Document ppjnNEM2y3Koq61BDNNBBq1rd

T 1 - K T Y 7 - T T~J . ~ 'i Tv T /T TT* "V JQ /1N V U \ . W - I ' J. J-Y-LX j X ' M a r c h 30, 1970 D r . G e o r ge Ro;ush , Jr . Eth yl Corporation . M edical Departm en t Laboratory of En viron m en tal Medicine 1700 P er d id o Str eet New O rlean s, Lou isian a 70112 Dear George: En clo sed ar e two copies of our report coverin g blood unr. e and air an aly se s at H er m an Gar d en s last Novem ber and D ecem ber . It is b r ie f, bu t com p le t e, I b elieve, an d con t ain s fou r t een t ab le s, in cludin g one w ith m o st of the p r im a r y d at a on it, so th at you can ch eck our arith m etic and con clusion s. I th in k the lead data ar e v e r y good, an d agr e e w ell with the fir st set of data, but I don 't know about the ALA an d cr eat in in e d at awe don't get the sam e m ean valu es that Bill gave m e by phone for a group you h ave p r e v io u sly studied. W e'll w ait until you com p ar e your r e su lt s on th e sa m p le s we sen t you with ou r s, h ow ever, befor e w o r r y ing too m u ch . P le a se call or w rite when you've had tim e to d igest the report, and w e'li see w h eth er som e furth er action is called for. W e've en joyed doin g t h is study, an d h ope th at it w ill be p o ssib le to w or k w ith you again on sim ila r st u dies in the future. You rs very truly, RG S/jm b En closu res Ralp h G. Sm it h P residen t N15285  'N V l R u N M iN T A L B W iJIli JIW I f x'*T;T1J * i ry f.a j rL i,., r i,.. LA BO RA TO : 32740 North w estern H igh w ay, Farm in gton , M ich igan 48024 IMG. (313) S26- 2426 A St u d y of Le a d in A ir , Le a d in Blo o d an d A LA In Ur in e in Relat ion to R e sid e n t s N e a r a F r e e w a y . Novem ber , 1969 In con tin uation of a study at the H er m an G ar d en s H ousin g P r oject , Detroit, M ich igan wh ich began in Fe b r u ar y , 1969 r e su lt s of r e sam p lin g the air at se v e r al location s, and determ in in g blood lead le v e ls on r e s i den ts livin g at var y in g d ist an ce s fr o m the fr eew ay a r e d e scr ib e d in th is report. "T A ir sam plin g w as p er fo r m ed at th r ee locat ion s n ear and distan t fr o m the fr e e w ay in F e b r u ar y , 1969, again in Ju ly - A u gu st , 1969 and fin ally in N o v e m b e r - D e ce m b e r , 1969. Th e m et h od s of sam p lin g and a n a ly sis h ave p r e v io u sly b een d e sc r ib e d an d w ill not be r e p e at e d . In Ju ly, 1969 blood le v e ls w e r e d e t e r m in e d oh r e sid e n t s of the a r e a an d a r epeat sam plin g an d an aly sis of e sse n t ially the sam e group in N ovem ber , 1969 is r epor t ed , h er e. In addition , u r in e sp e cim e n s w e r e collect ed fr o m a n um ber of the blood don ors and both ALA and creatin in e levels w er e determ in ed. The m eth ods u sed for selectin g the population sam pled and for determ in in g the lead content of blood have also been previou sly d e s cr ib ed . It sh ould be n oted th at it w as not p o ssib le to sam p le exact ly the sam e group each tim e, but the n u m b er of in diviu dals p ar t icipat in g in both sam plin g p e r io d s w a s high, h ow ever , an d the r e su lt s of each sam p lin g period ar e believed to be com p ar ab le with one an oth er. Not all of the blood don ors w er e able to donate a u rin e sp ecim en , but the gr eat m ajo r it y did, and in t e r - co m p ar iso n s sh ould be valid. Th e m et h od s u se d to d et er m in e A LA and creatin in e w er e th ose p er viou sly u sed and r ecom m en d ed by the Eth yl Cor por at ion M ed ical D epar t m en t and n eed not be d escr ib e d fu r th er in th is report. K 001 ?.350 N15285.01 -2- R e su it s of A ir Sam p lin g: . T h e a i r s a m p l i n g d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 1, u s i n g t h e s a m e for m at a s in p r eviou s r e p o r t s. A s expected, the air lead lev e ls again sh o w e d a p r o g r e s s i v e d e c r e a s e w i t h d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e f r e e w a y , a.nd a sign ifican tly low er level in side the ap ar t m en t s com p ar ed to the outside location s. The m ean lead levels for com par able location s w er e as expected, in t er m ediat e betw een th ose obtain ed in Fe b r u a r y and th ose obtain ed in August. Th ese r e su lt s a r e probably r elat ed to the frequ en cy of favorable wind direction s (w esterly) and the extent of atm osph eric turbulen ce. When all the data ar e grouped togeth er, the m ean outdoor lead levels, which p r esu m ab ly com e close to annual m ean s, ar e as iollow s: *t 3 Location A: 4. 8 + 2 .9 p g/m Lo cat io n B: 2. 6 + 1 .9 " Lo cat io n C: 1 . 5 + 0. 9 " Blood Le ad R e su lt s: B l o o d w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m 1 12 i n d i v i d u a l s c o m p a r e d t o 11 0 i n d i v i d u a l s previously. As alr ead y noted, h ow ever, the com position of the two groups w a s n o t i d e n t i c a l . A c o m p l e t e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f d a t a i s c o n t a i n e d i n T a b l e 11 which list s backgroun d in form ation of sign ifican ce for each individual as w ell a s the fir st and secon d blood lead le v e ls an d A LA d at a (note: th ose in d ivid u als who don ated blood Ju ly but did not don ate in N o v e m b e r h ave not been in cluded in th is list in g). Th e act u al com p osit ion of the study population a s w ell a s su m m ar ie s of all r e su lt s obtain ed ar e det ailed in T ab le s 2-10. T h ese t ab le s co r r e sp o n d in n u m b er an d fo r m at to the t ab le s p r e se n t e d in ou r p r e v io u s r e p o r t . In addition , T ab le 12 su m m a r i z e s th e A LA r e su l t s an d T ab le 13 su m m ar izes the creatin in e resu lts. Sign ifican t t e st s w e r e p e r fo r m e d on all d at a u sin g th e sa m e m e t h o d s on which p r eviou s fin din gs w e r e b ased , an d su m m ar y of all con clu sion s r each ed is con tain ed in T ab le 14. It w ill be n oted th at in d ivid u als livin g at Location A h ad a sign ifican tly h igh er blood lead level than th ose livin g at 0012951 -3- Location C in the secon d test, w h e r e as the d iffer en ce, th ough p r esen t , w as not sign ifican t in the fir st t e st r e su lt s. It fu r t h er a p p e a r s th at sm o k e r s a s a group h ave sign ifican tly h igh er lead lev e ls at Location A than C, that n o n - sm o k e r s l e ss th an 55 y e a r s of age exh ibit sim ila r fin d in gs, an d th at fe m a l e s l e s s t h an 55 y e a r s of age , a l so y ie ld th e sa m e fin d in gs. A s n ot ed in Tab le 10, w h en h o u se w iv e s on ly a r e co n sid e r e d , le ad le v e ls a r e on ce again h igh er at Location A than C and th is relation sh ip p e r sist s when c o m p ar iso n s ar e m ad e b ase d on sm okin g and age. Delt a Am in olevu lin ic Acid (ALA): Sam p les w ere collected from don ors who w ere in structed to d iscar d the fir st u rin e voided aft er ar isin g in the m orn in g, and to t h er eaft er collect all urin e in the follow in g two h our period. A p r e se r v at iv e w as added a s d i r ected in the m eth ods fu r n ish ed by Eth yl Corpor ation , volu m es w er e n oted and a n a l y s e s p e r f o r m e d . A l l d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 11 a n d a s u m m a r y o f . th e d at a i s con t ain ed in Tab le 12. Creatin in e determ in ation s w er e also m ade and ALA valu es w er e then r e calcu lat e d on the b a sis of cr eat in in e le v e ls. W hen A LA le v e ls not c o r r e c t e d for creatin in e ar e com p ar ed th ere ar e no st at ist ically sign ifican t d iffer en ces betw een any of the grou ps or su b - gr ou p s wh ich w er e ch osen . When creatin in e co r r e ct e d v alu e s a r e com p ar ed , h ow ever, it w ill be n oted in T a b le ' 14 that a st at ist ically sign ifican t d iffer en ce betw een gr ou p s A an d C is n oted in w h ich valu es for th ose in grou p C ar e h igh er than th ose in grou p A. Th is d iffer en ce ap p e ar s to be r elat ed to the fem ale portion of the population and in p ar t icu lar to fe m a le s g r e a t e r th an 55 y e a r s of age . Alt h ou gh th e d iffe r e n c e a p p e a r s to be st at ist ic ally sign ifican t , no explan at ion fo r it is o ffe r e d at t h is t im e . It w ould seem , h ow ever , th at the u se fu ln e ss of m ak in g a c o r r e c t io n b a se d on creatin in e m igh t be question ed. U r in ary volu m es w er e also noted and ar e c o n t a i n e d in T a b l e 11 b u t t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n t a k e n in t o a c c o u n t in a n y o f t h e calculation s presen ted. K* 0012952 AIR LEAD DATA 3 P b C o :a c . , (j.g / m DATE 1969 DAY LO CATIO N A Outside In side LO CATIO N B Outside In aide LO CATIO N C Outside In side LO CAL W EA Wind Mea D ir e ct Win Sp e e 11/18 11/19 11/20 11/21 11/22 11/23 11/24 1 1/25 1i /26 11/27 11/28 11/29 11/30 12/1 12/2 12/3 12/4 12/5 12/6 12/7 12/8 12/9 12/10 12/11 12/12 . . T u e s. Wed. Thur s . Fri. Sat . . Su n . Mon. T u e s. Wed. Th ur s. Fri. Sat . Su n . . Mon. T u e s. Wed.. ' T liu r s. Fri. Sat . Su n . . Mon. ' T u e s. Wed. Thur s . Fri. + 1.9 4. 35 4. 5 4. 5 6. 8 3. 5 4. 6 2.5 2. 0 4. 0 2. 6 1.6 4. 1 + 3.5 4. 7 + 3. 0 1. 6 4. i 2. 2 2. 2 + 5. 6 + --3. 25 3.4 4. 15 5. 8 2.9 3. 95 2. 65 1. 9 3. 7 2.3 1.6 3. 9 *f 3. 2 4. 6 + 2. 95 1. 5 3.8 2. 0 2.2 + 2.7 + 1. 3 3. 2 2. 8 3. 4 5. 3 2. 6 3. 1 1. 9 1.3 2. 5 1. 8 1. 1 2. 45 + 1. 3 * ' ---- + 2. 6 1.3 3. 0 2. 2 2. 1 + 4, 1 + 1. 1 2. 7 2. 4 2. 8 4. 65 2. 5 2. 8 1. 6 0. 9 2. 1 1. 2 0. 6 2. 4 + 2. 2 -- + 2. 0 ?.1. 0 b 1. 6 1. 7 + 2. L ++ 0. 7 . 0. 5 1 . 6 1. 6 1.9 1.2 1. 7 1 . 0 4. 6 3. 3 1. 6 1. 2 1. 6 1. 2 1. 0 0. 75 0. 7 . O'. 3 1.2 -- 0. 5 -- 0 . 4 * 0. 3 1 . 4 1. 1 + + ' 0. 9 0. 7 * 1.3 0. 5 ++ 1 .8 0. 7 0. 5 0. 2 1.7 0.4 2. 5 0. 8 1 .7 0. 65 ++ 0. 85 0. 3 S w NW S sw NW SW NW w NE SW NW NW NW SW NW NW . NW E . SW SW SE N N SW 14. 18. 14. 5. 12. 8. 7.' 11. 9. 11.7 1 10. 13. 16. 16. 11. 15. ' 13. 8. 8. 18. . 13. 8. 8. 13. 13/2 Table 1 A I R I *E A D D A T A ,, 3 Fb Con e p g/m DATE 1969 4 12/13 12/14 12/15 12 / 16 12/17 12/18 12/19 Mean DAY Sat . Su n . Mon. T u e s. Wed. Th urs. Fri. LO CATIO N A Outside In side LO CATIO N B Outside In side 3.6 3.4 2. 8 2. 4 2. 6 2, 6 2. 0 -- 4. 2 4. 1 3. 1 2. 0 4. 3 4 .4 3. 2 2. 5 4. 5 4 .9 3. 4 3. 1 2 . 4 2 . 5 . 1. 9 1 . 5 3. 1 3 .3 2. 6 1.85 3. 5 3 .2 5 2. 5 2. 1 I + = Sam p ler s running * = Data un certain ft = No v . d = Dec. T= To sm all to m easu r e ---- = No s a m p l e . LO CATIO N C LO CAL W EATH Outside In side Wind Direct Mean Wind Sp e e d 2. 0 0. 6 1. 1 1. 15 2. 0 0. 8 0. 7 0. 7 S 0. 3 NW 1. 0 NW 0. 5 NW 0. 8 SW 0 . 4 . NW 0. 4 NW 9. 1 13. 5 14. 1 9.8 8. 1 13. 2 14. 4 1 . 4 0 . 3 n =NW 12. 0 d =SW Table 2 St u d y P o p u lat io n D e sc r i p t i o n - St u d y P o p u lat io n No. of In dividuals Loc. A Loc. C Total Group M ales Non Sm ok ers Sm ok er s 55 13 5 - r 8 57 10 6 4 F em ales Non Sm ok ers Sm ok er s H ousew ives Non Sm ok ers Sm ok er s 42 47 35 30 7 17 34 38 28 24 6 14 In Tables 2 - 1 0 Location A - Adjacen t to Fr eew ay . Location C - Aw ay fr o m Fr eew ay 001.2355 Tabic 3 Blood Le ad Le v e ls, pg/lOOg D escr ipt ion , Su b gr ou p s Total Population M ales Sm ok er s Non Sm ok er s Fem ales Sm ok ers Non Sm ok er s H ousew ives Sm ok ers Non Sm ok er s Sm o k e r s (both se xe s) Non Sm o k e r s (both se xe s) Lo c a t io n AC 16. 8 19. 8 20. 5 18. 8 14.3 19. 7 19. 3 20. 0 15. 9 20. 1 15, 0 16. 0 21. 2 14. 9 13. 2 13. 6 12. 9 13. 6 13. 9 13. 4 20. 3 15. 5 14. 7 14. 1 RE 0012356 M ales Fem ales Total Group Table 4 Blood Le ad Le v e ls In Relation To Se x & Lo c a t i o n . u g / 1 0 0 g + S. D. A n Pb 13 19. 8 + 5. 6 42 15. 9 + 4. 7 55 16. 8 + 5. 2 C n Pb 10 19. 7 + 72 47 13. 2 + 4. 1 57 14. 3 + 5. 4 Table 5 Blood Le ad Le v e ls In Relation To A g e , Lo c a t i o n &' Se x, (jig/lOOg Se x M ales Age Years <25 26 - 40. 41 - 55 56 - 70 '7 1 - 8 5 A n Pb 1 14. 0 3 17. 0 1 30. 0 1 21. 0 6 20. 5 n 0 3 1 4 '2 C Pb 25. 0 11. 0 18. 8 13. 0 Fem ales <25 26 - 40 41 - 55 56 - 70 71 - 85 2 9 9 9 14 16. 0 16.8 18. 4 15. 1 14. 3 1' 12 12 13 9 12. 0 12. 0 14. 1 13.2 13. 7 1 001238; Table 6 Blood Le ad Le v e ls in Relation to Sm ok in g H ab it s, Se x & Lo cat io n , ig / l0 0 g Se x M ALES Cigarettes P er Day 0 < 10 10 - 20 20 + Other Total Sm ok ers A n Pb 5 19. 0 4 21. 5 02 17. 0 1 21. 0 7 20. 6 0 > 10 FEM ALES 10 - 20 20 + Other Total Sm ok er s 34 5 3 0 0 8 ' 15. 1 19. 8 20. 3 20. 0 C n Pb 5 18. 3 1 24. 0 03 17. 7 04 19. 3 30 12. 9 10 14. 4 3 14. 7 4 11. 0 017 13. 6 Table 7 Blo o d Lea.d L e v e l s in R e la t io n to Se x & Len gth of Tim e at P r e se n t Resid en ce [xg/lOOg . Sex Ye ar s Residen ce M ALES 3-5 6-10 > 10 3-5 FEM ALES ` 6 - 1 0 > 10 A n Pb 6 21. 0 5 17. 2 1 27. 0 19 14. 4 14 16. 2 10 18. 5 C n Pb 4 24. 5 3 11. 3 3 21.7 11 12. 1 19 13. 8 17 13. 0 00123b Table 8 Blood Le ad Le v e ls in Relat ion to C o m m u t in g H a b it s, Se x & Lo c a t i o n ag/ 100g D e scr ip t io n M ale Com m u ter Non - Com m uter Fem ale Com m u ter Non - Com m uter A n Pb C r n Pb > 5 19. 0 3 7 20. 6 7 10 16. 2 7 33 15. 8 40 25. 0 17. 4 10. 6 13. 6 Table 9 Blood Le ad Le v e ls in Relation to O ccu pation , Se x & Locat ion pg/IOOg Sex O ccupation Male Fem ale Retired Office & Sale s In dustry and Other H ousew ife Office & Sale s In dustry and Other A n Pb 8 21. 8 0< - ' 4 16. 3 C n Pb 6 18. 5 04 21. 5 33 16. 0 38 5 17. 2 6 5 18. 2 3 13. 6 14. 2 8. 7 0012959 T ab le 10 Blood Le ad Le v e ls H ousew ives only pg/100g D e scr ip t io n Total Group Sm ok ers Non Sm ok er s A g e < 55 A ge > 55 AC n Pb n Pb 32 16. 0 38 6 21. 2 14 27 14. 9 24 13. 6 13. 9 13.4 12 18. 8 21 ' 14. 4 17 21 12. 9 14. 2 HE 0 0 12 9 6 V Total Group M ales F em ales Table 12 A LA In Urin e, M ean Valu es Location A m g/ 100ml m g/g creatinine 0. 28 2. 7 0. 38 2. 7 0. 25 .2.8 L o c a t i o n .CL m g/l00m l m g/g creatinine 0. 29 3. 66 0. 42 4. 1 0.26 3. 6 M ales>55 M ales<55 Fem ales>55 F em ales<55 0. 29 0. 53 0. 22 O' 29 2. 7 2. 6 2. 4 3. 2 T 0. 32 0. 75 0. 23 0. 28 2. 6 9. 4 3. 6 3. 6 Sm ok er s Non Sm ok er s 0. 27 0. 29 All M a le s (A&C) Ail Fem ales (A&C) 0.38 0.26 - 2. 8 2. 7 3.3 3.2 0. 33 0.26 4. 8 3. 1 H E 0012961 Group T ab le 13 Urin ary Creatin ine Levels, m g/lOOm l Location A Location C En tire group M ales F em ales Male s M ales <55 >55 ' F e m a le s <55 F e m ale s >55 . All M ales ( A & C ) All Fem ales ( A & C ) Ev e r y o n e U n d er 55 E v e r y o n e O v e r 55 114 141 105 177 ' 111 116 96 134 92 87 96 589 126 81 115 129 81 80 K 0012962 .- . - rirc t u1 *i e 1t 4 _' 1_ . - - - R e l a t i o n s h i p s Be t w e e n G r o u p s A St G * Groups Com pared L e a d T e s t #1 Le a d T e st #2 ALA ALA/Creatin in e A l l ( m a l e s St f e m a l e s ) -- M ales -- Fem ales A >C P =0 . 98 Sm ok er s A>C P =0 . 97 Non Sm ok ers -- All p e r so n s <55 -- All p e r so n s >55 --- All M a l e s <55 -- A ll M a l e s <55 -- A ll fe m a l e s <55 -- A ll fe m a l e s >5 5 -- M ales, sm okers -- M ales, non sm o k e r s -- F e m a l e s , sm o k e r s A>C P =0 . 95 F e m a le s, non sm ok er s -- A>C P =0. 985 -- A>C P =0. 995 A>C P =0. 995 -- A>C P =0 . 95 r-- -- -- A>C P =0. 99 -- -- -- A>C P >0. 99 A >C P =0 . 96 --------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- C>A P =0. 97 -- C>A P =0. 95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- C>A P >0. 999 -- -- -- -- *W h e n n o f i g u r e s a r e gi v e n , d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , b a s e d on t - t e s t , ( P < 0. 95) K 0012363