this: I believe very strongly in safety programs and that there is great need for improvements along these lines, and I feel that the very best way to have a good functioning committee is to give them the assurances that action will be taken upon thdr advice. tends to discourage safety committees from functioning well and properly, or even the individual from making corrections. We must show results. H. R. Mesler, Jr., Director of Safety, The Ruberoid Co., South Bound Brook, N. J.: The manufacturing of roofing material is a hazardous operation. Heat, fumes, and Now let us talk about some of the things burns create problems which much be over that can and should be done to bring fav come. Dust, and its possible adverse influ orable results, speaking mainly of working ence on health, must be taken into consid people and management. In the first place eration and any hazard corrected. Because I do not believe that anyone can be opposed the finished material is bulky, heavy, and to practicing safety, be it union or manage difficult to handle, strains of various lands ment; but so often we are lax in showing may occur. In fact, the modern asphalt our interest by not making the proper cor roofing plant consists of many different rections. pieces of equipment, each presenting differ Speaking for the union, we do not en ent safety problems which have had to be courage our members to commit unsafe eliminated. acts while working on the job any more During my experience in the field of than the father does his children in the _ safety and in this industry, I have had the home. We believe that there must be some opportunity to observe both labor and man sort .of disciplinary action taken for delib agement working closely together to provide erate unsafe acts, but we also feel that we the kind of accident-free operations that should have something to say about what the produced the best non-disabling accident in penalty is going to be. This would tend to jury record known to the roofing industry give the employees a feeling that they are and the lowest five-year disabling accident a party to tins program and would eliminate frequency rate for the paper and pulp in any possible chance of its bring abused by dustry in the entire Middle West management There is no doubt that management is Speaking of management's responsibility cognizant of its responsibility to the worker, in these programs, so often we hear it said for it has done many things to protect him. by safety committees that they lave ap Management is also ready and willing to 46 b as unmjj 'ors yih,, -they id as they or a year ected. Or ed if these of course r will say :e this ex- afford to I feel in does overs obligation v of nothmittee any to the sit- ling safety itarongly in : is great hese lines, ly to have is to give n will be afety. The >ok, N. J.: material is tunes, and h be overerseinflu- \sidi. v... Jause leavy, and ious kinds m asphalt ' different ing differhad to be i field of to had the and xnanto provide itions that cadent ing industry g accident d pulp in- igement is he worker, otect him, willing to Pulp and Paper Sessions adopt new methods, new practices, and any I will try to outline what the members new ideas that will help Teduce accidents of local unions believe to be the two most and injuries to its workers. Sometimes it effective means of leadership for an efficient is difficult to overcome all of the hazards and effective safety program in industry. found in a given operation, but today the modem, well maintained, efficient, and safe operating plant has been successful in this endeavor. One is the employment of a full time safety director who is responsible to no one of less authority than a mill manager or factory superintendent Management must lead the way in acci dent prevention, but it must be a mutual en deavor of management and labor in order to be successful. Management can supply the accident prevention tools in the form of teaching aids, literature, protective equip ment, guards, space, etc., and must actively support the safety program through all lev els of supervirion. However, one of the principal problems confronting management today concerns un safe acts by employees and here, I believe, the union can be of its greatest value in the safety field. The local union representa tives are chosen leaders in the plants and the employees look to them for guidance and direction. The union wanting to protect its workers from injury can find a 'fertile field here for teaching the employees the safe way in which to do the various jobs in the plant. The union can, through its close contact with the employees, control such things as horseplay, chance taking, carelessness. It can help mold the attitude of each employee toward his job and his personal safety. It can encourage adherence to safety rules and help enforce safe operating procedures. It can help maintain good housekeeping and sanitary conditions. It can also help man agement find and eliminate accident-causing conditions of all kinds. In my opinion, we are our brothers' keepers and each of us, whether union or management, is required to do all in our power to prevent an injury hot only to our selves but to our fellow employees. Local union people feel that where re sponsibility for plant safety is an additional chore given to an employee holding some other job and title, though he may work very hard in the interest of safety his re sponsibilities and loyalty must be divided and the safety program he directs must be accordingly less effective: Further the work ers with whom the part time safety director must deal may regard his efforts in a dif ferent light than they would the direction of a full time safety director carrying the title and aiithoriy of this trade and temper their cooperation accordingly. The other plan local union members be lieve to be most effective is the safety com mittee composed of an equal number' of representatives of management and repre sentatives of the local onion. The muon people believe that an equal balance in this committee is necessary to secure effective ness because of the difference of thought with which members of management and union members may approach a safety problem. Unions feel that due to their training, members of management may think first of how much a safety corrective measure is going to cost in dollars. The union is likely to think first of 'what neglect of a safety corrective measure may cost in life or in suffering. I do not mean to infer that members of management are prone to be callous, or that unions are likely to make corrective, safety demands that may break a company. I do believe that a safety com mittee composed of members devoted to I know that effective accident control is both lines of thought does tend toward an a matter of top management concern. I have efficient safety program that can be both found, from my experience with various effective and economical. locals, that it is a concern of labor leaders everywhere. There is a need in the safety movement for both, and working together, a safer more accident-free environment can be ours. However, of the two plans, union people believe the full time safety director to be best, if it is possible to obtain a director so devoted and dedicated to tbe job that he is able to gain the full cooperation of Ted Linebaugh, Local No. 12-260, LWA^ management and also that of the union Alpena, Mich.: workers. 47 ) / teagwMao iw 1960 National Safety Congress Charles J. Ford, State of Michigan Con ciliator, Kalkaska, Mich.: Safety is the responsibility of all parties, and not management alone. Many companies take a dim view of labor participating in safety programs. I believe this is wrong. In union plants the unions have the bargaining rights on wages, hours and working conditions, and safety is part of working conditions. The onion should have die right to discuss. I am opposed to joint safety committees as such. From personal experience on safety committees, they accomplish little and usu ally hamper the foreman and committee in correcting unsafe conditions. On safety rules I don't think they should be part of the contract but set up like shop rules with penalties defined. These rules and penalties should apply to all employees on all shifts, and should be discussed with the union committee. The union should have the right to the grievance procedure on safety violations, the same as any other grievance in the plant Leonard Flicker, Director of Safety, Kaiser Industries, Oakland, Calif.: The individual's point of view on haz ards is very important He knows best of all what is the unnecessary risk. I suspect that if more employees raised questions about hazards before an accident occurs, fewer accidents would happen. The man on the job probably knows more about the hazards of his job than we so-called experts in safety. Our problem in solving safety hazards is to gain the active support of all our em ployees in our safety program. Sherman T. Marker, Safety Consultant, Marsh & McLennan, New York City: As insurance carriers, we represeat both management and labor in accident preven tion activities. I am more interested in safety from an accident loss control point of view. We want to stop all accidents--not just the in juries. It is our experience that manage ments are interested in stopping accidents. They recognize injuries and accidents as waste. I would like to develop in a few mo ments two points. 1) We don't buy the concept of unionmanagement safety committees. We will set up such committees if our clients insist, but we don't believe in them. In my 27 years of experience I have seen only two union-management safety committees that did a job. A typical committee spends about an hour and a half gabbing and nothing comes of it. The place for union participation is at the shop meeting and safety inspection level. The top committee, which is the control group, should be composed of management only. 2) Presently management does whatever employee training is done: Maybe the union should do some training in safety. For ex ample, why doesn't the union sponsor an off-the job safety program for employees. This would be a big help to employees in reducing accidents at home, on the high ways and on vacations. Questions From the Floor Question: Should a man have the right to refuse to do a job which he considers to be unsafe? Mr. Trach: He should do the job if he is ordered to do it. but should report it to his steward at the first opportunity. Mr. Flicker: Most small companies have poor safety records. This means the em ployees are not trained in safe working habits. When we hire a new man we assume that he has poor safety habits and we train him before we put him to work. Until we have the man trained we will have this question "is the job safe?" raised. Our experience is that most injured people did not recognize the unsafe act they com mitted or the unsafe condition that existed. Question: With a union-directed safety' committee, is it possible for the committee to obtain authority from the union mem bership to recommend disciplinary action for unsafe acts? How might this be done? Mr. Mesler: In most of our plants we do not have union representation at the top committee. However, the views of the union are given consideration when they are pre sented to the top committee. Mr. Linebaugh: I'm sure unions would go along with discipline--except for discharges. Question: Should an official union safety representative report to the company unsafe 48 of'mion/e | Iset nts ,,fiist, In my 27 only two ttees that ends about id nothing n is at the don level, he control anagement = whatever : the union 7. For exponsor an employees, iployees in the high er the right insiders to job if he eport it to yanies have s the em- d we train :d we will e?" raised, red people th?y comat existed, ted safetycommittee lion memacdon for lone? ants we do it the top : the union y are pre- s would go discharges, non safety any unsafe Pulp and Paper Sessions acts by certain individuals which he has not been able to correct himself which might re sult in disciplinary action, such as a week off? Is his responsibility to protect the man's job, or to protect his life and lives of fel low union members? Mr. Trach: The union man should report the unsafe act Mr. Marker: This is a symptom of. a poor safety attitude in that there is too much emphasis on discipline. Look into the man's attitude. Why did he commit the un safe act? Has he been properly trained? Did he understand what he was instructed? Mr. Eustis: I saw a window washer at a hotel wash several windows in a row without attaching his safety belt to the rungs. In a case like this, discipline may be necessary. Mr. Ford: Union officials cannot by their nature participate in laying a man off. They are elected and as such cannot antagonize union members. I feel management men must "turn in'* employees who may then be disciplined. Mr. Flicker: I agree with Mr. Ford. For example, I know of a man who lost a leg when a crane set a boulder on it The man had been committing a series of unsafe acts for six months prior to the accident He had been bawled out many time but finally was just ignored. Question: There are many phases of our American way of life managed by a com mittee of some sort Such as finance; re search, rules, etc. Isn't safety important enough to have the benefit of the old say ing, two or more heads are better than one? Mr. Ford: There is too much friction between the union safety committee and the union bargaining committee. They use "safety" to gain other objectives. Shouldn't both of these committees be combined into one committee? Then employees would re port unsafe conditions to the steward who would then report it to the one committee who would take it up with management Question: Presuming a union contract has no provision for mandatory wearing of personal protective equipment such as eye and foot protection, toxic dust protection, how can its wearing be made mandatory if management will not buy the protection completely? They will buy respirators and goggles, but not shoes. Mr. Ford: First let me say that safety rules, including the wearing of protective equipment should not be a part of the labor contract. However, whenever a company re quires that personal protective equipment be worn, such equipment should be furnished entirely by management Mr. Marker: I agree with Mr. Ford. Mr. Flicker: I agree except for safety shoes. A man must wear shoes of some kind and should buy his own if they are required. Safety shoes are usually sold at cost Question: How would you, Mr. Marker, conduct a safety program if you did not have a safety committee? Mr. Marker: We set up responsibilities for accident investigation, safe procedures, safety rules, training programs, etc You don't -need a union-management committee to do that Mr. Ford: Do you, Mr. Marker, think safety is subject to bargaining? Mr. Marker: Yes. Mr. Mesler: We have agree ments on safety. Mr. Eustis: The National Labor Relations Board has ruled yes on this question. Question: How does safety expense com pare with injury claims? Mr. Marker: The two items are difficult to compare because costs of injuries are composed of many items. The direct cost of injuries are easy to find, your medical ex pense and workman's compensation costs. However, the indirect costs of accidents are very Ugh: time lost by fellow workers, material and equipment waste and damage, overtime cost; these are not easily calcu lated. Question: Some union safety committees are criticized for too much emphasis on guards and equipment deficiencies, whereas it is known that unsafe acts are present, also, in most accidents. How can this criti cism be awarded? Mr. Trach: Unsafe acts are not as im portant as unsafe conditions. Mr. Marker: Union safety committees were first recognized in the early stages of accident prevention. Insurance inspectors and state factory inspectors emphasized un safe conditions in their reports. I would like to emphasize that good operating rules should be established and they should 1960 National Safety Congress include safety rules. Employees should par* tidpate in the formulation of safety rules, and then they will be more respectful of them. Mr. Linebaugh: That is a good idea, but each plant should have a safety director to assist in formulating rules. Mr. Flicker: We must review and review and review' safety operating procedures. This is a most important phase of accident prevention. Question: Contract seniority clauses usu ally list seniority, skill and ability as a basis for promotion. Should a man's safety record also be considered? Mr. Trach: Yes. Mr. Mesler: In our company we follow this procedure. Mr. Flicker: A man may not be aware that he is having a lot of accidents. If you catch him early and talk over his accidents, you may prevent him from having a serious injury. Mr. Trach: We have held bade union men because of too many acadents. Question: What should an employee do if he observed a superior working unsafely* Mr. Linebaugh: He should report it to the safety director. Mr. Mesler: In our plant, it is reported to the steward, who reports it to die bar gaining committee. Mr. Ford: A foreman is an employee and must obey the rules. Mr. Trach: The union contributes to safety by reporting the unsafe act of a foreman to the union, whereas an employee might be afraid to tdl the foreman directly. Mr. Eustis: I'd like to summarize some of the discussion. 1) Unions want to be helpful in accident prevention programs. 2) Unions have good lines of communica tions for reporting breakdown of the accident prevention program. 3) In some plants, union safety commit tees make excellent contributions to the overall accident prevention program. 4) 'In order to have a good accident pre vention program, we must keep the ob jectives of both union and management in mind. ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN PULP MANUFACTURING (a) IS OUR TAG-OUT PROCEDURE ADEQUATE? By W. B. BALLINGER Safety Coordinator, Brunswick Pulp and Paper Co., Brunswick, Ga. The tag-out system, whether a "hold tag*' or "lock-out" procedure, is one devised and initiated solely for the protection of em ployees. The system is only as effective as we are diligent in its enforcement. For those who have adopted or are con sidering adoption of the American Safety Standard for Pulp and Paper Mills, the method is clearly stated in General Section I, paragraph 4 of sub-section 5: "Lock Outs. Devices shall be provided for locking out the source of power when work is bong done on equipment" And then in paragraph 5 of sub-section 5 in the General Section: "Locking Out Practice. Before maintenance, inspection, cleaning, adjusting, or servicing or equipment which requires the entering into or close contact with machinery of equipment, the power source shall be posi tively locked out and tagged." In our company, we are working toward the general fulfillment of die aforemen tioned standard in so far as it is practical and possible for us to do so. The progress is slow, to be sure, but believing in its fundamental concepts we shall support the practices outlined in every way possible. Although we have not converted the tag 50 eport it to to the bar- nployee and itributes to : act of a n employee an directly. larize some in accident totnmunicaiwn of the ty commitdons to the program, rcident preeep the obnanagement ,) re? t. laintenancc. >r servicing be entering ichinery of all be posi- dng toward aforemenis practica! he progress ring in its support the ty possible, ed the tag Pulp and Paper Sessions to a lock out system as specified in the standards for the pulp and paper mills, a very close control is maintained over our "hold tag" system. Over the years several revisions in our system and procedure have been necessary as fallacies became apparent No one system would probably apply to every need and situation that might arise, but I shall present our company hold tag system and procedure as one that has been successful in application. Hold Tag System The hold tag system has been devised and initiated solely for the protection of you as an employee. It should be as much a part of your normal job routine as any other tool; and, if properly carried out should never cause unnecessary delay's, in getting equipment back in service. The following different hold tags will be provided and they will be used as explained. Green hold tags are for the maintenance department and will be carried and used by millwrights, welders, pipefitters, riggers, carpenters, and maintenance oilers. Red hold tags are for the power depart ment and will be carried and used by elec tricians, metermen, and power maintenance men. Blue hold tags are for woodyard per sonnel and will be used by woodyard main tenance men, welders, and operators. Yellow hold tags are for the use of all departmental operators and supervisors, other than the woodyard. Brown hold tags are for the use of engi neering personnel. Tagging Procedure -- In order to make sure the procedure is absolutely dear, sev eral examples will be given. The sentences which follow the examples are the specific rules of the hold tag system. (1) Assume any piece of equipment in any given department needs mechanical maintenance. The request for a mechanic could be initiated by any operator or de partment head. Since there might be a time delay, the mechanic should always check with the operator to make sure the equip ment can be shut down at that particular time. He, or the operator, should then call the shift electrician. When the electrician arrives, the mechanic should go with him and when the disconnect switch is properly opened, the mechanic and all other mechan ics and helpers who will be working on the machinery or equipment which is down should place their properly signed and dated hold tags on the disconnect As each mechanic completes bis portion of the job, he will remove his individual hold tag. For instance, if riggers are setting the equipment, they should remove their tags when they are completely finished and have removed all rigging from the work area. Before the last tag is removed, it will be the responsibility of that particular me chanic to see that the equipment or machin ery is in proper operating condition and that all guards or protective devices have been -replaced. Upon assuring himself that this has been done, he will then notify the operator, and either the operator or the mechanic will call the shift electrician to close the disconnect switch and energize the drive a. Mechanic always notifies operator when shutting down equipment b. Mechanic or operator calls electrician, but only after operator is notified of mechanic's intent c If a man is finished with his portion of the work, he immediately removes his tag. <L Last mechanic to remove tag is re sponsible for seeing that equipment b operable and that guards and protec tive devices have been replaced, inso far as possible. (2) Assume in the above case that there was some work which the operator himself wanted to do on the down equipment or that he wanted to witness the doting of the disconnect for some other reason. He would place his ydlow tag on the switch along with the green ones of the maintenance men. When the mechanic notified him that the equipment was dear and could be started, it would be up to the operator to contact the shift electrician and remove his tag. e. Ii operator wishes to work on down equipment or determine time it is to be re-started, he must place tag on 51 1960 National Safety Congress switch and call electrician to close dis connect l. To remove a tag for another is as much a violation as failure to tag. (3) If the equipment is to be down over (5) Every piece of equipment in the mil! more than one shift then the mechanic is subject to being tagged. Metermen tag should notify the operator, explain the sit valves and, of course, all mechanical equip uation, and remove his hold tag only when ment can be tagged. Under no circum replaced by a yellow operator's tag. The stances must any piece of equipment be operator then assumes the responsibility of operated while it is tagged. Even if a wheel seeing that a shift man works on the equip barrow is tagged, the tag must be removed ment or that the equipment is not operated. by the person placing it before the wheel If during tins second shift the equipment barrow can be operated. We all know that is repaired and can be operated, the shift indiscriminate and careless use of the hold mechanic will remove his tag and notify the tag system will minimize its effectiveness. operator. The operator trill then remove his Ordinarily, when an entire department is tag and call the electrician. This example down for a slow-down or any other reason clarifies these rules: and no work is to be done on any equip f. No mechanic should leave the mill with one of his tags on a piece of equipment ment hold tags should not be used. How ever, if any work whatsoever is to be done on any equipment and regardless if it is only a minor adjustment, that equipment g. If it is apparent that the equipment must be properly tagged. will not be repaired by his quitting time, he must notify the departmental operator and personally see an op erator's tag placed before he removes his. m. No piece of equipment will be tagged - unless absolutely necessary: but if any work including minor changes or ad justments is to be done, then that particular piece of equipment must be h. The next mechanic will place his tag properly tagged. on the switch along with operator's. For the protection of contractors and i. If operators change before the equip their employees w-orking in the plant, the ment is repaired, the first operator following procedure is followed. must see the second operator tag the Method of infortning contractors working switch before he removes his. in mill as to safety rules and regulations j. When the equipment is ready, the which must be followed by their employees: usual procedure of notifying the op 1. All contractors must register at the erator and calling the shift electrician gate house when beginning job, furnishing will be followed. guard with list of men who will be working (4) It is absolutely necessary that all mechanics place their own tags and person ally remove them. One might tell the other in the mill. 2. Guard will notify engineering depart ment when contractor moves in. to remove his while he's at it,' then if the 3. It will be engineering department's switch is some distance off, he might see responsibility to see that the contractor or something (tool, etc.) in the machine he his representative receives a copy of the thinks he can remove before the equipment general safety rules and hold tag system. is energized. The odds are veiy great that 4. The contractor or his representative nothing would happen; but it could be pos will be taken to the first aid department sible that the operator and electrician were and its facilities explained to him. The con near the switch and as soon as the first tractor will also make arrangements for a mechanic removed his and other(s') hold doctor's service in case of an emergency tags, the equipment could be started. The and also arrange that the nurse call this result could be a very serious injury or fatality to the mechanic(s) who asked that their tags be removed. doctor when necessary- 5. Safety rules and regulations must be posted on a bulletin board at contractor's k. All mechanics, helpers, and operators shack or pay office. personally place and remove hold tags. Sufficient copies of a printed booklet con- otheris as - Kin uie null itermen tag nical equip* no tircumuipment be if a wheelbe removed the wheelI know that of the hold ffectiveness. partment is ither reason any equipused. How to be done ess if it is equipment 1 be tagged ; but if any iges or ad- then that mt must be actors and plant, the >rs working re '<Uions ei: Jtces: ster at the furnishing be working ing depart- cpartment's ntractor or Jpy of the ig system, presentativc department x The con tents for a emergency se call this as must be contractor's ooklet con Pulp and Paper Sessions taining general safety rules, the hold tag system, fire suppression instructions and other helpful information are also given to the contractor for distribution to each of their employees. In dosing I add this comment: a tag out or lock out system that is not dosely su pervised and rigidly enforced may be com pared with a lethal weapon. Loosely con trolled, its existence can be destructive. (b) SAFETY PRECAUTION --- PULP STORAGE FACILITIES By GEORGE LaHUSEN General Safety Supervisor, Crown Zellerbach Corporation, Portland, Ore. (Delivered by Jack Robertson, Assistant General Safety Supervisor) During the past few years, we have had our attention directed to a number of fatali ties and asphyxiations that have occurred in the pulp and paper industry due to workmen entering stock chests, digesters and other types of enclosed containers. ^ Stock chests, bleach cells, digesters and similar equipment which have contained pulp, or materials used in the manufacture of pulp, have to be entered from time to time for the purpose of deaning or repairs. Entering should be done only under the supervision of a competent man who is fa miliar with accident prevention regulations and first-aid measures. Arty mill in our industry' that does not have persormd informed on the hazards of deaning and repairing this type of equip ment sooner or later will be faced with a serious injury or fatality. Work of this nature has been done for years without the seemingly slightest hazard and then, due to a series of events, the tank or stock chest becomes a death trap. Let's review one case that caused the death of two workmen, involving a conden sate tank with overflow line leading to the mill sewer. The sulfite mill was shut down on the morning of August 30, for an eight-day shutdown period. The sulfite evaporators and recovery boilers were taken off the line at the same time. On Tuesday, Sept. 2, two boiler repair men were instructed to enter the sulfite evaporator condensate tank. This tank is approximatdy 12 feet high and 8 feet in diameter. The manhole opening on top is approximatdy 18 indies square. The repair job involved the removal and replacing of corroded bolts supporting the strong back at the top of the tank. The holts were re moved on Sept 2, after approximatdy three hours working time with no ill effects to the workmen. On Friday morning. Sept 5, the two workmen were instructed by the assistant superintendent of power to inspect the con densate tank for gas before entering in or der to complete the repair work which bad been started on Sept 2. They reported that the only smell in the tank was a slight odor from the sulfite condensate and that they fdt it would be safe to enter without any further protection. Both men were last seen by two carpenters who were getting measurements for scaf folding work nearby. In the same vicinity, a wdder who was engaged by an outside contractor to do repair work on an evapo rator called out minutes later that there was gas bdow. He then ran down the walkway. The carpenter advised his partner that he would run down and secure gas masks for both of them. In the meantime, the wdder, upon reach ing the ground, called out "they are dead." In the meantime, the carpenter standing by went to investigate the acddent He found them at the bottom of the ladder which ex tended from the top opening to the bottom, one of the deceased was lying on his side with his face free from the water and the other was in a three-quarter prone position with his head forward and also free of the water. The carpenter attempted to go into the tank without a mask. Although he readied within two feet of the bottom of the ladder, he had to return due to the gas condition. At the same time, his assistant arrived with four GI cannister type masks. He then put one on and secured a rope to I960 national Safety Congress his waist and again attempted to get to the injured men, but had to return due to lack of oxygen. At this point the power station shift engi neer arrived at the top of the tank with a full face mask and a rope secured around his waist and entered the tank. He was overcome by the lack of oxygen on his way down the ladder and was pulled out by the carpenters. Then, they called down to a pipefitter to call the ambulance and he went to the Kraft superintendent's office nearby and got the Kraft mill shift foreman, who brought a full face, all purpose mask and entered the tank after attaching a rope to his waist He was able to secure a rope around one of the injured men who was pulled out with the help of everyone pres ent This action was repeated and the other injured workman was pulled out in a similar manner. Artificial respiration was applied to both men. In the meantime, the superintendent of power had been notified and the ambulance was called which arrived at approximately 9:08 am. Oxygen masks and resusdtators were applied immediately to the faces of the men along with artificial respiration. A physician was called and upon arrival at the scene, examined the two men and gave them preliminary treatment. The yard crew riggers, under the direction of thenforemen, lowered the injured workmen down in a Stokes stretcher. They were taken to a local hospital by ambulance with police escort. Both men subsequently died. Following is the investigation as to how the accident occurred: The junior repairman had gone into the tank to run the bolts up through the strong back and the journey man was on top of the tank and was going to place die washers and nuts on the bolts when he noticed his helper fall from the ladder to the bottom of the tank. He then called to the welder that his helper had fallen into the tank and that he was going in after him. The welder came over to the opening of the tank and started to enter but he had to come out due to the gas condition. When he looked back into the tank, he saw that both men were laying on the bottom of the tank. He ran for help immediately'. Apparently, the lethal gases entered the tank through the overflow pipe at the top of the tank This pipe, which is four inches in diameter and extends approximately 45 feet vertically over the ground, is connected to the null sewage system. Recommendations were: 1) A four inch valve has been placed in the overflow line which goes directly to the sewer with two, one-half inch taps, one above the valve and the other several feet above the first one, so that water can be hooked into the lower connection making a positive seal between the valve and the tank 2) All tanks null be purged before the starting of any work. Compressed air or air blowers will be used in order to supplyfresh air continuously while men are work ing in a closed vessel. 3) Suitable masks, such as air line res pirators, oxygen masks, or the chemox will be worn in gaseous or oxygen deficient at mospheres. This example certainly points out the need for the oxygen content of the tank to be measured each time someone enters, and an adequate fresh air supply be provided while men are working in a closed vessel. Also, a training program for maintenance mechanics on the use of gas masks, particularly, the extent to which cannister type gas masks can be used where there is not enough oxygen to support life. There is a need for a life line on all individuals entering such vessels. You are all familiar with the precautions that should be taken, but often are forgotten. Another case could have resulted in a fatality had it not been for the safety pre cautions and the correct first-aid measures used. This was at the dump chest in our bleach plant, the entire top of the tank is covered and pipes enter the chest through the cover. A door was cut in the top of the chest in order for men to enter it and make repairs. The leadman made certain that die helper was properly equipped with gas mask prior to entering the tank. In this case, a SO mask was used. The man entered the tank equipped with gas mask and life line. The leadman and bleacherman's helper remained as attendants at the entrance to the tank. The leadman attended the life line. The employee in the tank attempted to climb out but started to slip bade as he 54 four inches * |ly 43 Iss iiected en placed in redly to the a taps, one several feet ater can be making a nd the tank ! before the :d air or air r to supply n are work- iir line res* chemox will deficient at- out the need tank to be ters, and an ivided while sseL Also, a * mechanics tcularly, the is masks can ugh oxygen i for a life ;ucb vessels, pf jitions regotten, suited in a safety preid measures i our bleach c is covered h the cover, the chest in take repairs, .t the helper mask prior rase, a SO, uipped with sadman and s attendants "he leadman ttempted to bade as he Pulp and Paper Sessions reached the top. The leadman and bleacherman's helper realized that something was wrong and pulled him out of the tank The leadman administered back pressure, arm lift, artificial respiration. The bleacherman's helper sent for the nurse and a member of the safety depart ment, who immediately brought an Emerson resuscitator. The nurse and safety man revived the employee by use of the resusdtator. To prevent a recurrence, the pipes no longer enter through the cover, but the cover is slotted so it can be entirely re moved. Equipment is used to test the tank to determine whether or not there is ade quate oxygen in the air to sustain life. Ad ditional precautions are taken by forcing compressed air into the tank A self-sustain ing Mine Safety Appliance Caa. breathing apparatus has replaced the gas mask Many of you probably wonder just what happened in this particular case. The em ployee had entered this tank on many oc casions before, but due to a change in the piping, the entrance to the tank was made so small that it prohibited the proper amount of air from entering the tank and the em ployee was suffering from lack of oxygen. This dearly points out that it b important to take all necessary safety precautions be fore entering the tanks, such as: proper gas masks, life line, testing for oxygen, attend ant at the entrance and good knowledge of first aid. These are only two of many cases that have come to our attention on which we were able to get the complete story in visual form. Another case that came to our attention was an explosion in a broken chest The chest .was so constructed that there was no vent on the side opposite the manhole. The chest was being washed-up, prepara.ory to repairing the agitators. The man washing the chest requested that the agitators be started and there was an explosion. We are not sure of the cause of the explosion, but think it may have beat caused by a methanetype gas generated by decomposition of the stock and/or starch in the stock The gas was in some way ignited by the starting of the agitator. The overflow from the chest could also have contributed to gas genera tion during the shutdown in a similar situa tion to the case previously presented. We have made considerable progress in the last 10 years in reducing die number of disabling injuries. Have we made the same amount of progress in reducing fatals? I think if you review the statistics, you will find that although the frequency rate since 1950 has gone down, the frequency rate for fatals in 1959 b higher than it was 10 years ago. If we can eliminate a fatal accident like I have described today, we will certainly he making progress. They are inexcusable. Ail it takes b a little planning and the follow ing of prescribed rules and regulations. There b no expenditure of large sums of money for equipment changes. All of our plants have compressed air and gas masks that are adequate if used properly. Lack of oxygen and the various types of sewer gases in our plants are silent killers. Let's live by our slogan "safety every where ... all the time." We will be able to eliminate a few more fatalities each year, and help the industry reach its goal of Frequency Zero. (el SODIUM CHLORATE HAZARDS By R. E. BELL The Crossett Co. Crossett, Ark. Sodium chlorate b used in the manufac turing of chlorine dioxide. The chlorine dioxide is, of course, used in the bleaching process of pulp. Thb particular chemical and its problems are not too well known. My purpose today is to discuss with you some of the common problems associated with the use of sodium chlorate. To begin with, it would be well to review the reasons sodium chlorate b hazardous. Sodium chlorate b hazardous because it liberates oxygen easily and at an explosive 55 1 Sd34S3CSU I960 National Safety Congress rate when heated. Sodium chlorate forms explosive mixtures with sugar, charcoal, shellac, sulfur, starch, sawdust, dust, or oth er organic materials, and also with sulfuric add, ammonium compounds, cyanides, phos phorous or antimony sulfide. They may be detonated and exploded by percussion or friction. Since there have been some serious in juries due to ignorance or disregard of the hazards involved, personnel engaged in han dling and storing chlorates must be thor oughly indoctrinated in the necessary pre cautions. identifying coloring. Sodium chlorate, al though a serious fire hazard, is not toxic unless ingested in large amounts. The problem of storage of sodium chlo rate is almost as extensive as handling this chemical. Sodium chlorate should not be stored dose to flammable materials, reduc ing agents, adds, or other hazardous mate rials. Buildings used for storage of sodium chlorate should be of a fireproof construc tion with cement floors, metal catwalks, and the like. Wooden construction is to be avoided because of the dangerous combusti bility of chlorate-impregnated wood. A special hazard of chlorates is that they may impregnate dothing, which can be eas ily ignited by heat or friction. If chlorates are spilled on the dothes, a change of freshly laundered dothing should be made at once. Even doth apron strings and shoe laces must not be neglected. . From past history, it would seem that the safety problems are most Iikdy to oc cur when handling or storing sodium chlorate. Let me repeat again that personnel en gaged in the handling of chlorates must be thoroughly familiar with the problems as sociated with this chemical. Clean work dothing must be worn each day and must be washed out at night (CPM furnishes their personnd working with sodium chlo rate with "T>ynel Chemical Clothing," and maintain this dothing). Clothing wet with chlorate solution should be washed with wa ter at least three times before they-are car ried home. No smoking should be permitted while working in sodium chlorate areas. Deluge showers should be provided in such areas. It is a good idea to have chlorate tanks, lines, and valves plainly marked with some The content of damaged and leaking con tainers should be transferred immediatdy to sound containers because of the fire hazard involved. If spillage occurs, the greater part of the material should be picked up for dis posal. In general, sodium chlorate may be disposed of by sewering a dilute aqueous solution, or, if this is not allowable under local regulations, by burying in an isolated location to be leached slowly from the soil. In disposing of the containers, the paper liners, if any, should be burned with care and the drums washed with water before putting them to any other use. Chloratecontaminated wooden boxes should be burned. Ventilation must be provided for opera tions which gives rise to appreciable quanti ties of fine sodium chlorate dust The ventilation system should discharge to water scrubber and should be designed for easy cleaning, preferably by rinsing with water. Frequent cleaning is advisable. Dust control is particularly important where motors are used, since mixtures of sodium chlorate with grease are violently explosive. Totally enclosed motors are recommended, but motors with outside bearings may be used if completely protected from chlorate. (d) A DECADE OF PULP MILL SAFETY PROGRESS By HARRIS K. WILLIAMS Asst. Coordinator-Safety Southern Kraft Div., International Paper Co., Mobile, Ala. Between the years of 1949 and 1959, generally, there have been greater mechanical and technical advancements in pulp manu facturing than in any other department in the paper milL Keeping the safety program geared to these changes has been a tre mendous task for our company, which I am sure, holds true for other companies also. 56 ilorate, al- dium chlondling this Id not be als, reducjous mateof sodium t construcwalks, and is to be combustiod. along conicdiately to fire hazard reater part up for diste nay be te aqueous able under in isolated m the soil, the paper with care ter before Chlorate* be burned. for opera ble quanti- dh'harge jfor with able. Dust nt where of sodium explosive, immcnded, 5 nay be u chlorate. ESS Pulp and Paper Sessions Let's go back 10 years and list some of these advancements during this decade of pulp mill safety progress. Late in 1949, most of the old rotary-type recoveries were retired and replaced with modern recovery boilers. Many of us re call the many hazards involved in the opera tion of the old units, such as burns from sodding out the spouts and fatalities result ing from explosions. With the addition of new mills to the industry in the early 1950's came many im provements which were installed in the other mills during the next few years. New equipment, such as the continuous caustic system, took the place of the old batch system, which is well remembered for its injury-causing blow-backs and eruptions. Chip silos and chip conveyor systems slowly began to replace chip bins and the old .chip hoppers. Air wrenches for tightening down the digester caps became common. Hydraulic aids began to be used to lift the digester caps and to ruse and lower the drip chutes. Hydraulic-operated blow valves replaced the manually-operated type. These aids pre vented many back and muscle strains and painful burns. We also saw the flat screens replaced with round screens. Pulp wood rack cars have replaced the box cars. All of these changes again showed favorable results in our safety records. During the middle 1950's automatic liquor running and cooking systems were being in stalled, which added much to the safe opera tion of the digester rooms. In this period most of the diffusers were replaced by brown stock washers. Although this job is not yet completed, we can see much improvement safety-wise. At one of our mills several years ago a hefty 240-pound diffuser dumper fell in a hole in the grating and was wedged there. He could not pull himself out; and to make matters worse, the agitator blades were hitting his feet and legs each time they came around. His screams finally brought help, and he was pulled to safety without injury. During the next few years we saw our first continuous digester installed. This unit had many safety devices never before used in the digester rooms. In some instances it seemed that we had safety devices on safety devices. Flumes began to take the place of the chain-type log haul conveyors, and again we noticed a reduction in the woodyard maintenance accidents. In the late 50's more new mills were added to the industry without increasing the pulp mill frequency record. Again many new ideas and equipment were engineered into the process, and these developments will be evaluated and passed on to other mills. We now see the venturi scrubbers taking the place of the precipitators. Underwater pulp wood storage is becoming quite popu lar and from our experience is much safer. Rubber belt conveyors are taking the place of some chain conveyors. With all the afore-mentioned improve ments, the industry has gone to what I might term "exotic bleaching processes," bringing with it many problems that have increased our exposure. In spite of this, the accident records in the pulp mills have improved each year. In 1949 we reported 111 lost time accidents for 8 mills. In 1959 we reported 33 lost time accidents for 10 mills. This is not a good record; we are sot proud of it be cause all of these 33 accidents could have been prevented. But in face of all the changes--some that helped us and some that added to our exposure--we had a 70.3 per cent improvement The problem is to keep our safety pro gram in step with the mechanical and tech nical improvements, using all the tricks of our profession in the area of human failure. y program en a trehich I am s also. 1960 National Safety Congress (e) IP WE HAVE A CHLORINE BREAK By WILLIAM VAN HOUT Health & Safety Coordinator, Kimberly Mill, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Kimberly, Wis. The type of break we will speak about here would be one which may cause a great deal of chlorine liquid or gas to escape, creating a hazardous atmosphere and thus endangering mill personnel or community citizens. Before talking about the break action, though, we should have to back up a bit and give you a picture of our chlorine lay out and distribution system; and then maybe we should take time to give you a bit of information on chlorine itself. Chlorine is a deadly poison in both the liquid or gaseous stage: We manufacture tons, of liquid chlorine daily using sodium chloride (table salt) in water solution as the base material by means of an electrolysis process. Of this daily output the mill con sumption in pulp bleaching and water filtra tion is tons, which then leaves tons for shipment to local and area water utilities and to other mills. Commercial liquid chlorine is a clear amber fluid about 1J4 times heavier than water. One volume of liquid will expand to 460 volumes of gas. This, then, is where the extreme hazard ties. A liquid leak is many times greater than that of a gaseous leak. Chlorine gas in high concentrations has a greenish ydiow color, is about 2JS times heavier than air, and therefore has a tend ency to flow to the floor or seek its lowest level. In the presence of moisture chlorine gas becomes very corrosive to most metals. Be cause of this corrosive action with moisture in the air, a small leak from a pipe, cylinder or tank will rapidly increase in size and thus' become increasingly hazardous. Chlorine has a very' pungent and identi fiable odor which is natural and not the result of an additive, such as is the case with L.P. and natural gases. Chlorine is a powerful respiratory irri tant and in sufficiently high concentration may cause death by its smothering action or stifling. Small leaks in enclosed spaces sometimes cause nausea and coughing, be cause workmen do not realize that it is impossible to become hardened to continued exposure. Chlorine has no cumulative ef fects and complete recovery occurs from mild exposure. The gas is particularly irritating to per sons afflicted with asthma and certain types of chronic bronchitis. Such persons should avoid exposure at all times. Contact with skin or eyes will result in extreme irritation causing burning or prick ing sensations, inflamation and blister for mation. As with most chemicals in the event of accidental contact, immediate treatment calls for flushing of the affected bodfy parts with lots of water. Milk may be given in mild cases as relief from throat Irritation. In more severe cases where a person is overcome, remove the patient from the area to a room at about 70. Keep the patient warm and quiet. Rest is essential. Place the patient on his back, with head and bade slightly elevated. It may be necessary to administer oxygen where breathing becomes difficult Where breathing has stopped, start artificial respiration immediately. Now, to get a little closer to the subject theme assigned, let's take a look at the mill layout There are three areas where a seri ous leak could create an emergency' situa tion: 1. At the chlorine plant a. Storage tanks b. Tank car loading dock 2. Mill pipe line 3. Sulphite bleacherv and filter plant To cope with this type of emergency we have seen fit to set up a manual of instruc tion and review, which spells out in detail: 1. Who is responsible for initiating action 2. What are these responsibilities 3. Plan of action 4. Training--This is the key to the entire plan and must be done on a regular and positive schedule: emergency crews twice annually in May and November, millwide in November each year. 58 srly, Wis. that it is > continued nlative efcurs from ng to perxtain types ons should !1 result in % or prickflister fora the event treatment body parts e given in : irritation. . person is m the area the patient tiaL Place i and bade scessary to ig becomes s stopped, ately. thr "Meet at \ /mill ere a serimev situa- ant xgency we of instruc. in detail: ing action 5 the entire egular and rews twice iber, mill- Pulp and Paper Sessions 5. Gas mask program--Inspection; replace ment of cannisters on a tickler card system. Emergency Situation--A serious leak or emergency situation can be defined as one that cannot be controlled by shutting off a valve or other ample means, and would have to be in connection with any container holding 300 pounds or more such as storage tanks, scale tanks, tank car surge tanks or cylinders. The degree of seriousness in regard to null and village would have to be de termined by the chlorine supervisor. Our pipe line system is arranged with a series of valves and available dry air so as to permit snifting out or pulling chlorine back to the plant and into tads there. Unless there is a complete severing of the pipe line; a minor leak can be controlled here. Serious Chlorine Leak 1. Between the chlorine plant (liquefaction room) and No. 3 supercalender there is a special signal and telephone system. Also, there are gas masks available at the No. 3 supercalender for four help ers and one calender operator crew and at chlorine. 2. In an emergency, the chlorine operator will signal the No. 3 calender operator and, by telephone, other: a. Alert him to stand by, or b. Have him take immediate action to protect the paper mill- from chlorine gas. Note: If a fire occurs at same time as chlorine emergency', calender crew mem bers who may also be fire brigade mem bers will remain with chlorine emergencycrew to carry out the emergency pro cedure. -The chlorine operator will also tell the supercalender operator the wind direction. 3. If the message is to stand by, the su percalender operator wilt: a. Stand by the phone for further word; either take action or all dear (emer gency over). b. Notify the finishing, supercalender and sorting floor foremen. c. Notify the machine room foreman (including stock room and coating plant). 4. If an action message is received, the supercalender operator will instruct his four helpers to spread the alarm as fol lows: No. 3 calender operator stationed at chlorine telephone, remains at phone throughout emergency. No. 1 two "man crew route 1. Shut off four fans and dose all doors that may be left open mezzanine floor --finishing department 2. Shut off gill's locker room fan 3. Materials and warehouse office 4. Locker room 3. Finishing room main floor 6. Finishing room tom foreman 7. Shops in basement of finishing room 8. Return to No. 3 super for further in struction NOTE: Where people are encountered, order them, to leave the area and to go to the main mill entrance. No. 2 two man crew route 1. Shut windows and doors in building No. 38 leading to service department office at the end of building 2. Shut all doors in train died 3. Warn people in rewinder area b. Return to No. 3 stack for further in structions NOTE: Each man must be wearing gas mask harness ready to slip in face piece if gas is encountered. If chlorine leak is serious emergency, all four men workjn pairs. No. 1 two-man crew 1. Notify supercalender tour foreman 2. Notify paper machine tour foreman that the chlorine leak is serious and that it may be necessary to shut down paper machines, stockroom and coating plant Tour foremen and his crews will stand by ready for action. First two-man crew return to No. 3 supercalender stack for further instructions. 3. Notify pulp mill tour foreman No. 2 two-man crew 4. Notify operator in sulphite bleachcry 5. Notify operators in groundwood bleachery 6. Notify operator in turbine room 1960 National Safety Congress 7. Notify operators in pipe shop & Notify people in restaurant 9. Notify paper mill office and people in industrial engineering office 10. Notify machine shop 11. Return to No. 3 supercalender stack tor further instructions NOTE: The above route outline is suggested to avoid duplication and confusion. It is a guide and may be altered to fit conditions as they may change during an emergency. NOTE: Machine room warning is pur posely left for last to delay the shutting down of machines as long as possible in the hope that they may continue operating. Shutting paper machine down is in the hands of the tour foreman and will be ex ecuted only on instruction from him. Machine Room Plan 1. In the event of a serious chlorine leak, the machine room foreman may receive a stand-by or an action message from the No. 3 supercalender operator. 2. If the message is to stand by, the fore man should: a. Be prepared to shut down fans. b. Keep in close contact with the No. 3 supercalender operator. c. Notify stock room and coating plant. 3. If an all-clear message is received, the emergency is over. 4. If the action message is received, the machine room foreman will: a. Shut down necessary intake and ex haust fans. Shut down paper ma chines. b. Take steps to get people out of the building. c. Recheck areas (especially the base ment) for people who didn't "get the word." Specific Duties 1. Police department: a. If the chief is not on duty at the time, he shall be immediately sum moned to duty by patrol man working that shift. Chief is not to leave the area during the emergency. b. He, along with special help from the mill, decides if evacuation is necessary and, if so, what areas to evacuate. c. Evacuate necessary people in accord ance with plan previously set up. d. Assign fireman reporting to him as special police. e. Provide necessary' road blocks so no unauthorized vehicles can enter the dangerous areas. f. If necessary', notify sheriff and high way police to help or stand by for call. g. Provide escort for vehicles from the mill to doctor's office or hospital. h. Decide, along with mill personnel, when the emergency is over and see that people are returned to their homes or classrooms, road blocks are removed, special police dismissed, etc. i. Make a complete written report list ing all details of the emergency, pro cedures followed, problems encoun tered and suggested improvements to' the plan. 2. -Fire department: a. Those assigned to rescue work report to the scene of emergency and follow closely instructions that will be given by qualified mill personnel. b. Those not assigned to rescue work report to police chief for special po lice duties. c Make a complete written report as to procedure followed, problems en countered and suggested improve ments. General Suggestions for Mill 1. Have someone from the mill who is qualified attend a joint meeting of vil lage fire and police periodically to acquaint them with the basic ideas be hind this program and the part they may be expected to play in it 2. Thoroughly familiarize all as to pipe lines. chlorine plant etc. Acquaint with location and uses of emergency equip ment available in the mill. 3. Develop a program to keep this infor mation current as changes or additions are made 4. If self-contained breathing apparatuses are required, three Chemox units are available at the mills: one in impreg plant one in chlorine locker room, and one in mill fire chiefs quarters. A self- 60 in accord- t<| Jn as ocfes so no . enter the r and highand by for S from the ospital. personnel, er and see 1 to their blocks are missed, etc. report listgency, prois encoun'vements to cork report and follow II be given sscue work special po- eport as to blows, cn- )ove- Mfll ill who is ing of vilidically to : ideas bepart they t. ts to pipe [uaint with ncy equip- this inforr additions ipparatuses units are in impreg room, and rs. A self- Pulp and Paper Sessions contained unit, a Scott Air Pac and a double mask supplied air unit, is avail able on village fire department vehicles. 5. For emergency use of oxygen a pneophore unit (not portable) is available in the mill medical department A portable unit is carried in the village police squad car. Emergency Movement of Chlorine Tank Cars If the chlorine plant supervisor decides that a chlorine tank car should be moved in an emergency to avert disaster, he will call Ext 214 (head pulp handler) or inform entrance watchman to make the contact Emergency contacts made during regular switching hours (9:30 am to 4:30 pan.): the head pulp handler will take the two gas masks located in cupboard by materials handling desk. Ext 214, and contact the C&NW switch crew. The gas masks will be given to the conductor and request made to move the car. Emergency contacts made other than dur ing regular switching hours: the head pulp handler will select one of his crew members to go along with him. They will put on the two gas masks, take two "badger car movers" (band car jacks) and proceed to the chlorine plant to move the car. The dis tance car is to be moved will be determined bv the chlorine plant if possible, otherwise good judgment must be used. The chlorine department will be responsi ble to see that all piping is disconnected from the tank car or cars to be moved. Copies of the above instructions will be framed under glass: one copy will be in stalled in the C&NW (switch crews') ca boose, and the other copy will be installed on the gas mask locker near Ext 214. Sulphite Bleachery--Mill Pipeline Case I -- A leak at the bleachery weigh tanks. 1. Signal the wet machine tender using special air horn located on fire escape landing in new bleacher}'- Horn will also sound in basement area of bleach ery as signal to people in area to get out 2. If possible, close the main valve, just ahead of the tanks or any other valve in the system that will reduce the amount of leakage. 3. Clear the area of people. 4. Put on gas masks. Eight masks are lo cated on fire escape landing inride new bleachery. Be sure the mask is fitted with a white (chlorine gas) active cannister. 5. Close bleachery shut-off valve by as cending the fire escape and opening the door. At this time the wet machine tender should be close by. 6. If leak is beyond bleachery in over the roof pipe line to pretreatment, shut off roof valve there or at bleachery en trance of line. 7. Close all doors to the milL 8. Alert the chlorine plant 9. Notify the foreman. 10. Determine if chlorine can be added to chlorinators; carry out this plan if necessary and if it will ease the situa tion. 11. Notify the adjoining departments. 12. Inform the chlorine operator when the trouble is over. Case II -- A leak in the main line ahead of the bleachery or fire endangering this line. 1. Call the chlorine operator (318). He will "pull back" chlorine gas by reducing pressure. 2. Notify the foreman. 3. Keep people clear of area. 4. Determine if' draining the line at the bleachery (into the chlorinators) is practical or necessary. Filter Plant Chlorine Leak Safety precautions to follow should chlorine gas be detected in the filter plant 1. Operators or any other persons in the filter plant must vacate at once should chlorine gas be detected. 2. Operators are to shut off the emergency chlorine shut off valve. It is located out doors on the cast wall of the building proper. This valve will be tested by the pipefitters every three months. A tickler system insures that this will be per formed regularly. 61 \ w > enter the visible for outlined in ons." i for practsk instruc: main door Operators he location. o JOINT SESSION WITH WOOD PRODUCTS SECTION TRACTOR SAFETY By L. W. RANDT Technical Assistant, Oliver Corporation, Chicago I have had occasion to discuss tractors and technical tractor specifications with many types of contractors. As of this date, I have never seen a check list of built-in safety requirements supplied by a prospec tive purchaser. I have been confronted with lists of "attachments" to tractors, consid ered to be safety devices. I am often indined to reflect upon the possibility that safety requirements are too often treated as attachments rather than a basic design re quirement. I submit that basic safety specifications should be developed before the tractor is purchased rather than as an attachment after the tractor is purchased. The devdopment of such basic safety requisites will serve as a specification to designers, to buy ers, and in effect start the cycle of automatic safety reflexes. A basic safety requisite of the tractive vehide for woods or construction work is good inherent balance or a. satisfactory cen ter of gravity for a tractor. The required center of gravity can be predetermined by knowledge of the slopes and banks upon which the vehide operates. It is surprising how many vehides are engaged in repeti tive work under predictable conditions. The engineers cannot economically develop a tractor which is fool proof, but they can devdop a tractor with the optimum poten tial for dimmating or preventing an acci dent Predetermining the center of gravity re quirements for the operation will lead to the development of devices which will warn the operator when a critical angle of operation is being readied. I might mention that I have been chased down a hill by a tractor, and that I have rolled tractive vehides off of banks. If my equipment had induded a warning devices to signal that a critical balance point was being reached, these acci dents might not have happened. Devdoproent of a satisfactory weighthorsepower formula for a specific operation is essential to safe tractor operation. A tractor which is too light for the job en courages the technique of jerking the load into motion. The "jerk" technique has caused a substantial number of deaths by overturning the tractor on the operator. I know of a spedfic tractor built many years ago that was notorious for its ability to turn over on the operator. This character istic was soon designed out of the tractor. I have always been amazed at the border line operational techniques practiced by opators with a machine that is basically too light for the job. The specification of trac tor balance, tractor weight, tractor horse power, should be induded in the program of devdoping a safe tractor operation. In my considerations of designs for safety, I have been amazed at the safety aspects of cushioned drive lines and torque converters in tractor operations. Construction and log ging activities necessitate operation in re mote areas, and there is an aggressive com pulsion to "keep die job going.1' Under these conditions, I believe we become more accident prone. I personally have noticed a distinct difference in the safety altitude, of the operators of our tractors in our laboratories and the operators in the field. I bad a vivid illustration of the safety characteristics of a torque converter in a tractor in some of iny field experiences. An earthmoving machine we were operating to fill in a low bog area became stuck, and we could not devdop enough traction on the bog to pull the scraper out We moved our towing tractor to solid ground on the hiUside and attached a long, steel cable to the bogged down scraper. Hillsides, steel 1960 National Safety Congress cables and immovable objects are the equiv laying tractors. Most crawler tractors are alent of an invitation to an accident I equipped with steering devices that develop found that while I couldn't move the a singular characteristic scraper, I could raise the front end of the tractor. The cushioned control of the torque converter permitted me to develop the maxi mum line pull under conditions of instability. We didn't get the scraper out of the bog with this tow tractor, but we did find out how we could work under difficult condi tions with reasonable safety. Ia this case, a conventional direct drive line could have resulted in an overturning accident This story illustrates the potential of specifying basic vehicle components to promote safety. One type of steering is classified as dif ferential steering. Differential steering pro vides a fixed rate of turn, that is, a turn which will generate a specific circular path. In high-speed and hillside operations, differ ential steering contributes to safety. In con fined areas, differential steering reduces the work rate of the machine leading to ag gressive and unsafe work practices due to speed-up techniques to keep up with ma chines incorporating more acceptable steer ing means. The transmission of a tractor can be an important contributor of inherent safety characteristics. The transmission specifica tion should cover the .performance aspects as well as the mechanical aspects. The transmission capable of shifting under load without breaking the power flow through the drive line materially reduces the acci dent potential. This reduction is obtained by reducing the number of load startups due to having to stop the vehicle in order to change gears. The reduction in startups re duces the chance of error and the chance for accidents. Power-shifted transmissions require less operator skill. The benefits of power-shifted transmissions in tractors par allel the safety effects of the automatic transmission in the automotive industry. I had the opportunity to observe the effect of an automatic transmission on the driving habits of an elderly automobile operator. This elderly operator refused to stop at intersections and stop streets because of die difficulty and stall required to shift a handshifted transmission. Changing over to an automobile equipped with an automatic trans mission completely changed this driver's A second type of steering is classified as clutch-brake steering. Clutch-brake steering provides a turn that pivots on the inner track or a zero radius turn. Maneuverability in confined areas is improved. The dutchbrake turn under High speed is drastic and a safety hazard. Under conditions where vehicle balance is critical, this type of steer ing may be the final force which generates the acrident The work output of dutchbrake steering is quite good, and this steer ing has high acceptance. A third type of steering is classified as the zero-axis steering, in whidi one track rotates in a forward direction and one trade rotates in the reverse direction. This en ables the tractor to turn on its center or zero-axis which is the least turning area that the tractor can maneuver in. Such steering is particularly practical in mine shafts, narrow mountain roads and in con gested areas. The zero-axis or counter ro tating turn again speeds up the work output, due to reducing the maneuvering time. Un der critical operating conditions, this turn contributes to safer operations. habits. The automatic transmission made Until recent times, buyers and operators stopping and starting a pleasure. In a heavy have been faced with the problem of select traffic flow, the automatic or power-shifted ing one or the other of the steering devices transmission develops more free time to available. We have machines on the market observe and practice safe operation. Power- today which offer all three types of steering shifted transmissions develop similar safety in a single package. In these newer ma benefits in a heavy industrial traffic pattern. chines the operator can select the steering More time is available to control maneuver that will give maximum work output and ing in restricted areas. The control of the safety without compromise due to limitation vast amounts of power we now use is of steering capability. much more precise. The basic tractor started out as a machine We have also observed an important con capable of drawbar work. It is surprising tribution to safety in the devdopment of the amount of engineering effort tint has multiple steering characteristics in track gone into the devdopment and location of 64 racists are jdop ied as dif eering prois, a turn cular path, ons, differty. In conreduces the ing to agces due to with maable steer* lassified as ce steering the inner aiverability lie clutch* Irastid and ons where e of steeri generates of clutchtbis steer- assified as one track I one trade This encenter or nif area hi inch ! in mine id in con ounter ro>rk output, rime. Unthis turn operators of sdectng devices he market >f steering ewer ma* e steering utput and limitation a machine surprising ; that hat xation of Joint Session With Wood Products Section drawbars on tractors. The drawbar loca tion determined the balance of the tractor, and the steering characteristics of the trac tor. Proper design and location of the drawbar were factors in safety performance and the inherent balance of the tractor under load. Recently I had occasion to review the many major accessories mounted on crawler and rubber tired tractors. The balance of the tractor as dictated by drawbar opera tions is completdy upset by the additions of major accessories. A front end loader re quires the addition of heavy counterweights on the rear of the tractor. A rear mounted leader requires the addition of heavy coun terweights on the front end of the tractor. If pipe laying equipment is attached to the side of the tractor, heavy counterweights must be added to the opposite side of the tractor. We now add weight on all sides of these machines. It is important for the safe operation of the machines that the degree of balance required for the specific operation be predetermined and specified. Safety is not an attachment; it is an in herent part of the machine mid can within reason be prespecified and precontrolled. The safety concept should be carried into the new machine to become an automatic ac tion. In developing a safer machine for a spe cific operation, the engineer in all probability will make a number of compromises in order to balance out the work potential and safety potential of the machine. Some of these compromises will require a trained operator. There is no substitute for a care ful and trained operator to develop the maximum from a safety program concerned with tractor operations. The well-organized safety program will endeavor to complement its driver training activity by assisting in the selection of tractors that are adequate for the job. These tractors will incorporate good balance; proper horsepower-weight ra tios, modern drive line dements, and ac cessories that re-establish the inherent bal ance built into the machines. The industrial trend in this country is to continually increase the rate of doing work. As the rate of work increases, the accident potential increases with it Speed and ac cidents axe synonymous on our highways and in our industrial activities. I have come in contact with many operators who practice selection of light machines for heavy-duty jobs for the reason that certain operating economies result from such practices. These light-duty machines in heavy-duty work result in high maintenance costs and a short machine life which in time adds to jeopardy in the operations and poor safety records. The tractor manufacturers in this country build a tractor for almost any spe cific task and work rate. Mismatched equip ment should be reviewed and an effort made to recommend correct equipment capable of sustaining the known work rate Good tractor maintenance practices as re lated to safety cannot be bypassed. How many tractor operators set up a service check list immediately upon acquiring their tractors? The only reason that I was ever forced to ride a semi-truck gasoline tanker down a hill backwards was because the engine failed from lack of power due to negligence on valve maintenance. Connect ing an air-brake trailer with a vacuum brake tractor did not contribute to safe operation either. A well-trained operator, skilled in opera tional techniques, is reduced to complete in effectiveness with poorly maintained ma chinery. The accident potential mi poorly maintained machinery is very high because no amount of skill can offset the mechanical deficiencies. Vehicle design, driver training, all go down the drain with defective and poorly maintained equipment: A tractor at work with its load represents a balance of forces. Failure of a component upsets this balance; and in the process serious situations affecting safety arise. The majority of ac cidents and near accidents which I have experienced with tractors generally hap pened during periods of maximum perform ance and resulted from unbalancing the forces I was working with. In most cases I had no control over these forces once they were released. An improperly maintained and adjusted engine will generally fail under conditions of maximum load and critical position; poorly maintained power plants are a dan ger to the operator and to every man in the operation^ area. The art of engine design has advanced to the point where we have a high degree of reliability, providing the engine has adequate maintenance. I have personally observed some tractor en gines that were returned from operation in 65 1960 National Safety Congress remote areas. It was difficult to conceive recommendations are direct safety refer that an operation could be carried on eco ences. nomically with so little maintenance, and There is an old saying in our industry so much accident potential. that when all else fails and things look Drive line maintenance, which covers drive dements from the engine dutch to the driving dement on the ground is an important area for aggressive maintenance practices. Most machines in construction and forestry work are operating on unfavorable terrain. The drive line not only transmits power to the wheels, it also holds in check the forces generated by the load. It is a two-way street, working all of die time. To control these fortes, adequate maintenance is necessary. Overloading of tractors is one of the most common reasons for failure and serious ac cidents. I have been appalled at some "field conversions" I have observed winch in creased die capacity of the machine These little "gadgets" welded on here and there to increase die load capability can be "kill ers." The machine balance is destroyed, components are overloaded, and the tractor and its accessories are converted to an "ac cident watting to happen." I have seen machines which I designed that were un recognizable because of "field conversions." Conversion control is a potential area for incorporating increased safety into tractor safety programs. darkest, try the operator's manual--you will probably find your answer. Some years ago I moved to the State of Illinois from an other state. It was necessary that I take a driver's license test if I were to continue driving an automobile: I don't know how many of you are aware of this, but I can assure you that the Illinois driver's test is difficult, thorough, and it is excellent. I par ticularly like the way. they force you to read the brochure on driving regulations for the State of Illinois. I soon became aware of the amazing number of violations uncon sciously committed every day cm any short drive. I do not believe that any operator should be allowed to run an industrial vehicle until he has read the operator's manual on the vehicle. This should be a requisite in a safety program involving tractor operation. I would even go so far as to recommend that the manual be read at least once a year in order to review items that might have been forgotten. The tractor industry would benefit, the operator would benefit, and the owner would benefit from these re views. In fact, we might even substantially reduce unsafe tractor practices. The safety engineers of this country are I believe that I speak for all tractor doing an outstanding job. I have been im manufacturers when I say that we are in pressed with their check listed procedures to terested in and conscious of our responsi cover accidents and accident prevention. I bility to contribute to safer operations of submit that they can contribute even farther our products. We are willing to work with by helping to set up specifications covering safety engineers, owners, operators, and recommended design characteristics con maintenance men in developing the safest tributing to safer operations. They can product posable. Much of this attitude is help substantially in reviewing maintenance reflected in our operator's manuals. I have practices and comparing them to the recom here an operator manual on one of our mendations of the manufacturers. They products. It contains a substantial number can recommend that the operator's manuals of recommendations on maintenance and be read and absorbed so that the operators operation relative to safety areas. Sixteen know their machines and its limitations. iectv. refer- ur ___v things look d--you will e years ago s from anat I take a to continue know how > but X can 'er's test is lent I paryou to read jns for the s aware of >ns unconi any diort ttor should sal vehicle manual on pnsite in a operation, recommend ist once a that might t industry Id benefit i these reibstantially juf' \are i >- cedures to rention. I cn further s covering tics conThey can aintenance he recomrs. They s manuals operators tions. Joint Session With Wood Products Section STANDARDIZATION OF LOGGING SIGNALS IS EFFECTIVE By E. PAUL LEROY Safety Engineer, Weyerhauser Co., Chchallis, Wash. In the early days of logging as we know it there was little or no need for standardi zation of the tools or equipment or practices involved because there was just one Paul Bunyan and one blue ox called "Babe." As long as Babe understood what Paul wanted done there was no problem. Even then, legend informs us. Babe blew his stack one day and took off on his own. I'm told the reason was a ample misunderstanding of orders. It seems Paul wanted Babe to stow his oats but the signs he used meant only one thing to Babe and he thought he was to sow them. That little misunderstanding took place up in northern Minnesota. Babe stormed out of the stable, snorting and pawing the ground till he readied the Gulf of Mexico-- the ditch he dug is now the Mississippi River. He turned north, elated with this freedom from toil, and rolled out the Great Plains. The dirt he pushed ahead of him was left for the Rocky Mountains. Still exuberant, the pawed his way from Canada south and west until he reached die Pacific Ocean and left the Columbia Gorge behind. Then he kicked his way north, still in a playful mood and dug Puget Sound. He was quite certain Paul would be after him pretty soon so he piled a big heap of dirt in the middle of the hole and stretched out on top of it while he was waiting for the ocean to fill up the Straits of Juan de Fuca. It was here that Paul sneaked up on him, sound asleep and exhausted, on what is now called Vancouver Island. The next few minutes of activity must be left to your vivid imaginations. The result was that Babe understood, at the end of the session, there were to be no more of those "wing-dings" and it was then that Paul Bunyon decided that signs and signals had better be a tittle more dear arid under standable. Babe and Paul did work out their prob lem and, never again so the legend goes, were there any repeat performances of that famous episode They both settled down to logging. But, came time for Babe and Paul to retire from active duty and, accustomed as our ancestors had become to using lum ber, logs still had to be brought to market It was then the trouble really started be cause it took hundreds of Babes and Pauls to satisfy the demand for wood. More peo ple creating more hazards because of mis understood or misinterpreted orders or sig nals. They were only hand signals at first and most people seem, naturally, to fall into a pattern of talking understandably with their hands. It wotdda't be difficult aright now for me to explain to the gentleman bade by the door that I` would like a drink of water, or to get him to understand that my pencil was broken and I'd tike to use his. At least I don't fed that it would be difficult because I would know exactly what I wanted in either example. But, suppose in his neck of the woods my hand signs meant something else? It would be embarrassing if he thought I wanted to sample his pocket flask instead of a drink of water, and more embarrassing if he in terpreted my request for him to replace my broken penal to mean that I wanted him to breaie the pencil I have. Simple as it may seem, it's quite posable. Before' we get ourselves too involved in the unending possibilities we could wind our selves into with this trend of thought. Id's slide into a more practical tine of thought and see if we can get back to logging; We on the West Coast have been trying for generations to match the production of Paul Bunyan. We've built some of the most fantastic logging machinery in the world-- the biggest yarders--the biggest and fastest skidders. In fact they eventually got so big and so fast that millions of board feet of our choice logs were a bundle of splinters by the time they were yanked and bounced into the landing; It was a case of speed and power out of control and much of the lack of control was due to lack of understanding --or, possibly I should say a lade of logical interpretation of what we understood. 67 1960 National Safety Congress Most important to our discussion here was the needless destruction wrought by these tremendous machines because the ef fort was not controlled. In the early days, rules of any land were for the birds. Even mechanical controls were "adjusted" to fit individual needs--or whims. "Pop valves" were screwed down; gear ratios were stepped up; rigging was built heavier and then "beefed up"--and still the logs shattered. The only logical result was destruction and, sadly enough, the destruction did not stop with machines and equipment and timber-- there were lives lost by the hundreds in this wide open competition to get logs to the markets. Some of you remember from first-hand experience the "stretcher call" and how it struck terror into the hearts of everyone within hearing. Granted, the terror was too often short-iived and, sometimes in minutes, operations were back to "normal" for every one except the immediate family involved. Another man was moved in to fill the gap and the logs rolled on! Times have changed since those days. Those of us who lived through them are mighty grateful to be here and more grate ful that we've been able to help, even in a small way, to build into our industry some of the controls that have lessened this toll of destruction. These controls have been count less because most of them have been the result of trial and error or, more plainly said, the result of "blood, sweat and tears." We have come a long way, even in my short lifetime. Our goal of accident-free methods of harvesting timber is still a long way off but it Ir closer than it was 20 years ago, and we can bring it closer with every generation of loggers if well .continue to search for more efficient logging methods and continue to put forth our best efforts to see those methods adopted wherever logs are moved. None of us even stops to think twice when we hear the term "Underwriters Lab oratories," or "Society of Automotive En gineers," or "American Standards Associa tion." Why? Because those organizations represent universally accepted standards of uniformity for all of us. There is no doubt in our minds that parts of like size, manu factured according to S.A.E. standards, will fit no matter where we buy them. We've developed confidence in controls and those controls merit our confidence as long as some screw-ball doesn't deride to indulge his individuality and run in an extra thread on a bolt or some equally distracting innovation and thus make the control ineffective. Many years ago some very honest at tempts were made to consolidate all the sig nals used in the various logging areas but habit is a strange creature. In every area there were "peculiar circumstances" that prevented the use of the other fellow's sig nals. Since loggers were, by nature, a tran sient, roving breed of people, they soon adapted themselves to new surroundings and methods. Even signals that served to start and stop machines were different but they became accustomed to that confusion, too. It was a case of get used to it or get run over, so they lived with the confusion or died because of it. Even in recent years since state codes were enacted, many operations continued to use' their own pet signals. Then when the states and provinces were able to get rea sonable compliance with their own sets of signals, there was still not complete uni formity between areas but our loggers kept moving--from Oregon to Washington to Canada and back to California. They fol lowed the signs much easier than they could follow the signals because the signs were clear and concise and had a universal appeal. "Follow the birds to Victoria": "Come south for the winter"! In transit they nearly always had to stop off to pick up more travel expenses. The one saving feature of this nomadic life was that they never stayed long enough in one place to get really accustomed to any one method of doing things or to one method of letting the other guy know what they expected him to do. Again, I'll remind you that some of us lived through those years. As recently as 1948 our Forest Products Safety Conference, looking for more ways to bring standardization of methods into our industry, set up a "signals committee" to determine whether or not our West Coast logging operations could possibly devise a standard set of signals for universal adop tion and use. At that time California, Mon tana and Idaho weren't too interested, but Oregon, Washington and British Columbia each had a representative appointed and the move was on. 68 and those is /"^e as Ji his i thread on innovation rtive. honest atall die sig: areas bat every area nces" that enow's sigire, a tranthey soon mdings and ed to start 4 but they hsion, too. or get run ofusion or >tate codes mtinued to i when the get rea lm sets of aplete uniiggers kept hington to They foltfaey could signs were rsal appeal. y>me ad to stop sises. The ic life was Jgh in one o any one ne method what they emind you se years, t Products nore ways Is into our mittee" to Vest Coast r devise a arsal adopmia, Monrested, but Columbia ed and the Joint Session With Wood Products Section All of yon know that changes don't come about overnight and I suppose many of ns know how frustrating such an assignment can be. The committee consisted of Joe Lebo from Oregon, Jim Roughton from Canada and me from Washington. In a couple of years we had managed, with the help of every member of our conference, to see the adoption by our three govern ments of the standard set of hand signals and whistle signals which we have brought with us for your consideration today. A look at the list of names and organizations on the original mailing list in 1949 will in dicate the scope of the study made at the beginning of this project The long-range plan for the signals com mittee included similar projects for sawmills, private railroads and other phases of opera tion of the wood products industry. As in other areas of endeavor, interest lagged slightly after the logging signals were presented and the committee was in activated for several years. In April of this year when our Forest Products Safety Con ference met in Aberdeen, Wash., under the chairmanship of J. K. Lewis of Rayonier, Inc, the executive committee of the Na tional Safety Council's Wood Products Sec tion asked that this project be presented to this group with the idea in mind that these signals might be given further consideration. With your interest and promotion they could become material for data-sheets for all our industry. The companies and organizations who have participated in this endeavor are many. My company has been extremely liberal with both time and money in its effort to make absolute safety in our industry a reality rather than an idealistic dream. Our Forest Products Safety Conference and the signal committee of that conference are sincerely grateful for the opportunity of presenting these signals to this congress and especially to this joint session of the wood products sections represented here. We do not offer them as a cure-all for the toll of accidental injuries which continue to plague our industry, but we certainly do offer them as an effective tool to be used in our con tinuing effort to achieve our goal of acci dent-free harvesting and processing of one of our most important and most plentiful and most versatile natural resources. In doting, may I humbly add that any tool we may use; no matter what its nature or origin, to reduce injuries in our industry is surely deserting of the consideration of every one of us. May it never be said again, as it has so many times in the past, that someone was injured--or killed--because a simple signal, intended to start a log moving toward a productive end use, was misin terpreted or misunderstood and caused, in stead, the loss of a life or even an injury to one of our people. COORDINATING THE SAFETY PROGRAM WITH THE INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORS By MERRILL D. ELY. Chief, Safety Branch, U. S. Corps of Engineers, Portland, Ore. It is a great honor to address the joint session of the Pulp and Paper and Woods Products Sections. While I am from the Northwest where timber and timber products are a very substantial part of our economy, my background and experience are in con struction. Therefore, I approach my sub ject with some hesitancy. I am reminded of the minister who told me one time that the greatest compliment he ever received was from a man who told him his sermons had a handle on them so you could pick them up and take them home. I only hope that at least some part of what I have to say will have a handle on it for you. I think we should take a look at the re lationship that exists between the parties entering into a contract Webster's Diction ary defines a contract as follows: 69 "An agreement, one legally enforce able, between two or more persons to do or forbear something." That sounds very simple, does it not? If it is simple, then why is the relationship be tween parties entering into such agreements so often strained? Why do we have trouble in our contractual agreements? The party on one side agrees for a certain considera tion to do or not do something and the party on the other side expects for the con sideration he is paying that he will receive the benefits for which he is contracting. In my opinion the difficulties, where both parties have integrity, can be summed up in one word, "misunderstandings." Our language and the way we use it can play tricks on us, and there are things that are extremely difficult to put into words. hats are worn by all employees on the job. If he does not it is a breach of his contract If, however, I write a contract and specify that all workmen will wear distinctive dothing and then insist, without further clarifi cation, that they have bow ties and stovepipe hats, I will probably get an argument. Where then do we stand with respect to contracting for safe operations? If the ob* serrations I have made are sound, the first essential is to insure that the contractor un derstands what is going to be required of him with respect to acrident prevention. For him to understand, the contract requirements are going to have to be specific. It will ac complish little to write into our specifications some general terms such as: "The contractor will perform his work safdy." or Did yon ever try to tell a person, or write out instructions, on how to tie a knot in a line? In the Boy Scout/ Manual they don't try to tell you. They draw pictures and sketches. You can show a person how, but if you try to tell him how it becomes ex tremely complicated. Queer as it may seem, words have dif ferent meanings to different people, and to complicate it a little further, the way words are put together can give and imply dif ferent meanings and understandings. Sometimes when we say what we mean the party addressed will interpret in terms of what they are thinking. "Safety trill be recognized in the work to be performed under the contract." Such statements can mean anything and resolve into matters of opinion, misunder standing, arguments. They generally end up as meaningless words. If we want something done under a con tract, we must spdl it out in such detail that our meaning is unmistakable. The next logical question is how can we possibly develop specific requirements cover ing all the ramifications of accident preven tion--and if we could, how impractical it would be to attach the 'voluminous document to contract specifications! A statement may be direct and to the point Perhaps we can't cover the field, but we anu still be misunderstood. have found in the Corps of Engineers that Now a few words about another area of much can be done with a considerable de misunderstanding in the use of words. We gree of success. have a dear impression in our own minds Before I go Into details let me briefly as to what we want, and because it is so outline to you the history of accident preven dear we assume the other party will recog tion in the Corps of Engineers. I believe nize what we want We fail to make our- the problems we have faced are parallel with selves dear because we short-cut and leave and identical to yours. out details. ------ -------- In 1933 the safety program was initiated Certainly a contractor is entitled to know among government employees of the Corps what he will be expected to do under a of Engineers. After some four years it was contract On the other hand a contractor is obvious that the program was not complete obligated to do the things he contracts to do. without attention to the contract work which I can let a contract to build a house and the Corps of Engineers was supervising and can specify that in building the house all of on which the Government was spending mil the contractor's employees will wear green lions of dollars. We were showing a re bow ties and stovepipe hats. If the contrac markable improvement in the frequency of tor understands the requirement and enters accidents among government employees but into such a contract, I can reasonably expect the injury frequency on our contract work him to see that green bow ties and stovepipe was above 100. So the program was en- 70 ) on the job. his/^tract aiV iedfy active clothther clarifiid stovepipe ment i respect to If die obld, the first 3tractor un required of rention. For equirements It will acpcdfications t his work he work to tl lything and misunder- ally end up ider a con. detail that ow can we ents coverHit prevenpractical it s djr'^jient id, but we ineers that ierable de- me briefly mtpreven- I believe trailel with is initiated the Corps ars it was t complete ork which vising and nding miling a requency of loyees but tact work i was en Joint Session With Wood Products Section larged to include contract work and we were faced with the problem of "how to put it over." That it was "put over" is exemplified in the fact that the injury frequency rate on Corps of Engineers contract work; world wide, is now less than 10. How was it done? It was accomplished by making accident prevention a contractual obligation. Safety was made a part of every construction contract While over the years many changes have been made; our basic accident prevention re quirements today are very similar to what they were when the program was initiated. These standard requirements read as follows: "In order to provide safety controls for protection to the life and health of em ployees and other persons; for prevention of damage to property, materials, supplies, and equipment; and for avoidance of work interruptions in the performance of this contract; the contractor will comply with all pertinc t provisions of Corps of Engi neers manual, EM 385-1-1, dated 13 March 1958, entitled General Safety Requirements, as amended, and will also take or cause to be taken such additional measures as the Contracting Officer may determine to be reasonably necessary for the purpose." "Daring the performance of work under the contract, the contractor shall comply with all procedures prescribed by the con tracting officer for the control and safety of persons visiting the job site and will comply with such requirements to prevent accidents as may be specified under the Special Conditions of these specifications or issued by the Contracting Officer. "The contractor will maintain an ac curate record of, and will report to the contracting officer in the manner and on the forms prescribed by the contracting officer, exposure data and all accidents re sulting in death, traumatic injury, occupa tional disease, and/or damage to property, materials, supplies and equipment incident to work performed under this contract "The contracting officer trill notify the contractor of any noncompliance with the foregoing provirions and the action to be taken. The contractor shall, after receipt of such notice; immediately take corrective action. Such notice; when delivered to the contractor or his representative at the rite of the work, shall be deemed sufficient for the purpose. If the contractor fails or re fuses to comply promptly, the contracting officer may issue an order stopping all or part of the work until satisfactory cor rective action has been taken. No part of the time lost due to any such stop order shall be made the subject of claim for ex tension of time or for excess costs or damages by the contractor." "Compliance with the provisions of this article by sub-contractors will be the re sponsibility of the contractor." As time passed the bugs in our require ments began to show up. We found that our safety requirements manual needed revision. To date it has been revised three times. We found that general safety requirements were not always sufficient to obtain the standards we desired so for certain types of work additional special conditions were developed. And" then we found- that regardless of what we wrote or how carefully we wrote it, our intent and purpose was not clearly understood. Our language failed to put over our intentions. We found that contractors had many ideas on what a safety program was and what we expected of them with respect to the administration of an accident prevention program. To offset these deficiencies we placed the following in our contract specifications: "Prior to commencement of work the contractor will-- "Submit in writing his proposals for effectuating the provirions for Accident Prevention. "Meet in conference with representative of the contracting officer to discuss and develop mutual understandings relative to the administration of the over-all safety program." These requirements were first developed and tried out in my division of the Corps of Engineers in the Pacific Northwest They proved successful and are now used through out the Corps of Engineers. In practice it works as follows: After a contract is signed the contractor is given a notice to proceed with the work. In the no tice to proceed his attention is invited to the contract requirements on safety and he is told that the first thing he roust do is submit his safety program. When his program is re ceived he is contacted and a conference is 71 t 1960 National Safety Congress arranged. At the conference the contractor and his staff sit down with the Corps of En gineer personnel who will supervise his work. The contractor's safety program is discussed in detail. The contractor is advised where we think his program is deficient He is in vited to ask questions regarding any of our requirements and he is told exactly what we will expect him to do in detail We tell him how we will administer the program and who will be responsible, and we ask him how he proposes to administer the program in his organization. All understandings and agreements are recorded and the document is signed by the contractor and a representa tive of the Corps of Engineers. It is then retained as a supplement to the contract by both the contractor and the Corps of Engineers. I have given you a brief outline of the Corps of Engineers approach to contracting accident prevention. I recognize that your problems in contract work may be dissimilar to ours. In many instances our contracts are large: We have direct supervision of the work and can watch the contractor as he performs. the observations I have made regarding mis understandings and vague statements. Let me invite your attention to two spe cific things that you are asking for--a writ ten program and attendance at a pre-work meeting. To comply the contractor must give safety some thought, and if the conference held with him is conducted properly, he will receive a liberal education in what accident prevention means to him. Our experience has been that the safety program, particularly the first one that a contractor prepares, is often deficient and perhaps of questionable value. It does, how ever, offer a medium for discussion that is so essential in constructive understandings where contract relations are involved. It be comes the basis on which your conference discussion revolves and most important, of all, it is something the contractor brings to you not something you present to him. These suggestions are the initial steps that could be taken. Study of your experience with these requirements in your contracts and the degree of success you obtain through them will dictate what further action is required. Your contracts, particularly in logging, may involve small crews scattered in the woods with operations that it would be both expensive and impractical to supervise in detail I can visualize an early determination that specific requirements are desirable. The areas of need for example might be: (a) Requirements on equipment standards such as well equipped trucks. Notwithstanding these differences and the difficult aspects that your contract opera tions present, I firmly believe that much can be done in your industry to improve your contractual safety relationship. I would suggest the following approach: 1st--Through your Association as Pulp and Paper Manufacturers issue a general notice to all contractors in your area that contracts in the future will contain accident prevention requirements and that in the fu ture successful bidders will be required to submit an outline of their safety program. 2nd--Place a requirement in your con tracts that will provide that prior to com mencing work the contractor null submit to you a written outline of his safety program and that be will meet with you to discuss it in detaiL Perhaps you will say that such provisions would serve no purpose--that they are broad and general and that they are contrary to (b) Standards for loading and securing loads. (c) Requirements covering regular safety inspections. It may be found desirable to obtain and keep records on the contractor's accident experience. As such requirements are placed in your contracts, the need for enforcement will grow, and it may be found desirable to place in your contract a penalty clause for noncompliance. Initially the penalties should not be too severe. If they don't work they can be tightened up later. The supervision of isolated and dispersed contract operations presents administrative difficulties. We have found however that good understandings regarding operational practices prior to the commencement of work, inspection of equipment before it goes to work and periodic spot field inspections goes a long way in obtaining satisfactory control 72 ,'arding mis- iaP\ to! 1 spo or--* writa pre-work >r must give conference :riy, he will lat accident the safety one that a efident and . does, howaon that is lerstandings Ived. It beconference iportant, of ir brings to 7 him. tl steps that experience mtracts and in throngh r action is ination that i. The areas it standards Joint Session With Wood Products Section I believe that initially, some of your con tractors will look upon contract accident pre vention requirements with some apprehension. They will bring all maimer of objections into the picture such as costs, labor prob lems, inability to obtain materials or equip ment, enforcement difficulties and many other actual and imaginary problems. The pre-work conference is the place to pull all of these matters into the open and then mutually find the means to overcome the real problems and once and for all dis credit the imaginary ones. We have found in the Corps of Engineers that it is not a matter of bring arbitrary over requirements. Concessions can be made for real cause but where justifiable cause is lacking we are firm in our demands for full and complete compliance, always recognizing that voluntary acceptance is far better than enforced compliance. As we know, and as has been provenracddent prevention is more than an ideal or a religious and a moral obligation. Worthy and justifiable as such motives arc; there is an economic advantage that accrues from accident prevention. While it is regrettable that the moral ob ligation does not carry more weight, it must be conceded that the talking point that gen erally turns the non-believer into the be liever is dollars and cents. Both parties in contractual agreements have a mutual financial interest in accident costs. It matters little whether the contract b for construction or for logging; accident costs become a part of the cost of the work bring performed. The contractor feels them first, but if he stays in business they have to be reflected in hb bids. The accident prevention problem in con tractual relationships b certainly not insur mountable. There must however be a sincere desire by the parties concerned to do some thing about it The best team b the team that pulls together--not- because they are forced to but because they want to for their own mutual benefits. Thb holds in contrac tual relationships, and the best way of de veloping such attitudes b by mutual under standing of the objectives desired and the means by which the objectives will be ob tained. We cannot overlook the time proven fact that-- "No safety program regardless of its perfection has the smallest chance of being a success if top management of the or ganisation is not completely, sold on . the idea that accident prevention is a necessity." obtain and 's accident cd in your ement will ble to place e for nonsbould not 1c they can i dispersed ninistrathre never that operational cement of `ore it goes inspections satisfactory 73 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING SESSIONS JOINT SESSION WITH SMALL BUSINESS AND ASSOCIATIONS DIVISION Ray Ellis, Jr. (National Safety Council) : Approximately eight years ago the American Mutual Insurance Alliance decided upon a grant to the National Safety Council in or der that they might reach the small busi nesses. The initial efforts were in the area of bringing small businessmen together in a conference type of activity. We found that this was notably unsuccessful because most of the small businessmen ran the plant them selves, or had JoKnor JdeTtheir brother, or someone assisting them, and they didn't have the time. So we began to look about where we might find a contact that was geared to the individual businessman. Generally, this was the association, because here was the person with the know-how in areas of new tech niques, new equipment, and they had the latest on legislation, taxation, better account ing systems for a particular business; and we felt that perhaps here was where an effective effort could be made. Consequently, we have worked in that area and some of the mate rial before you is tied in with that effort One of our most recent surveys of the U. S. Department of Commerce indicates there are 4,700,000 businesses in America. Aproximately 87 per cent employ four or less. There are only 3,100 that employ more than 1,000 in a plant Consequently', we have 87 per cent of the businesses of America that are small and that do need some assistance in this area of safety*, be cause they aren't about to hire a safety director or establish a full blown safety* program. There are 12,500 associations in these United States. We have 300 of them par ticipating. We have an additional group, a mailing list of some 900. So we are short by a figure well up in the thousands of getting the story out and about, which is one of the reasons we are happy to meet with you today. Showing further contact and real effective safety activity, from the period 1952 through 1960, there are 52 associations that received the National Safety Council Asso ciation award. The Can Manufacturers In stitute just received Award No. 7, which indicates that we are very much in the business of doing something about it There are a lot of things to do if we are going to expand this type of a program. We feel that there must be some initial contacts made. There has to be a selling job: We must convince the individual asso ciation executive that here is a service that is of great value and great importance to him. Our association consultant, John Curry*, had the experience of working with a fold ing paper box association in the initial steps of organizing a program. They sat down in a meeting room and Indeed the thing around, and derided they really had a problem. After a period of some six years, their executive director spoke to one of our meetings about two years ago, and advised that they had 98 per cent participation of the companies, and that they had been able to reduce accident experience to the time of 14 to 16 million dollars in savings. We have to sell the association executive that here is a service, so that when the irate member says, "What have you done for me recemly?" The executive can say, "We have been assisting you in a program that is saving in premiums" or whatever it may* be, "somewhere in the neighborhood of X number of dollars." We found that in addition to these con tacts, one of the important things that must be accomplished is the survey. This is a dirty word on the American scene to day, but unfortunately it is the only way we can get the facts. And if we decide to kick off a program by having a big contest, we are going to be in trouble; bemuse the D al effective iriod 1952 iations that and! Assoctmers Ini. 7, which tch in the it it There : are going am wme initial e a selling idual assoservice that portance to jhn Carry. rith a foldinitial steps at down in ing around, i problem, ear ^-their le; /our ind advised dpation or 1 been able the tune of SS. i executive when the : you done e can say, a program whatever it ighborhood these conhing^ that rvey. This t scene to- only way : decide to ng contest, lecause the Printing and Publishing Sessions little guy who needs the most hdp isn't about to enter a contest If we decide to go into a program with reports and he doesn't have the time, he may later, if he realizes that it is an important factor in developing safety and having a better experience in saving dollars. Once these surveys have been accom plished, they are forwarded to the National Safety Council and the statistical depart ment analyzes them. We review them and then make some recommendations as to what we think should be done. You have before you this little brochure "Small Business." Under "Suggested Solu tion" on page 3, we suggest that one of the first things that should be accomplished after you have the facts, is to organize an association safety committee, headed by somebody who is respected within the asso ciation, someone who is recognized as bring a good operator, someone whose word means something to the particular industry. If he already has a good safety program, he can be a key man in assisting. Then we have an education job. We will find consistently, as we work through this survey, that there might be as much as 80 to 90 per cent that didn't even answer. They didn't answer because they didn't know how or they didn't care, or they didn't have the facts and were a little afraid of the whole thing, or they didn't think it was really important. You would be amazed how many people say, "I sent my check and paid my insurance premiums. I have a safety pro gram." This isn't so. It just isn't so. There is more that has to be done. So we go through almost a year feeding them with bulletins, preferably a one page bulletin that will hit them each month, talk ing about cost, talking about success--for instance, where one small operator went into a safety program as one of his management responsibilities, and what it has meant to his little company, what it has meant in profit and in the fact they have not lost people who should have been on the job doing a job. Then we finally reach the point where we start getting some accident data to them. We get their interest They begin to say "what should we do?" We suggest, "If you have an accident put in an extra carbon when you report to your insurance company so the association can get the facts." We can `use this for further bulletins. We don't identify the company, but maybe there is something, say, a piece of equipment that we ought to alert everybody about or an inspection program to be started on a specific item. Perhaps there is a strange ac cident one in a million, that we ought to alert people about: "Here is something that can happen and you'd better check and see that your plant is in such a condition that it won't happen on your premises." So get the how and the what and get some cost information. We found in many associations that it takes: 5000 lines of bowling to get enough profit to pay for 100 accidents; or 1,740 cases of carbonated beverages to get enough profit to pay for 100 accidents; there are. 10,000 gallons of milk that go down the drain for every 100 accidents. There is one national food chain that studies accident ex perience among the public; and found that they bad to sell $30 million worth of food to pay for six months' of public claims. This is big business. So it becomes im portant Once we have done a selling job, we are up to the point where the industrial depart ment moves in. We look to them for tech nical aid. This is when you have been going for perhaps two or three years and you finally feel that now we should do some thing, we ought to start feeding additional information, technical aid, accident facts, contests. There are a number of organiza tions today that have co-sponsored safety contests with the National Safety Council. Now, moving * over to exhibits. Many times we proride material to the safety committee. This very day in Washington, D. C the American Nursing Home Asso ciation's annual meeting is being held at the Mayflower Hotel. Thar safety commit tee is manning a National Safety Council booth and are distributing material. This was a, cooperative effort with that group and the* Council. Visuals. When we get to working to gether, we use film strips, slides, movies, trying to get something that will be of value in extending safety to the member organization. Manuals. There is a tremendous coopera tive effort going on at the present time in the area of training. The American Meat 75 1960 National Safety Congress Institute, the National Independent Meat and work with other associations to continue Packers Association, held their first training to extend this work. course, a two day course, in September at the offices of the National Safety Council, a cooperative effort involving the industrial department and the associations reaching out and teaching management supervision bow to do a more effective safety job. This member of the industrial department may serve as an advisor to the committee of the association. We get involved with government en croachment Approximately two years ago the marine industry, because of an ex tremely high frequency, encountered legis lation which today has placed 114 men from the U. S. Department of Labor out in the field working with the marine industry. They are assisting several states in organizing training programs. They are working with Then the association awards which we mentioned earlier. This year for the first time we are following a policy, on the recommendation of our Small Business Association Committee, of presenting the award at one of the biggest meetings of that association. This gives a pat on the bade, as it were, to the individual associa tion executive in front of these people. It also recognizes the fact that the award would not have been made if it had not been for the members and the effective job they had done cm behalf of safety. So it the unions in training programs, and we have a situation where they can go in today and can actually close the plant. This, by the way, was the reason that the American Meat Institute and the Independent Meat Packers have gotten up and moved. One of the assistants of the president of a local packing company was talking to Mitchell during the President's Safety Conference in March and was fold "You boys are next-" So they are trying to clean house in a hurry so they can reduce the accident ex perience. becomes an excellent device for public re We think that government should be con lations, for association relations with the cerned, but we also are of the opinion that public, and recognition of not only the asso the individual management should still have ciation but the member organizations. the option of electing and doing a job in Now we turn to the association, because they help us reach the small business, as I mentioned before. They enhance the public image not only of the Council but of the association. All too often the Council is known throughout the nation as "that gov ernment agency that gives information on holiday aeddents." We've got to sell a dif ferent image of the National Safety Coun cil because we are concerned across the board as you gentlemen wdl know. We were chartered specifically by the Congress of the United States to prevent accidents, and the association helps us in attaining the objective. The thing we like about the association is that it involves top management, because it is only when top management says "Here is something im portant Let's get up and go" that you are going to have an effective safety activity. This occurs whether the fellow has three people working for him or three thousand. the area of safety. We are not making idle threats on the thing. These are some of the facts that have occurred. We do fed that this is one of the reasons there ought to be an effective effort and a cooperative effort to do something about it Those are pretty much the facts and our story. We have a little booklet and a little leaflet that can be used by the association and given to the actual company so that they will have in a brief form some of the steps that might take to organize safetv within the small business. Then from the association point of view, we have a rather long, involved report, but it gives an idea of some of the kinds of activities in which associations have engaged in the past, that have permitted them to receive recognition. These are actually the points on which they are evaluated for participation in the Na tional Safety Council's annual awards. Chairman Bernard J. Taymans (Printing Industry of America): Those of you who It gives a long term dollar gain, as I have been working in this field recognize mentioned a little earlier, in talking about that Mr. Ellis has covered practically every the experience of the folding paper box dement that has to be thought of In asso association. It strengthens the National ciation safety devdopment and I think it is Safety Council so we can do a better job a wonderful facility to have a department 76 to^'fltinue rnraent en years ago of an extered legisi men from ' out in the lustry. They organizing irking with is, and we go in today t. This, by e American adent Meat red. One of of a local to Mitchell inference in ; are next" house In a icddent ex- uld be conipinion that d still have :g a job in making idle some of the b fed that ought to be air^jffort cts and our and a little association iny so that some of the nize safety l from the ve a rather res an idea es in which : past, that recognition, which they in the Naawards. s (Printing f yon who 1 recognize ically every of in asso- think it is department Printing and Publishing Sessions such as Ray Ellis's available to us in de veloping what we want to do in the graphic arts. While Ray was talking I was fingering through this list of associations, and the interesting thing is that most of the ones associated with the graphic arts have a blank line across from them with a note, rather than X marks, which shows that we have much to do in our field. I think it would be nice if we were to open it for questions, Ray. This is a service of the National Safety Council which we can take full advantage of in our local areas and at your national leveL Here in Chicago, for example; you have in mind a program for he Chicago printers, and I would imagine that some of the fa cilities of the Association Committee, par ticularly in your creating an awareness .on the part of management, might be a very useful thing, wouldn't you think? Member of group: Yes, I think it would. We haven't worked very deeply into it, but I had some thoughts on it prior to our meeting. A professional organization could give ns a great deal of hdp in getting our baric organization started. I think probably from the insurance company standpoint; too, we should get a lot of information that would be useful 1 don't know whether you could hdp us or not Just what money can be gained from some of the large printing organiza tions getting active in a state-wide safety program, in their own insurance rates? Mr. Ellis: One is somewhat rductant to give a promise that you are going to cash in on the program. What we certainly found to be consistently true--and there are some insurance organizations' representatives here this morning that I think will bear me out --is that once a program "gets rolling and you begin to change the experience in an individual plant, it is certainly going to be reflected in the total program. Some pro grams are currently bring sold across the board and they are working with an in dustry; and then you start to get a national picture that can be affected over a period of rime; where you actually reach the point where it affects the manual rate. This is established by the experience of your small est, as well as your largest plants. After a period of concerted effort, you finally reach the point where you can go to your national board on compensation in New York and can obtain a reduction in rate. This has been accomplished by several associations, where the national picture was involved. We have representatives here from that type of program. Chairman Taymans: Do you work in Canada? Mr. Ellis: Yes. As a matter of fact, the vice chairman of our Small Business Asso ciation Committee is very much from the Canadian scene: He is up in British Colum bia and has the paper and pulp, the lumber ing end of the thing. So we work in Canada as well. Chairman Taymans: I think this is an opportunity to work with your Canadian group, sometime to invite someone from the Association Committee to come up. I think it is wonderful when you can pick up a piece of paper which organizes the thing A, B, C, right down a check list. I was talking to Ray on the phone and asked him if there was such a thing, where you can pick up something that does all your think ing, and all you have to do is run down the track. It saves a tremendous amount of time. I would think that someone from their operation, talking to your top manage ment people, would be wonderful. * H. Burt Wallace (Montreal Star): There is no Canadian association list This is an American association in essence. I think we've got a lot to gain from the National Safety Council, even in Canada, and I cer tainly will try to push this thing with our local Industrial accident prevention associa tion. Mr. Ellis: This is one of the things that happened. A number of your provinces have received awards, but two years ago, by ac tion of the Committee on Awards, they eliminated the professional safety groups. So we do have considerable contact with the groups. Unfortunately, they are no longer in a position to qualify for recogni tion and awards. I' am hoping that there will be something accomplished at the Na tional Safety Council level that will give some recognition to that type of associa tion or the local safety council. Chairman Taymans: That would not in any way interfere with the type of organiza tion that you r-e working with? 1960 National Safety Congress Mr. Wallace: No. I think this particular association gets none of its material from the National Safety Council. They have it printed with their association name. But I find in this particular case--and I suppose it is the case in similar organizations--that there is a tremendous lade of drive in many respects. I am not trying to make them look silly, but they hold meetings once a month and discuss certain matters and depart That is, for the rest of the month. I feel if we are going to achieve anything in the acci dent prevention field in Canada, we've got to have a more forceful approach to this thing. If I can do anything, I certainly shall. Chairman Taymans: I am constantly amazed at what you find in the organization of the National Safety Council that you can just pick up and use. When I was talk ing to^ Harry Johnson about this meeting, I asked him about something like this for associations. Like many other things that you inquire about, you find everything pro fessionally developed and all ready* for your use. You just look around a bit and you will find out what there is to make use of. Walter McArcfle, who is our President, is not able to be here because certain other things came into the picture. This was intended as an informal discus sion session, in a sense, a task force, where we would identify the things that might be most helpful in terms of trying to get safetyorganization--I won't say started, because I think we've got a good start--reactivated in some areas. I think what we want to talk about is: What materials are available? What aids can we draw on that we don't have to develop for ourselves? What are the facilities available from the insurance companies and other sources? What procedures would be the best to follow in our local areas, or in our national associations ? Who are the people, what levels are we trying to reach in the graphic arts? I think we want to reach management with an awareness of a program. We want to reach personnel and administrative type people, who do the purchasing of equipment, and who control the personnel activities. We want to reach our supervisors and front line management people and then, finally, through them, reach the people on the job. So I think we are talking about the whole package of safety, with the recognition that it is going to be sometime before we get into all of the aspects of it that have to be tackled. We have here today some representatives from some of the insurance field. I think it might be nice to start with an indication of what might be available from insurance groups or insurance companies. John L. Pickens: I am with Hartford Accident but I am representing the Asso ciation of Casualty Insurance Companies. Let me say- that as an association of about 140 stock insurance companies, we are pre pared to counsel with your group. There might be certain materials that we might suggest to you, or assist you with. But the bulk of our activity would have to be con ducted by our member companies; in other words, as an association, we would simply advise our member companies. We would keep' them informed of things that they might do. We. would stimulate them a bit. but the actual work with any of your establishments or your association, which ever level you are talking about, would have to come through the individual com pany, some 140 stock insurance companies. We work with other associations. We sit on their committees, and we advise our people to put them in touch. When all is said and done, I think the pay-off is going to come from what is done in your indi vidual establishments, not what is done on an association level. You as an association are trying to get this down into your vari ous plants and locations; and at that point, if we happen to be the company that is insuring that operation, that is where we should step in and reinforce the program that has been established. But we are reluc tant to go into a plant and work on that level unless we are carrying the insurance, for obvious reasons. We are not cutting anybody's throat and we don't want them cutting our throat. I am sure the mutuals feel the same way. We will be most happy- to make sugges tions to you. We have a great amount of material that might be applicable. You would have to secure them probably through your carriers. I would hesitate to commit the association to the provirion of this type of material to the/*4H)le Ml )at e wc get ave to be sentadves . I think indication insurance Hartford lie Assoompanies. of about : are pretp. There are might - But the o be con; in other Id simply Ve would that they n a bit. of your a, wbichit, would hial com* ompanies. s. We sit ivise our > done on issoriadon ronr varihat point, .y that is where we program are reluck on that insurance, at cutting rant them e mutuals x suggesunount of foo would jugh jour issodadon oaterial to Printing and Publishing Sessions your association, although they probably would be willing to make it available on a purchase basis. But if our company, for example, insured a particular operation, we then would, without question, make this available without cost, to those we insure. We aren't going to make it available to anyone we don't insure on too large a basis, obviously. We work with the Associated General Contractors of America, and with the New York Hotel Association. I work with the Private Truck Council of America. There are a great many associations we work with, but we carry this to the point where we stimulate our member companies to do some thing to help the companies that they are insuring. Chairman Taymans: Would the method of working - together possibly be through jxmr alliance? We would make known the kind of assistance we would like to have and then perhaps they would communicate with their affiliated companies? Mr. Pickens: Yes, bj* consultation with \-our association people, representatives of the stock companies; probably representa tives of mutual companies. I don't know if you have anybody from the mutuals. Member of group: It is reciprocal and mutual? Mr. Pickens: In all segments, whatever segments of the insurance industry you can get You could sit down and agree that this is the program, and this is the type of assistance that you might look to your in surance carrier to receive. Then the insur ance associations will see that all their mem ber companies are advised and stimulated to do something. Chairman Taymans: You mentioned one thing which we are quite interested in. We would like to tell our companies who take an interest in insurance what they might ask their insurance carrier for. Not all the carriers have the same facilities or same information. But, in any event, we can get our people to begin to use what they can get from their carrier. That would be a step forward. Mr. Pickens: Right You might encour age them to say to their insurance carriers, "Are you in a position to help us with this?" Chairman Taymans: In a local area we are interested in getting engineering speak ers, or other people who are qualified, to assist the association at the local level in developing and conducting classes. This doesn't mean that they work full time in handling the class, but work with them and assist them, the alliance perhaps talting over some of the sessions of selected subjects. Mr. Pickens: We would do that We've worked for years with the National Com mittee for Motor Fleet Training Commit tee. In that case we provide lecturers, let's say, to assist in every part of the country any university that wants to put on a course of this type. They have someone they can turn to, representing insurance. They turn to them for counsel in preparing a program, serving as lecturers, or providing material, or whatever else is needed. We can do the same thing here: Chairman Taymans: Then I think the third main area is that; as we develop industry-wide information, we would tike the assistance of the insurance companies in reviewing and perhaps improving the pro gram. We presently have a manual for training with a teacher's guide, and this group of people for the Printing and Pub lishing Section have developed certain tech nical aids in this field. I think our insurance people could be of great assistance to us, particularly from the standpoint of knowl edge of the frequency of accidents, or the kind of things that we might work on, to avoid the most costly or the most severe accidents. In the area of technical informa tion, I think you could help us. This would be on a national bass. So I gather from what your opinion is, that in these three areas you could work with us as an alliance? Mr. Pickens: I see no reason why we couldn't, as long as we made it clear that on the actual individual company level it would have to come through our member companies, rather than through the asso ciation. Chairman Taymans: There we would be looking for communication from the alli ance to those companies to interest them in, first of all, knowing what we are doing and encouraging their cooperation. Harry C Johnson (National Safety Council): I was wondering if you were .--TV I960 National Safety Congress acquainted with Roy Falkner's story' in re sit down and do what we can to work gard to the insurance alliances that have it out been brought up at our executive commit tee from time to time? Roy Falkner was talking for all types of insurance when he was at our executive committee meeting. The Association of Casualty Companies organization is separate. They work to gether occasionally but there is no one overall group. The mutual alliance is a national group of mutual companies. The casualty group are a national association. D. H. Grothatis (McCall Corp., Dayton): They did aid in some program in Wash ington, this mutual company. Chairman Taymans: Ray Falkner of the Liberty Mutual participated in a training session--I think it was put on in more than one city. Mr. Grothaus: Russ Thompson was quite interested and was on thb committee. I am sure they can both help you. I think they gave some help on the program you spoke of. F. J. Dodson (Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston): This is a report Mr. Falkner wrote last year and it answers most of the I have Falkner s report here if anybody- questions I just heard. 1 will try to spot cares to see it that. Chairman Taymans: To clarify Harry's point, there is an Association of Casualty and Surety Companies, which is a national stock company group. There is an organiza The Washington chapter conducted the program in February of 1957. It was con sidered a successful meeting and an engi neer from our company conducted a course. tion which b called Alliance of Mutual Companies, which Mr. Falkner represents. He was designated by them for representa tion at tins meeting but he was not able to be here. I am hoping he sent you here as hb representative. We have two district organizations. There were two safety councils and some one person couldn't represent the two. The Los Angeles chapter expressed in terest and our engineer attended a planning meeting but got insufficient members to make it worthwhile and they dropped it. In the Southwest Division, when ap proached by Houston, San Antonio and Oklahoma City, only the Houston chapter decided to go ahead. They organized a pro gram and as the time drew near, the in Mr. Johnson: I understand that. At our meeting, just to make my point dear, he made the statements in our minutes that he was sure that the casualty stock companies and the mutual companies would be more than happy to go along and work this thing out, because we were talking about our terest appeared to be only present within the organization, and the executive secretarysaid the larger members in Houston had either just completed a program or their insurance carrier was starting a program. They suggested that it be postponed and reconsidered at a later date. training course that this committee has set We were approached in Cincinnati and up. There b a 21-week training course and we had a conference with Mr. Rockawav it b necessary to get some engineers from on thb subject He indicated he would pre .the various insurance companies, whether sent the idea to hb people and later advised they be casualty or mutual companies, all that there was not enough interest The to come in and give their services wherever same thing occurred in Los Angeles after these courses are to be put on. That was two attempts to start It was dropped again. hb pitch at the time that we were talking In Detroit there was considerable discussion about it but it was never undertaken. Mr. Pickens: I am sure that the mutuab, the stock companies, the independents, the redprocab, as a matter of principle, would all endorse the same type of assistance we give. I'm sure Mr. Dodge would agree. We are trying to do what we can and if there is something we can't do, we will just say we can't do it We are certainly happy to In Boston it was decided to work through Boston University, which expressed inter est in putting it on as a course in the adult extension program in the second semester of 1958. They advertised it widely, and after the course was about to start they found there were only three registrants, so they dropped it 80 1 ( jork Dayton): in Wash- aer of the a training i in more was quite littee. Insurance r. Falkner tost of the rv to spot iucted tiie . was con1 an engii a course. tressed ina planning embers to jpped it when apitonio and in chapter zed a proir. the inent "ithin e ^ larv mstoh bad i or their . program, poned and innati and Rockawav would preter advised crest The geles after tped again, discussion rk through ssed interi the adnlt i semester idely, and start they strants, so Printing and Publishing Sessions Mr. Falkner in this report said it seems evident to him that in the individual areas it was difficult to get together a sufficient group to justify die time of the organization people, who would have to do the pre liminary work for arranging the program, making the necessary reservations and doing all the detail work. In every one of these cases there was an engineer on hand available to do the work if it were undertaken. But, as you can see, Washington was the only chapter that ac tually completed the course. We stood by to help on any future occasion, but we have heard nothing further since that time. Chairman Taymans: I think that is evi dence of the fact that we as an industry did not do the necessary preparatory work to take advantage of the facilities you offered, Mr. Dodson: 1 think Mr. Falkner was of the opinion that good work was done at the chapter level but they weren't success ful He didn't undertake to say why, but they didn't succeed in getting enrollments. But he did fed there was real work done. In some places he was highly compli mentary. Chairman Taymans: I didn't say there wasn't, but we don't do enough to get the interest to justify utilizing the faalities you made available to us. The first thing we have to do is quite obvious--create an interest in and an awareness on the part of management that this is something they should take advantage of. Unless we do that, there isn't much point in fining up engineers or facilities to meet with these people. Mr. Dodson: You might be interested in what we did in each case. When we learned of die chapter's interest, we instructed our senior engineer what his responsibilities would be and directed him to contact die chapter, make himself available. And then we offered to give him further assistance by supplying guest lecturers. One part of that program indudes a discussion of industrial hygiene, occupa tional disease exposure. We proposed in each case to have a hygienist take over that lecture. There was another subject--I think it was mechanical guards, where we were to supply another lecturer. So the local engi neer would conduct the educational phase and the technical phase would be handled by men of more spedalized background. I would like to know, because he doesn't say_ exactly, what you consider a fair ap praisal of the Washington performance? Chairman Taymans: I am not familiar with that. But I would like to ask you this question, which is the purpose of our dis cussion this morning. If we are able to interest and attract an adequate number of people at the local levd--let's take Chicago as an illustration. The Chicago association I understand has under consideration the conducting of a training course of some type in this area. Assuming that we get adequate enrollment and adequate interest, is it still so that your company, and maybe other companies in the mutual fidd, would hdp the group at the local levd by making engineers and other people available to hdp in this training program? Mr. Dodson: Yes, indeed. And the alli ance wants to cooperate, too. Chairman Taymans: I think this is the important factor. If all local organizations do the necessary work to get the manage ment people interested, they have a wealth of material already developed, and if they can have professional hdp from a group such as yours, I see no reason why they don't have a training program. Mr. Dodson: In our case we have addi tional material, which we propose to sup plement the course with, as extra reading material and extra reference material that we are going to -supply the dasses. Just to round it out, the stuff that we use with all our policy holders is just as pertinent to your industry as to many others. Mr. Grothaus: I think this Washington thing is sort of vague, but some of you remember we did have a Washington rep resentative from the executive committee, from printing. There was a Rusty Thompson who was with the Navy Department He was hot on this. But during the time we had this and it was going good, he dropped out of this executive group. We sort of lost out We had heard, or it was reported to us, that this was fairly successful in Washington. That is about all we know. Chairman Taymans: I gather die mutual people are standing by to hdp ns? Mr. Dodson: Yes. 1960 National Safety Congress Alfred A. Jasser (Anchor Chemical ments of the plant or interruptions, reduc Corp, Brooklyn); I think there is one very tions. pertinent fact. Maybe tins is a ally ques tion, but how do we get the rank and file of management to continue their interest after an initial meeting. This does not involve a great deal of time on anyone's part because they have a permanent trade association safety commit, tee which is the publication committee for Stu Mansfield ran a meeting in New this quarterly. York Gty in 1952, I think, and had 300 to 400 people. Many of them were hot, and then slowly it petered down to just the people who are members of PIA and Na tional Safety Council. I think the failure there, in my talking to people in the field, was that there wasn't enough to followthrough. Mr. Jasser: One of the factors we were told as you came in this morning is that 87 per cent of the businesses in this coun try are small business firms, and I dare say that figure is even worse for the printing business. I guess perhaps 90 per cent or 95 per cent are small business people. And. unlike the pulp field, where the figure might Perhaps it Chicago is going to tty the be reversed, where it requires a tremendous same thing, it might be necessary to filter capital to get into the pulp end. printers down to die individual members a little have to be approached. I think, in a dif more, perhaps get them off their lacka ferent way. daisical attitude. I don't know whether it should be done in the form of more meet ings, or whether it is necessary to have literature come to them. But I dunk PIA can help in die bulletin that comes out to all of the members, who are not members of the National Safety Council, to be aware of the program. They may not be pushed enough. First, there is no organized safety com mittee among the vast majority of printers. PIA and the National Safety Counci] have an association. I am a member through my company, and I dare say this is one of the smallest industry-wide committees of alL We've got to get out to the people who, Ellis said, are the bulk of the small busi ness in our field. We have to find another It might be interesting to perhaps get some of the unions, and most of the plants have unions who have a committee on safety, such as the Amalgamated; perhaps the way, other than an established quarterly, other than the established National Safetyletter which I find interesting, we have to interest the others who don't receive this. Craftsman movement is involved in this. Mr. Dodson: I won't pursue or argue In that way*, push them toward this feeling for it I do believe if you had a good sec that something has to be done. tion of the industry reporting its experi Mr. Dodson: May I offer a suggestion. We are very dose to the Paper and Pulp Trade Association, and I think they do an outstanding job of keeping the interest of their members. I think it is largely through a quarterly publication, which is derated to safety; that goes to management and the people who are responsible for the safety program. I think the most interesting thing that they report in it are some statistics. They divide the country into zones. They have a ences it would be fairly typical of both large and small accident experiences. We. for example, have a report coming into our home office on every accident that is esti mated to cost $5,000 or more. And I looked it up before I came and so far this year we have 17 such cases in your industry, which is just Liberty MutuaLOther com panies don't do it so we don't combine. We would be glad to pool it, if you had it. If you had as many as 100 accidents, major accidents, in your industry, regardless of the size of tite plant I think it would be very- reporting procedure. They report severity educational to the small people. and frequency', and they report spedfic dis cussions, descriptions and solutions for all of the major high cost accidents that are reported. These are a little dramatic be Chairman Taymans: I would like to come bade to your point One of the purposes of this morning's meeting is, how* do we organize to accomplish this? But getting cause sometimes they* are fatalities and back to something else that was said, which quite often they involve major disarrange gets over into the area of incentive and 82 at deal of ficy have a lyccmmitnmittee for s we were ing Is that this coonI dare say he printing cent or 95 sople. And. gure might tremendous id. printer? . in a dit- afety com-' >f printers, mncfl have hrough my one of the es of a)L eople who, snail bustnd another quarterly, nal Safetyre have to s^'\this. i_>gue good secits experi1 of both aices. We. ig into our tat is estid I looked this year - industry, - Kher com; combine, pou had it. nts, major less of the Id be very* <e to come : purposes vk do we tit getting aid, which mtive and Printing and Publishing Sessions motivation for management, Stu has some for anything, any pain or ache or disability information which I wish he would tell us that is alleged to have occurred while a about, whether there is a cost relationship person is working. here between what you do and what others do. This may be applicable in the large company but I think we can show that it is applicable to a group of companies in the local areas. Of course; we charge ourselves an annual premium, the same as if we were insured with an insurance carrier, and we base it upon the prevailing rate. We keep our ex perience and we rate ourselves each year, G. Stuart Mansfield (Western Publishing based upon the past three years' experience, Co.) : This is a survey that 1 made of our operating it the same as the insurance com own operation in the Poughkeepsie area. panies do. With all due respect to the carrier repre sentatives, we lave found that it is cheaper ior us to be self insured in New York State because of the high rates. You will notice that the combined totals of medical and compensation paid over the entire period, from 1948 to 1959, is around $87,000 as against $500,000 that we have We have found that in 1948 the average charged ourselves. So you can see why per compensation cost per claim (this takes in haps we are self insured. The outstanding the serious cases and the lost time cases, reserves that we are carrying on open cases etc.) was costing us somewhere around at the present time amount to approximately S94S2, and the medical charges were run $45,000. But the difference that we have ning around $20.04 per case, and the com saved between what premiums w-e would bined cost was $32iS0. have paid and what actual losses we have In 1939 the average cost per claim--this takes into consideration there was an in crease in rates because the compensation rate from 1948 went from 32 to 150; and also the fact that the hospital costs in New York State have been increased by some 58 per cent and medical cost by 45 per cent--so the average cost in 1959 per claim for com pud, and the reserves we now have on our books, has given us quite a bit of money to play with in the way of promoting a safety program. Chairman Taymans: Here you can see that a company that has its own operation is quite conscious of every penny it spends in that field. pensation payment alone was $379.20, and Lloyd L. Lott: In certain of the local the average medical was $47.71, and the associations, a city-wide workmen's com combined average compensation and medical pensation plan has been established which is $94.44. I understand has the potential, if the ex So you can see that these, things, and these perience is good, of saving money for the are not what we call loaded figures in any printers in this area. Is that right? way--the insurance men know what I mean Chairman Taymans: You have started --these are actual dollars and cents that with several of-our associations a program have been paid to individuals for medical where, if they are successful in reducing care and treatment that has been rendered. the experience in that area, the printers are It is interesting to note that in 1959 the going to realize a savings, is that not total cost in monies paid to the injured correct? worker was about $6400; the money paid to This is one of the incentives that I think the hospitals and the doctors was $6500. we must consider in doing what you have in It is the old stoiy. who is getting hit in the mind, which is getting management inter head with a bride? ested. Would you like to say a few words Of course, there has been an increase in about what your program is? the number of claims, probably higher in Mr. Lott: I'm Lloyd Lott with Bruce proportion to our particular population; but Dodson and Company of Kansas City. We again we are faced with a social insurance are small potatoes in the insurance business, program In New York State, where, if we but we have four small reciprocal and mu listed our accidents only, under a definition tual companies. Through the reciprocal ex of accident, the number of claims that we change we have offered this plan to a num had would be reduced by better than 80 ber of printing groups. I think we have per cent However, as you know, we pay four or five perhaps. 1960 National Safety Congress Basically, it works ox this plan. We take a certain per cent for the cost of doing busi ness. I can't mention the figure because there is some conflict with state laws, but, roughly, a third is the amount that we get for doing business in providing insurance. Then the balance of that dollar, the large segment of the pie-shaped dollar, is available for two things: Paying losses, claims, com pensation claims, and what is not paid out for claims is returned to the members as savings at the end of the year. It could be up to 70 per cent. If they bad a perfect year, they would get 70 per cent of their premium dollar back. Now, all premiums go into one pot, and all losses into another pot, and they are bal anced at the end of the year. That means they have to have a common expiration date, and policies are cancelled and rewritten at no charge for that, to get that common ex piration date. That, basically, is the plan and incentive. As for the members, their first interest is to get a large savings. Naturally that is the thing that seems to appeal to them most. Of course, it is important, but we try to make them understand that that perhaps is even one of the least benefits they can have from having a good accident record. The efficiency that they achieve, the production that they build up, are of even more benefit to them than the direct dollar savings. Chairman Taymans: You do have an en gineering service to associations that goes into the program. What is that? Mr. Lott: I am manager of the loss pre vention department of our companies and our engineers call upon our policy holders. We wait until they are members, usually, before we give any service, although there are exceptions to that As this gentleman here mentioned, there are quite a lot of them that are small companies with very few' employees. We don't offer the same plan for them that we would a large com pany that had two or three large plants and hundreds of employees. Actually, the incentive is the same, the objective is the same, but we approach it differently, natu rally, since a small company with 10 or 15 employees wouldn't need a safety committee. If they have several hundred, we would meet the president of the company and ex plain our objective: Then we would prob ably have a meeting with all of the depart ment heads, supervisors, foremen, people of that level, at which time we would, if they hadn't already done so, help them organize a safety committee and work with them on that level, making sure that they understood that our service was advisory and planning almost exclusively, that it was up to them to carry out their own program within their plant For the smaller companies we would have the same objective, but naturally it has to be more flexible, more acceptable. For instance, I suppose most of you here are familiar with the safety manual for the graphic arts industry, prepared by the Na tional Safety Council and the Graphic Arts Council. Well now, that is a fine manual but it has 91 pages. When we went into the printing group, I bought a number , of these and gave them free to our larger policy holders and asked them to use them, and they were glad to get them. But I found very few that actually used them or actually read them. They thumbed through, "That's fine. We could sure use that." And a month later I'd go back and inquire what they had done with it. They had done nothing. I'll tell you the truth, that in very few instances had they done anything more than thumb through it, and just a very brief once-over. We know that b always a problem, more or less. We have condensed that whole manual into a one-page, six article thing. The title is "A Basic Safety Program--To Prevent Injuries to Employees." They get the pic ture quickly. We do find that they will at least read and perhaps go along with a onepage deal. There are six points and 111 just highlight them. The first b selection of employees. The second is teach and train employees ; the* third b supervbion. This b the place where foremen other make or break your safety program, right here, by their supervision and the one above. Then the fourth b. institute a safety educational program; die fifth, make plant inspections; and sixth, study and analyze past accidents. Then there is a little subhead under each of those six main points. We found that for the small printer, this is acceptable. They have time for this. They can see the value of it. 84 oitP-'orobth{ krt- . pfeojfle of ild, if they n organize h them on understood d planning p to them ithin their we would aturally it ptable. f you here tal for the y the Naaphic Arts rje manual went into ramber of >ur""Iarger use them, ut I found Jr actually h. "That's d a month t the}* had thing. I'll f instances tan thumb once-over. i, more or le . -ilual The title J Prevent t the picey will at ith a oneid 111 just fees. The yees; the ace where Kir safety upervision fourth is. fram; the nd sixth, lien there those six inter, this his. They Printing and Publishing Sessions' Our engineers work along that line, judg ing the needs they may have, but basically to put across those six points, whether they have 20 employees or 2,000 or more. They make regular calls as many times a year as they can. Oftentimes it is only a couple of times a year. But we do keep in touch with them in the meantime. We have a monthly safety letter. It, too, is a short thing that will get read. Chairman Taymans: Would you be willing to personalize that to the printing industry? Mr. Lott: I think so. We certainly make it available to our members associations. We have a special letterhead and we try to get it all on one page. This is a monthly thing that we send out. We try to cover only one point at a time, something that is easy to read, interesting, informative and suggestive. So although we might have a company in sured that had only 20 or 30 employees, they would get at least one or two calls a year from our safety engineer after they had made their original call, and they would get monthly letters of this nature to tie in with anything unusual, or anything common to the industry, anything that is timely and of interest to you. I think that sums it up very generally. Chairman Taymans: The purpose of what we have done so far in our meeting was, first, to show what was available from the National Safety Council, and there is substantial material, and assistance there; what is the potential working with the stock and mutual companies, and Bruce Dodson, as I understand, is more over in a brokerage or independent field. I think we can agree, if we want to gear ourselves to use this, that there are tremendous facilities available for use to make sure of, if we will just organize ourselves to do it The purpose of this meeting is, how do we do that? To answer your question as to one of the things we are doing. We wrote to each of the associations in the country* several let ters. I am going to say we got back quite a few replies. We asked them if they would appoint a safety representative, contact man, chairman of the committee, whatever you want to call him. Here is a form that came back from the Louisville Association, for example. Charlie is our safety contact man with the Louisville Association. As far as we are concerned, we are going to look to Charlie to see that safety gets started in the Louis ville territory. We know that we have to give him a lot of help and a lot of assist ance. We are going to work with the presi dent of his association, and with the man ager of his association. We are also going to endeavor to educate the two board mem bers of his association to our board. If we make the thing simple in terms of procedure, materials available, and facili ties available, someone like Charles in Louis ville and like Jack in Illinois can become enthusiastic about this at the local level. All it needs is one person who is going to be forceful and enthusiastic about it in each city. If we give him the backing he needs, if we keep him stimulated and make him part of the picture, we will solve the problem of organizing safety and get train ing started- It will take ten years to do the job we really want to do. It will take forever to keep it going. I think the first step is to be sure of what is available, to be sure to know how* to take advantage of it, to find one man in each state. In New York City we need a man, like any other city. I think in these replies we have the beginning of it. To my knowledge, we never before had a man from Nashville at any of our meetings, and that is one of the areas that started this group on work men's compensation. Would you say that the printers in Nash ville are beginning to realize if they do something in this area next year, and the year after, they might save some dollers? There isn't a thing that makes more in centive for management than something that is going to cost less; That is not said in a detrimental way. That is, .the way business people think. I would like to have a discussion now as to what we indvidually and collectively think about the best steps to take. We have taken the first one. We have a number of cities that have indicated their representatives. Joseph E. Brown (Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co.): This might not be quite on that subject because I am not a member of your group. But I have two thoughts that I would like to inject in regard to what is available. 85 1960 National Safety Congress We were talking about the stock com thousand companies, the five employees or panies and the mutual companies and the under run something like 25 per cent We reciprocals. Perhaps you should also con are dealing, I think, more with a medium sider the ASSE, the American Society of size company, and the large. Safety Engineers. They have local chapters in a good many cities. 1 am not prepared to say offhand what their stand would be, but I am quite sure they would cooperate in connection with any training program you might have. There are a lot of very qualified local safety engineers in those local chapters. That might be a source of technical training personnel for you. The other thought is, here in Illinois we have an Illinois Manufacturers Association, and I think that probably is true in many other states. Russ Bartley here at the asso ciation is very much interested in the small Mr. Brown: There I don't think you will have nearly the problem. Chairman Tavmans: Would you say that in the very* small company--we are talking about three or four or five people--if we could get management in that company maybe once a month to put up a safetyposter, it we did nothing in the first year or so other than that, we would be taking a step in the right direction? Mr. Brown: Certainly. Chairman Tavmans: If he becomes part of some kind of a local area group, he business man. They had some activity in doesn't have the time to go to training the Illinois Manufacturers Association sev classes and he doesn't have time to assign eral years ago in regard to safety programs in the small plants. This was not limited to printing, but you mentioned how many of the printers are small. It seems that the problem there was. as you said, to get man agement back of this thing. In trying to initiate the program. I'm sorry' to say, it was not too successful. We sure tried hard. We had local meetings in different areas of the cities and some downstate areas, but the thing sort of petered out. I think what you have to do at the beginning is to get management genuinely interested- You would be in a better posi tion to do that within your own industry, through your activities. You can have a lot of fancy programs but they are not going to be worth a hoot unless you get the man in the establishment really inter ested in doing something. That seems to be your major problem in the beginning. Chairman Tavmans: Our percentage of companies isn't what Ray Ellis said here The majority with five or less employees amounts to 25 per cent. someone to safety; but I do think there are little things we can do, even with the very smal companies, that won't take any of his time but begin to create an idea of awareness to safety. In that area I think this off-the-job literature which the Council has, and that land of things, are things that are easy for him to use. He doesn't have to study a book to find out what is going on. Mr. Brown: In those smaller operations. I think this gentleman who had the idea of making something simple, had the right idea. You can't expect a man with five employees to take a book like that one that the Council' publishes and digest it. He is just too busv to do it, he bas so many other interests and accidents to him are not the major problem. I mean, if you have five employees, it is a much longer time between accidents than it is where you have 500 employees. He doesn't give it the same category of importance as the manager of a plant with 500 employees. You have toget something simple down to him, the basic things. And usually you will find that he is the manager, the superintend Mr. Jasser: This is in PIA. ent and the foreman and everything all Chairman Tavmans: This is what we are dealing with. As far as I am concerned, adding the newspaper which is not in the figure; and including Canada, we are talk ing about between six and seven thousand companies that we are trying to work with. wrapped in one. He is everything. You don't need any committees or anything like that because you are dealing with one man who perhaps has four people working for him. If you make it too complicated, it just dies because it doesn't make sense to this man. If we ever get something going in the six Chairman Taymans: I think we have had or seven thousand companies, it will seep good initial discussion. I would like to go down to the others. In those six or seven around the table and see what the different 86 raployees or "A We b v medium link you will pou say that : are talking ple--if we at company up a safety te first year Id be takinc ecomes part i group, he to training re to assign think there en with the t't take any an idea of rea I think the Council are things He doesn't out what is ' operations, the idea of e right idea ist too busy' nterests and or problem, pees, it Is a exits than it . He doesn't portance as i employees. )le down to lly yon will superintendxytbing all N You don't ig like that e man who ig for him, it just dies his man. 'e have had like to go he different Printing and Publishing Sessions people think. And then, finally, if these peo ple will go back, like jack and Charlie, and others, and get the local association started, we will work out the details of how we sup port them. Stanley L. Juroff (New York Times): We have started at the local association, in the New York Publishers Association. I think in New York the Times is the only Xew York paper that is a member of the Council. However, there is an exchange of safety information that we have started through the New York Publishers Associa tion. That is a start Whether they will be come members of the Council, I have no idea. Paul L. O'Neill (Rand McNally) : Bemie, don't we in the PIA have some program that we have talked about which never got very far? Chairman Taymans: My understanding is that Jade has been appointed the official man in Illinois to get safety underway. Is that right? Mr. O'Neill: He is in Illinois and will work with Ray. Chairman Taymans: I believe if Jack suc ceeds in his intentions and efforts, there will become established an active safety program in the printing industry of Illinois that will encompass several aspects of activities. What problems or objections he has ahead of him will have to be determined. Un fortunately, we are not in an area where people are clamoring for something. You hare to go and work it out Mr. Grothaus: In Dayton the Chamber of Commerce is very strong and we don't stick to printing alone. It is the Dayton Area Chamber of Commerce. But we do have a wonderful set-up in Dayton. Mel Clark from Reynolds and Reynolds has worked on this and I have worked with him. We do get a tittle out of him. They don't stick strictly to printing. Naturally, we work through various sections, but we have had a printing section in the Chamber of Com merce for several years. The state of Ohio is a little weak on the printing end of the thing. I was in that section 30 years ago there. The pulp and paper is naturally very strong. The}' have at their meetings 125 or 150 people. Chairman Taymans: Do you think Mel Dark would get some of the printing people together? Mr. Grothaus: I don't know. It has been tough. We have worked on it But he would be the person. There are a lot of small printers in Dayton. As I said, the Chamber of Commerce is pretty strong. I don't know about the in surance companies there. Some of our com panies are self insured. Others go along. The state of Ohio is very strong in the State Industrial Commission. It has been very strong for 40 years and they have ses sions in Columbus for three days. It is for the purpose of bringing us together and try ing to cut down accidents as well as the compensation end of it Thirty years ago I was chairman of the State of Ohio Printers and Publishers; vice chairman first Then I got out of safety.for 23 years and went back seven years ago. They had a wonderful program and I was the whole audience. Then I was the head of a committee for two years in Dayton. Then lost interest It was mostly McCall and pressmen in this group. Reynolds and Reynolds refused to register, and that dwin dled down. So we changed it and made a combination out of it Now we are working on other things. It has been tough. I haven't been stocking to the printing as much as I probably should. I don't know about Dayton. But I think a younger fellow like Mel Clark would be a good person. Reynolds and Reynolds is a nice outfit, a tittle more of an average. Sam B. Richardson (Baird-Ward Print ing Co., Nashville): There has been no effort to form a program for coordinating efforts in safety. The city itself has under way now a city-wide program for safety. I would like very much to see if we couldn't include the local association and have vjj'hat you just mentioned, something tike Louis ville, someone to head this up and organize it But we have nothing. Mr. Wallace: As .you probably know, there is quite a large number of Canadian companies that are affiliated with the Na tional Safety Council. We do appreciate the fact that the National Safety Council Is naturally more concerned with the American accident record than the Canadian. This re flects itself quite often in many of the book lets yon put out and many of the statistics 1960 National Safety Congress that are issued from time to time. You may not be particularly interested in the Cana dian side of things, as I said, because you have your own problems in the United States here. Chairman Taymans: I think our interest is equal from the standpoint of safety train ing. Mr. Wallace: We do gain a lot from being members of the Council. I suppose 90 per cent of the information we get from the Council is of equal value to us and to you. It is often argued that some of the publications or letters or other information that is sent to Canadian companies is not directed to Canadians, because they have various problems which you don't have down here. For instance, in Quebec you have 90 per cent French speaking population. I am not suggesting that you should open a French language bureau or anything like that But I would like to see, if it is at all feasible, a Canadian representative on the National Safety Council, which would per haps stimulate interest In Canada. I think one of the reasons why a large number of companies don't join the National Safety Council is because there is a feeling of na tionalism in Canada, as there is in so many other places. Mr. Mansfield: The chairman elect of the industrial conference is a Canadian. Mr. Wallace: For instance, the accident facts book put out doesn't tell Canadians much about their statistics. This is possible because you don't get reports. Mr. Mansfield: Are they submitting them? Mr. Wallace: That is it. How are we going to submit them? Chairman Taymans: Stu, you are on the board of directors. I believe we should sug gest to Stu that as an expression of this meeting, he explore through the proper channels of the National Safety Council the idea of proper Canadian representation in the National Safety' Council, which is not a matter we can deal with. But we can refer it to Sut and let him use his judg ment in dealing with that. I think on the printing and publishing literature, except for the fact that it is not in French, there is nothing in it that identifies it as bong dif ferent for the Uuited States or Canada. What you are talking about is the general operation. Chairman Taymans: I think over in this area, you have a Canadian Graphic Arts Association that has changed its name to something just a little different Its head quarters are in Montreal, I'm sure. I think you could help us interest them in this printing and publishing safety, and if you could interest the other newspapers in Can ada in this printing and publishing safety, we could help you, and you could help us. This doesn't deal with your other overall question. I think Stu will perhaps be willing to explore that Mr. Wallace: Certainly, I feel that it would help us a lot in getting the smaller printing establishment interested. Chairman Taymans: I think we jhouH try to develop interest to justify using post ers in line with each other. We have a hard time getting people to read and use what we now have. I don't think it is outside the realm of possibility. I am surprised that in some manner or other over the years there hasn't been developed a sort of Ca nadian division of the National Safety Council. Mr. Wallace: I think the general con sensus of opinion among the Canadian mem bers of the Council is that they would like to see that eventually. Chairman Taymans: We will leave that to Stu. T think in his good judgment he could explore it. As far as our own printing and publishing is concerned, can you help us get some additional people working with us from Canada? Mr. Wallace: I shall do my best. Mr. lasser: I am a member of the New York Printers Safety Committee. When Ed Blank heard I was"to attend, he-asked me to take notes and to officially represent him, or the committee, rather, to report back to the committee on what was done here. Un fortunately, none of the officials of the or ganization could be present to handle this. We have done many things over a number of years and I think you are aware of some of the activities that the New York Print ing Association has performed. We haven't a training course; here again I think an ef fort was started several years ago, but 88 or Canada. >ver in this apbic Arts ts name to . Its head ire. I think em in this and if you ers in Can ting safetj-, tld help US. her overall 5 be willing eel that it the smaller we should usingposttave a hard I use what is outside -prised that the years ort of Catal Safety sieral contdian memwould like leave that dgment he vn printing i you help tricing with st. f the New . When Ed t asked me resent him, trt back to t here. Unof the orndle this, r a number re of some ork PrintiVe haven't nnk an ef ago, but Printing and Publishing Sessions there wasn't enough interest to follow through- We have meetings and we try to engender the thinking of safetj- in our mem bers. I am here on another basis. Anchor Chem ical Corporation, for whom I speak, has safety as part of its selling program. I go around the country speaking for various groups. For example, I spoke to the Atlanta Craftsmen on safety. I spoke to the Wash ington group and to Erie just this past year. I find that there is a very deep interest among craftsmen. These are the men who are in supervisory positions in the printing business, in safety, and they want to knowmore. Usually in my talk I stress the point that the National Safety Council is looking for members and that w-e can make room for them. Unfortunately, I haven't had in formation available which I could give them. We do buy some booklets which we pass out, but this has nothing to do, frankly, with the training course, although I hold that graphic arts book of Charlie Shapiro's. We do pass out material Which we believe is pertinent to the kind of talk we give. Chairman Taymans: Will you unfold one of those posters? Many people do not seem to know of the availability of the graphic arts kit, which is a complete kit of mate rial developed specifically for the printing and publishing industiy. I think that you could be a tremendous help to us. Mr. Jasser: I have the posters which were officially given several years ago which depicted incidents in the printing shop, showed you printing pressmen, one with a bucket of solvents. Those are the ones I could use many more sets of I believe with the safety chairman and the craftsmen. Chairman Taymans: The posters are rather inexpensive, if I remember the price. Mr. Jasser: I thought they were out of print Chairman Taymans: No. This whole kit sells for $21, and if you could think how to accomplish this-- Mr. Jasser: You want to take some orders on this? Chairman Taymans: I am quite serious-- you would be rendering a tremendous serv ice. I don't know whether Mr. Richardson of the craftsmen organization has done any thing on this-- Mr. Richardson: Unfortunately, no. Chairman Taymans: If we could find a way for each craftsman's dub in the United States, and if there are any in Canada, to take one of these kits and post it, display it, at their meetings once or twice a year-- if it is only once a year--this would be a tremendous aid to us, because the crafts men organization should be sitting at this table with a representative. If thdr organi zation would become interested in this, it would push our program much more rapidly than we can do it without them. Mr. Jasser: Yes, I think so. We started a couple of years ago with a safety crusade. Chairman Taymans: Earl Oakes is their executive director. You must- know him from the manner in which you work with their organization. Mr. Jasser: I am a member.of the crafts men but I am not on their safety com mittee. Chairman Taymans: Would you try to undertake for us the appointment of a rep resentative to this group from thdr national organization? And, second, how can we get a copy of this kit into the hands of every local dub so they might display it period ically, or at least once a year. Those two things will be of great assistance to us, be cause a foreman or supervisor, seeing this on the bulletin board, may be interested in that one problem and he will write and get copies of this poster and begin to get in terested in what this program is. Obviously, you are of real assistance to us in what you are doing. Mr. Jasser: Franldy, I would love to have better action taken as a result of what I do at these meetings. I only speak at three or four a year, but I will increase my efforts in this section, if perhaps after this meeting we can get together and find out how I can put a more pertinent bit of information in the hands of the chairman or the educa tional committee. Chairman Taymans: I don't know of a better way, in terms of getting interest, than for them to say they will get kits and put them in front of thdr membership. The kits are $21.50 each, and 10 per cent less for members. If you would hdp us get interest over in the craftsmen organization and the New 1960 National Safety Congress York Employing Printers. We believe we handout for people who cannot devote too could help New York's PEA to get a safety much time to safety in our industry? program started with us like the one that Member: Even the relatively large com we hope will start in Illinois. panies can't do it Probably the biggest Mr. Mansfield: It is important for New printing companies, a lot of which are repre York to get top management interested, then see that these men attend every session. You certainly can get all the help you need from ASSE. Men from the university would de sented on the executive committee, have full time safety men. Even some of those are beginning to gain additional duties. The literature is much too long. vote their services, but the thing you have Another member of group, from Federal to have is the top management of printing Printing Company: I find these discussions companies saving to the supervisors, "This here very interesting. is a must and you will attend." The only reason we have a safety program Victor B. Davis (J. W. Clement, Chi is because top management is behind it But cago) : I am only a chairman of the safety I think there is another thing to that, too. I committee, compared to all you oldtimers have had training in work simplification, and that have been in the business for a long the approach is used in that I don't think time. I have worked for the company for the only answer is having top management approximately 38 years, and about two and walk in and say, "We're going to have a a half years ago a man from Buffalo took safety program." It wouldn't work in our over the campany. Prior to drat we actually place. We've got what I think is a pretty had no safety program, other than posters good safety program. Actually, it is run and things along that line, over all those by-the people in the plant We try to operate years that I have been connected there. But since then this new organization has a safety committee of eight members from each department. We meet once a month. I believe they have been in operation for about a year and a half. I am interested in posters and I have taken a lot of notes. It has been very help ful to me. Chairman Tavmans: There are a group of men much like yourself who meet several times a year under the auspices of the printing and publishing executive com mittee. I am sure Mr. Rodhaus would be happy to have your participation. Member of group: I'm probably echoing someone else about the simplification of a manual or program which would work not only for the five or smaller plants, but for a great many of them that are" up in the two, three, four or five hundred group. I don't think a lot of these people go through a 90-page booklet For the most part, they wouldn't be full time safety men. I would imagine that very few of the printing com panies have a full time safety man; probably a personnel manager or an insurance mana ger handles the safety side. He has a great deal to do other than go through a fairly complicated booklet on the philosophy of consulting first and then selling, and telling last I don't think that top management can just walk in and say "We're going to have a safety program. This is the material." I think it will soon fade away. We have had personnel managers who have handled safety and they always seem to be of the lecturing type; where we had a lecturing session and it wasn't a full 100% participation. Of coarse, I am mostly concerned with production. If I had to carry the load my self we wouldn't have a very good safety program. So I appointed a letterpress man as chairman and let him pick his safety committee and, of course, I work with him, advise him wherever I can, and I think we have a very good safety program. We use posters from the National Safety Council, which we are very glad to get, they're al ways welcome. We use a lot of the pam phlets and booklets that are sent out each month, and they are accompanied with a letter that is written by one of the people on this safety committee, which might be a bindery girl or a press operator or some one in the shipping department Of course, I like that approach. That is the way I like to get this thing down to the people who are actually out on the job. We have a safety committee of nine or ten people who, during Chairman Taymans: You are in favor of the day, are thinking and talking safety. I a simplified one, two, three page kind of don't think you can beat that 90 : djsote too \) laige comthe biggest h are repreee, have full if those are duties. The rom Federal : discussions ety program hind it But that, too. I fication, and don't think management r to have a iosk in our is a pretty , it is run y to operate g first and don't think walk in and ty program, it twill soon el managers they always t where we rasn't a full j:ei... with ie Iced mygood safety Tpress man his safety k with him. I think we un. We use :ty Council, they're alf the pamit out each ied with a the people i might be >r or someOf course, way I like pie who are ire a safety who, during g safety. I Printing and Publishing Sessions Chairman Taymans: You have a letter from one of your people in the plant trans mitting one of the handouts? Member: We've got some samples here. For instance, fire prevention might be the theme of the month. One of those people will write a safety letter to send out with the pamphlet That is the monthly function of the safety committee. One of the people is responsible for the clipping service. We have a safety bulletin board and we use current newspaper and magazine safety news. One person is responsible for doing that We have been approached here recently by some company who supplies that service, but I like this better. I think the gal in the composing room who is looking for interest ing news events in the newspaper and is maintaining this--I think that is the land of thing that is really hitting the core of what we are all talking about be a ten page, then a man who wants a safety program and has maybe a flat press and a hand guillotine cutter could just get the three monographs to take care of his little plant And the newspaper plant would get a series of monographs that take care of the newspaper operations, and so on down the line. If the stereotype wants to put in a program, they would get the section that applies to stereotype, or they could have them all, of course; but they could put to gether a training package, instructor's ma terial self teaching material, text material and of course all of the material coming from the Safety Council that applies to their operation. I think then we might get some work done in the smaller plants. Chairman Taymans: I think that idea should be passed on to the committee in the replanning of whatever we are going to do with our safety training. Chairman Taymans: Frank, wouldn't you say that there are still untapped resources to use in the field of the manufacture of equipment and the suppliers of materials which we can take advantage of if we organize ourselves better? Frank K. Neidhart (The Miehle Co., Chi cago) : I would say so. Chairman Taymans: You have a tre mendous engineering staff. When we come up with a problem that perhaps you didn't think of in the design, or some other tech nical matter, you certainly have a wealth of technical personnel to help us. Mr. Johnson: Charlie, the folding paper box association, through Carl Simpson, have made up a series of rules and regulations type of thing for the paper box industry. Where it is a small outfit, they just give them certain cards for that particular type of thing, such as you were speaking about Some of them are departmental things, and he can give you an explanation of what they are doing, which is a tremendous thing. Mr. Jasser: I think much of this is printed in American Box Maker as a mono graph or one or two sheets. It is perforated and you can pull them out Mr. Neidhart: We are always happy to consult with you. Charles Shapiro (Lithographic Technical Foundation, New York): I am thinking of a narrower area for that material Mr. Lott pointed out two things that have been on my mind for a long time, and that is this matter of amplifying the material and mak ing it easier to use the published material You all know that when we first published the manual, the basic criticism from the beginning was that we hadn't considered the newspaper field. That brought to my mind die fact that the manual would be less use ful as such. That is why I want to get hold of material so badly that we can use. For instance, if we could design a format so that departments of all kinds in printing plants had the material written up in a small monograph, like a two page, or one might Mr. Dodson: I saw something in the literature here that reminded me of one further thing. We try to impress on these smaller companies--I flunk this is your greatest concern, how to help them--that the insurance carrier has a lot of sendees avail able that are not going to appear in front of him monthly or weddy because of the infrequency of contact We try through a one shot attempt which wears off, I know, to inform them of what services are avail able to them, so they will ask when they have a problem. I should think it would be helpful if somewhere in your educational program you could point out to them that their insurance carrier is a standby service that is available to these smaller companies when they have special problems. I don't mean problems of bulletins or education, but there are some 1960 National Safety Congress technical problems, problems of ventilation, point out that he did make a lot of money problems of matrixes, or electrical installa but he didn't charge any costs. You are tions, material handling, or fire protection, talking about losses. You know, it is not where you need a highly trained engineer. fair to compare losses alone to premium, be Most of the big carriers, and I'm sure the cause premium might involve a return in the smaller carriers will respond too, and have a form of dividends in retrospect insurance. staff. We have an enormous staff of special Then the insurance company has some ex ists. These are just as available to the small pense, which you have, but they don't call company as the big one, as needed. We can't them losses. afford to send them around on a routine basis, because, first of all, there is not too much interest; and, secondly, there are not that many people. Mr. Mansfield: We have another figure where we charge off certain expenses that we have for handling the safety and the claims, and so forth. All I did this for was The other thing I would like to comment on is this. You seem to be interested in in centives. I think that all the casualty and to show what accidents are costing in dol lars and cents. That is why I said at the beginning this was not loaded. mutual companies have an incentive form of Mr. Dodson: Self insurance is a wonder casualty insurance that you may not be ful program for some companies. We actu aware of. Self insurance is one approach for ally recommend it when they confront us the large company. For the small company, with their interests. I don't want to make I think the only protection, the only ad if appear that I am opposed to it. But when vantage is on some group basis. But the you actually finish all the computations, it medium size company should be aware of will probably come out as a less severe pro a form of insurance called "retrospective gram. rate" which is an incentive plan where you Chairman Taymans: We use the same get almost a cost-plus form of insurance. principle in arguing with customers from But, like the group plan, the retrospective private plants. plan, as in any incentive plan, also involves You brought one point in which suggests a penalty. You don't get an insurance pro that we ask you this question. Could we. gram where you get money back when you if we put together a simplified listing and have a good record, unless you take on the statement, get the insurance companies to added risk of an increased charge when your losses become excessive. Sometimes you can take care of this with the form of stop loss. But the point of this is that the good com panies that have good experience take the distribute information about the printing literature that is available, so that their con tact people in the field might encourage printers and newspaper people and pub lishers? gamble on incentive. The poor company, Mr. Dodson: The alliance companies; I which is very unsure of itself, had better not think so, yes. get involved in a plan that has two sides to Mr. Lott: I don't think you will have the coin. any problem getting help. You might start Chairman Taymans: Frank, I would think that this would be quite a useful thing if we could get from Liberty Mutual, or someone else, a simple statement about the advan tages if you really go into a safety program or accident prevention program.' Mr. Dodson: I should think you could get a non-partisan view of the various forms. We could help you, but I think everybody would suspect we were writing it for our own advantage The better way might be to get some representatives of the several groups. with your insurance carrier. Then the affilia tion with the National Safety Council. We recommend it We think it is fine. Then locally you usually have a local safety coun cil, where you have not only materials but personnel to help you who will come out on invitation and speak or make plant inspec tions. One of the gentlemen mentioned the American Society of Safety' Engineers. All large cities or average cities have a local chapter of that And every year every' one of us has a project of some kind, I mean an association project, and they will be glad to help you with that Then there is Just as a brief rebuttal to this gentleman the Veterans of Safety, which is mostly a on the self-insurance program, I want to social group, but they have a very compe- 92 t qf- money i. { } are ; iv is not emium, be:turn in the insurance, s some ex' don't call ther figure penses that ty and the lis for was ing in dot* said at the a wonder. We actuonfront us it to make . But when utations, it severe pro- the same mers from h suggests Could we. listing and npanies to e printing . th'\con4. Jrage and pub- npanies; I will have night start the affitianmcil. We fine. Then ifety counterials but ime out on int inspecitioned the beers. All ve a local every one d, I mean y will be n there is i mostly a Ty compe- Printing and Publishing Sessions tent safety man and they really are looking tor opportunities to help. They really sin cerely want to help. I don't think the problem is getting peo ple to help you. Our problem is getting the insured to want the help and do something about it Chairman Tavmans: Our problem is or ganizing ourselves to use it. Mr. Ryan, this meeting was called as an informal discussion work session, to deter mine what we might do to get the printing and publishing industries to take greater ad vantage of the benefits of safety training and accident prevention programs. What we have been doing this morning is getting ideas and information that we might bring together; and while this hasn't been said today, it would be my assumption that when we have this information together, the offi cers of the Printing and Publishing Section should sit down and together come to a con clusion about what we do about it PRINTING AND PUBLISHING SECTION Tuesdoy Afternoon Session Chairman Dan Grothaus: This is the 48th your general chairman to report activities National Safety Congress of the Printing of your Section for the past year, and Publishing Section. It is the duty of REPORT OF GENERAL CHAIRMAN I flew to Chicago on July 14, 1959 to help decide the fate of this section. I am now positive that the committee that existed that day was not complete enough to represent this group. We decided at that meeting to merge with the Pulp and Paper Section. But this decision was reversed later on, and we have struggled this last year on our own power, and I think have done very well. As your general chairman of the execu tive committee, I presided .at all meetings this last year. I attended the other meetings of the National Safety Council as an officer of my section. We had our first executive committee meeting b New York b January, which followed the industrial conference. I attended the industrial conference in Chicago b March that laid the plans for this Congress. I also attended the bdustria! meeting the first part of May b Chicago. That was a two day meeting of the entire group of the Industrial Commission and committee meetings. I also attended the spring meeting at the PIA headquarters b Washington b May. Most .of you have received the highlights of these activities from your chairmen, b letters directed to the entire membership, and also to the com mittee. You have had all these letters and you have had them in your newsletter. This brings us up to the election of offi cers. Paul O'Neill is our Nominating Chair man. REPORT OF NOMINATING COMMITTEE Mr. O'Neill: During the past year we hare had some difficulties, as Dan already has pointed out to you. Our normal pro cedure was somewhat changed, and we had to prevail upon some of your officers of last year to hold the line; so to speak, because we needed this help to continue the activi ties. On behalf of the committee, I respect fully submit the followbg slate of officers for the 1960-1961 year: D. H. Grothaus, General Chairman, who will succeed himself. Stanley Juroff, Vice Chairman and Mem bership Chairman Homer Clevenger, Secretary Frank Neidhart, Newsletter Editor Ladies and gentlemen, I submit this slate of officers to you. If there are any other nominations from the floor, we will entertab them. Otherwise, I will entertab a 1960 National Safety Congress motion that these officers be accepted and installed. (Accepted) (Jack Straube, of R. R. Donnelley, as sumed the chair for remainder of session) Chairman Straube: I hope that within the next couple of years we can double the size of our room. There is a lot of work we have to do and I think a lot of informa tion that one or more of us has will be use ful to somebody else. The afternoon session is going to follow along the same general lines that it did last year, because it turned out very well and was very well received as a quesion and answer session. Because of a few people being added to the committee, and because of the newspaper field entering our printing and publishing movement, we have some new faces up here, and some new informa tion, I hope, that we can use. Since I have a short bit first I am going to have my say and then introduce the next speaker. LEGISLATION AND DISCIPLINE By J. R. STROTJBE R- R. Donnelley & Sons Co., Chicago, HL It has been said throughout safety* pro grams that you can't legislate safety into any good safety program. However, some where along the line there is a definite place for some legislation, for some disci pline within your safety program. A lot of fancy rules and good talk go only so far. We have made an attempt just recently to put a little meat into some of our safety rules with a practice for penalties for viola tion of safety rules. Basically, it is intended to do one thing, and that is to try to pre vent the accident before it happens. Too often when you go to investigate an accident, you will find an unsafe act or a violation of a rule was at least one of the causes, if not the basic cause. We don't restrict investigation of unsafe acts or violations to situations where there has not yet been an accident. If an individual has had an accident, and after investigation we find that he was injured because he out-and-out vio lated the rules, he also will be penalized for this. The fonn of it is merely an explanation of an established reprimand procedure whiclf we already have for tardiness, lateness, poor working attitude; and all we have done is to explain it in the light of our safety program. We have one formal piece of paper that goes along with it, which is probably the hardest thing to get around because too many people figure it is a traffic ticket, in the fonn of a pad of tickets. A supervisor, seeing a man violating a safety rule, will fill out the form, give the individual vio lator a copy, put a copy in the departmental file, and I get one copy to keep a permanent record of. The benefits of it, if it can be worked correctly, for one thing, will be to eliminate at least a good percentage of the simple violations of rules which shouldn't occur. In addition, it gives me, and anyone else who requires it, a permanent record and history of an individual who may not other wise come into our records, since quite a lot of these violations very luckily did not end up in his having an accident. In this way, when a man goes to get transferred, or is bring considered for a more difficult job, one portion of the investigation of the individual can be what his accident record is as far as compliance with our rules is concerned. There is a lot of work to be done in something like this before you can actually utilize it You have to have, first of all, I think, a good set of safety rules; not just a long set, and not just a well worded set, but something that is workable. A great many of our safety rules look beautiful. They were printed with all the quality that can be mastered. They were framed and hung on the wall They were taken out of the best text books on safety you could find. But a great many of them were completely impractical, in that they were not followed. The department supervisors knew they weren't You have to have your safety rules di vided: general rules for the total plant, and 94 at it did last arOll and Qfi. ki and few people and because our printing have some lew informa* : I am going luce the next departmental a permanent i be worked to eliminate : the ample ildn't occur, anyone else record and iy not otherince quite a Icily did not lent, in this ttf jerred. roi . ilfEculi arion of the ident record our rules is be done in can actuallv first of ali. ' rules; not well worded tble. A great ik beautiful, quality that framed and aken out of u could find e completely tot followed knew they ity rules di al plant, and Printing and Publishing Sessions an individual set of rules for each depart ment They have to be fairly specific within the department and, as I said before; they must be short. Yon have to set out what you want your men to do in about ten rules. Then stick to it and enforce them. They cannot violate any established work practice. If either the role or the practice should be changed to conform so they are both equal, then of course you have to give your employees notice both of the rule and of your intention to enforce them. Next, and probably the hardest job, is the fair application of it. If the applica tion varies too much between individual departments or between individual forms, the mantra! ends up with a practice that doesn't work. The thing is to have some thing the supervisor can have that is estab lished and approved by his bosses within a framework in which to guide his employees tor safety--and not just a long set of fancy' talking rules. This may not be the final answer for discipline in your safety program. We don't know yet that it will be the answer for our own, but we are giving it a try, and if we come up with some good results we will let you know in the future. We have a couple of people in the news paper industry who are going to talk. This is Mrs. Joyce Benoit She is super vising nurse for the New York Times. She has a membership in the American Asso ciation of Industrial Nurses, the New York State Association of Industrial Nurses, she is Director of the Greator New York Asso ciation of Industrial Nurses, she is a lec turer, has had experience at Bellview Med ical Center, nine years experience in industrial nursing, a graduate of Newman Hospital School of Nursing, Emporia, Kan sas, has a B.S. in nursing from Adelphia College in Garden City and a Master in nursing from New York University. NURSING CARE IN THE NEWSPAPER PLANT By MRS. JOYCE BENOIT, UN. Supervising Nurse, New York Times, New York, N. Y. It has been demonstrated that there is a profound relationship between health, both mental and physical health, and accident frequency'. It is estimated that the majority of accidents on and off the job are attribut able to the man factor and not the ma chine. I am sure you are all familiar with that. The medical staff in industry are spe cialists in man--just as you are specialists in machines. Machines change, but man, though adaptable to change, does not really change. The role that the industrial physician and, industrial nurse play in safety varies ac cording to the type of plant, as well as the organization of the company. An important determining factor on the role that the nurse or physician plays is the size of the plant The first job I had in industry was in a small plant in Long Island. It was a small subsidiary branch of a large company and had a population of from 125 to 300 per sons. When I took the job I was a novice in industry. My responsibilities included nursing, relief switchboard operator, secre tary to several engineers, as well as accident investigator. I really got an education. I had never heard of a punch press or a diemaker or tool maker, but I learned. In large industries there is the possibility that there is a minimum of communication between safety arid medical personnel. How ever, steps should be taken, and are being taken, to improve the communications be tween safety and medical. Each is some what dependent upon the other in order to carry out any safety program to its highest levels. In many industries the pre-placement or pre-employment physical examination is the medical department's first contact with the new potential employee. In the newspaper business this is a little bit different, because of the substitute situation and the casual workers. We will go along and assume that our first contact with all employees is at the time they have their pre-placement or pre-employment examination. The medical department must provide a warm, friendly atmosphere. After all, this individual has gone through several inter views, had his references checked and I'm sure has been sitting home, biting his finger nails, wondering what is happening. The telephone rings and someone from the per sonnel department says, "Well, success. We are going to employ you, proriding you pass the physical examination." This can be a real hurdle and some become very frightened by it The prospective employee should be made to feel comfortable. His fears should be quieted as much as possible. I have seen new employees sit down and fill out a physical examination blank and say "There must be an easier way to get a job." Every company has different medical set-ups and a different routine, but I shall tell you a little bit about ours. When they come into the" medico de partment they have a card with them, which is an appointment given to them by the personnel department. They come to the receptionist and present the card and are escorted to the desk where they are given their examination form to read, which is a quotation from the workmen's compensation laws, and told to sign after they fill it out. Thej- are informed that if they can't re member certain things not to fret, because one of the nurses will go over the entire history with them. the examining physician. If a history oi heart disease is given, an electrocardiogram is done. We don't necessarily wait for a doctor's order. If the person is obese and has an elevated pressure, an E.K.G. is done. If he has a long history- of many accidents, w-e will concentrate our history on this area. And we have learned some surprising things--sometimes too late. Both the nurse and the doctor must know about this man's job because here is where we can be of help to the safety people and to management Any healthy person may have temporary job limitations, such as convalescence from pneumonia or surgery, but have no per manent role in what he will do in the com pany. However, such permanent disabilities or limitations, such as even vision, hearing, artificial limb, heart disease, diabetes, epi lepsy, can be part of the history and part of'-file physical findings. But it doesn't mean that he is not going to get the job with the company. The important thing is we want to know about it These limitations need not exclude him from his job. Naturally, an epileptic should never work on a moving machine, never work as a guard alone. However, he may do well as a cleric or proofreader or on certain types of porter jobs. It would be ideal if we could just fit the man to the machine, and the machine to the man. Unfortunately, this is not prac tical for any industry. The next step we feel is vitally im portant This is the nurse's interview. One of the nurses takes the employee to the quietest place in the department for an in terview. Sometimes we wish this could be the bathroom, because there isn't a quieter place. A complete history is reviewed, with the nurse quietly encouraging the employee to talk about his health, both past and present, and we wish we could talk about the future. The first line on the form clearly states "Name; department and job." All during the interview the employee's job, what this man is to do in the company, is kept in mind. It is surprising how much one can learn about an individual during such a process. Also how suddenly this person re members about his past medical history and health history. Following the history and eye examination, audiogram, chest X-ray are done and a urine sample collected. The nurse summarizes the positive findings for Emotional and psychoneurotic tendencies are brought to the attention of our medical director, but we feel, as nurses, and most of our staff physicians, that we do not have the full know-how as to how to handle these people properly. If we get a fidgety, ner vous girl, we know she is not going to be a good switchboard operator. It is not the nurse's part or the examining physician's to inform her of this.' The medical director is psychologically oriented and well trained in this area, so he is the one that convinces them in such a way that they decide the}' are not suitable for the job. Don't ask me how he does it because I don't know. The medical department is in a position of knowing some of the personalities in the company and frequently, not frequently but once in a while, we can tip off the personnel department that we just don't think Miss Jones is going to get along with Mr. Smith, and rice versa. Perhaps in this way we have avoided not only future trouble in the de- 96 listp ar| ait tdr a obese and 3. is done, accidents. t on this surprising the nurse this man's an be of nagement temporary ce from : no perthe comiisabilities , hearing, *tes, epiand part sn't mean i with the e want to need not iralty, an a moving rd alone, cleric or of porter d just fit : machine not prac- I most of not have idle diese ety, nerhg to be i not the hysician's : director II trained ronvinces ride the}' t ask me (W. position ies in the ently but personnel nk Miss r. Smith, we have . the de Printing and Publishing Sessions partment but perhaps some injuries and Another way where the medical depart accidents as well. ment can help is with the angry, or alco Unless there is a safety indoctrination holic, or the insecure individual who comes program for new employees, rarely does the into the medical department A few moments safety engineer or director meet a new em of the nurse's time, devoted to this individ ployee until an accident has occurred. Again, ual, can frequently prevent an injury. We the medical department is the first individual can't always prevent it but at least we can to see this employee following the accident hc'p. I don't think it happens too often that This is the golden opportunity for a first we actually* prevent by listening and being hand story, fresh and non-fabricated, to be aware. We have no way of evaluating the obtained. It isn't always practical for the people we listen to, nor are we able to say, safety person to interview every individual "He didn't have an accident because I lis following an accident and, usually, the lost tened to him." time accident becomes the focus of investi I would like to say that I feel strongly, gation. Here the medical department can do and my boss feels strongly, that the one a real service by bringing to the attention of technique we feel accident investigators the safety men the "almost serious" acci should learn--(I learned it backwards be dents. It might be said that it was only cause I went to school and got my extra the grace of God, or an employee's quick work in counselling after I was an accident reflexes and action, which prevented a more investigator)--is the technique of non-direc serious injury*. But unless attention is drawir~ tive and directive counselling interviewing, to such "near misses," the possibility of a letting the individual just talk about his ac more serious accident in the future is there. cident. Unfortunately, I'm afraid some of Dermatitis, as you all know, is one of the you are as harrassed for time as I am; but most prevalent occupational diseases. The these particularly structured counselling tech medical department can help, but they must - niques can tell you more about an accident, know what chemicals are used in the plant and why it happened, than all of the Ques and what the potential dangers are for the tions No. 1, 2, and 3, which realty have no employees. We asked our purchasing de meaning and don't tell us how the man felt partment to send us a list of the chemicals when the accident occurred. purchased in the last six months, and Dr. We play an active role in the safety com Goldstein goes over these carefully. mittee at Neat York Times. Dr. Goldstein Another way we help safety personnel is a member, and I've never decided what that is when a man comes up with dermati my status was, whether an ex-officio or a tis, we ask him what had he been doing. He sidekick to the boss, but I'm there. We go might say "I have been working with penta- to their meetings and discuss possible new tone." We ask if he uses it diluted, and programs. We have participated very ac this is when Dr. Goldstein gets the solvent tively in the supervisory training program. and checks whether the men are using it un One of the most stimulating sessions was diluted or improperly. Of course, there is the medical department session, where the the individual who can be sensitive to it foremen reported back on the health of their But this is working hand in hand with our safety man to prevent the dermatitis that can occur in the plant Substitutions are frequently brought in for harmful chem icals and time is spent investigating new solvents that are harmless. We are also con stantly aware of whether an individual is people. We tell them what not to do in the case of a side person, and give them basic information on bleeding and resusdtation-- just the very elements; and, for goodness sakes, how to use the tdephone and get hold of us. We have coverage 24 hours a day. wearing the correct protective clothing. I One of the biggest and greatest roles that thought of this as our friend was telling us the nurse has is her individual contact with about the rules of safety and common fail the employee; If we can teach employees ures to observe them. Sometimes it is diffi the importance of using their safety pro cult to make certain rules mandatory and it tection, teach them the importance of taking is very difficult to educate people to use care of thdr wounds, minor or otherwise-- their safety protections. We will get there it doesn't make any difference how minor if w*e just keep at it. I'm sure. they are--and taking care of them early, 97 2.ai S3 A. i.'i ;k the chances are they are going to prevent injurj' and secondary infection. We can help by talking to them and ridding them of the wrong beliefs they may have about certain rules of the company. At times their inter pretations have been wrong. Somebody has said something to them and they pass it around, and by the time so-and-so gets it, it is quite a distortion. This is where the nurse in her individual contact with many employees can help in the safety rules and safety regulations of the company. Our safety record--I don't know how it compares with other newspapers, but we are not as proud of ours as we could be. I know the medical department handled 26,000 cases and a little over 3000 pertained to occupational injuries; and this is about 12 per cent So the minority of the medical department's work pertains to the occupa tional injury, which is at a minimum. But we still have a very great role to play in it, and we want to help, and we want to learn from you too. Chairman Straube: Thank you, Mrs. Be noit To get into the details of one phase of the usefulness of a medical department in a safety program, Dr. John Pohlman of R. R. Donnelly is going to talk for a short time on strictly how the pre-employment physical enters into our safety program. Dr. Pohlman received his doctor's degree from St Louis University in 1939. He is a member of the Industrial Medical Associa tion and has been at Donnelly's for about thirteen years. Seems like everybody has been at Donnelly's. He is now associate medical director. PRE-EMPLOYMENT PHYSICAL EXAMINATION By DR. JOHN POHLMAN Associate Medical Director, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co., Chicago, HL The real reason for our physical exami nation, the pre-placement or pre-employment examination, whichever you'd like to call it is to try to adjust that person to his work environment both mentally and physically. I think if we could do that there would be a lot less accidents. Of course, I realize that the safeguards that are put on the machinery are very important also. But, after all, you could put a fellow in a steel cage, with nothing to do but push buttons, and he would probably end up with sore fingers and claustrophobia. We will have an angle on this thing too. First, when a prospect comes in, he sees the employment manager where wages are discussed and various job classifications, shifts,'and so on. From there he goes to the testing department, where we have a psy chologist who goes into the aspects of the aptitudes for certain jobs, and personality tests, to see if he is suited for that type of environment Does he work well with a lot of people? Dora he woric better by himsdf ? Just what kind of environment is he best suited to? If he passes both of those areas he comes into the medical department for his physical examination. At Donnelly's we have have a staff of two full time doctors; one part time doctor who does the periodic examination, (we have a regular periodic program); and seven nurses on three shifts. We have an x-ray and laboratory technician. In general, you can diride these physical examinations into office group and the fac tor}* group. Naturally, we can be a lot more lenient with people on a physical basis in the office category than we can in the fac tory. Probably one of our most stringent exam inations is the one that we give to appren tices, for the reason that the company is investing a lot of time and money in these people. They have about a three year course. If they finish this course and fail us physi cally, then all is lost So we give them the "works," probably as complete an examina tion as any of the other groups. In our examination, as Mrs. Benoit men tioned, the history is very important It is probably one of the most important things in the pre-employment examination. Un fortunately, it is cate of the hardest things to get and get it all, for the simple reason 98 bn;' \ But t< > in e want to , Mrs. Be- 5 phase of talent in a n of R. R. short time nt physical >r's degree 9. He is a 1 Assodafor about ybody has associate L i staff of me doctor don, (we un); and `C)" e physical ! the faci lot more I basis in i the fac- ent examo apprenenpany is r In these ar course, us physithem the examina- noit menant It is nt things Ion. Unst things ile reason Printing and Publishing Sessions that people try to protect themselves from a leeway for such a fellow if his near virion losing the job, because they don't know what is good and his distant vision isn't so good; I might reject them on. So, naturally, they that would be all right You have to fit each don't tell you anything if they can get by. man to the job! If his distant virion is good You stare them in the face and they say, enough to get into the department and sit "No, I never had that. That never happened at his desk, that is really all he needs. But to me." It is a hard job sometimes to get if he has good near vision--the two work all the history out of them. They have vari pretty much together--we give him a little ous ways of concealing defects. A lot of leeway on the distant vision, whereas with times we don't see a defect until perhaps a hoist operator, we wouldn't we pick up a clue on the laboratory test Another thing: in factory work we Our number one fellow--speaking of the wouldn't hire anybody who was blind in fact you can't take anything for granted-- one eye. It seems unfortunate. There are had three fingers off one hand; and naturally probably places where he could be used; but I figured anybody coming to work would according to the rules, it seems that if he have all his fingers. You just take it for comes in with one eye and loses that one granted. But you can't He held it in his eye, then we are charged with total blind lap and concealed it beautifully. It wasn't ness, not with half blindness. So we make until the examination was almost completed, it a practice not to hire anybody in the that I noticed he didn't have all his fingers. factory with one eye- However, we have He didn't mention it on his history. The first hired them in the office category, and they thin, we started with was, "Have you had have worked out very welL They can see any iterations or injuries?" I said, "That their figures all right and do book work sort of thing you have is an amputation and that sort of thing and get along very that required surgery." He said, "I didn't welL have surgery. That was cut off in the ma chine." We also have temporary employees and permanent employees. Our business in many So I don't care what kind of a question respects is a very seasonable thing, where you ask; there is always an alibi. Or if you we might put on quite a lot of people for say, "Have you ever had in your life such six weeks' time and then lay them off. Then and such a disease?" "Oh, no." You see months later put them on again and lay them later and they say "When I was six them off. Most of those people are the jog years old I had this disease." "But you ger girls. Most of them are colored girls didn't tell us that" "Oh, I thought you who work for short periods. They are just meant recently." So history, as important as interviewed and we don't do a physical We it is, isn't always easy to get Sometimes we used to, but when the time came, it was don't get the full information until several wicked, believe me. They would come years later when they come in for something through so fast they didn't know whether that makes it show up. they were coming or going. Now they are In our physical examination, one of the important tests--I won't go into all of them, because I think you have had a physical examination at one time or-another and know what the general routine is. But I might mention vision. At our plant we use giving a short interview as to whether they have had any recent illness or injuries. Many of these girls are rehired from previ ous sessions so that we get to know them. There are not very many new ones included in that group. one of these metal boxes that you put up However, with permanent employees, if to your eyes and various optical designs go we know they are going to be permanent, we before your eyes and you read them. This go into an x-ray of the chest, cardiograph, is very' important For instance, in somebody urine analysis, blood test and so forth. who is a hoist operator, not only must his vision be good, but he must have good depth perception. If he were walking up the aisle; and his depth perception was off, he might not stop soon enough. I might mention also a few special con ditions, such as diabetes. Now, those with diabetes-can work in the factory, providing they are well controlled, their blood sugar is kept normal by following their diet and For an engraver, there we might make taking insulin. However, they can't work 1960 National Safety Congress in a group that changes shifts. A great part of the factory changes shifts every three months. You take a diabetic and change his shift, his meals go off, he gets all fouled up on the thing. It just doesn't work out for us. As long as he stays on the same shift, he can work in the factory'. And, naturally, we take him in the office too. Incidentally, their folders are all marked in big red let ters "Diabetic"; in case one comes down in a coma and needs an insulin shot, we at least have a clue So we are warned right off. As for epileptics, we don't hire them at all, because there is so much machinery around and so many opportunities for them to have an accident And we don't even hire them in the office because very often they will forget their medication, and it is pecul iar how people reart to medical things like that It isn't, very good for the morale of the people working around them. I don't think the epileptic is very happy once he has had an attack in a particular depart ment, because the average person still doesn't understand it and is not too sympathetic People would rather not have epileptics around: "Let them work in another room, not with me" So we have found that it just doesn't work out too well for us. Naturally, we don't hire anybody we know is pregnant Of course, those can slip by on you too. They just won't talk. You ask when they had their menstrua] period, and the answer is "Oh, yesterday," or "Just a week or so ago." Maybe it hadn't been for a couple of months. We don't do pelvic examinations on women. It is just a com pany policy, unless there is an emergency and it becomes necessary to do that The employees in the factory' are allowed to work until their fourth month of pregnancy. In the office they are allowed work until five months. Some of the girls I know have gotten beyond that point but they seem to have tighter girdles than the rest of them and they can hide them better. Finally the forelady says, "I think somebody ought to look at this girl. I think she is pregnant" Then a month or so later she has her baby at home So we have to keep watching for that sort of thing all the time Cardiacs require special treatment Even with a severe attack of coronary, people can be brought back to work. We limit their work to begin with, but they are still useful and can carry' on with their jobs. We have a book of standards which is a rough guide to go by in these job classifica tions, but the thing I would like to point out is that no matter how good a classifica tion is set, you can't follow it right to the letter. People are individuals and every case is different. Our big job is to try to make that person, regardless of what his handicap is or* his assets are, fit the particular job that he is expected to do. If he doesn't work out in that job, put him in one that will work. Chairman Straube: The next speaker is going to be Stanley Juroff. He is the safetycoordinator for the New York Times, and is a member of our executive committee and the Publishing Section. He is a grad uate of Brooklyn College with a bachelor's degree in psychology'. He was a sergeant attached to the records service section, U. S. Marine headquarters. He was employed by the Times in February 1948 as a temporaryin the news department, transferred to the personnel department and was appointed safety coordinator in February 1959. Stan is going to talk on general accident prevention in the newspaper field, and I think he has a movie for us. ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN THE NEWSPAPER FIELD By STANLEY JUROFF Safety Coordinator, The New York Times, New York, N, Y. It has been said at many meetings I have attended that newspapers provide excellent public service by publishing data pertinent to industrial and off-the-job safety, but fail to recognize the necessity of accident pre 100 vention in their own plants. This of course is a generalization, and like most industries there are groups that do not actively partici pate in industrial safety programs. I am not qualified to talk about news- nowhavc r\ y : o\ Jem inallv the ought to pregnant" her baby ching for ent Even y, people We limit r are still r jobs. rhich is a dassifica- to point dassifica;ht to the .very case to make . handicap cular job isn't work that will peaker b die safety imes, and rommittee ; a gradbachelor's sf W ion,J. S. ployed by :emporary cd to the appointed 59. I accident d, and I sLD of course industries y partiri- ut news Printing and Publishing Sessions paper safety in general, only the safety Additional stop buttons were installed on program we have in effect at the New York the former frames of several presses. Titt.es. Additional lighting and drip pans were in The Times has had an accident prevention stalled in the reel rooms. program in effect since 1929, but only since 1959, 30 years later, has it been placed on a full time basis. It became evident over the years that the number of disabling acci dents had been steadily increasing, and in creasing at a frightening rate. It became essential to formalize a new safety program, put it on a full time basb, to take positive means to prevent accidents. The program as such was not specifically designed, though, as a means of reducing cost Principally, it was designed for the welfare of the employees as an individual. Everybody knows what accidents cost in dollars and cents, but very few really know, unless they are involved, what it costs in suffering and hardship. ..... The accident prevention program, as cur rently set up, revolves about a safety com mittee which assists in the formulation of safety policy. Since at the Times we feel that industrial safety b a function of man agement, the committee b composed of man agement personnel; the assistant to the gen eral manager, personnel manager, medical director, engineering director, assbtant pro duction manager, assbtant manager of the mail and delivery departments, plant protec tion officer, and the safety coordinator com prise thb committee. The first step in our program at that time, back in 1959, was to find where we stood safety-wise in conjunction with the rest of the industry--30 years late. Fortunately, in New York State we had and still have at our disposal, at no cost, the services of the State Department of Labor, Division of In dustrial Safety, on a consultative basb. Thar survey of our physical plant re vealed that we were in fairly good shape. They did, however, recommend a number of modifications to eliminate exbting haz ards. All of their recommendations, without exception, were accepted and changes were made immediately. In addition, a survey of our own disclosed hazards that were Quickly remedied. For ex ample: Safety devices were placed on the linotype and intertype machines to prevent burns from hot lead squirts caused by tight lines. Safety devices were placed on wire typing machines to prevent breaking wire from striking personnel. We took care of engineering things first. Where we were lacking was in the area of employee education. Who were we going to educate and what aids were available to us? Since our first line supervisors, the fore men and their assistants, are responsible for the prevention of accidents and damage to equipment, it was obvious that they would have to be the first people to train. As far as training aids are concerned there are many available through the Na tional Safety Council, but to our dismay none dealt specifically with newspaper safety. We investigated the possibility of utilizing the excellent safety manual prepared by the Education Council of the Graphic Arts In dustry, but felt it did not cover the needs of a newspaper. Thb is the material in that kit, by the way, that b along the table and on the board. I might add at thb point that your executive committee is currently con sidering a revision of the manual to include newspaper operations. Instead, we turned to the Supervisors Safety Manual published by the National Safety Council, and have been using it as a guide in our training programs, along with a series of sound slide films dealing with the role of the supervisor in a safety pro gram. To date, in little less than a year's time, we have completed training for more than 100 of our foremen. As an outgrowth of a suggestion made by one of our foremen at one of these meetings to use films that are more applicable to our own industry, the Times produced as a pilot project, the film you will see shortly. Thb was done as an experiment. And in view of the acceptance of thb film by employees, the safety committee will undertake in the fu ture the preparation of films dealing with safe work practices in all of our operating Our upper press platforms were un departments. In addition to using the film guarded. They stand about 10 feet off the as a training aid, a vbual aid, it played a press floor. We put chains and railings in. great role-- a greater role than we thought 1960 National Safety Congress it would, because we got all our people actively involved in producing this film. It has left a lasting impression, not only on the photoengravers, but our promotion peo ple, our art directors: everybody got in volved in the act So it had a tremendous effect on our personnel, safety-wise. All accidents are recorded on IBM cards according to ASA Z162. Every accident in which there is even the remotest possibility of disability is investigated by the foreman concerned and a complete report is in the hands of the accident prevention office within 24 hours. In a year's time we could not expect spec The IBM system has helped us to pin tacular results from a program of this point the cause of most accidents and pin kind--Mrs. Benoit bore me out with her point the shift and hour of work in which statistics--but there has been a consistent most of our accidents seem to occur. decl: .e in the number of disabling accidents, Strange as it may seem, most accidents oc a gr.dual but consistent decline. cur the first hour of the man's first day back At the Times every accident, no matter how minor, must be reported immediately. from a weekend, or from his two days off --the first hour of the first day back. To insure prompt reporting the Times has The Times for years has provided per a written policy, and I would like to read sonal protective equipment to employees at tins to you: company expense. This indudes a safety- "No disability payments are made under the Tones disability,plan to any employee who fails to notify his department head im mediately after an on-the-job accident; or who has received payment for three previous on-the-job disability absences in the preced ing five years. In such cases the employees may appeal through the safety coordinator to an appeals board composed of the em ployee's department head, a representative of the medical department and the safety co ordinator. Fraudulent claim for or accept ance of disability benefits shall be cause for dismissal shoe program for all operating departments. The signature of a member of the safety committee is necessary before any new equipment can be purchased. This is to in sure-that adequate safety devices are at tached before the equipment is brought into the plant. Mrs. Benoit mentioned chemicals before, and, again, before any new chemical is brought into the plant it must have the okay of the medical director, the plant chemist and myself. Semi-annually a list is furnished (Mrs. Benoit went into that and I won't re peat it) "The spirit of the Times plan is one of mutual obligation for employee health and safety. The Times accepts the obligation of strengthening the employee's security by making benefits available in accordance with the plan. In turn, your obligations under the plan include the following: "1. Notify your department head immedi ately after any on the job accident you suf fer, whether or not it results in an absence. Another hazard we are faced with in New York State as in Wisconsin, the only two states that now have legislation regarding noise. Eventually-, like most other compensa tion laws of various states, the other 48 states are going to follow suit in this. The one advantage we might have at this point is that we can get after manufacturers of presses to see if they can do something about suppressing some of the noise they create. Start with the manufacturer; he has the "2. Furnish fully and accurately whatever answer. They tried it with jets, and they data about the accident the Times or the have been able to suppress the noise on jet law requires. engines. We will have to also. "3. Observe safety rules established by the office." That in essence is our policy. The actual net payment made by the Times to an eligi ble employee under the plan for an on-thejob accident is the amount needed--as a supplement to payments he is entitled to under workman's compensation--to bring his total disability income up to full pay. ' In 1958 the New York State Legislature added a new artide to the state's occupa tional law, and it began with this paragraph: "The compensability of daims for loss of hearing resulting from exposure to indus trial noise has created a problem in this state which is a matter of grave concern to the legislature. The legislature, therefore, finds and declares that the public interest 102 Printing and Publishing Sessions IBM cards 4 'n it V Ability Jie foreman rt is in the office within us to pinits and pinrk in which to occur, cddents oc:st day back ko days oft y back. ovided pernployees at s a safety Icpartments. the safety any new lis is to inres are at>rought into can best be served by providing that com pensation for occupational loss of hearing shall be paid only as provided in this article and subject to the conditions and limitations hereinafter set forth." I won't go further into it because the next speaker will cover that. I will say that the Times in February 1959 called in a team of acoustical engineers to analyze noise. The results of their study showed that in the pressroom the noise exposure for most operating personnel under normal conditions was a marginal hazard to hearing. But in the vicinity of the folder mechanisms the exposure was somewhat greater, and the two or three men stationed in this region were exposed to noise levels that were considered on the borderline between marginal and moderate hazards to hearing. This meant that a small percentage of those people might be expected to incur enough hearing loss in 10 to 20 years of exposure to have slight difficulty in understanding normal speech. space of tune. We still have a long road ahead.' At the Times we certainly won't be satisfied until we have a record we can be proud of. It's a challenging job and it is one that we are confident we are eventually going to win. Chairman Straube: I think the New York Times is to be congratulated for that film. This is the first effort I've seen of a graphic arts or newspaper trying to do something very definite in the safety field. I hope we can get a lot more. We touched, on noise a little bit in the last talk. I think this is something that should be of interest to all printers, and as was said, sooner or later, you are going to be involved and the time to try to do some thing about it is now. We have an advantage over New York, in that we can try to safeguard against this problem before we have to start paying out good money for it Stuart Mansfield is going to give you a little more information on the subject of noise. He is the director of safety and em :als before, rbemical is ve the okay uit chemist s furnished I won't re- Jt' \New e . two i regarding compensa* other 48 The cost of reducing sound levels in our pressroom to a non-hazard level would be prohibitive, unless the press manufacturers can develop equipment that operates at lower sound levels. And because of the small re duction that could be achieved in sound level that would be a meaningless gesture. Part of our pre-placement examination in cludes an audiometric test and an annual follow-up to employees who work in noisy areas, where we have our white color guild area. ployees benefit for Western Publishing Com pany hr Poughkeepsie. He is a member of the American Society of Safety Engineers, Trustee of the Veterans of Safety, past gen eral chairman of the Printing and Publish ing Committee Section. He is a member of the Safety Advisory Committee, of the As sociated Industries of New York State, a member at large of the Industrial Confer ence, National Safety Council, a member of the New York State Compensation Board He was born in Denver, attended Columbia University and has been in safety and acci a this. The While the revitalized safety program at dent prevention work for the last 30 years. : this point the Times is less than two years old, we This man ought to know what he is talking acturers of think we have come a long way in a short about. thing about 1 hey create, te has the , and they NOISE IN THE PRINTING PLANT oise on jet By STUART MANSFIELD Legislature ;'s occupa- Director of Safety and Employee Benefits, Western Publishing Co. Poughkeepsie^ N. Y. paragraph: for loss of to indus- sn in this concern to therefore, lie interest Apparently the noise problem will be much like any' other disease: where you have it in a crowd, it spreads. The state will begin to enact legislation to pay people for loss of hearing. There are cases perhaps that are well justified, but those cases are in the mi nority. It is going to be something that will develop into what I call a political compen sation racket 1 A board of consultants in the state of New York have come up with a formula whereby a noise level above 80 D.B. is prima fade evidence that the noise is dan gerous and will damage a person's hearing. 1960 National Safety Congress Now, if you have ever come come home in and then at the time he leaves your em the middle of your wife's bridge part}', or ployment he files a claim for that loss, you if you have ever gone into a room when pay the entire loss. The only adjustment the children have the television on, or if that can be made is that if you find the loss you have ever stood on the comer of vour before he starts to work for you and you busiest street at the high peak of traffic, and notify the former employer, you may have you took noise level measurements, you some chance of recovery. That is a very would find that they were running between complicated problem, and who knows where 85 and 87 D.B.'s. If we suddenly decided an employer is going to be in 10 or 20 that everyone in this room should turn and years, or his insurance carrier. And there start to talk in a normal voice to the man is really not any factor of reimbursement alongside him, and we recorded the noise that we can take into consideration. level, we would see that it would go above I had a noise level survey made through 85 D.B.'s. out our plant. We have some newspaper One of the interesting facts is that labor presses but they are not as large as those isn't satisfied with the 80 D.B. noise level, of the New York Times. But they do have so they now have legislation proposed to re folders on them, and we found that the duce it to 75 D.B. And. of course, we take noise level in that particular area, at the into consideration old age when people lose folder, where the packer boys work, runs a certain percentage of hearing. But they about 110. At a distance probably of 20 feet have gone ahead and said that when a man from the folder end of that press or the retires at 65, if he has worked in a noisy delivery end of the press, the noise level is area and has been out of that area for a about. 97 D.B. A distance of 50 feet away period of six months, he can file a claim from the other areas, other than the folder, for loss of hearing; and if it develops that it runs about 85 D.B.'s. So we know that he has 30 per cent loss of hearing, they will we do have a potential noise level and it allow him 5 per cent loss due to natural behooves us to check the hearing of these causes, and the balance will be paid for by men on an annual basis. the employer. There has been some opposition by the I think it behooves any safety man, or union, but I think that we will eventually any company, or any industry, not neces accomplish what we want If we find that ' sarily the printing industry, to watch when it is our liability, then the man should be you have legislation coming up that may paid for it. If, however, it is due to some enact such a law. We did manage to get condition that is not at all related to his in a stopgap to the effect that a man has work, then we don't feel we should have to be out of that noisy environment for a to pay for it period of six months before an award can In our offset areas, at a point within two be made to him for loss of hearing. There or three feet from the unit we found that are a great many cases where people work, the noise level was about 82. On the three in noisy environments and do suffer a tem porary loss of hearing; but it is not uncom mon for them, after they have been out for knife trimmers, the guillotine cutters, most of the bindery equipment I would say that there, at the point of operation and at the a period of two or three months, sometimes position in which the employee stands, the only a matter of weeks, to have their hear average noise level varies from about 79 to ing again restored. 85. You also have a problem of a man who may have worked in a foundry. The foundry closes down and he comes to work for you, and he may at that time have a 50 per cent loss of hearing that is due to his previous employment. If you do not have an audio metric test to determine that he has that loss of hearing at the time he starts to work for you, and he works in a noisy environ ment where the noise level is above 80 D.B., At the time the tests were made, we also made an analysis of a particular type of machinery where the frequency is rather low, and I think that most doctors will agree that it is the high frequency noises and the continuous noises that perhaps do more dam age to the hearing system that the lower frequency noise levels. That is what we are faced with. It is a problem. We in New York State have op- 104 youtm. t lj Vou adjV--Oem nd the loss 11 and you may have is a very dws where 10 or 20 And there ibursement on. : throughnewspaper i as those y do have . that the sa, at the ,'Ork. runs of 20 feet ss or the se level is feet away :he folder, know that re! and it j of these m by the eventually find that should be e f ome .ed^ y his auld" nave vithin two bund that the three ters, most 1 say that nd at the tands, the x>ut 79 to s, we also : type of is rather will agree 5 and the sore damthe lower h. It is a have op Printing and Publishing Sessions posed this legislation very strongly, until such time as insurance carriers and self in surers have an opportunity to set up re serves to pay for some of these losses. After all, there has been nothing included in any premium charge to any employer for this potential loss. And even though the labor people claim that the loss is not as great as industry claims, and we are hollering wolf, I noticed that on the calendar each month there are more and more claims for loss of hearing. So I think for everyone who has a plant, it they are not in a position to give the audiometric test themselves and keep re cords, it certainly would pay them to have it done perhaps by some competent otologist so they know exactly where they stand. Chairman Straube: We have had some sound level tests run in our plant. The in dustrial-hygienist is doing it for us and doing it not on a political rule of the 80 decibels, but on the basis of the report of an organization of otorhinolaryngologists. He is working more on the basis of 100, not 80. This puts a little different light on the rule we've got From 90 to 100 has been his basis. I don't know if we are going to drop it to 80 or to 75. We've got problems everywhere in the pressroom. This is going to be great fun. We have one other field in our safety haz ard that we are going to hear about from two speakers, the problem of solvents and some of the resulting losses you can have from the use of them. The first man is H. Burt Wallace, who came to us from Canada this year. He is the safety coordinator for the Montreal Star. In England he served with the Royal Navy from 1943 to 1946 and immigrated to Can ada in 1952, and is now a Canadian citizen. He joined the Montreal Star in the person nel department in 1957, took an active inter est in safety, and was appointed safety co ordinator in August of this year. He is now in his fourth year of Bachelor of Com merce degree at George Williams Univer sity in Montreal and has derided to make accident prevention his profession. USE OF SOLVENTS IN THE NEWSPAPER PLANT By H. BURT WALLACE Safety Coordinator, The Montreal Star, Montreal, Quebec Sometimes I wonder why I took an active interest in safety. I thought personnel would be sufficient for any person to have to handle. But it seemed that at the Montreal Star people were continually being injured. Accidents continued to happen year after year and nothing seemed to be done about it Being an idealistic sort of chap, I did begin to take an interest The company, either be cause they wanted somebody to chase around or blame'for any future accidents, decided that I was the guy that should bear the brunt of future operations. We have now been working on an organ ized safety program for approximately a year. But it wasn't until I was actually ap pointed safety coordinator that we could really say that things began to move. The most unfortunate part if it is that our acci dent rate seemed to move too--but up rather than down. It was rather distressing. One of the big challenges as far as the Star was concerned was that we were just in the process of building a new plant As you can imagine, moving all of the various equipment from the old building to the new plant, installing new equipment, and the hundred and one other problems that come with such a move, was perhaps one of the reasons why our accident record increased rather than decreased. But the thing I want to talk to you about at the present time is the use of solvents in the newspaper industry in particular, and I imagine in the printing industry as well. I did a survey throughout the plant of the types of solvents that were in use in the various departments. I came up with a list which could be as long as your arm of some of the most dangerous and hazardous solvents that you could wish to meet with. I mean by that, from the safety point of view, they were physically harmful. From the fire point of view, they were definitely 105 1960 National Safety Congress a fire hazard and an explosive hazard. Our I think newspapers in general are like method of using these various solvents, that as far as the use of solvents are con benzine, and the other more toxic solvents, cerned. I. have visited quite a few plants were such that there seemed to be prac in the last few months, and it makes your tically no control over the handling of them hair stand on end to watch them use We did use safety cans, but found after an inspection of the safety cans that some of them leaked, some of the caps didn't fit properly, that the stores departments were supplying solvents in bottles to any* body that asked for them, and then the union came out with a demand that they be allowed to smoke in these various de partments. I had a devil of a time trying to comince the powers-to-be that smoking while using benzine was not the thing to do. After quite a lot of persuasion and after talking about other solvents which I felt were less toxic and flammable, we did man age to arrive at a solvent which we feel does the job just as wrell as any of the other more toxic solvents. The union got then- benzine. Sometimes they even use gasoline and they smoke in the department I can't understand why newspapers don't burn down every day. Also as far as the use of dirty rags is concerned, I don't know whether they are trying to save money or what it is. They seem to love to get a nice dirt)* rag and keep it for a couple of months before they decide to throw it away, which doesn't help to get a nice neat clean looking news paper. All I want to say, if you do use any of these solvents in your operation, for heav en's sake, get around and make a good check on what is being used, how it is being used, and see if you can't find a solvent --= ~ which will solve your problems. way, and the foreman is quite happy with The one particular solvent we are using his type because he can wash it nice and at the present time, and I think they are dean, and the employee is protected from using at the New York Times, is trichlore a health standpoint. thane, which has no flash point and is But this isn't alL In the engraving de partment they also use solvents. I was plug ging this particular solvent right down the line when I got a call one time from the engraving foreman, "This stuff is no good. Give us benzine back again. All I do is get dirty plates, dirty engravings when I wipe much less toxic than benzine. It is more expensive, so you will have quite an argu ment with your purchasing agent But I think if you read the National Safety Coun cil Data Sheet D-456, it gives you a good lowdown on the properties of trichlorethane and may lead you to decide to purchase it it with this solvent" Well, we called in the Chairman Straube: To go a little deeper experts. They went through the plant and with some of the problems you have with they came to some of the condusions I had the use of solvents, and especially in the already come to as regards to the handling lithographic field, this is quite a problem of the solvents, the method of application of from a dermatitis standpoint We at Don the solvents. We went down to the stores to nelly's have been able to reduce our derma see how the)' issued this particular solvent titis exposure considerably. However, oc to the various departments. casionally we still come up with a very It seems they had three 20-gallon cans of various solvents--one of benzine, one of coal oil and the other of trichlorethane. But what the stores boy was doing was to use the same measuring can for all three solvents. So, of course, he would issue coal oil to one department, and then go and till the can with trichlorethane for another de partment, the engraving department in this instance. And it would get up to the engrav ing department, the trichlorethane would evaporate and leave a nice film of coal oil bad case. Bichromitis is one of the hardest things to eliminate, one of the worst cases of dermatitis. We have Robert F. Reed, who is the senior research consultant for the Litho graphic Technical Foundation. We was the first manager of the L.T.F. Research De partment when it was established at the Uni versity of Cincinnati in 1924. He is author of the L.T.F. book "Occupational Derma titis." This was when dermatitis was a lot more serious a problem. on tiie engraving. This is the sort of prob We will now hear from Mr. Reed on this lem we met That too was rectified. subject 106 al are like \ con- fv plants makes your them use ase gasoline enL I can't t bum down lse of dirty 3w whether r what it is. * dirty rag inths before hich doesn't along news- use any of i. for heavike a good v it is being i a solvent e are using ik they arc is trichlorelint and is It is more te an argttent But I afety Counyou a good ichlorethane pur^Hase it iiti Jeeper have with ally in the a problem Vet at Donour dermaiwever, ocith a very* the hardest worst cases who is the the LithoVe was the search Deat the Unie is author tal Dermawas a lot eed on this Printing and Publishing Sessions DERMATITIS IN THE GRAPHIC ARTS By ROBERT F. REED Senior Research Consultant, Lithographic Technical Foundation The first publication that was gotten out by us was this "Prevention of Occupational Dermatitis." Incidentally. I was not the author of that, but the authors were Dr. Louis Schwartz of the U. S. Public Health Service, and Dr. Leon Goldman of the Ket tering Laboratory of Applied Physiology in the College of Medicine at the University of Cincinnati. Dr. Goldman made quite a number of tests on personnel in the lithographic in dustry around Cincinnati- The conclusions were that about the only prevention was care on the part of the individual, but that there were some people who, regardless of the care that they exercised, could not avoid dermatitis. So this bulletin suggests meth ods of identifying it, what the causes are, whether it is purely irritation or whether it is actual sensitization, and what to do and how to prevent it There are no solid answers to this problem. Authorities vary in their figures about the people who are sensitive to bichromites. It is like poison to some, but the great majority of people seem to be quite immune to it Men have worked in the plate making department and on the presses for 25 to 30 years without any difficulty whatever. In 1952 a new treatment, for chronic dermatitis came out which concerned a ma terial called Bell Ointment Now Bell stands for British antilutite. Dr. H. N. Cole of the university in Cleveland apparently has had some success in using it in the treat ment of dermatitis. The Great Britain Tech nical Foundation put up some funds for a study--it was the Amalgamated Lithograph ers-Association and Lithographers Founda tion that put up the funds for the study at the university hospitals, that is, in the de velopment of this Bell Ointment. It is not a 100 per cent cure or prevention. They studied it on 100 patients, men who were employed in the industry*, most of whom had a history of dermatitis, but about one-fourth had none. Three of these men submitted to hospital treatment; four submitted to treatment on office calL Those that were hospitalized or stayed away from work for two weeks were completely re lieved. The dermatitis cleared up completely; but it returned on their return to work. Those who remained at work and submitted to continuous treatment were estimated to be approximately 75 per cent improved. So that was at least some help. Dr. Cole would not give the information about this treatment to the lithographers in general. But he offered to give the information to dermatologists who were confronted with this problem of dermatitis. In 1959 there was an article by Drs. Le vine, Bruner and Rattner of Northwestern University. They conducted a study with funds provided by the Chicago lithograph ers association and the local Amalgamated Lithographers Association, in other words, the union. This article was published in the Journal of American Medical Association, and also in the Electrotypers and Stereotypers Bulletin July, 1959. The point of the artide is not very helpful, because they got their items somewhat confused. They- used unreasonable concentration of materials and some materials probably should not have been used. Maybe some should have been used in their patches, but they came up with some information that should be helpful. Lithographic pressmen have the highest inridence of dermatitis, and the platemakers were next Approximatdy 53 per cent of the cases among those that had dermatitis were pressmen. Among platemakers only 23 per cent Both the pressman and platemak ers do come in contact with bichromites or chromic adds in their work; but platemak ers, you would expect, have the greatest exposure. So there is more to this derma titis in lithograph than just bichromites. The pressman also deals with solvents. The platemakers do too, in fact. Alcohol is the main problem there. But the pressman uses benzine or some solvent for press deaning, washing up ink, and so forth, and he con tinually has his hands in the water. He puts them in the fountain water occasionally. He is handling inks and solvents. So it isn't dear just what it is that causes his dermatitis. You can't pin it down to one angle thing. It Is a combination of factors. 107 I960 National Safety Congress This article by Drs. Levine, Bruner and haven't run into any particular trouble with Rattner calls attention to the fact that con* those plates. tributing factors are skin injuries, the sol We have gotten away from bichromites vents, toe soaps and primarily toe irritants largely because of the decrease of the use such as adds and alkalis. I might mention of zinc plates which in many cases seem that toe lithographic pressman used slightly to require a bichromite etch to keep the add fountain water which may contribute name printing areas dean. Aluminum plates to that. They classify bichromites as toe do not require bichromite plates. The long sensitiser. In toe history of these cases the life copper plates do not require bichromite pressman, on toe average, took five years of in their development or etching. press experience before he developed this dermatitis, before he became sensitized. And toe platemaker required about 15 years. Those of course are averages. There are some people who are so sensitive that they get toe bichromate dermatitis practically im mediately. There are some people who never operate presses or make plates, for in stance office people, who are so sensitive that they seem to get it by just walking through the shop. I ran across a case like that in Cincinnati. The roan in toe office simply had to stay out of toe shop or he would break out with dermatitis. That is about all I have to say, except that we are continuing our work at the Lithographic Technical Foundation to try to find ways of avoiding these materials. We have devdoped toe use of carbon cellu lose. That is somewhat a better desensitizer than gum arabic, and it is possible to use etches for keeping the non-printing areas of toe plate dean. We use it to a eertam extent A great deal needs to be done in toe industry, in toe way of education in-the use of these materials. But toe trouble is not altogether bicbromites. There are many factors involved other than the solvents and There is no preventive or cure. The rec ommended preventions are, of course, to minimize toe contact with these materials, and to eliminate, if possible, all irritants the bichromites, hr other words, irritants and sensitizers, but also toe fact that abra sions of toe skin can cause trouble, tabling toe irritation to be much more severe. and sensitizing materials. The Lithographic Chairman Stranbe: I for one have seen Technical Foundation has done a great deal a report on dermatitis in lithography, but of research along those lines. It developed I was wondering if there is some sort of a material to take toe place of turpentine, a package work that you have done on toe because we feel that turpentine was not thing that perhaps we could get if we wish only a strong irritant but also could cause to send for it? sensitization. I think most of you know what 'painter's itch' is. It used to be more prevalent when painters used turpentine more, but less now since they use other Mr. Reed: The only book we have is available from toe Foundation, and toe only other information is in our booklets on platemaldng. substitutes. We have done a great deal of eliminating of bichromites. We have pub lished formulas for fountain etches and plate etches to be used by pressman that have little biduomite. Chairman Straubs: We have gone through a lot of details of the specifics on safety problems. We have one last speaker who would like to talk to you about something which perhaps everybody feds they know As far as platemaldng is concerned, many about, and yet there are always a-*lot of plates are still made by bichromited gum or people enrolling in classes to find out how bichromite aluminum or bichromite caring, to do it better. materials that can cause dermatitis. But now Gordon H. Rosberg.is safety director of we have toe presenritized plates which are Richter McCall and Company. He grad coming into pretty general use which use a uated from Northwestern University in compound for desensitizing, and we haven't 1940 with a B.S. degree in economics, and found any dermatitis as a result of toe use graduate work in marketing and business of toe material The plates come already administration. He is a Naval Air Reserve coated and there is rally not much that Commander at Glenview in his spare time toe platemaker needs to do, except to ex And he is also a salesman for this organiza pose toe plate and develop it The develop tion. The title of his talk is "Organize--To ment means handling solvents, but we Promote .Safety." Me with a i-._,iromites sc of the use y cases seem to keep the aninum plates :es. The long re bichromite > say, except work at the iation to try se materials, carbon ceUnr desensitizer sstble to use rioting areas to a cerlanj be done in icatum in the le trouble" is ire are many solvents and ids, irritants ct that abraible, enabling t severe te have seen agraphy, but some sort of done on the and the only booklets on [one through s on safety peaker who it something they know ys a lot of nd out how director of _He gradliversity in tunnies, and nd business Ur Reserve spare time, is organizarganize--'To Printing and Publishing Sessions ORGANIZE! ... TO PROMOTE SAFETY By GORDON H. ROSBERG Safety Director, Richter McCall & Company, Chicago There is ample evidence that there is a need for better organization of the safety effort in the printing and publishing indus try- Too often there is no clear appoint ment to the job of safety director. Too of ten the job of the safety director is not clearly defined. Too often the safety di rector is not correctly placed organization ally. Too often the safety director is ex pected to perform hb mission without proper equipment and training materials. Too often the safety* director lacks backing of man agement The statement of the need helps to suggest a solution to the problem. Clear Appointment--If your organization does not have a person or persons perform ing the function of safety director (or what ever you may wish to call him) or if this function b now scattered to the four winds within your organization, pull thb job to gether into a definite, specific appointment given to a single individual. Give him the title he deserves as safety director. Let your organization know of your appointment See that thb individual uses hb title. Clearly Define Job--A complete job de scription of the safety director will do a world of good. Others in your organiza tion will know- what management expects and demands of the safety director. (Thb strengthens the position of the safety di rector in doing investigative work and sug gesting changes.) Correctly Place Organisationally -- Prac tices vary widely in different organizations relative to the positioning of the safety di rector within the organization structure. The Chicago Tribune has a safety director named Bob Monnel who b placed in the in surance department Lloyd Hollister in Wil mette, a publisher and printer of several village newspapers, has no specific safety director by title, but Bill Selby, the plant superintendent, performs the function of safefy director and does a wonderful job of it as hb accident record will testify. Be sure your safety* director b properly placed within your organization to perform his job most effectively. Proper Equipment and Training Mate rials--If you need help in thb department, contact the National Safety Council. They have every conceivable kind of aid for those who wish to start and maintain a safety pro gram. For the printing industry the Na tional Safety Council has a complete kit for safety* training which has a safety manual, an instruction guide, posters, data sheets, training cards, and really* all that b required by even the biggest printing plant for get ting into the safety swim efficiently' and economically. Make a note to get thb ma terial for your safety director. In addition, please see that he has equipment needed, a place to work, and the opportunity* to work hb mission of humanity. Backing of Management--Your safety di rector needs the understanding of manage ment of hb vital role in the organization. Management should back thb individual in word and deed. The safety director should be brought into those conferences within management which involve safety consider ations (which a.e more frequent than often thought). He should be sent all materials and data which will enable him to do his job better. In short, your safety* director should be "built up" within vour organi zation. Compare the usefulness of your safety* di rector to the sales manager of your or ganization. It takes a lot of sales to make a profit* But you can also make a profit as a result of a lot of no accidents! QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Question: When a person comes in for hb pre-employment examination, can you tell definitely what he can hear and what he can't hear? Mr. Mansfield: We give him an audio metric test Question: Do you know, or do they tell you? Mr. Mansfield: the test reveals where there is a loss of hearing, whether it is normal or not 1960 National Safely Congress Question: Should that be part of a preemployment examination? Mr. Mansfield: Yes, if you are faced with a loss of hearing problem, it should be. Question: We are not now, but you say we will be. Measuring sound is old in it self, but this industrial measuring of sound is new, isn't it? Mr. Mansfield: No, I don't think it is. Question: Where would we get some in formation on it? Mr. Mansfield: There are any number of services. I would suggest that you contact your insurance carrier and their engineering department will bring in the equipment and do it for you. If, however, they are a small carrier, without the equipment, they can either give you the names of a con sulting concern who will do that Member: We had a man who dropped in on us the other day and he said he per formed that service on a consulting baas. Mr. Mansfield: I'm sure in the size of your community down there you certainly can find other industrial firms. them of the signal system or warning sign? And why is the button white when it matches the other lights? Mr. Juroff: We use a system of red but tons. When you push that "Stop" you have a red light and you have a bell. When you push the start button, before the press will start you have a few seconds where a bell is going to ring, and you have a green light when she starts. Mr. McDonald: J made that suggestion and I was thrown out, practically. The lights have always been white. They will be white for the next year because that is the printing code. If you get a man from San Francisco to come to Chicago, he is only used to white lights. When the lights are turned, all the lights light up white, and for a layman like myself you think the} are turning on lights for illumination. Chairman Straube: We have about the same condition in the general printing field. But'they use a system of flashing lights, rather than a bell. Member of group: It is the American Standards code. Question: If we have no problems, no one is talking about it the unions are not talk ing about no one is talking about it we have no complaints of noise, should we stir it up? Mr. Mansfield: No. I don't know whether you are all set or not I don't know what is in the minds of your legislators down there, but once tbjy decide to put that in as a compensation law, then you are going to be faced with it Chairman Straube: Then it is too late to start Mr. McDonald: We are servicing several newspapers so my questions are on the newspaper end. I am going to be fair. I bring these questions up because I don't know, I am not versed in newspaper safety programs, so whatever you can give me will help me out Chairman Straube: You have a system of flashing lights when a safety button is not in that will tell you it is not in. When the safety button is in, the lights are con stant Before you can start the press there is enough of a time delay to allow two or three flashes of light before it will go. It is the American Standards Association for printing. Member of group: The National Safety Council. I'm sure, can tell you the number, because there was a bulletin on that in the newsletter. Mr. Juroff: All of the New York papers used the red signal system In analyzing our accident experience in the pressroom, we have not had one accident that involved a press, except when a man walked into one. Question: We don't manually fix our safety buttons on the presses. Number 1, what programs do you have for pressmen who fail to use the safety buttons? For instance, in this particular case they have a white light which says the press is out of order or shut off, but they fail to turn the safety button, and somebody else pushes a button and so it is on. Do you have any precaution to remind Members of group: It depends on the in terlocking. It isn't something you have to lock. You can make sure it is going to stay. They never interlock the same. Your lights and the button will follow the same. Mr. Lott: I have two short questions for the doctor over there. In your physical ex amination of prospective employees, are you 110 arnjng sign? ite| ]en jt of red bm p'' you have L When you >e press will (rhere a bell ive a green t suggestion acally. The . They will ause that is a man from icago, he is n the light* t up white, u think they oration. e about the tinting field, ihing fights. e American e a system y button is in. When its are conpress there Hor'~`wo or i> i* oaaflon for anal Safety the number, that in the fork papers i analyzing pressroom, sat involved ed into one. ly fix our > on the inou have to ing to stay. Your lights same. tesrions for (hysical ex its, are you Printing and Publishing Sessions able to detect an epileptic if they don't them in the proof room or in some sed admit it? entary job. Dr. Pohlman: Unfortunately, we are not The only way to pick it up is by an electrospectrogram, which is a rather involved process of applying electrodes to the scalp and taking a reading. It is not practical for an industry to do it We would have to have somebody interpret it It is ex pensive machinery to install. Mr. Lott: My second question applies to Dr. Pohlman: They have to have limited work. That is understood. - Member: A steady follow-up would be the answer there. That is what we use at the New York Times, depending on the cardiac evaluation. Chairman Straube: What do you do at a certain point? a diabetic person. If they suffer, let's say, Member: If we feel the man is able to a relatively minor injury, how much more work and is a known cardiac, he carries a serious is their recovery than that of a card with him. We place him in a job if normal person? we have a job for him, with limited duties. Dr. Pohlman: Not at all, providing they If he is a pressman and has been on the are regulated and you watch them a little job for quite a while, we will keep him on. more closely than somebody else; If they Chairman Straube: Can you separate are regulated, they will do just as well as them? anyone else. But you have to watch them pretty dosely. Question: I'm also a consultant to news papers. In checking the ages of the people in our composing rooms and pressmen. I find we have a predominant average age of 58 years. Where a man has been out on a disability and he comes back we can't ex amine him because the union squawks, "You can't examine that man.'' We have about 40 to GO per cent of our current force, the mechanical force, walking around waiting for a coronary' attack. Can you tell me Member: No. Mr. Mansfield: I have one suggestion for tins gentleman. In New York State, you approach your union with the idea that you are going to prolong this man's fife by hav ing a cardiac specialist evaluate his physical condition. We have had the same problem and when we have approached them with that idea, that we would then give the man work that was in keeping with the physical findings, it has been acceptable to them. what we can do with these people? The second thing that you definitely want Dr. Pohlman: Coronaries occur even ear lier than 58. Chairman Straube: Are these people who have been tested previously? Member: We have tested all of those who have been out on disability in New York State. We have half in New York State and the other half from Binghamton and Portland. Chairman Straube: You know they have heart conditions? to do Is alert the employers you service and make sure that the condition of these known cardiacs is registered. Question: Dr. Pohlman, we have quite a fluctuation of employment Do you have any standards as how long a person is on a lay-off status before he has to get a physical, before he returns to work? Dr. Pohlman: We handle that pretty much as an individual problem. It depends upon what their record was when they previously were employed, from a physical Member: There have been disability standpoint what kind of work they are benefits paid in other states where we going into. If they were going to come haven't been able to get our there to nab bade and go into a temporary job, we might the man. The union hasn't allowed us. Our just interview them and not give them a unions take a very dim view of it On the full physical. If they come on as permanent whole examination picture, we know we've employees they would get the works. got these fellows. And just what the devil Sam Richards: I would like to ask die are we going to do before they keel over? doctor, in your talk you made reference to Mr. Juroff: I would assume the possi identifying a diabetic. What means of iden bility exists where you can put some of tification do you use? 111 as -n :S? \ . 1960 National Safety Congress Dr. Pohlman: Usually you pick it up in the urine specimen. Diabetics are reluctant to tell you. Mr. Richards: But it may not be known to the plant, to the safety man, that this individual is a diabetic. That was not what you had reference to? Dr. Pohlman: Ordinarily, the safety man doesn't know that he is diabetic. We have his chart marked in the medical depart ment We know and have it marked on the outside of the chart in large red letters, so anyone pulling his chart would know it. Mr. Richards: If you do know he is diabetic, what precaution should you take? Dr. Pohlman: You wouldn't have to take any particular precaution, unless the man appeared to be in shock or in a coma. Then naturally he would have to have medical treatment. Mr. Richards: First aiders are safety peo ple. There is nothing for us to know? papers are very generous to their employees on this accident or safety program. They have these employee benefits so they are never losing money, but it seems to be abused. Are there any controls on that or any special provisions ? Mr. Juroff: In my talk I mentioned fraud as a cause for dismissal. If a man does not report the accident immediately, disability benefits are withheld. Or if a man suffers three lost time accidents in a five-year pe riod, on the fourth such accident, during that period his disability benefits are with held. Mr. McDonald: We are looking for a cross-over conveyor that will be light enough-- Mr. Juroff: A cross over for a conveyor belt, for plates? Mr. McDonald.: For mailing operations. The way they are built you have to have a bridge to move it Dr. Pohlman: Only be careful in the ap plication of heat or in the recommendation of heat to the party. Mr. Juroff: We have a small one that crosses over the plate conveyor. It is sort of a semi-circular affair. Chairman Straube: As I understand it, a diabetic, when injured, is much more subject to infection, to gangrene, to a great many things, than a normal person. You would have to be careful. Mr. McDonald: What about posters? We are taking photographs of right and wrong operation. Any way we can send them to the section and get a few from the printing industry or the newspaper industry? Dr. Pohlman: In five minutes they are in the hands of the medical people. Mr. Richards: That is the way it should be. Dr. Pohlman: There is no reason to identify a person. Mr. Richards: What I meant was. if the people involved in the department knew that the individual was diabetic, and if anything happened, the information could be passed on to the hospital or to the doctor. Mr. McDonald: Where you call for peo ple to come from the union, what do you do to control the situation? Is there any particular program you have to establish? Mr. Juroff: You mean for using substi tute help? W'e have to accept what the union sends. Mr. McDonald: It seems that the news Mr. Johnson: I think, George, that wc can work that out by coming up to the office and going in to the art department and have our art people look over the in formation. And I'm sure the newspaper people will have posters from here on in because we certainly are getting an influx of newspaper people and they* must be taken care of. Therefore, I am sure there will be something done. Mr. McDonald: I mean, is it possible for a kit to be made up for the newspaper? Mr. Johnson: I think there will be. Chairman Straube: I can't quite under stand why we have to talk about newspapers on the one hand and printing on the other. Don't you print a newspaper? (The Chair was resumed by Mr. Grothaus, and the meeting concluded.) 112 ir ^Ioyecs >g( ) They so they are seems to be > on that or itioned fraud nan does not ly, disability man suffers Sve-year pedent, during ts are with- jldng for a II be light a conveyor : operations. ave to have ill one that It is son wsters? We . and wrong nd them to the printing ry? je, Jhat wc f| j> the <k.,_Jnment ver the innewspaper here on in g an influx ist be taken there will possible for wspaper? nil be. uite undernewspapers i the other. Mr. Gro*L) OFFICERS OF THE PULP AND PAPER SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1960-61 General Chairman--D. V. Hill, Safety Director, The Mead Corp, Kingsport Division, Kingsport, Term. Vice Chaimtan. Program--V. P. Coulon, Safety Director, Sealright-Oswego Falls Corp., Fulton, N. Y. Fire Chairman, Newsletter Editor--Robert J. Gell, Staff Assistant, Paper Mills Division, Eastman Kodak Co.. Kodak Park Works, Rochester, N. Y. Secretary--Robert SI. Gilmore, General Safety Supervisor, Rayonier Incorporated, Horjuiam. Wash. Regional Representatives--`Francis H. Wagner (Chairman), Director of Safety, The Mead Corp., Chiliicothe, Ohio; Lake States--`Arthur Carle, Safety Director, The Northwest Paper Co., Goquet, Minn.; Middle Atlantic--H. J. Hahn, Safety Coordina tor, Hammermill Paper Co., Eric, Pa.; Southern--`Dallas E. Henry, Safety Director, Continental Can Co., Inc, Southern Advance Bag Operation, Hodge, La.; Pacific Coast --Dan Adair, Safety Coordinator, Pacific Coast Assn, of Pulp & Paper Manufacturers, Portland, Ore.; Canada--`Douglas B. Chant, Secretary'-Engineer, The Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Assn, Toronto, Ont, Canada; Midwest--`Earl F. Ripstra, Personnel Manager, Container Corp. of America, Chicago, I1L; Central--H. E. New bury, Safety Supervisor, Ecusta Paper Div, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp, Pisgah Forest, N. C.; Near England--Orbbie K_ Webber, Safety Director, St. Regis Paper Co, East Pepperell, Mass. Contest Committee--A. Scott Dowd (Chairman), President, Fritz Publications, Inc, Chi cago, III.; R. H. Wahlfelb, Safety Coordinator, Bemis Bro. Bag Co, Sl Louis, Mo.; Claire L. Lyon, Corporate Employee Relations Mgr, Scott Paper Co, Chester, Pa.; *J. Fred Berry, General Insurance Manager, Alton Box Board Co, Alton, 111. Special Projects Committee--Gordon B. Lemke (Chairman), Research Coordinator, Em ployers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, Wis.; Russell E. Bell, Safety Director, The Crossett Co, Crossett, Ark.; D. L. Eisenach, Safety Director, Minnesota and Ontario Paper Co, International Falls, Minn.; Lambert J. Louy, Container Corp. of America, Chicago, 111.; R. E. Scott, Assistant Secretary-Engineer, The Ontario Pulp and Paper Makers' Safety Assn, Toronto, Ont, Canada Qfi-the-Job Safety Committee--Mbs. Marion Irving (Chairman), Safety Director, Stone Container Corp, Chicago, 111.; `George R. Merriman, Coordinator of Safety, Interna tional Paper Co, Southern Kraft Div, Mobile, Ala.; A. E. Hammerstein, Safety Di rector, Gaylord Container Corp, St Louis, Mo.; R. W. Robertson, Safety Supervisor, Champion Paper and Fibre Co, Carolina Division, Canton, N. G Pulpwood Logging Committee--E. G Cordon (Chairman), Louisiana Forestry Commis sion, Woodworth, La.; A. R. Bentley, Safety Supervisor, Hiwassee Land Co, c/o Bowater Southern Paper Co, Calhoun, Term.; Jefferson Keith, Administrative Assistant and Safety Officer, American Pulpwood Assa, New York, N. Y.; J. Omer Lang, Chief, Woods Employment Safety and Training Units, Brown Co, Berlin, N. H.; E. N. Denison, Manager, The Quebec Pulp & Paper Safety Association, Inc., Quebec, P. Q, Canada 113 Pulp Manufacturing Committee--Harms K. Williams (Chairman), Asst Coordinator of Safety, Southern Kraft I>iv, International Paper Co, Mobile, Ala.; Jack Robertsox, Asst General Safety Supr, Crown Zellerbach Corp, Portland, Ore.; John S. Tusker, Safety and Training Coordinator, Bowaters Southern Paper Corp, Calhoun, Term.; James M. Pinkston, Jr, Personnel and Safety Supervisor, The Crossett Co, Crossett, Ark.; Ralph E. Myers, Safety Supervisor, Chillicothe Div, The Mead Corp, Chiilicothe, Ohio; Robert W. Wood, Manager of Safety Services, Kimberly-Clark Cbrp, Neenab, Wis. Paper Manufacturing Committee--Merlin C Race (Chairman), Safety Director, St Regis Paper Co, New York, N. Y.; Frank C. Harmon, Employment Manager, Hollings worth and Voss Co, West Groton, Mass.; James E. Jones, Secretary, Industrial Rela tions Committee, American Paper and Pulp Assn, New York; N. Y.; A. E. Topmillee, Safety Supervisor, The Champion Paper and Fibre Co, Hamilton, Ohio; Edwin D. Lewis, Personnel Manager, Container Corp. of America, Philadelphia, Pa.; Chester Matzenger, Safety Director, International Paper Co, Mobile, Ala.; George Omsjosi, Containerboard and Kraft Paper Div, Continental Can Co, New Yoric, N. Y. Bag Committee--Harold Hewitt (Chairman), Assistant Personnel Mgr, Bemis Bro. Bag Co, Peoria, IU.; Jack Kohl, Training Supervisor, Converting Div, St Regis Paper Co, Pensacola, Fla.; Toxie R. Trim, Safety Director, Gaylord Container Corp, Bogalusa. La.; Allen H. Watts, Assistant Safety Director, Union Bag-Camp Paper Corp, Savannah, Ga. Roofing Committee--H. R. Mesi.fr, Jr. (Chairman), Director of Safety, The Ruberoid Co, South Bound Brook, N. J.; Matt F. Fink, Supervisor of Safety, Certain-Teed Prod ucts Corp, Paoli, Pa.; Robert C Smith, Supervisor of Safety, Industrial Health and Plant Protection, Johns-Manville and Co, Waukegan, IIL; J. Cochran, Central Produc tion Manager, Murray-Brantford, Limited, Montreal, Que, Canada Insulation Committee--Budwik J. Lee (Chairman), Safety Director, Wood Conversion Co, Cloquet, Minn.; William Bigham, Personnel Manager, Abitibi Corp, Alpena, Mich.; C. Hoctel, Jr, Director of Safety, The Celotex Corp, Morrero, La.; M, F. Mattson, Safety Supervisor, Minnesota and Ontario Paper Co, International Falls, Minn. Specialties Committee--Alfred B. Barnes (Chairman), Safety & Fire Prevention Engineer, Fibreboard Paper Products Corp, Oakland, Calif.; Harold E. Tebo, Personnel Super visor, Baryta Div, Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, N. Y.; Orro Wagers, Safety Ad ministrator, The Champion Paper and Fibre Cb, Hamilton, Ohio Shipping Container Committee--Jack Dunman (Chairman), Director of Safety, The Mengel Co, Louisville, Ky.; Ralph H. Effler, Manager, Employee & Training, Pack aging Corporation of America, Central Fibre Products Div, Hutchinson, Kans.; Wil liam B. Gittens, Safety Director, Fibre Box Assn, Washington, D. C Folding Carton Committee--Karl F. Simpson, Jr. (Chairman), Director of Ind. Reis, and Safety, Folding Paper Box-Association of America; Chicago, IIL; William Oliver, Diamond Gardner Corp, Gardner Div, Middletown, Ohio; William Johnson, Boxboard and Folding Carton Div, Continental Can Cb, New Yoric, N. Y.; Forrest Kimmell, Safety Medical Director, Sutherland Paper Co, Kalamazoo, Mich. Staff Representative--Rorert Curiue, National Safely Council, Chicago, 111. Past General Chairman 114 ordinator of Robertson, S. Turner, lOif^Tena; j>ssett, 3orp, ChilliDark Corp, or, St Regis x, Holiingstistrial Rela- . Topuhxer, ; Eoww D. a.; Chests 5 Offerjost, lis Bro. Bag Regis Paper Zorp., BogaPaper Corp, luberoid Co, -Teed ProdHealth and tral Produc- Conversicm rp, Alpena, La.; if, F. dona! Falls, in dneer, mt , ,JnperSafety Ad- Safety, The ining, PackCans.; Wil- d. Reis, and am Oliver, NSON. BoxIRREST KlSt- OFFICERS OF THE PRINTING AND PUBLISHING SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1960-61 General Chairman--D. H. Grothaus, Safety Director, McCall Corp, Dayton, Ohio Vice Chairman & Membership Chairman--Stanley Juroff, Safety Coordinator, The New York Times, New York, N. Y. Associate Membership Chairman--G. S. Mansfield, Safety & Employee Benefits Director, Western Printing & Lithographing Co, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Program Committee--B. J. Taymans (Chairman), General Manager, Printing Industry of America, Inc, Washington, D. C; Charles Shapiro (Associate Chairman), Manager, Educational Dept, Lithographic Technical Foundation, Inc., New York, N. Y. Newsletter Committee--Frank Neidhart (Editor), Personnel Manager, Miehle Printing Press Mfg. Co, Chicago, IIL; Jack Stroube (Associate Editor), Safety Director, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co, Chicago, IIL Secretary--Homes H. Clevtxger, Safety Supervisor, Kingsport "Press Inc, Kingsport, Term. Engineering Maintenance & Electrification Committee--Jack Stroube, Safety Director, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co, Chicago, IIL; F. N. Burt, Manager Trip Control Div, Mitineapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co, Freeport IIL Education 6* Training Committee--Gordon Rosberg (Chairman), Safety Director, Richter McCall & Co, Chicago, IIL; Charles Shapiro, Manager, Educational Dept, litho graphic Technical Foundation Inc, New York, N. Y. Off-the-Job Committee--Homer H. Clevenger (Chairman), Safety Supervisor, Kingsport Press Inc, Kingsport, Term.; J. W. Loober (Associate Chairman), Safety Director, National Cash Register Co, Dayton, Ohio; Kenneth Y. Umberger, Personnel Man ager, Kingsport Press, Inc, Kingsport, Tenn. Pulp & Paper Liaison Committee--Kenneth Y. Umberger (Chairman), Personnel Mgr, Kingsport Press, Inc, Kingsport Tenn.; Karl Simpson, Jr. (Associate Chairman), Di rector of Safety and Industrial Relations, Folding Paper Box Assn, Chicago, IIL Association Committee--B. J. Taymans (Chairman), General Manager, Printing Industry of America, Inc, Washington, D. C.; Karl Simpson, Jr, Director of Safety and In dustrial Relations, Folding Paper Box Assa, Chicago, IIL; Malcolm H. Frost, Execu tive Director, Book Manufacturers Institute Inc, New York N. Y. Members-at-Large--Eugene P. Ernest, Safety Officer; U. S.'Government Printing Office, Washington, D. G; Paul O'Neill, Personnel & Safety Director, Rand McNally & Co, Hammond, Ind.; Sam B. Richardson, Baird-Ward Printing Co, Nashville; Tenn.; Gradie R. Rowntree, M.D, Director, Health & Safety, Fawcett-Dearing Printing Co, Louisville, Ky.; Walter R. Smith, Personnel Director, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co, Old Saybrook Conn.; H. Burt Wallace, Safety Director, Montreal Star, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Ralph Thornton, Personnel and Safety Director, Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co, Minneapolis, Mina; J. G Bronson. Assistant Supt, Curtis Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Pa.; R. L. Bolton, Personnel Assistant, Meredith Publishing Company, Des Moines, Iowa; G Howard Timanus. Personnel Dept, The Baltimore Business Forms Co, Baltimore; Md. Staff Representative--E. E. Koch, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. Other Volumes in this (1960) Series Users of this volume will find much value in its companion volumes, which offer the complete record of the 48th National Safety Congress! Here is the list: Vol. No. Title 1 to 9 10 or Copies more i General Sessions and Index to all Volumes....................... $ -65 $ 55 2 Aero-space; Air Transport...................................................... .65 - .55 3 Automotive and Machine Shop; Power Press and Forging .65 4 Cement, Quarry and Mineral Aggregates......................... .40 .55 45 5 Chemical and Fertiliier.......................................................... .65 6 Civic Leadership; Church, Home, Women, Youth, Farm .65 7 Coal Mining................... ........................................................ .65 .55 JSS MS 8 Construction; Public Employee........................................... .65 9 Electrical Equipment............... ...............^ ......... .40 MS MS to Food and Beverage; Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Products; Trades and Services...................................... .65 MS II Glass and Ceramics; Rubber.................................................. .65 MS 12 Industrial Subjects Sessions (ASSE)................................... .90 M0 13 Labor ......................................................................................... .65 14 Marine......................................................................................... .65 MS MS 15 Metals......................................................................................... .65 16 Mining......................................................................................... .65 17 Motor Transport; Transit........................................................ .65 18 Occupational Health Nursing .............................................. .40 19 Petroleum ................................................................................... .65 20 Public Utilities.......................................................................... .65 21 Pulp and Paper; Printing and Publishing............................. .65 22 Railroad ..................................................................................... .40 23 School and College ................................................................ .90 24 Traffic ......................................................................................... .65 25 Wood Products; and Textile.................................................... MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS .35 .80 MS MS Stock No. 022.30--I 02240--2 02240--3 02240--4 02240-5 02240-6 02240--7 02240-8 02240--9 02240--10 02240--11 02240--12 02240--13 02240--14 02240--IS 02240--16 02240--17 02240--18 02240--19 02240--20 02240--21 02240--22 02240--23 02240-24 02240--25 COMPLETE SETS (25 Volumes)............................................$10.50 $10.50 022.10 Aii prices shown ere subject to a 10 per cent discount to Netional Safety Council members. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE. CHICAGO II. ILL. 3M36102 .ctMTtD inati. 022.30--21