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CERAMIC ABSTRACTS Compiled by The American Ceramic Society 1946 C. S. Ptaacs, G*n*ral Stcrdary . R. L. STOVX, Ttekniol Si&eurj MajtvJ. Gui ' 1 Exely C. V*it Sotoici }AttitUntx Downer Kouwos J Commuttt on Publualicnz: K. C. I.VOK, OtiirmaK; E- E. >fl11 T*,'. . \ R. K. H. Frxxci, Ji,, Scan'AATiWAtatx, C. 5. Pxaaex. ts-offlcio ABSTRACTERS Associated Technical Serried F. C. Arraree' L. C. Chad""tek J. F. Homo? E. D. Maher H. X. Richardson A. A, Ayar* M. W Condoida M. Hoseh E. E. Marbaker Marnrtt Roach Martin Baker \V. 0. Forte? 2. E. Howe F. R. Mauoa K. Sata&ac L. R. Barrett V. 0 Frechette F. J. Hurlbut E. P. Murphy, Jr. K. D. ScbeStr I i \V. R. Beck A. C. Sevan R. A. Gregory ?. Grodri.tlld 0. M. Hu L. J. Jacob* J. M. .Nay 0. G. Pierce X. Schrcwctiut A. B- Searlt A. J. Biddulbh Max Haneubeitn G. A. JCirkendale E. C. Pierce I. Sbattuck Georje Black E. A. Haute? M. M. \V. KJcitnan Alexia Pincut Kattt Thurjsuer M. L. Britt. Jr. J. J. Haiti N. T. Kreidl M. E. Poor R. L. Wcise R. G. Capdl F. C. Heck B. 8. Eane J. E. Priestley Samuel Ztrfou Editorial Ojfia: 2523 North Hish Street. Coluisbui J. Ohio J`uelieotion Qifitt: 20tb and Xortaampton Streets, Eastoa, Pa. I .* I, !' ' ti. . ! - t t- i\ ; I ?, >* I. 1t i- . ? \ f- t i t i t r L to * V* 190 Ceramic Abstracts September by each branch. During 1044 scientific investigations were at the Kaiser WUliclm Institute tor Silicate Research at undertaken in we principal direction*: < U the develop* Beriln-Dahlem .etui 0*ttteim Rhoen. Germany. A srocn* ment of theoretical and practical method* of physical and for the production of ynthiic mica on a lubomtntv scale chemical analysis of new alloy*, the processing of complex was developed. In PS `.'0..VU), practical details involved in multimetal are*. and the iludy of domestic mineral re* 3 the synthesis .ire set forth. Potash-magnesia mien .nd sources; and (2) investigations relative to the basic ehemis- barium mica were made in small crucibles. To produce try of complex compounds and the development of etfee- well-oriented crystal*, particular importance was placed on tire method* for the recovery of rare mewl* and their well-regulated temperature gradient in a vertical direction alloy*. Of special interest te the ceramic industry are the -- during the erst of the cooling period and a magnetic held studies undertaken by the Laboratory for Silicate* and its surrounding the crucible in a horizontal direction. In PB reports on the chemical stability of glass and the diffusion of 20.531. the basic crystallographic theories art diicued rases in molten glass. A.J.S. with complete description* of the results of various melts SialUet-Syelcnhoft Alumina Process, PortUsdxemest . in the phtogopite >cries. PB 2o.A':2 give* the results of ftbnk Dyekerhofif * Sdhne it Ameaeburc be; Siehrich. 0 crystallographic studies of synthetic phiugopite. and the F. 11, lla- BIOS Find Rspt.. Iti", Item 13; PB U.93J, rule* governing intergrowth of phlogopite and humitt 7 ?p. (Aug. 1945); obstructed in Bibiiof. Set. Ini. Rtptt.. crystals are derived. Tables, diagrams, and explanatory 1 1331134111948). Price photostat -11.011. microfilm -We.-- photomicrographs. This is a report of the proets* for extracting olumica from-- . Synthebe Sapphire isd Spinel Production in Germany, cool ashes, based on a diseussioo with personnel of the II. H. Sandra. FIAT Final Rep*.. *55; PB 17,343, 17 Oyckerhoif works and examination of tome analytical pp. (1945): abstracted in 5<Ming. Sri. Ini. Repit.. 1 ] records, Essentially, the process consists in bunting an 1304 (1,9-46). Price photostat 52.00. microfilm 504.--Two alumina-containing raw material with limestone: extract. plants in Germany produced synthetic sapphire and spinel ing the pulverized material with water by a countercurrent boule* during the war. the I. O. Farben plant at Bicterfeld method; precipitating the alumina and lima from this and the Wiedes Karbifi Werlce at Freyung. Both plants solution by treatment with carbon dioxide, and thca subse* employ tbe basic Verneui) process, the principles of which quentiy extracting the alumina from tbe mix of these two-- are known in tbe U. S. The detail* of German apparatus solids by treatment with soda. Initially, in the pilot-plant and process are revealed here for the first time. A etociss trials, the Seailles water extraction method was used, but for hardening spinel .bearings so that their- performance it was later abandoned iu favor of the alkali extraction approached that of sapphire ecd so chat only one fourth as method. Details of the process, analysis of the materials, much diamond was needed far fabrication was developed, and economic considerations are discussed. Tbe residue 3 Temperature latsreooversion Table* utd Melting Points from the alkali extraction proem* proved quite satisfactory of the Chtmieal Elenseat*. Sat. Bur. Slaniarlt .Wise. foruseio Portlandeementmanufacture. Pub.. M133. April 10, 1947 (supersedes .(fire. Pub. M126'. Systbesia of Fluorine-Mica of the Phlogopite Group; Price 5c from Supt. of Documents, Washington 25. D. C. Crystalleehsaicai ud Microscopic lartsagaOea* of Sya-_ S.M.L. these Phlogopite*; Regular Iatorgrowth of Synthetic X-Ray* La Practice. W. T. Smow.t_ McGraw-Hill Phlogopite with Hydrous Mica. W. Eint. FIAT Final Boole Co., Inc., New York. 1945. (JI3 pp. Price 54.IX). Rtptt.. 747, 748. and 749; PB 70,530 , 41 Dp.; PB 20,531. -Renewed in JJick. sg,, 69 (2| 15 (1947]. F-G.K. 32 pp.; PB 20.532, 34 pp. (March 1946); abstracted in Bibliof. Set. Ini. Repti., 1 [431 9.34 (1948). Price (each) * $* tbejolinnnf additional abstracts photostat 53.1)0. microfilm 50e.--This is a series of three re- Sect XXX; Colloid chemistry of the day mineral attapul- ports on synthetic mica research by Site! and his eoworkwo gttt. Ceatni Glass aad Ceramic Research latdrute. A.non. consumers' goods, arid buyers' resistance to out-of-line Jour. Sei. Ini. Research (India), 4 (7 [ 3*7-35 (1948).--The / prices, including construction. The going will be harder for foundation of this Institute in Calcutta is Che first of the new or rapidly expanded concerns than it was during the five national laboratories to be established in India. Cf. war aod the postwar boom. It will he border lor everyone Ceram. Abt., 1947, July, p. 151(. M.Ha. wpo cannot meet competitive costs. The test of the situs- Employing aa engineer--hiring praedee* analysed. __ tioo io che cooinr months will be the state of employment Joint Economic Status Cosoutti*. Amet Engr., 17 aod the output of goods and services to promote the general (4! 2. 12-13 (1947).--A preliminary report is given of a welfare. R.X.S. survey beisg made to answer questions which both the Histology of asbesteei*. L. Mono. Acta Path. Mtcr& employer and the prospective engineering employee ask. Hoi. irand., 23 [1| 53-59 (1945); abstracted in Jour. The survey include* the type of engineers hired, bow young 1 Amer S[ti. Asiac.. 133 [91 52 (rni). O.G.R. engineers are recruited, how experienced engineers for How to tel! your story te worker*. Amok. Modem Ini.. specific openings are obtaiaed. the most important factor* 13 [3144--48 (1947) .--The widenin g gulf between labor and taken into consideration ta hiring an engineer, and how management shows the need for better understanding. much newly employed engineers are paid. The median -- That gull has led to Communism in some countries and to answer lor the last question was found to be 3207 per Socialism in other*. Thu* far it has led only to crippling month in a range of approximately 3175 to 3250. however, strikes and generally reduced worker productivity in this the salary depends on the individual in 20*% of the indus country. Communications (rom mangagement to workers. tries and upon prevailing wages or special factors in the l the smooth Sow of information, Tacts, instructions, and other go'* of the industries polled. The glass industry was educational material, is today's So. I industrial-relations included in the list of those paying the highest wages for problem. Methods cf shaping employee opinion include recent graduates. In general, the answers to other ques the following mediums; (l) Supervisory word-of-mouth, tions were based on too little data to be conclusive as yet; (2) bulletin boards, (3) pay-envelope inserts. (4) new* some trends, however, were indicated. L.R.M, "letters. (5) employee publications. 16) employee meetings, General business condition*. A.vow. Sottonal City (7) public-address systems. (S) plant-city advertisements Sank Monthly Letter (June 1947).--The opinion that the (9) radio, (10) employee handbook. (11) annual statement peak a/ the postwar boom has been seen Is now fairly gen (12) Labor-management activities, and ()3) movie*, eral. Where recession ha* occurred, however, it is stiil of f R.K.I. little weight, so fa# a* the aggregates of production, income, laBuenee of tge co illieosia. S. Maatih ano L. Rocks or employment are concerned. The most significant Pretst rnii., 54 IJan. 51 3 119411): abstracted in Jour, /ml changes that have occurred are in l he price trend of basic Hjt Toxicol.. [81 '.l>-34 (1946). O.G.P. commodities, the filling up ot shortages of more and more Lamps usd the spectrum. C. E. Wsrrs. Ohto Slot* m / liawy^g I tat lots w. d.52 2. 1940: . MfO*. ' any sta- l 'It }. >v.uran ., d. 1943).:: f a steel i teatil ia caxmer ' =etc*iar 3 drytfce.^ irfacs to ; alyiair a ?. neon* of V n which ^ ;e layer. ~ betweoal! iyrttaa. " r. Ansar.'- i. V s block* Osrxo*- . . 1940. It.Ai**** . bnfikd making yartr** r is used 1 a tin* * litre d xene is Xclur* TTQ tlttt efficient :o a few t -with a in wide t lion .te glass matures * {cratch changes 1946 Glut malting SiOi aod TiOi together. glasses w-ith an eves ]ocr expansion coefficient tbaa chat o( silicate (lass art ob- SiO, TiO, t x icr* w.r 3.3 2.1 93.8 6.2 1,73 91.6 8.4 0.1 90.3 9.7 0.7 89.6 10.4 0.6 If. however. AIsOi is recited with SiOt. the expansion co efficient of the latter regains practically unchanged. An ocplxnation for these facts U attempted on the basis of the SiO* structure as consisting of Si*" ioas and O'" Ions which art replaced by Ti`" and Al*" ions and thus cause a tighter bosd or loosen op the structure and lower or incense tbe expansion coefficient. As application of this explanation is extended tentatively to other (lasses with foreign oxide admixtures to SiOi or BiOv See " Relation . , Cerem. A it.. 21 [TJ 141 (1942). M.Ha. ; Fibergla* health hazard iarorucadoa. 'i't'M.rXx J. J Steal*?. Ini. Mod., 11, 6-9 (1942): Cum. Ait.. id, 4296 (1942).--There is so silicosis, fibrosis, or dust hazard involved is working with Fiberrias. The manufacture, fabrication, and application of Fiberglas products are at- tended by no unusual occupational baxards. Fine-fraetienadsc column constructed entirely of (lass and employing multichamber tubes. K. KuttN, K. StaC*. i-s-s O. H. Schvltsx. Z. Pkytii. Cium.. A1I9, 163-70 * (1941); Curtu Air.. 36, 5678 (1942).--Recent types of fraetionatlnt columns art discussed, aad a new column caoloyinr four-chamber tubes bavins as efficiency equiv alent to ten theoretical plates over a htifbt of 62 eas. Is described. Formation of bubbles is Fouretult easels. C. Ytr. Zwsovjd a.s"D V. V. P0U.VAS. Steioi'naya Prom., 1940, No. 2, 12-16; ffiim. Rrftrat. Zhur., 1540, No. 7, 80; Cium. Ait.. 36, 5623 (1942).--In 223 samples of (lass taken from nine machines, SOi. CO,. Oj, CO and N were de termined. Air bubbles predominated in the samples "in vestigated. The source of these bubbles was the re fractory material of the r oureault canal and boat. Denser refractories do not cause tbe formation of bubbles. Bub- bits containing SO* and COt were formed as tbe result of Secondary decomposition of the residue. Carbonates and ruifates. from the second heating of the (lass batch. The number of bubbles in the (lass mass ean be decreased by changing the beating rigime and the construction of the Foureault canal so ebat so second heating of the (lass batch is necessary.- See Ceram. Ait.. 19 ( 31 63 (1940). Glass composition and density chances. Roixx? M. ElUOTT. /our. Amtr. Ceram. Soc., 28 [11] 303-305 U945),--2 references. Giiss desssses by settling method--watir*beth appara tus lor production control a (lass plants. Mellxn A. X-vickt. /our. A'er. Ceram.Soe., 21 [11] 297-302(1943). --2 references. 2 figures. Gltss, sulfuric ecid, and hydrochloric acid from sodium chloride, silica, and (ypsuo. X. K. Dsxryv. Zhur. Priklai. Khim.. 14, 703-T0S (1941); Cum. Ait.. 36, 3329 11942'..--D- gives the results of preliminary work on the substitution of NaCl in the place of calcined soda for (lass manufacture. Fusion of NaCl, SiO-. and CaSO, leads essentially to NajSiOj. CaSiOi. and SO;Cl;. with side reac tions yieldiap $Oi: in the presence of water there is alio formation of H:5Qi aad HC): the presence of H*0 aad carbon causes formation of K>: the prescnct of ~t yields sonic FeCli. A mLtture of NaCl. 5iO. and Ca5C,. wber. heated, (oes throuph these states: (1) under ICO* H:0 is evaporated: (2) at about 800* NaCt-CxSO, euteetie is fused, and CaSOt reacts with SiOt. yieldioc CaSiOi acd 50i: (3) at about 1100* the maia ruction necurs, and any FtCh formed is volatilized: (4) at 1300* tu 1400* the mixture fuses into (lass, free of hubbies and specks. In the course of (lusmakang by this process 25 to 30r of tbe Fc eon teat of the ehar(e is volatilized; thus it is fusible to use low.trade silica for manufacture. Durinc fusion there Is some volatilization of NaCl. tne amount depending upon tbe xind of siliceous raw material used. CaSO- is decomposed almost completely, !tavin( only 0.4 to Q.SOi SOi in tbe product. HC1 and HrSO< arc condensable end may be utilized as by-products of the operation. Jewel* of Tictary. L. J. Soujva*. Amir. G+t Atm. 3/onthly. 7/7 [10| 441--43 (4945).--S. discuss** the use of ras in tbe Bauseh 5b Domb plant at Rochester, which prs- duccd all the optical (lass necessary lor its own war pro duction and provided for the needs of other manufacturers as well. Since Pearl Harbor 4.500.000 lb. of optical (lass and 100 million molded lens blanks have been produced. This plant is the largest cooturecr of manufactured (as ia the world. During the peat three years its annual consump tion has avenged 821 rqiUioa cubic feet. 1 diagram. 3 photographs. M.R. Optical (lees tad the motion picture. R. E. Bx)?tes. Jour. 3ril. A'tncmas. CoC.. 4, 91-103 (1941); Chem. Ait.. 36, 3919 (1942).--B. deals with all phases of the mxnu. facture of optical (lass under tbe following btadinp: problems of lens design, requirements of optical (lass, n aad dispersion, range of optiol properties, constituents of (lass, devitrification, contamination by pot material, homogeneity and consistency, manufacture of pots, melt ing process, polishing for inspection, tnoealtD( proems, aad manufacture of filters. Prtsaridoa of copper-ruby for ltass with metallic da. 1. P. Nixot'snl. Suiol'naya Prom.. 1939, No. 12. 25; Chtm. Zenir.. 1940, H, 1341; Chsm. Abr., 36,4682 (1942).-- The following are mixed: Na.COi 22.600. KsCOi 9680. chalk 4400, sand 73,000. CuO IS, CuiO 118. Sa 550. C.H,0< 82. and N*NO 1150 gm. The coloring substaaem arc mixed aad added to tbe charre. and tbe batch is fused in s neutral aubosphert. Bee "Ammonium . Ceram. Ait., 22 [71 115 (19431. Production of copper ruby (lass. R. Gkajux. Stunct and Culture. 7, 399-102 (1942); Coem. Ait.. 36. 4983 (1942).--Cu-.O and metallic Cu were studied as eo!orin( agents. Simple sods-time-silics batches which bad low softening point and relatively loir vbcority were used; various reducing agents sad promoters were incorporated. Tbe best results were obtained with 0.11 to 0.14 part CurO and 1.2 to 1.5 parts suanotu oxide. Maintenance of a slightly reducing atmosphere in the pot aided de velopment of the ruby color. Relation between linear speed of errnalliistion and riseosity for Ne-O-SiOj glasses. A. A. Laovr'gs-*. AJo Phyjiexhim. U.P.-2.S-. 14, 2J5-50 (1941); C*em. Ait-, 36, 3078 (1942J.--The linear crystallization velocity (r) for eight batches with SiO; content raoging from 50 to 8C% was measured at a scries of temperatures. Values of tht constants in the relation c - (l/-r: -r ** log * arc tabulated. The second term is of minor importance is every ease, and for glasses with 79.$. 74-0, and 93.1% SiOt i> 0, i-e.. f fluidity Set "Spied . ... " Crnjm. Ab:.. 29 [5| 114 (1941). Research aad progress in the opdeal glass industry. Bzxnaxs Loxc. Rcz. optiqut, 21 [10-12] 193-206 (1942); abstracted in Z. Inetrumtnirni., 64 [4/6] 132-33 (1944).-- To reduct the corrosion of mcliiag pots hy liquid melts several means have been used: (1) adaptation of tbe com position of the pot material (SiOs:.4f:Oi) to the type of (Iasi (about 25D.\l;Oi eeoteot in borosuiexteaad ordinary erctvs glasses and high A!:0, content in lead aad barytt (lasses); pots of sillimanite (isullitc) for (lasses with very high baryta content; and (2) lining of the pot with aa AlsOi-fich special porcelain which is very dense after firiag. for very heavy baryta glasses ol light coloring (by iron oxides). Tbe transparency of glasses is improved s> pedally by reduction of tbe iron oxide content, porcelain Uaisg. removal of iron by chemical means, and removal of the iron from the sand (tedious, expensive, and unreliable). Spot sensitivity of highly refractive glasses can be reduced by replacing a certain percentage of SiOi by TiOt up to 10% total TiOt content. Higher TiOi contents may cause browp toleration. Refractive index is increased aad dis persion is reduced by TiOj- Experiments to stabilize the optical properties of tbe glasses showed that, ia cooling, two effects occur simultaneously: * sass or volume effect producing "interior stresses." and a molecular effect due to equilibrium conditions dependent on temperature. Tbe tfv. iw t--_Vou.il, No-. 1 INDUSTRIAL MEDICIN*. ?! U'i p*a* r The following extract la from "Researches of x-ray examination of the cheat made on May 12,1941. '* Melton Institute 1940-41"*: 3. Cass No. 3 worked for 12 yean aa a molder be "L, XJ. Gardner, Director, Saranac Laboratory, ha* fore entering the employ of Owens-Corning Fiberglas ' reported on the researches -which the Foundation sup Corporation on October 25, 1939. Silicosis was diag r i ctt ports at his institution, say-inf Ja part-.. . *We ha-re nosed following an x-ray examination of the cheat os been studying the effect of inhaled fflass wocL Ap November 1,1940. i f in- parently even the finest textile glass set up as an In each of these silicosis cases there is a sufficient a used atmospheric dust is not inhaled in appreciable eoneen- causative faetor ia the man's previous employment nduatrial traHoBs and does sot produce any dangerous elects history or other circumstances, and the evidence is 4*12 >ur* physical . opoa the lung.'" entirely inadequate to indicate that the condition of A further report on Da. Gardner's -work appears any one of these three men should be attributed to ear to intro- -'.'In the Annual Report of the Saranac Laboratory far silicosis hazard encountered to handling Fiberglas, ' the Stndy of Tuberculosis of the Edward L. Trudeau even assuming such a hazard to exist at bindfberglas, a of the . ricua to\ty aria*. " f forma; if Fiber- ` - il knows 'i/Foundation for the Year 1940. The following state- ~ meat is made os page 11 of the report: ` "Hie apparent lack of pulmonary damage from ex- i ,u!posure to glass wool dust is being demonstrated by T-r^as inhalation experiment For ever a year animals haw now been exposed to as high a concentration of ' v this material as could be maintained, with no serious i i -. elect upon their lungs. The dust has been produced ;.*V-by breakinr into short lengths the finest textile glass Physicians Give Fiberglas Clean Bill TJ*xaiiinatxon of the records of disability end abaenteeism to the office of the plant pbysieian of the Owcns-Coruing Newark plant meals that there ia no unusual incidence of respiratory infections among Owens-Gorning employees. Statements furnished directly to the author by Newark physicians whose practices are limited to eye, ear, nose and throat r hydro j oi the uing the that is made but none of the fibers that are floating in the air'can be found to the lungs of the exposed 1 animals- Their tendency, unlike that of asbestos, to `.Iform felt-like masses upon any object with which diseases, and who are in no way affiliated or associatsd with the company, indicate that these specialists no tice no unusual incidence of respiratory disturbances among their private patients employed by the company, ,' / they come in contact, probably prevents their iahala- as compared with their private patients who^are not since no . tion- Slight amounts of chronic inflammation similar employees. * ch -would to those .observed with other harmless dusts, have The following letter, dated June 17,1941, written to- ingee. resulted from accumulated particulate debris. These the author by John E. Hendsicxs, M.D., of Newark, la ism sfli* very fine, noa-fibrous,particles are the by-prodoet of typical of letters received from Newark eye, ear, nase ^ \_.ihe violent beating used to break up the material." and throat specialists: t us e i ^ X-ray Pis tea of Employees "I am on* of five E.N.T. [ear, bom tnd thrust] specialists located ia' this city. I have practiced ay \ k .red : of the a. There it either ibrUncM THE author examined several hundred stereoscopic x-ray plates of the chests of employees of Owens- specialty in Newark for three years following a ` four-year residency in an Eastern hospital. Dur kr,;'_ Coming Fiberglas Corporation. These were selected iantg these three years I have treated my share of* . *' random by the author from the files of some 1500 plates . -?1 taken since the company, in 1939, instituted the policy Oweos-Coralng employees. I ean safely say that -I have noticed no unusual preponderance of bead or ` throat infections among these people as compared * ' _ v/ of making x-ray plates of the ehests of all Newark to ray other patients who art not employed tilers. V*-^-employees. Among the plates selected for special in- "If 1 ever make a table showing percentages of .;> s-pection were those of employees working in the batch different diseases that I have treated, I feel sort' ' * was an ' ilerature - the hen* real ref- hazards f-Vhoose where the raw materials for Fiberglas azt ban s'.v?;. died, and the pistes of employees with record^ of sUi-lf^cosj*. Beginning to May, 1939, serial stereoscopic ehest w.t% films were made of the 15 men who are now working, f-'ior who have worked, In the batch bouse. A repeat that there would be only a.normal proportion of ` Owens-Coming employees in each ejaaiifiestion." - - On tbs basis of the evidence, the author finds .that' workers handling' Fiberglas products are subjected to. no special occupational hazards that manifest them-, selves to eye, ear, nose or throat disorders, pulmonary . -rket {or ;the pro, toward to to the tine, and tbject on * industf ftmUjroducta. that the ;anmuel t y^ exasicatlon of ail of the men was made in Tune, 294L no case was there any radiographic evidence of pull >-;mo5ary disease. bji;];. Three eases of silicosis were discovered by the eomll'opauy. None of these men had ever been employed in the batch house, but their employment does require the I Vrhandlias; of Fiberglas products. It is the policy of the r >>. company neither to refuse employment to, nor dis v:-/charge. any man for whom safe employment can be .*' y-'found. The following covers the occupational histories i of these three workers: :y-- L Ca5E No. 1 worked for another company as a disorders, diseases of the upper or lower respiratory system, or diseases of the gastrointestinal tract L' Temporary Skin Irritation .- . \7SW employees of Owens-Coruing Fiberglas Cor-' * * poration engaged in handling Fiberglas products occasionally suffer a mechanical irritation of the skin for a few days at the start of the job. Except for at- tremeiy rare cases of workers who may be allergic to an ingredient of binders or lubricants used in process ing glass fibers, the irritation disappears within a few days. The new workers apparently become immunized ; mclder from 1924 to 1929, and roentgenograms of the igainjt the action of the fibers, and they suffer no ehest were made in 19Z9 because of the presence of tu further discomfort. do* -nd k. .j-k' nd* pack Otihg of h break, where ant dur* berculosis in his family. Chest plates were again made -. . in 1936 because of suspicion of silicosis. Ke was first employed by Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corporation on June 6,1940. 2. Case No. 2 was employed as a bottle blowsr and . machine operator from 1901 to 1930. Ke was first em ployed by Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corporation on . March 26, 19-41. Silicosis was diagnosed following an . L Jul9t3l *kr*fBnel 1la0. imvru.v Sd&ti** 2E. The company recommends that workers'wear cloth ing loose at the neck and wrists, and that they use plenty of warm water and soap when the day's work is done. Soap and water has proved most effective in removing particles of fibers, whether of glass or any other material, from the akin. The company has found that there is seldom, if ever, need of gloves, armlets or other protective clothing. In the absence of gloves or similar protective clothing there is less tendency for fiber particles to be rubbed Into the skin. INDUSTaUU. ME- NX :g Vonu>-y, JJ-i- Two Hundred Employees Examined OK June 3, 1941, the author mad* ao cuminatioa of th wrists, arms, inkles, seeks, eyes, shoulders sad waists of approximately 200 production employees engagtd in handling1 Fiberglas products in Owens* Coming's Newark plant. These workers were em ployed on production lines and at fabricating opera tions, cutting, sawing, shaping, transporting and pack aging glass thermal insulating wool, both bonded and unbonded. The author did not see a tingle case of ye irritation or conjunctivitis during this inspection. Only one worker who had begun to work in the plant four days before on a fabricating job showed evidence of signifi cant skin irritation. One 22-year-old employee who told the author he had worked in the plant for two and 'a.half years said that although be bad become accua- turned to handling Fiberglas and suffered no discom fort while continually on the job, be bad noticed a .'.'raHd skin irritation that lasted a few days after rt> .turning to lie job following his two-week vacation. "As long as I am working right along," he told the ^ author, "1 stay toughened up to it But if I haven't ' been handling it for a while, like when I'm on my va'eation, then it takes a few days to get over the Iteh ' when I start in again." Many of the workers who were examined said the temporary irritation was similar to blisters on the hands that are the result of unaccustomed manual work while the hands are getting toughened to a job. 'Tt don't bother me none,'' was the reply repeatedly heard by the author in response to his question as to ' whether the handling of Fiberglas products caused ir. ritation. - Biopsy Specimens Taktn AT T2E request of the author, Dr. H. A. Campbell, *"Mhe Newark plant physician, removed two biopsy specimens of skin from the arm of the newly-employed worker who showed a moderate degree of skin irrita tion. Serial microscopic sections of this tissue showed a mild degree of capillary dilatstico in the corium of 'the skin. In addition, there were a few scattered lym phocytes around several of the dilated capillaries. The epidermis was entirely normal No glass particles wre found. There was no evidence of fibrosis, bac terial infection, allergy or hyperkeratosis. Several of the serial sections revealed a small amount . of a brownish pigment in the corium which showed no inflammatory motion around it. It is assumed that this pigment is bakelite,' one of the substances used as a binder for the glass fibers. The fact that there was no foreign body reaction around this indicates that this material is an inert substance, and that it does sot produce either a foreign body reaction or a fibrosis. The extremely mild inflammatory reaction in the cori um of the skin would result from any slight mechanical irritation. Report of Louisville Dermatologist TAS. APOLPH B. LOVZMAK, Louisville dermalol^ogist, reporting on an examination of 10 work ers who handled Fiberglas. writes, "I did not find any evidence of a definite contact dermatitis in any of the employees although some complained of a mild itching when handling the product. The dermatitis produced was unquestionably of a very mild and-transient nature. *'I did examine one patient who complained a great deal of a skin eruption and who felt certain it was due to the Fiberglas. He presented, however, a toxic erup tion, and upon questioning him I learned it had bees present at times prior to workiar with Fiberglas. Nevertheless, we removed him from this work for a period of two or three weeks, after which I again ex amined hint and he presented the same type of erup tion. In this particular, ease, it is my opinion that his teeth were probably the foci of infection." The author believes that the following generalisa tion is warranted by the evidence: Contact with glass wool may cacse ephemeral dis comfort among workers inexperienced in handling the material. The skin irritatioo, however, cannot be re garded as a progressive dermatitis, for It is son-toxic and asuslly disappears in a few days. In extremely rare instances, where a worker may be predisposed to secondary effects of mechanical skin irritation be cause of Idiosyncrasy, allergy, or the presence of foci of infection elsewhere Is his body and otherwise dis sociated from the effects of mechanical irritation, lesions may persist But these eases pre encountered with such rarity that they do not justify incriminating glass fiber as a causative factor. No Claims for 'Workers' Compensation "Validated 'C'CBDtCLAS products have been produced In the * Newark, Ohio, plant of Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corporation over a period of nine year*. The number of employees has ranged from approximately 20 when production was started in 1933 to more then 1900 in 1941. During this nine-year period so claims for workers' compensation, on the basis of an industrial disease arising out of employment is the manufacture and handling of Fiberglas. have been validated in the State of Ohio. A letter dated June 17,1941. from Mil J. A. Ssaw, Claims Referee of the Industrial Commission of Ohio, Legal Section, addressed to the author reads, in part, as follows: "For your information, we recognize distaste of the respiratory tract as compensable occupational diseases, sucb sa silicosis, asbastosis, snthracasis, and siderosii. As a matter of fact, there is a provi sion under the law to recognize any dljease of-this type which is caused by the inhalation of any injur ies dusts. "We endeavor to keep a complete statistical record in the Department of Safety and Hygiene of all cases of this type. I have made a thorough chock -sr^m this department, and to date- we have' sever bad a claim filed for * disease of the upper rtspira:or7 tract caused by the alleged inhalation of Fiberglas particles." Health Better Than Average "pK2 health of Fibergla* workers is regarded as A better than average by the Aetna Life Insurance Company, which underwrites group Insurance (life, disability, sickness and hospitalization) for employees of Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corporation. la a .letter to an executive of the corporation dated June 11,* 1941. Jokx A. HlLt, Toledo General Agent of the Aetna Life Insurance Company, wrote, in part, as follow*: "The health of your employees has been better than average. This Is evidenced by the fact that w* now have in effect a 33 reduction in rate (from standard) on both the sickness snd hopitalization insurance carried by your employees. This is th* result of nearly four full years* exposure, and de velops a rate lower than any similar industry that we have insured. . . . "There is in effect a permanent and total disabil ity feature in connection with your life insurance, ar.d as yet there has been only one claim from an employee, and this' wit due to a non-oeeupational *t vus . ' ,Voi- 11* No. 1 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE Page ? .i nb mr~'-1. r k" f c. hat his iralira- 1 dia[ag th b4 n. n-toxie reraely ised to on bo ot fed :.st dix* Itatloa.uttered mating d 9 tie >ergl .amber ) when .800 is os for ustrisl 'aciur* lr Tow... a part, of wii, evi- . this Jar* rd ell nek ` rrer pt-- * . of led m ursnce (lifo, itoyees letter . 1941, Aetna ows: tier WO to- t V 4c (bet .bfl*. _ en ioal erident, ft: removed from the eeum bis occu pation or from any health heard la ail occupa tion." The author regards aa particularly significant the following paragraph from 31r. Hill's letter: . . our Casualty Company arries what ii known as products liability at aa extremaly low rate, and no claim 'has ever bean presented, indleau Inf, of count, that there is ao hazard in the use of Fiberglas or any of Its prodadc" : fa submitting his best Judgment, based on his pro* fessional interpretation of all facts assembled in the course of the investigation, the author finds that there is ao silicosis, fibrosis or dust hazard connected with 'working with Fiberglas, and that the manufacture, fabrication and application of Fiberglas products is attended by no unusual occupational hazards. characteristic experience at a large shipbuilding plant that docs net utilize skull guards. Frequency of Head Injuries '"Two hundred and fourteen eases of hud injury were * treated at the Dispensary during the six-month period ending Jone SO, 2941. This represents a grou yearly incidence of 2.62% of the average industrial complement of 16,28? workers during thia period. Nineteen cases have not been included is this study because the nature of the accident or tha location of the injury bore no possible relation to safety helmet! or skull guards. The remaining 195 cases represent a yearly incidence of 2.4$ of the average industrial com* piemens. In other words one in every 42 workers hu a bud injury every year. Time-Loss Due to Hud Injuries QKLT10 of the cases (3.1%) were serious enough to ` Head- Injuries --A n dnalysit JVitk Referrnet to . Aczidtnt Prevention-- v-/ require pass-out These 10 men- lost 77 days, or . is average of 7.7 days each. The longest period of dis- sbfiity was 40 days, The 10 pass-outs necessitated by hud' injuries ae* Lt. Htman Lieses, (MC) V (S), U.S.NJL, counted for 1.63% of the 611 tabulatable injuries from' Navy Yard, Arew Fori all causes during the period of observation, and the time loss they occasioned was 1.02% of the 7904 work* THE 17. S. Navy Yard' at New York recently insti isg days lost because of all nan-fatal accidents.during tuted s policy- requiring the wearing of safety the six-month period. helmets by all workers exposed to head Injuries. It was considered desirable to prepare an analysis of head in* Comparative Hazard of Hud Injuries - juries for a period preceding the new regulation, to "PEE incidence of head injuries varied markedly serve as a basis of comparison for similar studies * among the various tradu. after the general adoption of skull guards. Special ab stention was therefore directed to injuries of the skull, 'scalp and forehead within the area that can be pro Taw* II. tected by safety hairnet*. This report is presented aa a Average Number Hud Yuriy Employed injuria Incidence %' Table L. Dbtosutiok or Cases ar Occotatiov AlDMSUeil So/ISM*V El**tric<*n Siipfltur jr ... BjiutuMlcmWMvk ................... Olsptf tad easlkir C*gg*rsrotl ....... . C*pumWi bupr . ` \$-V.'TrtDw .................. n*ctricu .......... EWowien Wear ... Zss\" Cwl 1tip*T ........ --. J,llC ............... LtDorc ........... . .'V Xtcklnlit .................. .--* XuJUnlit Mltf ...... Ttlrttn ...... SklsSsurr ... LitoPIH ..... mere* ........ di Vital mfivt ... HI ZUctrtdaa* . XuAInliW ... Plfrrftttn ... Wd<r ....... AS ladeutrftl Dfl(7a* lUSt u w le l* ID 11 T f IDS CO* c* ` U CD Uxs . LI L4 L : LI Painters hare almost twice as many head injuriu; u any other trade In the yard. It is noteworthy, hew* ever, that these injuries are not serious. Only one r*quired a pass-out and the patient returned to work after two days. Shipfitters, laborers and riggers form the next most hazardous group. Their numerical incidence of in juries is one and a half times the Yard average. \7* P*1*U ................... *. .* 7l*t**-*r*e ............. rip*siur ............... ?lp<snr hWpcr ..... . . ritmW ............. ?utle ..... . ttev ................ . JUretr htipw ........ SdiaiW ......... S**c* ........ .......... SS**t rW vkv SXIpSRcT ......... Siloftsir btlier ... SXip*Tibt , W.W,r ... .V*?4tl,cpil ,OWAcosrdotrr ((Aio V4;*r*CctUn < G>ir*d E. W. Sw*w (HO OB*. Type of Accidents Causing Hud Injuries. <T*S nature of the accident causing the head injury wan reviewed in all the eases of this series. In 92 eases (47.2%) "something fell"; In 84 eases (43.3%) the patient "bumped his head against something"; in seven cases (3.6%) the injury was eaused by a fall: and in the remaining 12 cases (5.9%) the accident was ascribed to such miscellaneous causes as "hit self with shovel," "hit by elevator gate," "hit by coupling while disconnecting air hose," "hit self with wrench thst slipped." "hit by swinging chain," "hit by door blown by wind," and "hit by pipe handled by fellow worker." Hud injuries eaused by falling objects are poten tially much more dangerous than those due to striking the hud against overhanging structures; especially when material falls from a height, Thia difference was not demonstrated in our cases. In fact, it wis only by