Document q0eG6ekyrDQwRGbq4geVEzLn

Improved Machinability Claimed for Lead-Bearing Steel HU recent ile\ e lopmenl <>1 Ledloy. Tnew lead hearing. tree cutting, open hearth steel, marks another for ward step in the progress id the steel and metal working industries. Kir \ears the development of a material CABLE 1- REPORTED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LEDLO'i Kegula - SAE 1120 i .("(1 lov 1120.......... 3 ield Strength lbs. [ter sq. in. 45.300 44.050 Ultimate strength 61.700 62.280 EIu mm. 2 in. 37.2 36.5 Vr cent ed. area 65,1 63.7 (.harps inpact ft. lii'. 36.4 35.0 combining the good qualities of open hearth steel, with the economy of easy machinabilitv. has puzzled industry. Kegula SAE 1045 Ledloy 1015.......... (In the natura 1 hot rolle 1 condition ) 61.550 64.750 04.350 07.900 28.5 28.5 .504) 52.0 22.8 23.5 Ledlov 1120. according to reports, has solved this problem, improving ma chinability from 3(1 to 60 per cent reported, more rapidly than .35 per The presence ol lead has no eflecl on over standard SAE 1120, and ma cent carbon screw stock SAE X1335. the "normality" of the steel and full chines more easily, even, than high Also, according to tests, the improved case hardness and tough, durable sulphur Bessemer screw stock (SAE- machinability on the addition of lead cores are developed by heat treatment. XI112i. is not confined to regular or cold In welding, the strength and ductility Ledlov is the Inland Steel Com drawn screw stock, but increased pro of the welds are apparently not af pany's copyrighted name for steel of duction can be obtained with higher fected by the addition of lead. Also. any composition which has been al carbon grades, as shown in Table 3. Inland Ledlov forges the same as loyed with lead and in which the lead It is further claimed that tool life other steel of similar analysis. It fills is uniformly dispersed. According to is increased from 50 to 200 per cent the dies well and gives clean ,rp the manufacturers, the lead is usually with Ledlov. despite the increased impressions with flash that is easily ,;n added in amounts from .15 to .30 per machining speeds permitted, and that trimmed, another quality of adv antage cent by a special process which as it may also be carburized and treated in many of the uses in which this new sures the uniform distribution of the similarly to ordinary carbon steel. steel may he put. lead throughout the steel. By this pro cess. the state of dispersion is so fine that the lead can not be seen under a TABLE 2--MACHINABILITY 4 microscope and has no effect on the :x physical properties of the steel, but I ime [>rr Part greatly increases the machining rate. Vi ithin the limits of accuracy in test ing. the strength, ductility and resist Case 1: Form, thread, drill, ream and chamfer. High sulphur Bessemer screw stock t SAE-X1112 > Ledlov 1120 (Increased production 29.4 per cent.i 43 vcroi ance to impact are apparently un Case 2: Form, drill, knurl and chamfer. changed by the addition of lead. High sulphur Bessemer screwr stock (SAE-X 11121 The improved machinability claim Ledloy 1120 (Increased production 34.3 per cent.) s ed for lead-bearing steel is reported Case 3: Box mill, center, tap. form, cut-off. in figures, shown in Table 2. based on High sulphur Bessemer screw stock (SAE-X 1112 > HO actual production runs on cold-fin Ledloy 1120 00 ished Ledlov by leading cold drawing (Increased production 33.3 per cent.) companies. Increase in tool life...................................................more than 200 per cent. Cold drawn Ledlov machines, it is Lead Plumbing Proved Best in San D iego Hospital that in the long run lead is more eco nomical and less subject to stoppage or corrosion that mav result in unsan itary or troublesome conditions for architects' clients. It is only natural that lead pipe should give better service. It has thick walls made of the most durable com mon metal. Its flexibility takes care of an County Hospital. The old buildings at the left hare lead plumbing that ground and building settlement with I r,N nrin shea nauhle. while the new building*, at right, hate hud trouble with out damage or strain to pipe or joints. neuer plumbing that is nut lead It does not clog with corrosion prod uct or discolor water, and the smooth STRIKING example of the ser unit, despite only 10 vears of service, inner bore of both pipe and joints A viceability and long-time eeono- the plumbing has given continuous mv of lead plumbing is given by thterouble and requires constant repairs. minimize danger of stoppages result ing from lint. hair, or other solids in San Diego County Hospital. San Durability and freedom from the water. Its advantages are main 11 Diego. Cal. The original buildings of trouble are important factors for and the San Diego Countv Hospital this hospital were constructed 32 architects to consider when specifying plumbing brings them out admirably. years ago. All wastes, traps, toilet plumbing materials. In this respect, Such excellent service means much to bends and vents in these buildings are rarely does such a direct comparison the public and is of great benefit to lead. Water services and supplies are come to light wherein two systems of architects specifying lead plumbing. I also lead. All the original lead plumb ing is still in service and has never plumbing are installed in the same group of buildings under similar con They are assured of durable, troublefree installations that bring good will given any trouble to date. ditions. It gives conclusive evidence and increased business. W e are in New additions to the hospital were debted to Gordon Taylor, business built in 1928. The plumbing in the new group is not lead, nor are the r LEAD INDUSTRIES' manager and superintendent of the hospital, for the facts about its plumb water services and supplies. In this ing. Lead Makes Durable, Non-Staining Chimney Flashing NE of the important advantages and other building materials. Even O of lead for flashing and other the most perfectly designed home maysheet metal applications is the fascoton appear tacky and unattractive that it does not discolor adjacent ma due to such staining. terials. Rainwater running down the This possibility has been definitely- lead does not take into solution com ruled out by flashing with lead the pounds which produce permanent, un chimneys of the Long Island residence sightly stains on paint, brick, stucco, shown in the photographs. The flash- ing was installed according to the standard practice for fine lead work, as described in LEAD. July. 1938. Thus, this home, designed bv Frank C. Farley, of New Nork. is assured of permanent, water-tight joints at the chimney intersections, at the same time eliminating ugly discoloration. Close-up lieu of lead chimney Hush- General lieu of Long Island home wheie c h i m tier * were flashed with non-staining lead [3] L Ia 2$ 4 Many Applications of Fine L< f ieu <>t the nni \ursc\ Horn,- the kina' Conan 11 o'!>i in/. wind> i n c n r fi a rate' man \ appliedlion ' ot lead work INE lead work is an outstanding the two front wings of the building. F feature of the new Nurse's Home Drawings show the installation of recently completed as part of thethese parts. The spandrels. 51 g ft. by Kings Countv Hospital. Brooklyn. 3 ft., were hung bv lead cleats on N. \. This hospital, erected in 1932. welded iron frames. The completed incorporates in its design some of the unit was then set into place in the ma largest and finest examples of modern sonry. The ends of the vertical mem architectural lead work in this coun bers of the iron frames were bent back try. i LEAD. Nov.. 1932. Jan.. 1933.1 and hooked over and under the ma The lead work on the original build ings has been so outstanding in its ap pearance and performance that it was only natural and fitting to use the same metal on the Nurse's Home. As was the case before, the lead work in cludes spandrels, frames, flashing, gutters, downspouts, finials. cresting, fleches. louvres and dormer windows. Most striking in this work are the spandrels and vertical frames. Made of 4 lb. hard lead stamped to the archi tect's design, the spandrels extend for six stories, three rows wide, on each of sonrv at the bottom and top ol the windows and securely bolted. Spandrels were loose- 3*^1 locked into hard lead window flashing at top and bottom and let into folds in the continuouvertical frames on each side ol the spandrel. These vertical frames wen run in 8 ft. lengths abutting one another, with a piece ol lead-coated copper soldered in back of the upper end of the lower of two abutting sections, lap ping behind the top section 3 in. This makes a water-prool joint without tying the two sections together. Hard lead flashing built into the masonry at the side was folded into the frames in STANDARD DETAILS Soldered - Detail oi ornumental lead gut ters on the new Murse's Home View s hou'i ng lead cresting, ridging, fleches on the roof peak and also leadcovered dormers, lead flashing, gut ters and leader- heads :hL 'I ^J / -4 f7~r.n --------------- <4 r [4] LI A25465 Kings County N urse*s Home the same way as the spandrels and frames were joined. All joints were tilled with \ ulcatex Non-Hardening Compound. Bv thus allowing the span drels and frames to move freelv in all directions, there is adequate provision for expan sion and contraction of the metal. The attractive hanging gut ters on the Nurse's Home are of 4 lb. hard lead. The leaderheads are cast hard lead. Flashing is t lb. soft lead and in no case do lengths exceed 8 ft. Hard lead was also used to cover the ventilating louvres in the towers and to cover copings. Lead copings should be in ILS CfKNDREL INSTALLATION mhurt- >ide view of the A lir v Horne 'Iwu inti the lead en i ered louvre' and o (her lead uor/. lengths not greater than 8 ft., with loose-locked seams, and should ho locked into continuous cleats secured in the masonry along both edges so that the lead coping can expand and contract independently. On the peak of each tower is a handsome lead ridging and cresting, topped by two slender lead fleches. Dormer windows, covered completed with lead, are built into the roofs. Lead, renow ned for centuries for its durability and beautv. is an ideal ma terial for sheet metal work of all tvpes. Its economy, ease of applica tion and fabrication into varied shapes and designs, and the beautv of the gray patina attained by weathering are outstanding factors that have made lead so widely recognized. Its use on the Kings County Hospital buildings is a tribute to the keen foresight of the architect, for fine lead work is alwavs serviceable and decorative. The architect for the Nurse's Home was LeRoy P. Ward, of New York. Miller and Doing, of Brooklyn. N. Y.. did the ornamental stamping, and the Brooklyn Roofing Co., Brooklyn. N. Y., were the sheet metal contractors. Drtn cal \tougk '/>un- dm ' mul- f A ~. t--5T Detail of one of the cast lead ornamental leader-heads Angle view of the Nurse's Home showing six stories of orna mental lead span drels on one side [5] LXA25^8b 1 White Lead Paint for F.S.A. National Housing Program In nit nit m r uhilr li-'tu/ jminh'il home hull I hr the ('. S.A. in I.mi si ic;c. IT ns/i; I nuther of t hr l.nnQiieu- group of inrm houses, comp/e(t`'7 in the nn'inn-iritlc pingmiii i.OL'RTrSY FARM SM7l'lT\ AD M[N I sTHAT '' ,\ \ El! .`lO.UOO farm houses and 0 nut-buildings built by the Farm Security Administration been painted with pure white lead and oil paint in accordance with the Fed eral specifications for this material. Operating under the Department of Agriculture, the Farm Security Ad ministration was created in January, 1937. to take over the work of the Re settlement Administration, that of re settling and rehabilitating distressed farm families. Confronted with in creased demands for economy in gov ernment expenditures, the new agency <lecided to engage in a low-cost con struction program in which expendi htauvres for improvements on farm units could be amortized in full over a pe riod of forty years without any form of subsidy. Existing construction work was to be completed and strict limita tions were laid down for new low-cost construction, in general 82.200 for houses in the north, and S1.500 in the south. Since structures built under the old program greatly exceeded these lim itations. a complete revision of the methods of building design and field Reur rietv of a farm house painted with white lead in Sedalia. Mo., under the F. S. A. operation was necessarv. Faced with this problem of providing low-cost buildings meeting the large space re quirements of farm families, Captain R. B. Lord, Coordinator and Director of Construction, effected a number of important changes. Architectural de sign was modified somewhat to make use of certain basic principles adopted to minimize construction costs. New designs made use of standard mate rials only, procurable in quantity, and of certain standard sizes, thus reduc ing waste to a minimum. The careful attention given the problem of painting led to the adop tion of pure white lead and oil as standard, for white lead meets ade quately all the requirements for lowcost building. It is readily available, easily prepared and applied, effecting a saving in time and labor costs. Its excellent durability and high coverage bring the cost of painting to a very low figure over a period of years. The use of white paint is a definite improvement over the traditional drab barn red. The fact that painting a structure a cheerful color tends to lift the morale of the family residing in the structure, is a salient point that few people realize. Light colored farm buildings are more attractive and agreeable to live in, a factor which has been definitely noted bv the Farm Security Administration where farm families have taken a new lease on life and changed their mode of living sim- [6] L IA 2 54 87 j,|v because (hev are given a neat |,,,u?e in f'icli to live. 1 his seems to i-hanae the calloused and slovenly manners ot a 1 iie-tirne ami supplant diem with a desire lor neatness and n,,,d home management. In this wav. ulute lead helps to tnrther the social well as economic welfare of the farmer. These advantages ot pure while lead and oil are ellectively demon strated hv the great success attained in the painting of these thousands of (anil houses and out-buildings. I . lr h i t e /1: a d pninUnl ponln i i'o ij o oi .Vi/c/nc M o.. ano t h to h . >. 1. Imddrng Lead Alloy Increases Smoothness in Automobile Rides I E AD-A NT I MO N \ spring inserts I help to a large extent in solving the problems ot the automotive "ride engineer", according to L. R. Paton. of the Packard Motor Car Co. It is the duty of the ride engineer to establish proper damping ot the sprung masses in cars in order to develop a smooth and comfortable ride. Bv making use of tip inserts of leadantimony. lubricated bronze, and rub ber. a new Packard spring, it is re ported. can be given definite control calibration and remedies the disad vantageous features of conventional leaf design. The characteristics. X. Y and Z. of these materials are given in Table 1. X represents the static or breakaway value, a characteristic used to obtain tire absorption of minor road irregularities and for restraint of pitching tendencies. \ and Z are tun varieties of kinetic friction, both of which prov ide for I ow -1requencv damping, up to 100 cycles per minute I sprung mass frequencies i. while \ also provides for high trequencv damping. 400 to 600 cveles per min ute (wheel bounce!. Characteristic \ is used to establish the jiggle-jolt compromise and to suppress wheel bounce. Z is used to control slow swings and to restrain pitching. By changing the antimony content of the lead-antimony bearings, which is varied between 5 and 10 per cent, the value X can be readily changed. Although such inserts show nearly the same value, dry or lubricated, they are usually lubricated to prevent glazing of the surface. It will be noted from the table that rubber has practically no X. \ or Z value. It is employed mainly to fill (he remaining positions after the de sired calibration of inserts and insert positions has been worked out. In starting control calibrations rubber inserts are used at all points and cer tain of them replaced by lead-anti mony or bronze until the desired ride effect is obtained. The lead-antimony inserts are espe cially useful in maintaining a Hat pitch-free ride because of their pe culiar difference in damping at low and high frequencies. The low fre quency value is large, approximately twice that of lubricated bronze, but its high frequency damping is low. An other advantageous factor is the ease with which the X value may he changed bv the antimony content. Table 1--Characteristics and Effectiveness XY Z Tvpe of Bearing Static or High Breakaway j Frequency Friction ! Damping Low Frequency j Damping i Lses \ntimony- High: Ad- 1 Lead iustable by: Antimony Percentage Low High: Twice Thatj of Bronze j X and Z j Lubricated 1 Low to Bronze Medium Medium Medium X. Y and Z j Rubber i Practically Practically Practically j Zero Values None None None j of X. Y. Z m Magnified tiew of a typicul spring, showing the position of spiinti lip inserts LIA254P8 New York City Adopts L.I.A. Calking Lead Standard EW \ORIv CIT\ has taken a constructive step in the revised specifications it is now using for the purchase of calking lead and lead wool. In this specification promul gated by the Board of Standardization. Department of Purchase, lead of a puritv conforming with the Lead In dustries Association calking lead standard is required. Other features of this standard are included, such as the requirement that the manufactur er's name, brand or trade mark must be cast in or legibly and indelibly stamped on each piece, or. in the case of lead wool, marked on the container. It is now recognized by progressive cities and other specification buvers that detailed, rigid specifications for purchases best assure material of good quality. By adopting the Lead Indus tries Association standard. New York (litv has removed the element ot chance from its purchases of calking lead and lead wool. This action fol lows shortly a similar one bv another Tvpicul ' /i\l iron water main on which lead calking makes watertight, flexible and durable joints important and unbiased body, the American ^ ater Works Association, whose standard, adopted in April. 1938. also conforms with the Lead In dustries Association standard. I LEAD. May, 1938.) For architects, engineers and con tractors who do not have the same test ing laboratory facilities, the Lead In dustries' Seal of Approval acts as the testing laboratory and assures highest quality. This Seal is stamped on calk ing lead meeting the Lead Industries Association standard and which also conforms to the American ^ ater Works Association's and New \ork City's specifications, based on that standard. Thus, the individual buyer or specifier can have the same protec tion in his purchases of calking lead and lead wool as the large city. He has this same protection, too. through the Lead Industries' Seal of Approval, in his purchases of lead pipe, trap? and bends, bv requiring that this seal he stamped on all material. SPECIFY MATERIAL SPECIFY LEAD INDUSTRIES' MATERIAL Lead Pipe Perfect After Forty-Five Years7 Service ORTY-FIVE years ago, in 1893, a materials have been used and longer F lead water service was laid to sup than some, based on experience, can be ply the 14th Street Bank in Pittsburgh, expected to last. It is particularly true Pa. This year the street under which in this instance where the lead service it was laid was regraded and repaved. was installed under one of Pitts Therefore, it was thought advisable to burgh's busiest corners, 14th and Car- install a new service at this time, and son Sts. The latter is the main traffic the old one was removed. It was found artery on Pittsburgh's South Side, to be in perfect condition, exemplify traveled by heavy trucks and other ing the long life characteristic of lead types of vehicles practically 24 hours services. a day. This means considerable vibra Now 45 years is not a particularly tion and movement in the ground, remarkable life for a lead service, but something that permanently flexible obviously this service had many more lead pipe with its bonded wiped joints years of life left in it. Yet 45 years is is especially suited to withstand. longer than some newer service pipe Naturally, when the question of what material to use for the new ser vice came up, the excellent perform ance of the old service was full justifi cation for replacing with the same ma terial. lead. This long recognized durability is but one of the many advantages that have enabled lead services to provide for years the ultimate in service pipe performance. In specifying lead, en gineers, architects and contractors win the confidence of clients, and, by re quiring the Lead Industries' Seal of Approval, are assured of highest qual ity material to realize to the utmost extent this superior performance. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE, WITHOUT OBLIGATION, IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS LiA25489 p r i .v t f d i v r.s.A. v U m.t S It ERS P!< 1 NT l N i. II SFW VOKk ( IT'.