Document q33LmjeGe5mDgEOdGKqJ4YYB5

METALS, MINERALS Prepared by sta BUREAU OF N49795 / Lead By Donald E. Moulds : World production and consumption of lead increased to record levels in 1970. But although free world mine production in creased about 5 percent, mainly in Canada and the United States, and metal produc tion increased about 2 percent, the in crease in metal consumption was modest and failed to use all of the available new supply. As production increases continued and a slackening of general business activ ity began to affect consumer purchasing, the market underwent a sharp reversal from the one of short supply that persisted through most of 1969 and into the first half of 1970. Free world producer stocks, which had trended upward from a low of J.*52,000 tons at the end of September 1969 to 185,000 tons at the start of 1970, in creased rapidly, except in September and October, to 303,000 tons at ycarend. A downward pressure on world price began iti April 1970. The trend thereafter contin ued with a resultant drop of 2.4 cents per pound (U.S. equivalent) in the London Metal Market monthly average price from the December 1969 high to December 1970. The domestic lend industry again achieved major production increases in spite of difficulties in marketing lead dur ing the second half of the year. Mine pro duction increased 12 percent to 571,800 tons, mainly due to larger output from the new Missouri mines despite production curtailments at some mines in the second half of the year to reduce inventories. The production of 678,000 tons of primary lead was the largest output since 1929, and do mestic mines contributed 84 percent of the primary lead metal. Secondary lead output of 597,000 tons was second only to the rec ord 1969 output. The domestic supply of lead--primary, secondary, and imports-- amounted to 1.52 million tons, 21,000 above that of 1969. The demand for lead declined in essen tially all uses except transportation where battery and creased abo prior growth of lead was 28,800 tons f amounted to gasoline addi The surplu dent early i shipments b and . as ' stoc month exce ventories of of the year 87,100 tons h too large, an Minerals Co max Inc. t however, co total of 97,9 plus situatio crease in c from 126,00 Sales from mcrcial acco tons sold an fers to Gove ammunition, available do including pr and changes ment stocks sumption of tion to the million tons The world the London age, declined cember 1969 to an avera 1970 and 13 mesiic price held at the lished on De 1 Physical sc as 638 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1970 to 15.5 cents on July 8. Three successive reductions during the second half of the year brought the price to 13.5 cents on December 21. All of the producers did not follow immediately the reductions initiated by American Smelting and Refining Co. (ASARCO), and the actual pricing was confused by the indicated quotation range during most of the second half of the year. Legislation and Government Programs. --The domestic small lead and zinc mine assistance program, authorized under Pub lic Law 89-239, was terminated on Decem ber 31, 1969. Government participation in exploration, primarily for lead, had been withdrawn in June 1962. The program under the Office of Minerals Exploration, Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, continued to be active in explora tion for other base-mctal deposits often in association with lead and, also, in manag ing repayments on production from pre viously certified discoveries resulting from Government participation in projects au thorized prior to June 1962. Sales of Government surplus lead from the strategic stockpile to commercial users under Public Law 91-46 decreased to 22 tons from the 22,698 tons sold in 1969. Lead authorized for sale on an off-the-shelf basis to commercial users amounted to 77,290 tons at the end of 1970. Transfers for Government use under authorization of Public Law 89-9 amounted to 12,064 tons in 1970, which was used primarily at Gov ernment-owned ammunition plants. The remaining tonnage in the authorization was 28,562 at ycarend. Actual depiction of the Government stocks during 1970 was 12,117 tons leaving a total inventory of 1,140,620 tons, of which 610,620 tons is in excess of the 530,000-ton stockpile objec tive. In February legislation was introduced in thfe House and Senate to dispose of 498,000 tons of surplus lead in Govern ment stocks. Hearings were held, but no further action was taken. In May, the Administration proposed a tax on lead used as a gasoline additive, which amounted to $4.25 per pound of lead. The levy on antiknock producers would amount to 2.3 cents per gallon of fuel containing 2.5 grams of lead. The lax was designed to encourage the public to use low-lead or unleaded gasoline to cur tail air pollution, The proposed legislation was tabled by the House Ways and Means Committee. All Federal vehicles were, how ever, ordered in late October to use un leaded or low-lead gasoline whenever practical. The International Lead and Zinc Study Group convened in Geneva, Switzerland, for its Mth session on November 16. The Study Group sessions during November 16-20 were preceded by meetings of the various subcommittees during the period November 11-15. A review at the statistical subsessions of the member Governments indicated that the continued expansion of lead production in 1970 and 1971 was well above anticipated consumption, with an indicated supply surplus of 220,000 tons in 1970 and 150,000 tons in 1971. The Study Group also discussed liberalization of leadzinc trade and environmental problems, es pecially in use of lead and the need for increased attention to marketing and use development. Special groups were desig nated to implement further study of the problems pointed out in the discussions. The International Lead-Zinc Research Organization, incorporated in 1965 by pro ducers and consumers of lead and zinc, continued to sponsor a broad program of cooperative research on a worldwide basis. The program provides a global approach to ecological problems, process and mate ria! improvements, development of new products, and additional basic information. LEAD Table 1.--Salient lead (Short tons unless otherwis 1966 United States: Production: Domestic ores, recoverable lead con tent. __________ ___ ____________ -- Value............................ thousands.. 827,868 $98,964 Primary lead (refined): From domestic ores and base bullion_________________ _______ 318.646 From foreign ores and base bullion 122,089 Antlmonlal lead (primary lead content) 11,182 Secondary lead (lead content)___ ____ 672,884 Imports, general: Lead in ore and matte.___________ ___ 143,991 Lead in base bullion .... --. 2,012 Lead in pigs, bars, and old..................... 293,086 Exports of lead materials excluding scrap__ 5,436 Stocks December 31 (lead content): At primary smelters and refineries-----At consumer plants__________ -- . --. 116,478 90,306 Consumption of metal, primary and sec ondary........... .................................................. 1,323.877 Price: New York, common lead, average, cents per pound_____________________ 16.12 World: Production: ' Mine............................... .............. .............. 8,138,779 Smelter-------- --------- ----- ---------- ------------ 3,026,266 Price: London, common lead, average, cents per pound.................... ...................-- 11.87 1 3 3 l 640 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1970 1-------------------------- 1 IT United States percent of world production i '_i_I--L--J--i- ____________ (refined, domestic ore) iIt II Figure 1.--Trends in the lead industry in the United States. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION MINE PRODUCTION Domestic mine production of recoverable lead reached a monthly peak of 51,800 tons in March and held at a high level throughout the year. The 571,800 tons pro duced in 1970 was the largest total since 1929, and the 47,600-ton monthly average indicated a 12-percent increase compared with 1969. Production from Missouri mines registered a gain of 66,300 tons compared with 1969, a 19-percent increase, as un interrupted operations continued. The 421,800 tons from Missouri represented 74 percent of total domestic lead in ore. Idaho, the second largest producer, pro vided 11 percent; Utah, 8 percent; and Colorado, 4 percent. These four States combined supplied 97 percent of domestic primary lead. The "New Lead" belt in southeastern Missouri has more than tripled Missouri's lead production during the past 5 years, even though the 1970 total was reduced. During the second half of the year, St. Joe Minerals Corp. and Missouri Lead Operat ing Co., a joint venture of American Metal Climax Inc. and Homesiake Mining Co. curtailed production in order to reduce metal inventories. Due to a strike at LEAD 641 ASARCO's concentrate processing smelter a new mining method utilizing ramps and that began on September I and continued trackless equipment was initiated at the through the remainder of the year, pro Bunker Hill mine. Output of the Lucky duction at Ozark Lead Co., a subsidiary of Friday mine owned by the Hecla Mining Kennecott Copper Corp.-also was reduced. Co., continued at a stable rate; however, The Fletcher mine of St. Joe Minerals output by Day Mines, Inc, decreased owing Corp. was the leading lead producer in to the closure of the mine in July and 1970, and the five leading mines, all in August for mine development and repair. Missouri, contributed 64 percent of the A great effort continued in deep and total domestic mine production. The 10 lateral development of the Coeur d'Alene leading mines produced 86 percent, and 25 mining district by ASARCO, Bunker Hill mines contributed 97 percent. Co., Hecla Mining Co., and Day Mines, Inc. Although production was curtailed about Lead output in Utah increased-slightly 14 percent during the second half of the in 1970. The Mayflower mine of Hecla year, St. Joe Minerals Corp. produced Mining Co., United Park City Mines Co., 318,400 tons of lead concentrate and 206, and the mines of United States Smelting 300 tons of lead and lead alloy during Refining k Mining Co. all reported re the year, essentially all from company duced lead production compared with mines. Portions of the old Federal mines 1969. The Tintic Division of Kennecott were closed during the year owing to de Copper Corp., however, approximately pletion of reserves. The first phase of the doubled the metal output of 1969 despite new Brushy Creek development was com continuing adverse mining conditions and pleted, and the mine shafL was down the a shortage of qualified miners at the Bur- initial 550 feet of the planned 1,391 feet.2 * gin and Trixie mines. Development work The plant when completed in January' at the Trixie and Ball Park areas contin 1973. will be a duplicate of the efficient ued, and installation of additional pump Fletcher mine and will cost about $19 mil ing capacity at the Burgin mine continued lion. to lower the ground water table.5 The Ozark Lead Co. produced 66,900 ASARCO and The Anaconda Company tons of lead, compared with 41,200 tons in in a joint venture with United Park City 1969. The strike at the Glover smelter ne Mines Co. have agreed to spend at least cessitated the stockpiling of concentrates $2.5 million in the next 2 years to explore and reduction of mining operations during the mineral potential of this famous old the last 4 months of the year. The total Park City, Utah, silver-lead-zinc raining production of lead by Kennecott from district. both Missouri and Utah mines was 83,700.3 Colorado also reported a slight increase According to the 1970 annual report of in lead output, despite some reverses. Ore American Metal Climax, Inc.,4 the first mined by the Idarado Mining Co. de full year of production at the Missouri creased from 403,500 tons in 1969 to Lead Operating Co's. Buick mine resulted 349,200 tons with a corresponding decrease in the mining and milling of 941,000 tons in metal produced. A continuing and wors of ore from which 75,000 tons of lead con ening shortage of skilled and semiskilled centrate was produced. Lead output was manpower was the major cause of the de more than triple the 1969 output, al cline. In the last quarter of 1970 a sub though a production cutback of 10 per level stopping method was initiated in cer cent was in effect during the fourth quar tain areas using multidrill jumbos and ter. trackless equipment in an effort to im The Magmont mine at Bixby, Mo., a prove productivity. Construction and devel joint venture of Cominco American Inc. opment was continued throughout 1970 at and Dresser Industries Inc., also increased the Leadville Unit, a joint venture of lead production by approximately 37 per Newmont Mining Corp. and ASARCO at cent compared with 1969. Leadville, Colo. Completion of the 700- Idaho, the second largest State in out ron-per-day plant is scheduled early in put, posted a 4,400-ton reduction compared with 1969. The Page mine, which pro duced 3,600 tons in 1969, was closed in October of that year. Production at the Bunker Hill and Star mines increased, and 9 St. Joe Minerals Corp. Annual Report. 1970, pp. 5, 24. 9 Kennecott Copper Corp. Annual Report. 1970, p. 13- ,,, 4 American Metal Climax, Inc. Annual Report. 1970, p. 7. , 4 Page 13 of work cited in footnote 3. A 642 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1970 1971. Ore reserves are estimated at 2.4 mil less antimony in batteries and other anti- lion tons averaging 5.13 percent lead. 9.95 raoniai lead uses. percent zinc, and 2.64 ounces of silver per The Herculaneum smelter of St. Joe ton. The New Jersey Zinc Co., Rico Ar Minerals Corp. produced 196,600 tons of gentine Mining Co., Homestake Mining lead metal and alloys from 318,420 tons of Co., K.evstone Mines Co., and Federal Re lead concentrates produced from company sources Corp. operated mines in Colorado mines and 52 tons of purchased raw mate that supplied lead concentrates during the rials. Output was 12 percent below the year. 1969 total because of scheduled production The Van Stone mine of ASARCO at reductions. A wide variety of technical and Norihport, Wash., was closed in December equipment improvements were made dur upon exhaustion of ore reserves. The ing the year to improve the efficiency and Ground Hog mine near Silver City, N. environmental aspects of smelter operation.*7 Mex., and the flotation mill at Deming, N. The Missouri Lead Operating Co. smelter Mex., was reopened in 1969 by ASARCO at Buick, Mo., owned jointly by Amax and and produced 3,174 tons of lead in concen Homestake Mining Co., produced 115,000 trates during the year. Eagle-Picher Indus tons of refined lead, of which 50,000 tons tries, Inc. closed its operations in the Tri originated at the company's mine and 65,000 State area, including the Central Mill in tons was refined on toll for other producers.8 * November. The Illinois-Wisconsin opera ASARCO's Glover, Mo., smelter and re tions of Eagle-Picher continued during the finery operated until September 1 when year, although lead output was reduced closed by a labor stoppage which contin compared with 1969. The Illinois operation ued into 1971. The East Helena, Mont., of Ozark-Mahoning Co. more than doubled smelter of ASARCO, one of the largest cus lead output in 1970. In the eastern area, tom lead smelters, processed crude ores the Balmat mine of St. Joe Minerals Corp. and concentrates coming from approxi in New York and the Virginia operation of mately 60 small Montana mines, as well as The New Jersey Zinc Co. were the large from mines in Canada, Idaho, Utah, Colo producers of lead. rado, Australia, and South America. The firm's Omaha refinery processed lead bul SMELTER AND REFINERY PRODUCTION lion from the East Helena and El Paso smelters. In July ASARCO announced that The increased availability of primary its Selby, Calif., smelter-refinery would be lead in domestic and foreign ores provided closed after 85 years of continuous opera the base for a 4-percent increase in refined tion, and production was phased out in an lead output, in spite of a curtailment in orderly fashion by the end of the year. production of lead in concentrates at some Selby produced over 3 million tons of lead, domestic mines. St. Joe Minerals Corp., 40 million ounces of gold, and 100 million Missouri Lead Operating Co., Ozark Lead Co. and ASARCO, although that was due to a labor strike that was due to closure of the Glover smelter on September 1. The 666,700 tons of primary refined lead was the largest total since 1929 and the seventh largest in the history of the domestic in dustry. Over 79 percent was derived from domestic ores, compared with 80 percent in 1969. An additional 4,400 tons was re ounces of silver during its many years of operation. Extensive efforts in the environ mental field were made by ASARCO at all their plants during the year to improve stack emissions and meet local air purity regulations. Production at ASARCO refin eries during 1970 amounted to almost 226,000 tons of lead, compared with 207,300 tons in 1969.8 fined from scrap. Production of antimonial The Bunker Hill lead smelter-refinery of lead was reduced for the second successive Gulf Resources & Chemical Corp. at Kel year with only 19,300 tons of lead re- , logg, Idaho, produced 123,000 tons of lead covered, of which 7,600 tons originated - during the year; this amount was slightly from scrap, 8,800 tons from domestic ores, below the 1969 level. The new updraft sinand 2300 tons from foreign ores. Of spe cial interest was the reduction of the anti mony in the antimonial lead from 8.4 per cent in 1969 to 5.8 percent, thus confirming the industrial trend of using Newmont Mining Corp. Annual Report. 1970, .pp. 7-9. 7 Pages 8-24 of work cited in footnote 2. 1 Page 7 of work cited in footnote 4. The American Smelting and Refining Co. An nual Report. 1970, pp. 11-18. - LEAD 643 ter machine for lead ores was placed in operation in the fourth quarter of the year and replaces 10 downdraft machines that had been in service for almost 50 years. The new updraft machine will improve both sinter quality and sulfur recovery from stack gases.3 International Smelting & Refining Co., a subsidiary of The Anaconda Company, processed custom lead concentrates, of which about 12,000 tons of lead came from Anaconda and 26,100 tons of lead in bul lion from other mines under contract.u The lead bullion was refined by the United States Lead Refiner), Inc. in East Chicago. Ind. A relatively small tonnage of primary lead was refined by Schuylkill Metals Corp., Baton Rouge, La., primarily a secondary smelter. Antimonial lead from pTimary ores and scrap was produced by ASARCO at its Omaha and Selby plants, Bunker Hill Co., St. Joe Minerals Corp., and United States Lead Refinery Inc. The total of 19,800 tons was well below the 1969 output. Secondary lead production in 1970 de creased 1 percent to 597,400 tons, com pared with the record 603,900 tons in 1969. Secondary plants and foundries contributed 585,400 tons, or 98 percent of the total. The type of material produced indicated a decreasing market for various alloys and that only 15 percent of total secondary production is required. Soft lead amounted to 27 percent and antimonial lead 58 per cent of the total production. The expansion in domestic primary* lead production has decreased the secondary component of domestic supply from 53 percent in 1968 to 49 percent in 1969 and to 47 percent in 1970. Secondary lead con stituted 39 percent of the domestic 1.52 million-ton new supply of lead, including metal imports but excluding all stock changes. The recycling of lead has been significant in the resource utilization area, and, with increasing ecological pressure, collection and utilization of lead scrap has maintained a high position in resource re cycling. contributed 571300 tons, about 83 percent of the plant production of 690,400 tons of . primary refined and antimonial lead, com pared with 79 percent in 1969 and 74 per cent in 1968. Lead in imported concen trates smelted during the year amounted to 141,500 tons, the largest input of for eign material since 1964 and an increase of 9 percent compared with 1969. The 12,000 tons of lead recovered from lead scrap processed at primary plants was slightly above the 1969 total but constituted less than 2 percent of the total lead from pri mary plants. Raw material stocks at the beginning of the year at primary plants amonnted to 162,400 tons, of which 58,800 tons was in process and 3,600 tons was in secondary materials. Total stocks reached a low of 155,000 tons at the end of June and a high of 179,400 tons at the end of Octo ber. At yearend, stocks of primary mate rials awaiting processing contained 100,200 tons of lead; material in process, 71300 tons; and secondary materials, 2,600 tons. This makes a total of 174,300 tons of lead. Scrap materials consumed in 1970 amounted to 786,200 tons, compared with 797,800 tons in 1969. New scrap in the form of purchased drosses and residues from a wide variety of sources amounted to 121,800 tons, 15 percent of the total feed. The remainder, old scrap, was pre dominantly battery scrap with small amounts of cable lead, babbitt, solder, type metal, and soft and hard lead. The scrap processed was essentially all from domestic sources. Export of scrap by the United States in 1970 amounted to 4,200 tons, compared with 2,300 tons in 1969. General import of reclaimed scrap was 6,900 tons (lead content) mainly from Australia, Canada, and Mexico. Of this amount only 3,000 tons was entered for consumption during the year. Stocks of scrap at smelters held reasonably steady during the year. A low of 67,000 tons occurred at the end of June prior to the seasonal vacation period, but the year ended at 73,300 tons, com pared with 73,600 tons at the start of the year.10 11 RAW MATERIAL SOURCE Recoverable lead in concentrates deliv ered by domestic mines to smelters in 1970 10 Gulf Resources Report. 1970, p. 12. 11 The Anaconda 1970, p. 6. & Chemical Corp. Company. Annual Annual Report. a 644 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1970 CONSUMPTION AND USES Lead requirements during the first 6 in unreported consumption and stock months of 1970 continued at the record buildup especially at small users and deal levels of 1969, and the January-June total ers who do not report to the Bureau of of 701,300 tons was about 1.6 percent Mines. above the 690,200 tons used in the same Consumption of lead during the 10-year period in 1969. The second 6 months, period 1961-70 has presented a shifting however, was disappointing; only 659,300 growth pattern. The total average annual tons was reported consumed. The total re growth of 2.9 percent resulted primarily ported consumption for 1970 was therefore from the large-tonnage transportation sec 1.36 million tons, a 2-percent drop from tor, which showed a growth of 5.3 percent the record 1.39 million tons reported dur per year for batteries and gasoline anti ing 1969. All products except batteries and knock compounds. Ammunition, solder, cast antiknock additives required lesser amounts ing metals, collapsible tubes, and foil have of lead. The 10,900-ton increase in battery also shown growth during the period. The lead and 7,400-ton increase in antiknock additive requirements represented the only significant growth areas for lead in recent years. The growth in battery requirements communication and construction use of lead in cable covering, type metal, calking, plumbing, and sheet have declined signifi cantly in tonnage. In the pigment area the was 1.9 percent, and growth in antiknock use of lead in decorative paints (such as additives was 2.7 percent. However, 1970 white lead and colors) has declined, but was disappointingly below the 1969 growth in anticorrosive and highway safety use (as of 13.4 percent for batteries and 3-5 per red lead and lead chromates) a modest cent for antiknock additives. The down growth has occurred. Lead used for ballast trend in requirements for all of the other and weights averaged a 5.9-percent growth, metal products, pigments, and miscella mainly in shipbuilding. The use of lead in neous and other uses continued in varying products in terms of percentage of the degrees in 1970. total in 1960 was as follows: Ammunition, Requirements exceeded 100,000 tons dur 4 percent; metal products, 32 percent; bat ing each month. The high occurred in teries, 35 percent; pigments, 10 percent; March instead of the usual peak in Octo chemicals including antiknocks, 16 per ber; as usual, the low occurred in July. cent; and miscellaneous, 3 percent. During The daily average of 3,728 tons was 78 1970 the comparative percentages were as tons below the record 3,806 tons in 1969. follows: Ammunition, 5 percent; metal Soft refined lead represented 67 percent of products, 21 percent; batteries, 44 percent; the total, and hardened antimonial lead pigments, 7 percent; chemicals including represented 28 percent. Lead in other al antiknocks, 20 percent; and miscellaneous, loys, mainly solder and bearing metals, was 3 percent. 4 percent. Lead in copper-base scrap, 1 percent, is recovered from old material and LEAD PIGMENTS returned as marketable brass and bronze. About 35,200 tons of lead in scrap was re- . Production of lead oxides and pigments covered and used directly at foundries in required 386.200 tons of lead in 1970, a 2- end products and 1,200 tons of lead was percent increase compared with that of consumed in leaded zinc oxide and other 1969. All of the lead used was derived pigments. from refined pig lead except for the lead The domestic supply of lead metal from all sources--production, imports for con sumption, stock changes, and stockpile shipments--totaled 85,000 tons above the amount accounted for by reported con sumption and exports. The unaccounted in leaded zinc oxide which was derived di rectly from foreign and domestic ores. The requirements, for lead in making pig ments, mainly white lead and red lead, de creased almost 13 percent and comprised only 7 percent of the lead consumed in for supply in 1970, amounting to 6 percent this category. White lead in all products of the reported consumption, compares in 1970 amounted to about one-half the with 108,000 tons in 1969 and annual aver quantity used in 1960. Use of red lead has age of 63,500 tons for the 1963-69 period. , been slightly more stable, remaining- at The difference in totals is presumed to be about the 1960 consumption level of 22,600 LEAD 645 tons. Litharge requirements for ceramic glazes and in oil refining increased slightly. The largest use of litharge is in battery manufacture included in "Other." This category has increased from 75,700 tons in 1960 to 118,000 tons in 1970. ' Shipments of white lead and red lead were again below production, indicating reduced demand for lead-base paints. Ship ments of litharge were, however, 14,000 tons above production and indicated a continued drawdown of stock. Prices.--The quoted price of lead pig ments was relatively stable during the year compared with the downward trend in the price of lead which decreased 3 cents per pound during the second half of the year. The price of basic carbonate white lead was reduced on January 5 from 22.3 cents per pound to 215 cents per pound in car load lots, freight allowed, and continued at that price for the remainder of the year. The price of red lead, 95 percent red-lead oxide (PbsO^) in carload lots, at works, was reduced on July 20 from 19.75 cents per pound to 18.75 cents and again to 17.75 cents on September 14. Commercial grade litharge, powdered, in carload lots, at works, quoted at 19 cents per pound at the beginning of 1970 was reduced to 18 cents on July 20 and remained at that level for the rest of the year. The value of shipments of white lead, red lead, and litharge amounted to $60.7 million, an average of $348 per ton in 1970, compared with $57.6 million and $342 per ton, respectively, in 1969. Foreign Trade.--Exports of pigmentgrade lead oxides amounted to 1,516 tons valued at $649,000, and exports of lead ox ides other than pigment grade was 365 tons valued at $303,000. Shipments were made to more than 50 countries. South Vietnam, France, Republic of South Africa, Canada, and the United Kingdom were the leading importers of pigment-grade lead oxide, accounting for 53 percent of the total. South 'Vietnam and West Germany together imported 64 percent of the 363 tons of nonpigment-grade oxide. Imports for consumption of lead oxides and compounds decreased 30 percent to 22,600 tons. Value decreased 27 percent, $2.1 million down from last year's total. The only increase was in the amount of red lead received; the major decrease was as litharge, which showed nearly a 10,300ton drop. Import of lead alloys, while posting a significant decrease in gross weight and value, posted an increase of 169 tons in lead content. Mexico was the largest supplier with 87 percent of the tonnage, mainly as red lead and litharge. Canada, the United Kingdom, and West European countries provided essentially all of the remaining tonnage. Imports of lead nitrate amounted to 323 tons; lead acetate, 14 tons; white lead, 985 tons; lead sulfate, 120 tons; red lead, 6,909 tons; lead subox ide, 69 tons; litharge, 13,703 tons; orange mineral, 1 ton; leaded zinc oxide, 149 tons; and other lead compounds 318 tons. STOCKS Primary plant inventories of refined and antimonial lead at the end of 1969 totaled 25,700 tons, of which 21,300 tons was re fined pig lead. Production exceeded ship ments during each month of 1970 except September, and a buildup of stocks reached 97,900 tons by the end of the year. Of the total, 90,900 tons was refined pig lead. Stocks of base bullion decreased about 1,000 tons during the year, but ore and matte stocks increased about 20,000 tons. In addition to concentrate stocks at smelters, concentrate stocks were held at some Missouri mines owing to the labor stoppage at the Glover smelter of ASARCO. Slocks of lead in all forms at consumer and secondary smelting plants gradually increased during the year. One reporting consumer revised the stock figure in De cember for the period from September 1968 to December 1970. Revised inventories indicated an increase from 126,400 tons at the beginning of the year to 133,500 tons at yearend, of which 88,100 tons was lo cated at consumers. Refined soft lead con stituted 62 percent of the inventory, com pared with 53 percent of the revised total in 1969. 646 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1970 PRICES The high level demand for lead at the beginning of 1970 was drastically altered by the uncertainty created early in the year, resulting from environmental actions related to the use of lead in gasoline and design proposals for automotive engines to operate on lead-free or low-lead gasolines. The uncertainty was reflected in a down ward drift in London Metal Exchange price from a high of 15.77 cents per pound on February 19 to 11.86 cents on December 30. The domestic market was also affected by the general slowdown in industrial ac tivity and accompanying reduction in con sumer inventories. The expanded domestic output of refined lead thus began accumu lating at producer plants in the second quarter and on July 8 ASARCO reduced the price of common lead at New York from 16.5 cents per pound to 15.5 cents per pound. This action was followed by all domestic producers. On August 7. ASARCO initialed a price of 15 cents, which was confirmed by ail producers by August II. On September 2, ASARCO an nounced a price of 14.5 cents per poundOther producers, however, did not confirm the lower price and a book price range of 14.5 to 15 cents was in effect until Decem ber 21 when ASARCO announced a price of J3-5 cents per pound. Other producers again took no public action. Most of the domestically produced lead was sold at the Metals Week average published by Mc Graw-Hill, and the lower ASARCO price was the top consumer bid for lead. Dis counting below that average was reported for some sales. FOREIGN TRADE Exports of lead materials during 1970 aggregated almost 12.000 tons valued at $5.8 million, compared with 7,300 tons val ued at $4.4 million in 1969. Exports of metal averaged slightly over 300 tons monthly for the period January-April. A large tonnage, 2,400 tons, was shipped in May, and shipments averaged 580 tons monthly during the June-December pe riod. Unwrought lead and lead alloys amounted to 5,000 tons shipped principally to Spain, Canada, and India. Wrought lead and lead alloys amounted to 2,800 tons de livered mainly to the Netherlands, Turkey, Canada, Venezuela, and Mexico. Exports of scrap during 1970 was over 4,200 tons val ued at more than $1 million. Shipments reached a high of 1,000 tons in November, and Italy, Canada, Belgium-Luxerabourg, and the United Kingdom were the princi pal purchasers of scrap. Imports of lead materials continued to decrease in tonnage and totaled 364,200 tons in 1970. Owing to the higher average price however, value increased to $99.8 million. Receipts of lead in ores was about 3,000 tons above the 1969 total, but metal receipts decreased to 244,600 tons, com pared with 338,000 tons in 1968 and 278,400 tons in 1969. Essentially all of the metal was entered duty-paid for consump tion. Delivery of lead in ore and bullion, however, exceeded lead ore and bullion entered duty-paid for consumption by 68,900 tons, indicating a major buildup of lead ores in bond. During the supply shortage period of 1967-69, duty-paid en tries of ore exceeded general deliveries by 35,200 tons, thus demonstrating the draw down of bonded stocks accumulated, espe cially in 1966. Canada continued to be the leading supplier of lead in ore with 37 percent of the total, followed by Australia, Peru, and Honduras. Canada was also the leading metal supplier with 26 percent of the total, followed by Peru, 21 percent; Australia, 21 percent; Mexico, 16 percent; and Yugoslavia, 8 percent. Australia, Can ada, and Mexico were also the significant suppliers of lead-bearing scrap material. It is noteworthy that during the 1957-61 period imports for consumption averaged 186,709 tons per year of lead in ore and 279,400 tons of lead metal for an average total of 466,100 tons. The 1966-70 average was 92,600 tons of lead in ore and 302,100 tons of lead metal for a total of 394,700 tons. The decrease in lead ore imports re flects, the rising availability of domestic ores for smelting and also the rising self sufficiency of the domestic lead industry. / .>v_'v>;.44AI>:-:Ajizvau v47 WORLD REVIEW J Published statistics on the world lead industry differ in reporting base, reporting source, and scope of estimating. The Bu reau of Mines reports indicate the basis, insofar as possible, used for each country; Bureau reports also depend largely on Governmental information. The Interna tional Lead and Zinc Study Group reports also use Governmental data but ore-con tent is the base used. The American Bu reau of Metal Statistics (ABMS) relies to a large extent on company and industry as sociation sources. Therefore, free world 12 mine production of lead ranged from the Bureau of Mines total of 2.81 million tons and through the Lead and Zinc Study Group preliminary total of 2.80 million tons, to the ABMS total of 2.74 million tons. In addition, the Bureau of Mines es timated production in Communist coun tries, excluding Yugoslavia, at 934,000 tons, and the world total, 3.75 million tons. Smelter output of lead is reported by the Bureau of Mines as primary output, inso far as possible, whereas the Lead-and Zinc Study Group reports metal output from both primary and secondary sources. Freeworld smeller output in 1970 thus ranged from the Study group preliminary total of 3.64 million tons through the ABMS total of 3.0 million tons to the Bureau of Mines total of 2.72 million tons. In addition the Bureau of Mines estimated 914,000 tons of meLal produced in the Communist coun tries, (excluding Yugoslavia), to provide a world total of 3.64 million tons of primary lead. The Uni.cd States continued to be the leader in mine production of lead, with 15 percent of the world total, followed by Australia and the U.S.S.R. Canada, Mexico. Peru, and Yugoslavia were other leading world producers with over 100,000 tons of lead in ore mined; these seven countries produced 65 percent of the world total. The increase in free world output of 5.1 percent came mainly from mines in the United States and Canada. The North America area increase amounted to 13 per cent, and the 1.18 million tons represented 42 percent of the free world total and 32 percent of the estimated world total. The United States also continued to be the leading producer of primary lead metal as well as secondary lead. The U.S.S.R. was again in second place fol lowed by Australia, Japan, Canada, Mex ico, France, West Germany, Yugoslavia, and Belgium. These 10 countries each pro duced over 100,000 tons and together ac counted for 72 percent of the world total. The North America area accounted for 38 percent of the free world metal output and 29 percent of the estimated world out put (excluding U.S. secondary produc tion) . The increase in free world output amounting to 2 percent was mainly in the United States, Canada, France, Japan, and Australia. Secondary production in the free world was estimated at 800,000 tons, of which the United States accounted for al most 580,000 tons. This secondary output is included in the smelter output of some countries, particularly France, Japan, and West Germany. Consumption of lead metal, including primary and secondary, as indicated by the Lead and Zinc Study Group preliminary totals for the free world, amounted to 3.5 million tons, an increase of 2.9 percent or 99,200 tons above the 1969 total. Europe and Asia accounted for the increase; Aus tralia and North America posted a de crease. The Lead and Zinc Study Group free world comparative statistics on metal production and consumption reflect a sup ply surplus of 95,000 tons in 1970 and 122,000 tons in 1969. This was reflected in a rise in producer stocks of 22,000 tons in 1969 and 118,000 tons in 1970. Argentina.--Compania Minera Aguilar, S.A., a subsidiary of St. Joe Minerals Corp., completed a major expansion of mine and mill facilities and produced 46,662 tons of lead concentrates during the year, essentially at the 1969 level of output.13 Australia.--Sixty-two percent of the lead mined in Australia originates at Broken Hill area mines, which are operated by four major companies, and 33 percent comes from Mount Isa Mines, Ltd. The re mainder comes from mines in Tasmania, 3 percent, and the remainder from several small scattered mines. 1: As used throughout this chapter, "free world" implies all noncommunist countries plus Yugoslavia. u Page 12 of work cited in footnote 2. 648 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1970 Mount Isa Mines Ltd., 52.7-percent owned by ASARCO, continued to expand production. During the fiscal year ending June 28, 1970, the quantity of ore treated increased almost 20 percent: The mine achieved an 18,000-ton-per-day rate, and annual lead output reached 168,400 tons an increase of 28 percent compared with the prior 12 months. Ore reserves were in creased to 58.2 million tons of primary sil ver-lead-zinc ore compared with the pre viously reported 50.4 million tons. In addition, 134.4 million tons of 3-percent copper ore was estimated as reserves. Fur ther expansion at Mount Isa is planned for the lead smelter, and additional refin ing facilities to process ore from the Hil ton mine are being provided. Starting in 1976, production from the Hilton mine, is expected to bring the annual lead output from Mount Isa Mines' two properties to 313.000 tons per year. Reserves at the Hil ton mine have been estimated at 39.2 mil lion tons of silver-lead-zinc ore averaging 7.7 percent lead.n Operations at Broken Hill area mines improved slightly during the fiscal year ending June 30 as the labor situation per mitted increased working time. Production of lead from these mines with the excep tion of the New Broken Hill Consolidated Ltd. is smelted at the Port Pirie plant of the Broken Hill Associated Smelters Ltd.; production of metal amounted to 180,000 tons, slightly above that of previous years. St. Joe Minerals Corp. and Phelps Dodge Corp. announced discovery of a deposit of massive sulfides with a substantial leadzinc-silver-copper content at their joint venture in New South Wales. Expansion at the Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia Ltd. mines and mill in Tas mania was underway with the expectation of doubling production by mid-1971. Burma.--Almost all metal production comes from mines run directly by the Gov ernment's Myanma Bawdwin Cofp., whose central operation is the Bawdwin mine at Namtu, Northern Shan State. Significant production also is reportedly coming out of the Bawsaing mines and the Yadana Theingi mines in Northern Shan State. Lead concentrates produced in 1970 amounted to 16,200 tons, yielding 10,000 tons of refined and antimonial lead. Canada.--Mine production of lead in 1970 increased over 19 percent to almost 395.000 tons; this was due mainly to the first full year of operation by Anvil Min ing Corp. Ltd. in the Yukon Territory. Reserves at the Anvil mine have been cal culated at 63 million tons, averaging 3.4 percent lead and 5.7 percent zinc. The re mainder of the increase came largely from expanded operations at the Heath Steele Mines, Ltd., in New Brunswick. The Anvil mine and the startup of production at Venus Mines Ltd. provided the Yukon Territory with a lead output of about 69.000 tons. Northwest Territories was the leading Canadian lead-producing area, with 110.000 tons. Pine Point Mines, Ltd., was again the leading producer in the North west Territories, with an increase in output comparable to that of 1969. Exploration in the Nahanni Mining District by Cadillac Explorations Ltd. reportedly indicated re serves of about 2 million tons of leadzinc-silver ore averaging 11 percent lead and 13 percent zinc. Cominco Ltd. operating the Sullivan mine at Kimberley and the Bluebell mine at Riondel, both in British Columbia, pro vided 110200 tons of lead in concentrates during 1970. Cominco also operates the Trail smelter and refinery, treating com pany and custom ores from several western mines. Brunswick Mining and Smelting Corp.' Ltd. continued to be the leading lead pro ducer in New Brunswick, accounting for about 65 percent of that Province's esti mated 62,000 tons of lead. Heath Steele Mines, Ltd., began operation of its ex panded facilities early in 1970. East Coast Smelting and Chemical Co. Ltd. at Belledune, New Brunswick, a subsidiary of Brunswick Mining and Smelting Corp., continued operation of its Imperial smelter and associated refining facilities. The ASARCO Buchans Unit in New foundland produced about 20,200 tons of lead. Byproduct lead from Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co. Ltd., Ecstall Mining Ltd., a subsidiary of Texas Gulf Sulphur Co., Nigadoo River Mines Ltd., and other small mines provided about 20,000 tons of Canada's total lead output. Output of primary refined lead showed about a 10-percent increase to 205,000 tons. Export of lead in ores and concen trates principally to Japan, United States, West Germany, and Belgium were almost doubled in 1970. . M Page 14 of work died in footnote 9* CEAD" 649 France.--Output of lead and zinc have shown opposing trends with lead increas ing and zinc decreasing. Closure of the high-zinc Pierrefitte mine in May 1969 and expansion of the high-lead Largentiere mine caused the change in the output pat tern. Honduras.--The El Mochito mine of New York and Honduras Rosario Mining Co. increased ore output 9.2 percent above the 1969 level. The lead content of lead and zinc concentrates amounted to 16,568 tons, a record for the mine. The increase resulted from completion of major expan sion projects at the mine and mill. Addi tional mill and mine improvement was in progress at yearend. Exploration and devel opment increased ore reserves by 16 per cent during the year and marked the sixth consecutive year of increase in ore reserves at the mine.is ASARCO Exploration Co. of Canada in a joint venture with New York and Hon duras Rosario Co. began driving a 2-mile tunnel to reach projections of ore shoots at the old Rosario mine. India.--India, with only one domestic producer, is dependent on imports of lead. Hindustan Zinc may build a new 10,000-tonper-year lead smeller in the Sundergarh District of Orissa State following location of an ore deposit at Sargipalli estimated to contain 4.6 million tons of ore, averaging 5 to 6 percent lead. These reserves would supply the smeller for nearly 20 years. The Orissa Industrial Development Corp. is making a detailed study of the district potential. Hindustan Zinc was studying the possibility of modernizing and expanding its Tundoo lead smelter. Currently annual production is about 2,500 tons of lead, well below the 6,000-ton rated capacity, owing to obsolete equipment and low-lead con tent of the concentrates from its Zawar mines at Debari in Rajasthan. Ireland.--The two large mines in Ire land supplied over 65,000 tons of lead in 1970. Continued exploration by subsidiaries of Northgate Explorations, Ltd., and Silvermines, Ltd., has encountered mineraliza tion in County Meath and County Tipper ary. Smelter Corp. of Ireland, a subsidiary of Northgate Exploration, Ltd., was study ing the feasibility of building a $36 mil lion smelter in Ireland to process the lead-zinc concentrates now being shipped to smelters on the European continent. Japan.--Refined lead production in Japan has almost doubled since 1965: The 1970 output at 230,000 tons. The gain of 5 percent, however, was well below the prior growth rate of 11 percent. Because of stringent air-quality standards, the seven lead-zinc smelting companies are faced with major capital investment for antipol lution controls. Nippon Mining Co. Ltd. discovered a promising vein deposit of sil ver-lead-zinc ore in its Toyoha mine near Hokkaido. A 5-year development plan will be undertaken to produce 60,000 tons of crude ore per month, thus doubling the Toyoha output. Mexico.--Cia. Industrial Penoles S.A. was modernizing its lead smelter at Torredn, Coahuila State, to add over 20,000 tons in annual bullion capacity, bringing total capacity to over 130,000 tons. Develop ment of the La Negra mine in Queretaro State was in progress. It will have a capac ity of 14,000 tons of silver-lead ore monthly. Asarco Mexicana, S.A., 49-percent owned by ASARCO, continued a mine expansion and modernization program and produced 83,300 tons of refined lead, slightly above the 1969 tonnage. The new 660-ion-per-day mill at the San Martin unit began opera tion at midyear; the new 350-ton-per-day mill at the Santa Eulalia unit was under construction, and major mine development works continued at the Santa Barbara and Taxco units. A new updraft sintering plant wras under construction at the Chi huahua lead smelter; together with other improvements at the smelter and the Mon terrey lead refinery, it will provide added concentrate capacity.is Morocco.--A new deposit discovered in 1968 near the Zellidja mine is being devel oped to produce at an estimated rate of 25,000 tons per year beginning in 1971. Re serves were estimated at 11 million tons averaging 2.75 percent lead. The concen trates will be smelted by Fonderies Penarroya-Zellidja, in a 30,000-ton-per-year plant at Oued El Heimer. Peru.--The CerTo de Pasco base metal complex of Cerro Corp. was adversely af fected by sporadic labor disturbances dur ing the year which reduced lead output about 7 percent to 79,300 tons. About 32 percent of the lead was derived from pur chased ores. The principal mine at Ceiro u New York and Honduras Rosario Minin; Co. Annual Report. 1970, pp. 4--11. 14 Page 15 of work dted in footnote 9. 650 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1970 de Pasco dates back to the Incas who worked it for gold and silver. Cerro Corp. began operations in 1902, principally for copper. Presently the mine is operated chiefly for lead and zinc, by both open pit and underground methods. Expansion of the open pit presently involves a major construction and town moving project.i" Spain.--Penarroya's lead smelting plant at Cartagena was modernized and its ca pacity increased from 30,000 to 100,000 tons per year. The company's 20,000-ton plant at Cbrdoba will be dismantled, it was estimated that Penarroya produced about 50,000 tons of Spain's 76,000-ton lead output in 1970. Yugoslavia.--The Yugoslav lead-zinc in dustry is planning to increase production significantly in 1971 as a result of develop ments during 1970. Lead-zinc ore is ex pected to reach 3.2 million tons, of which 1.75 million tons will be supplied by the Trepca combine of mines 580,000 tons by the Zletovo-Sase mines in Macedonia, and 400,000 tons by Mezica deposits in Slov enia. Lead concentrate production in 1971 is expected to be 157,000 tons compared with 131,000 tons in 1970. TECHNOLOGY Technological activity in the lead indus ganization now has 34 supporting try was directed not only to research and companies in 14 countries and is conduct development related to new and expanded ing about 55 lead research projects. The markets for lead, but significantly greater Environmental Health program involved efforts were directed to solving, economi cally, the increasingly strict air and water quality standards and other environmental problems. Research aiming toward improv ing methods and equipment to control smelter-stack emission, improvement in concentration methods to alleviate water pollution and land beautification problems, and development of automotive exhaust controlling devices was intensified by in dustry and Government. Technical assist many projects conducted jointly by ILZRO, other involved industries, and Government agencies. The Library and Abstracting Service, Zinc Development Association and Lead Development Association (London) ZDA; LDA, which exists for the service of lead and zinc users throughout the world and financed by the various international lead and zinc research and development associa ance was also devoted to improving solid tions, provides abstracts of current world waste reclamation and metal recycling. The International Lead Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO) coordinates re search and development on an interna literature and published research upon in quiry to Lead Industries Association Inc., 292 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017. tional basis. Incorporated in 1965, the or M Cerro Corp. Annual Report. 1970, pp. 6-7. Table 2.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, by State __________________________________________ (Short tons)__________________________________________ State 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .................. ............... Arizona__________ .________________ .................................. California_________________ .______ .................................... Colorado___.._____________________ Idaho______________________________ .................................. Illinois____________________________. .................................. Kansas_________________________ ___ .................................. ................................ Missouri__________________________ .................................. Montana__________________________ .................................. Nevada.._________________________ .................................. New Mexico_______________________ .................................. New York.________________________ .................................. Oklahoma_________________________ Oregon_____________________________ South Dakota_____________________ ..................... .......... Utah......................................................... Virginia____________________________ .................................. Washington______.________...____ .................................. Wisconsin_________________________ .................................. Other States..____________________ 14 5,211 1,976 72,334 2,285 1,109 484 132,255 4,409 3,581 1.596 1,097 181 3,078 5,859 1,694 4.771 1,735 21.923 61.387 2,384 1,031 845 152.649 898 1.500 1,827 1,653 2,727 53,813 3.430 2,762 1.596 W 1,704 4,001 19,778 54,790 1,467 1,227 W 212,611 1,870 863 1,363 1,396 2,387 W 45,205 3,573 5,655 1,126 140 2 217 2,518 21,767 65,597 791 395 355,452 1,753 1,420 2,368 1,686 605 1 41,332 3,358 8,649 1,102 285 1,772 21,855 61,211 1,532 80 421,764 996 364 3.550 1,280 797 3 45,377 3,356 6,784 761 Total.............................................................................. 327,368 316,931 359,156 509,013 571,767 W Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data; included in "Other States." 1 Less than H unit. . . Table 3.--Production of lead and zinc in (he United States in 1970, by State and class of ore, from old tailings, etc. in terms of recoverable metals (Short tons) Lead ore Gross weight Lead (dry basis) content Arizona...................................................... _..................... WJO 111 California____________ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ ___________ ________ _ _ Colorado................. 1,429 37 Idaho.................................................................................. 36,085 3,225 Kansas................................................... ............................ ............................................... Missouri............................................................................. * 8,816,880 * 421,764 Montana............................................................................ 11,390 636 Nevada............................................................................... 3,697 266 New Jersey__________________ .___ ___ _____ ____ _ ____ ______ ______ _ New Mexico........................................._..................... ............................................... New York__________________ ________ _________ ___ _____ __________ _____ Oklahoma.....______ ___________________________ ______ ____ ______ Oregon............................................................................................................................ . Pennsylvania____ ......... .......... ........ ........ ................. .................. .. ........... South Dakota____________________________ ______ .......... ..................... .. Tennessee.. ...____......______________....... ..... .......... ....................... Utah................................................ ................................... () () Virginia.......................................................................................................................... Washington................... .............................................................................................. Wisconsin....................................................................................................................... Other States.......................................... ................... ....................... ....................... Total...................................................................... 8,868,841 Percent of total lead-zinc.......................................................... 425,959 76 See footnotes at end of table. Zinc ore Lead-zinc ore Zinc content Gross weight Lead Zinc Gross weight (dry basis) content . content (dry basis) Lead content 2 460 1 63 2,010 8 .............................. -............................................................................................. 2 295,321 2.390 31,466 609 (*) (*) (*) (l) 367,247 * 927,449 () 10,837 * 66,118 ............ 60.721 39 78 ............ _______ 61.664 71 1,173 634 .............. ................................................................................................................ 4.994 147 1,361 26 ......................................................................... 666 27 168,723 ..................... 28.683 ............................................... (*) (*) (*) * 162,190 * 3,646 ............ .............. 176.966 ..................... 64,367 427 16,810 666,306 1,280 1,866 ............ ................................... 622,499 .................... 29,654 ............ (*) ............ ........... ............ ............ 4,156,482 ..................... 107,922 .......................................................................... 670,395 3,366 18,063 () () () 749,488 761 20.634 325.094 636 11,206 ..................... .................... * 456,676 * 40,106 ................ .............................. * 661,872 * 6,784 ............................................... ............................................... 51,351 7,295.432 10 ..................... 7,689 1 267,789 3.134,966 60 ..................... 118,240 21 Table S.--Production of lead and zinc in (he United States in 1970, by State and class of ore, from old tailings, etc., in terms of recoverable metals--Continued (Short tons) State Copper-lead, copper-zinc, and copper-lead-zinc ores Gross weight Lead (dry basis) content Zinc content All other sources 17 * * 4 * * Gross weight Lead (dry basis) content Zinc content Gross weight (dry basis) Total Lead content Arizona............................................................................... 180.963 210 9.402 40,814,819 7 61 40.448.692 California.......................................................................................................................................................... *104,215 *1,772 `3,614 104.216 Colorado............................................................................ 861,002 7,180 10,663 118,078 1,911 1,368 1,133,077 Idaho.................................................................................................................................................................. 674.392 1,873 936 1,637,926 Kansas.......... ............................................................................................................................................................................. ................ .. ..................... 62,288 Missouri................. .................................. ................. ......................................................... ...................................... ........ ............................................... 8,815,880 Montana........................................................................................................................................................... 31,037 210 66 47.447 Nevada............................................................................... 673 28 13 103,384 43 12 108,310 New Jersey..... ........................................................ ........ ........................................................................................................................................................ 168,723 New Mexico.................................................................................................................................................... 1,127,137 4 647 1,289,327 New York................................................................ ...... ...................................................................... ................................................. __ .................... 742.271 Oklahoma......................................................................................................................................................... 8,297 370 785 72,664 Oregon.............. ............ ................. ....................................................................................... .................. 300 (') ..................... 800 Pennsylvania............................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 622.499 South Dakota_________ ............ 49 3 1 49 Tennessee.......................................................................... 1,680,070 ..................... 10,338 .......................................................................... 6,836,652 Utah.................................................................................... 116.762 6,117 3,101 11,322 156 68 683,760 Virginia............................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................. ............. 670.396 Washington............. ..................... ............... ................................................................................................... () () () 661,872 Wisconsin.......... ......................................... ...... .......... ...................................................... .. ............................................... ............................................... 749,488 OtherStates............................................. ........................ 214,148 ..................... 9,114 348,171 996 9,781 887,413 286 1,772 21,865 61,211 80 421,764 996 364 3,660 1,280 797 0) 3 46,377 3.366 6,784 761 1,632 Total...................................................................... 2,602,608 Percent of total lead-zinc__ ____ ___ ..... .......... 12.636 2 42,621 42,741,201 8 ................ .. 7,344 1 17,107 64,643,048 3 _____ _____ 671,767 100 1 Lead-zinc ore and ore from "Other Sources" combined to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. 1 Zinc and lead-zinc ores combined to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. 1 Includes minor amount of lead tailings commingled with ore at mill; excludes barium sulfate ore. 4 Includes lead recovered from barium sulfate ore. * Lead and lead-zinc ores combined to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. * Zinc ore and ore from "Other Sources" combined with lead-zinc ore to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. 7 Lead and zinc recovered from copper, gold, silver, fluorspar, and uranium ores, and from smelter slags, mill tailings, and miscellaneous cleanups. * Less than unit. c LEAD 653 Table 4.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, by months (Short tons) Month January.. _ . _________ ____ February............................... ____ March____ _______________ ____ April...................................... ____ ____ June.................................... ____ July............................... ........ 1969 36.805 34,944 38.816 42,253 43,816 45,124 1970 47.151 46,333 51.771 49,098 49.640 46.797 45.753 Month 1969 August...______ ________ ____ September.......................... ____ October___________ _____ ____ November_______ ___________ December______ ____________ 45.099 43,178 46,231 42,289 46,128 Total____________ ____ 509,013 1970 47,435 47,940 46,167 47.840 45,842 571,767 Table 5.--Twenty-five leading lead-producing mines in the United States in 1970, in order of output Rank Mine County and State Operator Source of lead 1 Fletcher................. __ Reynolds, Mo........... .......... ... . St. Joe Minerals Corp Lead ore. 2 Magmont... ___ ... Iron, Mo......... .......................... Comineo American, Inc......... Do. 3 Viburnum.................. Crawford, Iron, and Wash St. Joe Minerals Corp........... Do. ington, Mo. 4 Ozark.......................... Reynolds, Mo ......._____. Ozark Lead Co.......................... Do. 5 Buick....................... ... Iron, Mo________ __________ Missouri Lead Operating Co. Do. 6 Federal.______ __ ... St. Francois, Mo.................... . St, Joe Minerals Corp............. Do. 7 Bunker Hill............... Shoshone, Idaho.......... .......... . The Bunker Hill Co._______ Lead-zinc ore and lead-zinc tail ings. 8 Lucky Friday_____............... do........................................ Hecla Mining Co...................... Lead-zinc ore. 9 U.S. and Lark____ .. Salt Lake, Utah U.S. Smelting Refining and Lead and lead-zinc Mining Co. ores. 10 Burgin__ _________ .. Utah, Utah............................... Kennecott Copper Corp......... Do. 11 Indian Creek............. Washington, Mo..................... St. Joe Minerals Corp______ Lead ore. 12 Star-Morning_______Sboehone, Idaho............. .......... Hecla Mining Co...................... Lead-zinc ore. 13 Idarado..................... Ouray and San Miguel, Idarado Mining Co................. Copper-lead-zinc Colo. ore. 14 Maj'fiower_____ ... W'asatch, Utah........................ Hecla Mining Co....... .............. Do. 15 Pend Oreille........... ... Pend Oreille, Wash Pend Oreille Mines & Metals Lead-zinc ore. Co. 16 Sunnyside................ .. San Juan, Colo............. ........ . Standard Metals Corp............ Do. 17 United Park City.. .. Summit and Wasatch, Utah. United Park City Mines Co_. Do. 18 Austinville and Wythe, Va.......... ..................... The New Jersey Zinc Co____ Zinc ores. Ivanhoe. 19 Ground Hog______ .. Grant, N. Mex......... .............. American Smelting and Re Lead-zinc ore. fining Co. 20 Eagle. ______ ____ .. Eagle, Colo... The New Jersey Zinc Co____ Zinc ore. 21 Van Stone________ .. Stevens, Wash....................... American Smelting and Re Do. fining Co. 22 Dayrock__________ . Shoshone, Idaho................. .. Day Mines, Inc Lead ore. 23 Bulldog Mountain. .. Mineral, Colo.......................... Homestake Mining Co............ Silver ore. 24 Darwin___________ .. Inyo, Calif............ .............. .. Darwin Mines________ ______ Lead-zinc ore. 25 Emperius_________ .. Mineral, Colo Emperius Mining Co____ ___ Do. Table 6.--Refined lead produced at primary refineries in the United States, by source material (Short tons) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Refined lead: From primary sources: Domestic ores and base bullion........................ Foreign ores and base bullion........................... 318.646 122,089 258,507 121,387 349,039 118.27] 513,931 124.724 528,086 138,644 Total.................................................................... 440,735 379,894 467.310 638,655 666,730 From secondary sources........................ ............ ........ 9,004 2.538 2,259 4,966 4,367 Grand total............................................................... 449,739 382,432 469,569 643.621 671,097 Calculated value of primary refined lead (thousands) >. 3133,278 $106,370 $123,463 $190,702 $209,2201 1 Value based on average quoted price. New York, and excludes value of refined lead produced from scrap at primary refineries. 654 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1970 Table 7.--Antimonial lead produced at primary lead refineries in the United States Year Production (Short tons) Antimony content -------------------------------- Short tons Percent Lead content by difference (short tons) --------------- ------------------------------------------------ - From From From domestic foreign scrap Total ore ore 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .................. -................. ................................. 24.059 18,608 28,363 24,741 20,438 2.119 1.717 2.007 2.082 1.184 8.8 9.2 7.2 8.4 5.8 6.025 5,449 15.788 11,507 8.826 5,157 3.634 3.706 4.743 2.829 10.758 7.808 6.862 6.409 7,599 21.940 16.891 26.356 22.659 19.254 Table 8.--Stocks and consumption of new and old lead scrap in the United States in 1970 (Short tons. gross weight) Class of consumers and type of scrap Stocks Jan. 1 .. Consumption New scrap Old scrap Total Stocks Dec. 31 Smelters and refiners: . 2,672 .. 1,553 .. . 621 Battery-lead plates........................ ____ 42,240 Mixed common babbitt._______ ...................304 Solder and tinny lead.. ............. ____ 381 3,279 Drosses and residues...................... ____ 22,310 52,614 19.622 27,108 506.994 3,503 10.659 30,309 126,359 ................ ................ ................ 121.766 512.030 3.372 10.640 ................ ' 52.342 18.930 26.462 512.030 3.372 10.640 32.001 121.766 2.944 2 245 1,267 37.204 435 400 1,587 26.903 Total. 73.360 777,168 121,766 655.777 777.543 Foundries and other manufacturers: Soft lead_____ ________________ ___________ _____ Hard lead............... ................................... 20 Cable lead_________ __________ _______ 41 Battery-lead plates__________________ 36 Mixed commonbabbitt_______________ 59 Solder and tinny lead__________________________ Type metals_____________ __________ _ _________ Drosses and residues________________ ' 55 129 82 88 44 8,437 84 84 ................ 85 85 82 82 ............................... ....................... .. 8.427 8.427 45 17 47 80 69 55 Total............................. _ ' 211 8,780 8,678 8,678 313 All consumers: Soft lead.................. ........ Hard lead_____________ Cable lead_______ _____ Battery-lead plates____ Mixed common babbitt Solder and tinny lead. _ Type metals.................... Drosses and residues__ _ 2.672 . 1.573 . 662 . 42.276 . 363 . 381 . 3.279 . '22,365 52,743 19.704 27,196 507,038 11.940 10.659 30.309 126,359 121,766 52.426 19.015 26.544 512.030 11,799 10.640 32.001 52.426 19.015 26.544 512.030 11,799 10,640 32.001 121,766 2,989 2,262 1,314 37,284 504 400 1.587 26,958 Grand total____ ' 73,571 785,948 121,766 664.455 786,221 73,298 Revised. LEAD 655 Table 9.--Secondary metal recovered i from lead and tin scrap in the United States in 1970, by type of products ; (Short tons, gross weight) Lead Tin Antimony ................ 138.890 ................ 20,277 Total......................................................... ................ 169,167 2,686 197 2,883 Lead and tiD alloys: Antimonial lead......................................... ................. Common babbitt..______ _____________ ................ Genuine babbitt__________ ____________ ............... Solder....................................................... .. ............... Tvpe metals___________________________............... ____ Miscellaneous alloys................................................ 348.358 10.312 16 33.348 25.389 8,110 864 393 652 113 5,486 1,699 2 96 16.002 1,073 10 823 8,477 25 14 Total................. ....................... .. ........................ 426.397 8.441 784 21,424 Grand total............................................................ 585,564 12,108 21,424 1 Most of the figures herein represent actual reported recovery of metal from scrap. Other 414 61 4 142 3 137 761 761 Total 138,890 20,277 169.167 2,686 197 2,883 365,167 12,098 143 39.799 30,568 8,137 1,111 457.023 784 619,857 Table 10.--Secondary lead recovered in the United States (Short tons) As metal: At primary plants.............................. ............... At other plants__________ ______ ___ .................... 1966 9,004 147.215 1967 2,538 147,806 1968 2,259 136,607 1969 4,966 149,344 Total..................................................... .................... 156,219 150,344 138,866 154,310 In antimonial lead: At primary plants_______ ___________.. ............. 10,758 ' At other plants.................................... ___________ 272,977 7,808 280.911 6,862 301,701 6,409 336,066 Total..................................................... .................... 283,735 288.719 308,563 342,475 In other allovs............................................ .................... 132,880 114,709 .103,450 107,120 Grand total; Quantity..................................... .__________ 572,834 553.772 550,879 603,905 Value (thousands) >__________ __________ 3173.225 3155.056 3145,542 3180.326 1 Value based on average quoted price. New York. 1970 4,367 154,800 169,167 7,599 340,759 348,358 89,865 597,890 3187.461 Table 11.--Lead recovered from scrap processed in the United States, by kind of scrap and form of recovery (Short tons) Kind of scrap 1969 1970 Form of recovery 1969 1970 New scrap: Lead-base......................... ... Copper-base __________ ... ... 1 1 013............................. Old scrap: Batterv-lead plates.... ... All other lead-base_____ ... Copper-base..................... ... Tin-base......................... .. ... 81.672 5,898 398 _________ 349,507 147.796 18,631 3 86.753 4,144 307 . 350,273 139,365 16,546 2 As soft lead: At primary plants............ 4.966 4,367 At other plants............... ... 149.344 154,800 Total............................... .. 154.310 159,167 In other lead alloys.................. . In copper-base alloys.......... .. .. In tin-base alloys...................... 342 475 90.582 16.511 27 348,358 77.159 12,690 16 Total_________________ 449,595 438.223 Total............................. ... 515.937 506,186 Grand total.................... . 603.905 597,390 Grand total................. ... 603,905 597,390 1 Includes 6,409 tons of lead recovered in antimonia! lead from secondary sources at primary plants in 1969 and 7,599 in 1970. 656 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1970 Table 12.--Lead consumption in the United States, by products (Short tons) Product 1969 1970 Product 1969 1970 Metal products: Ammunition....................... Bearing metals.................. Brass and bronze Calking lead....................... 79.233 17.406 21.512 54.203 44.857 72.726 16.328 18.927 50.772 34.608 Pigments--Continued Pigment colors__ _____ Other 1................................. Total.__ 14,670 1,201 102.386 14,407 1.178 98,736 Collapsible tubes Foil..................................... Pipes, trap*, and bends.. Sheet lead.................... ....... Storage batteries: 12.484 5,881 19,407 25.818 72,626 10.913 5.521 17.888 21.050 69.707 Chemicals: Gasoline antiknock additives. __ Miscellaneous chemicals. Total_______ _________ 271.128 602 271.730 278.505 623 279.128 posts, etc................ Battery oxides Teme metal............ ........... Type metal.................... .. 280.386 302,160 1.583 25,660 283.451 310.002 1.038 24.476 973,134 944.905 Pigments: Red lead and litharge___ 6,617 79,898 5,936 77.215 Miscellaneous uses: Annealing______________ Galvanizing Lead plating.................... Weights and ballast........ Other, unclassified uses Grand total _________ 4,252 1,797 406 17.366 4.161 1.792 400 16,184 23.821 18,287 22,537 15.246 1.389.358 1.360.552 1 Includes lead content of leaded zinc oxide and other pigments. 1 Includes lead which went directly from scrap to fabricated products. Tabic 13.--Lead consumption in the United States, by months (Short tons) Month 1969 1970 Month 1969 1970 January________ ________ ____ February________________ ____ March__________________ ____ April_____________ _______ ____ May____________________ ____ June___________ _______ ____ July....................................... ____ 118,080 105.585 117,508 115.948 117,272 115.780 100,894 118,444 110,497 120,832 117,797 117,547 116.137 100.888 August__________________ ____ September______-______- ____ October............................... ____ November__ _____ .____ ____ December........................... ____ 112.189 123,941 131.891 112.521 117.749 110,486 114,215 115,419 103.401 114,889 Total > .................. ____ 1.389,358 1,360.552 1 Includes lead content of leaded zinc oxide and other pigments and lead which went directly from scrap to fabricated products. Table 14.--Lead consumption in the United States in 1970, by class of products and types of material (Short tons) Product Soft lead Lead in antimonial lead Lead in alloys Lead in copperbase scrap Total Metal products_______________________ ................ Storage batteries_______________ _ _ .................. . ................ ................ . 173,491 318,571 97,558 278,843 9.754 13 939 83.366 274,882 285 12.546 896 45,310 143 411 14,133 316,300 693,453 97,558 279,128 22,443 15,246 Total........................................... .. ................ 892,156 371.975 45,864 14,133 > 1,324,128 1 Excludes 35,246 tons of lead that went directly from scrap-to fabricated products, and 1,178 tons of lead contained in leaded zinc oxide and other nonspecified pigments. Table 15.--Lead consumption in the United States in 1970, by States (Short tons) State Refined Lead in soft lead antiznonial lead Lead in alloys Lead in copper- base scrap Total California.......... ....................... .......... ....................... Colorado__________ _____ ______________________ Connecticut.............................. ........................... ...... District of Columbia..................... ...... ................. Florida.......................................................................... Georgia.......... ................. ............ ................................ Illinois________________________________ ________ Indiana Kansas___________________ ____________ ________ Kentucky..... ........................................... ................... Maryland.......... .................................. ....................... Massachusetts.......... ............ .................................... Michigan_____________ ________________________ Missouri.............-................... .................................... Nebraska...................... ...................................... ........ New Jersey.................................................. ............... New York..................................... ......................... .... Ohio__ _____ _________ ________________________ Pennsylvania._ Rhode Island.................................................. .......... Tennessee........................... ............ ........................... Virginia. _________________ _____________________ Washington............................ ........................... ........ West Virginia_____________ _____________ _____ Wisconsin.................................................................... Alabama and Mississippi______ ______ ________ Arkansas and Oklahoma.................................... .. Hawaii and Oregon.................................................. Iowa and Minnesota......... .............. ....................... Louisiana and Texas................................................ Montana and Idaho................................................. New Hampshire, Maine, Vermont, Delaware.. North and South Carolina Utah, Nevada, Arizona............ .............................. 94.958 1.146 16,664 136 5,541 44,985 75,277 74,927 11,089 3,040 1,176 5,081 18,109 86,172 3,680 132,964 38,214 8,575 59.589 1,968 201 650 8.022 19,233 3,530 1,442 4,718 1,545 4.111 202.828 1.344 7.681 3.501 39 . . . 37,901 3,135 8,945 6,802 17,121 38,138 39,842 10,095 7,726 12,918 722 18,815 10,606 627 18,703 1,984 3,357 40,573 174 13,319 1,501 742 8.826 4.552 4,233 2,685 4,444 11,709 33,369 . _ . . 10,341 3,070 . 5,777 64 . 8 1,887 7,185 1,838 58 1 37 15 1,617 189 44 10,165 10,708 3,013 746 38 205 823 340 _ . . _ . 44 80 . 114 926 47 760 1,018 1,847 342 215 135 421 525 947 678 873 883 2,600 130 1,121 216 415 397 464 144 139,396 4.345 26,635 136 12,343 $3,993 122,447 116,949 21,457 10,767 14,131 5,953 36,862 47,492 5.298 162,530 51,779 15,828 103,508 2,175 18.855 4,095 9,104 23,059 8,344 6.090 7,483 5.989 16,331 237,587 1,344 18.223 6,571 39 Total.......... .................................. .............. .. 892.156 371,975 45,864 14.133 1,324,128 : Excludes 35,246 tons of lead that went directly from scrap to fabricated products and 1,178 tons of lead contained in leaded zinc oxide and other nonspecified pigments. Table 16.--Production and shipments of lead pigments i and oxides in the United States 19691 1970 Product Produc tion (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value * Total Average per ton Produc tion (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value * Total Average per ton White lead: Dry.................... .. In oil .......... 8,551 1.944 7,858 33,357,280 2.501 1,776,903 3427 710 6,497 2,878 7,287 33,037,038 1,351 863,942 3417 639 Total............ .. Red lead................... Litharge___________ .. Black oxide_______ .. 10,495 23,583 123.395 244.586 10.359 22.177 135,719 5,134,183 8.067,711 44,396,471 496 9,375 8.638 3.900,980 364 20,316 19,444 7.585.560 327 132,529 146,343 49,206.528 247.862 452 390 336 1 Except for basic lead sulfate, figures withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. 1 At plant, exclusive of container. 9 Weight of white lead only, but value of paste. 658 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1970 Table 17.--Lead content of lead and zinc pigments 1 and lead oxides produced by domestic manufacturers, by sources (Short tons) 1969 1970 Product Lead in pigments produced from-- Ore Pig lead Domestic Foreign Lead in pigments produced Total from-- Total lead in lead in pigments Ore pigments -------------------------------- Pig lead Domestic Foreign White lead............ Red lead_________ Litharge................. Black oxide........... Leaded zinc oxide .......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... 367 204 8,396 21.378 114,757 233.312 .............. 8,396 21,378 114.757 233,312 571 ___ 7.500 7.500 .... 18,416 18.416 .... 123.252 123.252 .... 236.514 236.514 304 211 .............. 515 Total 367 204 377,843 378.414 304 211 385.682 386.197 > Excludes lead in basic lead sulfate, figures withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. Table 18.--Distribution of white lead (dry and In oil) shipments,! by industries (Short tons) Industry 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Paints.................................................. .................................. Ceramics_________ ____________ _ .................................. Other..................................................... .................................. 8,260 130 6,486 6,968 96 5.064 6.681 124 4,829 5,969 67 4.323 4.460 26 4.152 Total............................... ........ .................................. 14.876 12.128 11.634 10,359 8.638 1 Excludes basic lead sulfate, figures withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. Table 19.--Distribution of red lead shipments, by industries (Short tons) Industry 1966 1967 1968 1969 Paints......................... ............................. .............................. Storage batteries......................... ........... ............................. Other...................... .................................. ............................. 14,480 W 16,790 13,318 W 12,423 11,347 W 12,464 9,191 9,302 3.684 Total............................................. ............................. 31,270 25.741 23,811 22,177 W' Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data; included with "Other." 1970 7,848 W 11,596 19,444 Table 20.--Distribution of litharge shipments, by industries (Short tons) Industry 1966 1967 1968 1969 Ceramics....... ....................... ................................................. Insecticides................................ ........................ .................. Oil refining........................................................... .................. Rubber....................... ...... ................. .................. .................. Varnish_________________________ __________.................. Other_____________________________________ .................. 23,476 1,166 1,991 2.296 1.620 79,754 19,491 W 1.835 1.928 1,228 75.500 24.123 W 1,849 1,986 W 103,220 21,570 W 1.603 1,794 W 110,752 Total.......... ............................................. .............. 110,303 99.982 131,178 135,719 W Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data; included with "Other." 1970 24,578 W 2.016 1.663 W 118,086 146.343 Table 21.--U.S. imports for consumption of lead pigments and compounds Kind 1969 1970 Short tons Value Short tons Value (thousands) (thousands) White lead.................................................................................. Red lead...................................................................................... Litharge.............................................................................. Other lead pigments_____________ Other lead compounds_________________________________ 1,731 5,517 23,982 342 901 1661 1,365 5,542 107 309 1,105 6,909 13,703 219 655 $431 1,827 3,278 54 255 Total................................................................................ 32,473 7,984 22.591 5,845 1182 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1970 The distribution by grade of slab zinc 223,770 tons; leaded zinc oxide increased 5 consumed in 1970 is as follows: Special percent to 5,200 tons. The zinc chloride high grade, 47 percent; high gTade, 9 per produced was approximately 46,800 tons, cent; intermediate, 1 percent; brass special, or 2 percent less than in 1969; zinc sulfate 10 percent; prime western, 33 percent; and dropped to 53,170 tons, 15,300 tons below remelt, less than one-fourth of 1 percent. production of the previous year. Relative to 1969, consumption of special- Zinc pigments and compounds were high-gTade zinc dropped 19 percent, but made from various zinc-bearing materials for prime western zinc the decline was including ore, slab zinc, and scrap. Lead- only 1 percent, which confirmed the lower free zinc oxide was made by the following quantity for diecastings in the automotive processes: 60 percent was produced from industry. ores by the American process, 24 percent The slab zinc consumed by rolling mills from metal by the French process, and 16 in 1970 at 41,000 tons was 16 percent percent was derived from secondary mate lower than that of 1969; the production of rials and residues. The zinc contained in rolled zinc products fell from 46,540 tons zinc oxide produced from ore was 107,273 to 39,234 tons, also a 16-percent drop. The tons and in zinc sulfate, 8,278 tons; 77 per amount of photoengraving plate produced cent of the zinc oxide was from domestic was less than 400 tons under that of 1969, ores and 23 percent was from imported at 10,364 tons; however, the strip and foil ores; 43 percent of the zinc sulfate was rolled was down over 8,000 tons, or 26 per from domestic ores and 57 percent was cent below that of 1969. In 1970, there was from imported ores. The amount of zinc a 16.5 percent increase in the unit value of in pigments produced from the zinc in do rolled zinc produced, which almost bal mestic ores represented 16 percent of the anced the loss in quantity of products. Im domestic mine production, the same per ports of rolled products--plate, sheet, and centage as in 1969. Leaded zinc oxide was strip--dropped 18 percent to 692 tons, and produced solely from ores, zinc chloride exports fell 48 percent to 1,412 tons. The from slab zinc and scrap, and zinc sulfate unit values of imports and exports also in from ores and scrap. creased 40 percent and 29 percent, respec Four grades of leaded zinc oxide, classi tively. The total tonnage rolled in 1970, fied according to lead content, were pro including 18,300 rerolled from scrap, was duced. Only a very small quantity of 5 57310 tons, compared with 70,900 tons in percent or less leaded zinc oxide and a 1969. minor quantity containing 35 to 50 percent Consumption of slab zinc by States was and over were produced; the more than 5 headed by Illinois, again with 14 percent to 35 percent grade made up most of the of the total, followed by Ohio, Pennsylva production. Some lithopone, a coprecipitate nia, Michigan, Indiana, and New York. of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, was The industries using zinc in these six produced, but quantities are withheld to States accounted for 68 percent of the total avoid disclosing individual company confi slab zinc consumed. The largest uses were dential data. for diecastings in Michigan, Illinois, New Consumption and Uses.--The shipment York, and Ohio and galvanizing in Ohio, of zinc oxide for various uses in 1970 was Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Illinois. Con 3 percent lower than that of 1969. Rubber necticut, Illinois, and Michigan showed the accounted for 52 percent of the total re largest quantities used for brass mill prod quirement and used approximately 4,500 ucts. tons less than in the previous year. The quantities for paints, chemicals, and agricul ZINC PIGMENTS AND SAITS ture were substantially below those of 1969, but for photocopying and other uses Production.--Production of zinc pig major increases were recorded. The 16-per ments and compounds at 329,000 tons in cent rise for photosensitive copying paper, 1970 was 4 percent below that of 1969. to 31,850 tons, reflects almost a threefold Total shipments were 6 percent lower than expansion of this use in the last 5 years. production, which indicated an increase in Consumption of leaded zinc oxide was producers stocks. Production of lead-free almost equal to that of 1969, but the use zinc oxide was up 3,400 tons over 1969 . for paint, which accounted for 75 percent production, a 13 percent increase to of the total, increased 6 percent, and the Q U A N T IT Y , thousond short to n s 1184 MINERALS YEARBOOK., 1970 balance for other uses dropped 15 percent. The total zinc sulfate shipment was 16 percent lower than that of 1969 because the requirement for agriculture declined 10 percent and for other uses 19 percent. Prices.--The prices of American-process, lead-free zinc oxide and all other grades were established October 1, 1970, when a 0.5-ceni increase raised the quotation for American-process zinc oxide to 17 cents per pound; and for French process leadfree, high-purity, and electrophotographic to 173 cents, 18.0 cents, and 19.75 cents per pound, respectively. The prices of leaded zinc oxide were 14 cents per pound for 12 percent grade, 15 cents for 18 per cent, and 16.75 cents for 35 percent grade. Zinc sulfate, granular monohydrate, in dustrial-grade 36 percent in 100-pound bags was quoted at 10 cents per pound throughout the year. The price of zinc chloride, 50 percent, in tank cars, was in creased in the first week of July from 6.20 to 6.40 cents per pound for 100-pound lots, where it remained through December. Foreign Trade.--Exports of zinc oxide to 41 countries in 1970 amounted to 6326 tons, a 67-percent increase over 1969. West Germany was the largest customer with 1,308 tons, followed by Canada with 1,298 tons, Australia with 789 tons, and Belgium with 449 tons. Lilhopone exports to 36 countries increased 42 percent, to 1341 tons. The leading recipient was again South Vietnam with 1,392 tons, followed by Canada and Venezuela with 42 tons and 16 tons, respectively. The total value of exported pigments was $2,866 million, up 75 percent over that of 1969. Imports of zinc pigments and compounds decreased in 1970 to 20,766 tons, down from 23,518 in 1969. The decline was accounted for principally by the 17-percent drop in receipts of zinc oxide. Zinc oxide ac counted for 12,073 tons; 6,200 tons came from Mexico. Canada was the next largest supplier, 4,400 tons; the Netherlands fol lowed with 800 tons; Belgium, 222 tons; Spain. 165 tons; and smaller amounts were supplied by the United Kingdom, West Germany, France, and Poland. Seventyseven tons of lilhopone, down 71 percent from 1969, came from West Germany and the Netherlands. Zinc chloride imports were down 16 percent at 1,151 tons and followed the 1969 pattern; the greater por tion came from West Germany, 781 tons; Belgium, 295 tons; and 75 tons from Can ada, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Zinc sulfate imports increased slightly to 6,298 tons: Mexico supplied 3,365 tons and Australia supplied 2313 tons. The total value of imported zinc pig ments and compounds was $4,106 million, compared with $4,476 million in 1969. STOCKS Producer Stocks.--The buildup of stocks of slab zinc at primary smelters and refin eries that began in the last quarter of 1969 continued to increase progressively in the early months of 1970, reaching a high at the end of May. The cutbacks of produc tion at smelters and refineries begun in February effected reductions in stocks in June and through September to the lowest for the year. Further slackening in de mand, owing principally to the automobile strike, caused a decrease in shipments, and stocks rose in October, November, and De cember to 97376 tons. Inventories at sec ondary smelters fell from 885 tons on Jan uary 1 to 555 tons at the end of March. Accumulations in the next 3 months in creased stocks to the year's high of 1,157 tons at the end of June. Reduced produc tion and larger shipments in the third quarter lowered inventories to 413 tons at the end of September. Production, ship ments, and inventories increased in the last quarter as yearend stocks rose to 738 tons. Consumers Stocks.--The total of slab zinc inventories at consumer plants de clined 12 percent in 1970, to 89351 tons. Declines in all. grades except intermediate contributed to the 12300-ton drop.