Document poYoVDE7n06Ya8nZYLkN9Ga

SUBMARINE POWER CABLE RELIES ON LEAD By mid 1970, one of the world's long est oil filled submarine power trans mission cable systems will become operational, providing the first under water link between Connecticut and Long Island. A joint venture of Long Island Lighting Co. (LILCO) and the Connecticut Light and Power Com pany / CL&P), an affiliate of North east Utilities, the cable will connect LILCO's Northport generating station with CL&P's Norwalk Harbor plant. The plant-to-plant distance is 12 miles and the tie will require 84 miles of cable to complete the 3-phase circuit consisting of two cables per phase with a spare. Because the projec. represents the installation of an underwater power transmission cable of the first magni tude, extensive engineering studies were made along with a penetrating underwater survey of the route. Both companies cooperated in the engi neering which extended over a two year period. This engineering team, by joint decision, selected leadsheathed, oil filled cable as the key to long lasting success for the project. Lead sheathing was chosen because the reliability and ease of repair. Then, too, lead sheathed cable is flex ible, impermeable to water, corrosion resistant and chemically stable. A prime reason for the use of lead is its adaptability to continuous extrud ing over the cable in lengths long enough to span the width of the Sound with a minimum of splices. One splice point is on the Long Is land shore, 900 ft. from LILCO's Northport station. Another splice point is on Sheffield Island off the Connecticut coast and about a mile from the Norwalk Harbor station. The main cable crossing will be made using 600 MCM lead-sheathed polyetheline jacketed cable clad with armor wires. These wires are covered with bituminous-treated cloth for pro tection. The cables will be buried 3 ft. under the bottom of the Sound to a water depth of 35 ft. The link from Sheffield Island to the Norwalk Harbor station will utilize 700 MC\J cable with the armor wires removed at the land end. Again the cable will be buried to a depth of 3 ft. except at the entrance channel into Norwalk Harbor where it will be covered to a depth of 8 ft. In the shellfish areas off the coast of Sheffield Island, where dragging is done, the cable will be buried under the bottom out to a depth of 35 ft. Spacing between the seven cables will be about 900 ft. The $8 million interconnection will permit the two utilities to exchange power at any time during periods of heavy demand, resulting in savings for both companies. It will also allow them to increase electric power reli ability. When the tie goes into oper ation, it will carry sufficient current to serve more than a quarter-million homes. The lead sheath of the cable will protect it against the environ mental conditions for many years. LIA265A5 2 A new plant of one of Great Britain's largest sulphuric acid manufacturers features lead lined electrostatic precipitators. Pb + 2 4h s o l c a Low Corrosive Action For many years, lead because of its excellent resistance to many corro sives, has been used in large quanti ties throughout the chemical process ing industry. Lead has become the traditional material for use in the construction of electrostatic precipita tors in sulphuric acid service. A major construction breakthrough using new fabricating techniques may well extend lead's utility in other processing industries. The new construction techniques were used to advantage in the build ing of a new plant for one of Great Britain's largest sulphuric acid manu facturers. A new precipitator was siteerected from shop fabricated parts in record time and with substantial sav ings. The prefabricating techniques recommended by Lead Fabricators, Ltd., resulted in reducing the erecting time from 12 to 6 months. The actual installation was made up to two banks of three precipitators in the form of steel structures with lead shells and internal lead tubes and coated electrode wires. Attach ment of the sheet lead shell to the steel supporting frame was important from the operational as well as the economic point of view. Because the precipitators operate on low pressure, the shell had to be designed to meet this condition. In the interests of low costs, the means of affixing the lead required careful consideration in or der to keep the amount of welding to a minimum. After a comprehen sive design study that included the making of a mock-up for evaluation purposes, the "lead-wing to steel strap" method of affixing was adopted. Instead of fabricating large bore internal tubes from sheet lead on the site, Lead Fabricators developed ex trusions of 10 in. bore x 3/16 in. wall chemical lead tube in straight lengths of approximately 15 ft. As tube straightness and concentricity are vital to the efficient operation of the precipitator, the extruded tubes were secured in the vertical position until installed at the site. Each precipitator comprises a shell made up of six sections plus the in ternal arrangement of 10 in. bore lead tubes supported at the top by a tube plate and electrodes suspended from a support frame. Steel struc tural frames were completely lined with lead on Lead Fabricators' shop floor. Manufacturing efficiency was improved because the fabricator was able to perform 80% of the welding in the horizontal position. On the site, the unloading and initial erection of the six-shell sec tion was completed in one day using a mobile crane. This was followed by the steel welding operation at the vertical joints and internal welding to seal the lead lining. Prior to erec tion of the roof section, the 15 ft. long 10-in. bore tubes were lowered through the tube plate and secured to the top face. The lead star elec trodes were fitted and tensioned after the roof was placed in position and sealed. LIA 265 46 INTERNATIONAL WINNERS... Lead Power'68 Winners in the International Compe tition held in conjunction with the "Lead Power '68'' year were an nounced recently at the third Inter national Lead Conference held in The PronTow Mini-Cart, winner of first prize in the "Outstanding Application of a Lead Acid Battery Powered Truck" category, is shown making the rounds of a hospital. The Mim-Cart can be guided either manually or automatically. It can make 24 stops, includ ing those to call an elevator and select a de sired floor. It is operated by three 12-volt industrial batteries. Venice, Italy. American entries won three of the six prizes. * * ft In the category calling for "An Out standing Application of a Lead Acid Battery Powered Truck" the top prize of SI000 was awarded to Control En gineering Division, Jervis B. Webb Company. The winning invention is a completely-automated, battery-pow ered driverless cart designed to meet the need of today's hospitals, indus trial plants, offices and similar appli cations. Called the "PronTow Mini-Cart," it receives commands from a dis patcher and will travel a predeter mined path until it reaches its desti nation. The cart will automatically signal for an elevator and desired floor. It is driven by three 12-volt industrial batteries which operate a full day before charging is necessary. The self-contained charger can be plugged to any 110-volt outlet. * * First prize of 700 in the Development in Batterv Technology and Research category was awarded to Globe Union Inc. for the development of a polypro pylene battery case. The thin walls of the new containers make it possible to use more and larger plates and a greater volume of electrolite without any increase in outside dimensions This gives the batteries about 35% more power. The containers are nearly five pounds lighter than hard rubber ones. ft ft ft A third prize of S250 was awarded to the entry of General Foods Corpo ration in the Lead Acid Batterv Powered Truck Competition. The pallet truck is a 4000-lb. capacity, low-lift, and can be converted to a flatbed carrier. Built to General Foods' specifications by Moto-Truc, Baker Division, Otis Elevator Com pany, the truck features a hydraulic ram with pusher plates integrallv mounted to deposit palletless loads. A special jackknife feature permits angling of the bed to reduce distances the load must drop. Power comes from a 12-volt system with batteries rated at 680 amperes at a 6-hr. rate of discharge. General Foods, with 30 of these now in operation and an other 36 on order, savs the system is reducing operating costs over S300.000 each year. The new polypropylene case by Globe Union won first prize in the "Developments in Bat tery Technology and Research" category. Be cause of thinner walls, the size of battery grids and amount of electrolite can be in creased without increasing outside dimen sions. The case is also lighter than conven tional hard rubber. HOFMANN MEMORIAL A special feature of the Third Inter Mechanical Metallurgy; and to P. L. national Conference on Lead was the Martini and A. Bianchini of Italy awarding of the newly established for Lead Research in Other Fields. Hofmann Memorial prize. Created in A special award went to H. H. Cerjak memory of the late Wilhelm Hof of Austria. mann, an eminent specialist on lead, Hofmann awards will be presented the award is made in recognition of again at the International Conference outstanding lead research. on Lead in 1971. Those wishing to Awards went to I.S.R. Clark of participate in the competition can Canada for a paper on Extractive contact Lead Development Associa Metallurgy; E. Bagshaw of Eng tion, 34 Berkeley Square, London, land for his paper on Physical and Wl, England, for information. LIA26547 LEAD PIGMENTS GO TO SEA Since the advent of iron men who went to sea in steel ships, red lead has been an ever present part of the seascape. Historically, red lead prim ers have been used to prevent corro sion. Apprentice seamen cut their teeth hanging over the side in boat swain's chairs chipping and patching the hull with red lead primers. Even in the early days of steel ships, a simple formula of red lead, raw lin seed oil and driers along with appro priate topcoats prevented environ mental attack. Present day formulas have done little more than improve the vehicle and make minor additions to the pig ment. Newer vehicles include alkyd resins, vinyls and epoxies. But the red lead pigment gives the primer its power to inhibit rust and corrosion caused by the salt atmosphere. One of today's modern formulas is exemplified by LIA No. 500. It is recommended for bottoms, boot top ping, hulls and houses. This formula conforms to Corps of Engineers For mula V-101 and Military Specifica tion MIL-P-15929. Another excellent formula is LIA No. 900. This formula for an anti fouling primer was service-tested by the U.S. Navy on three destroyers that were launched in 1959. This formula, based upon a red leadcoumarone pigment, performed com parably to No. 14N (MIL-P-19453) coating which is Navy standard for ship bottom service for antifouling systems. Leading steamship companies rely on the red lead primer systems to protect their fleets. An outstanding one, the Moore McCormack Lines, Incorporated, uses them on all 22 of their vessels in the C3 class. Accord ing to Captain Dino Savastio, Marine Superintendent for the line, red lead is the ideal maintenance primer. The cost factor is very favorable also. The red lead system saves more than 50% as compared with other corrosion protective primers. He also notes that the red lead can be applied at sea under less than ideal conditions. While at sea, rigging and house are painted. Boot topping and hull are done when the vessel is in port. During the once-a-year inspection in drydock, the ship bottom is painted if needed. Because red lead has been used on vessels for so long, its performance can be predicted. This makes it pos sible to establish a scheduled main tenance program for each ship. The surface preparation required for red lead primers is much easier to accomplish. Chipping or brushing with pneumatic tools is normally all that is done. When it comes to pro tection at sea it's difficult to find a primer that has all these advantages. FORMULA. L.I.A. NO. 500 Composition Per Cent Pounds Gallons PIGMENT: Red Lead (97% Grade) .....................-................................. .... 100.0 220.0 2.9 100.0 VEHICLE: Vinyl Resin .............. ............. ........... ...... -.................... Tricresyf Phosphate (Fed. Spec. TT-T-656) .............................. Methyl Isobutyl Ketone ..... ..... .................-............................... Toluene (Fed. Spec. TT-T-548) .... -- .......... 19.4 2.0 39.3 39.3 145.0 15.0 295.0 295.0 12.3 1.5 43.3 40.0 Pigment by weight 22.6% Vehicle by weight 77.4% 100.0 970.0 300.0 Wt./Gal. 9.7 lb. PV 17 .4 FORMULA L.I.A. NO. 900 Composition PIGMENT: Red Lead (97% Grade) Zinc Oxide .........-....... Zinc Yellow ................ Mica, 325 Mesh ......... Magnesium Silicate .... Aluminum Stearate VEHICLE: Coumarone lndene Resin (M.R. 127-137C.) Coumarone-lndene Resin (M.R. 5-15C.) .... Liquid Coal Tar (MIL-T-15194) ................. Zinc Resinate ("Zinar" or equivalent) Chlorinated Rubber 20 Centipoise Viscosity ("Parlon" or equivalent) ........................ Hi-Flash Naptha (MIL-N-15178, Type A) ... Aliphatic Petroleum Spirits (B.R. 205-260F.) Pine Oil ..................... ............. .... - ....... Pigment by weight 51.9% Vehicle by weight 48.1% Per Cent Pounds Gallons 47.0 8.3 8.8 8.3 27.2 0.4 332.0 58.1 62.2 58.1 192.0 3.1 4.51 1.24 2.08 2.46 8.07 0.37 100.0 25.4 8.7 8.9 3.2 166.0 57.0 58.1 20.8 18.12 6.22 5.87 2.17 6.3 41.5 3.03 31.7 208.0 28.50 15.0 98.5 16.69 0.8 5.2 0.67 100.0 1360.6 100.00 Wt./Gal. 13.6 lb. PV 35 LIA265A8 Steven Sinkevich, Butler's Plant Engineer, makes a tour of inspection through the grow ing galleries in a battery powered personnel carrier. Mushroom farming is a big business, and Butler County Mushroom Farm, Inc., of Worthington, Pa., has found that lead acid battery powered ve hicles help to make the operations profitable as well. Using about 60 battery powered vehicles of all types, Butler can attest to their reliability, clean, quiet operation and ability to adapt to environmental conditions. The vehicles also provide fast, low cost, dependable transportation, a fact that has led to Butler becoming one of the world's largest producers of mushrooms. The farm is located in a workedout limestone mine. The underground site with its high humidity and yearround temperature of 56F makes it well suited for the purpose. Spread out over hundreds of acres under ground, Butler grows more than 24- million pounds of mushrooms each year. They are sold under the `'.Moon light" label and distributed country wide. Above ground production consists of a spawn laboratory, research de partment, and packaging and produc tion facilities. From the collection of spores to the final dumping of com post trays, according to Mr. Steven Sinkevich, plant engineer, Butler's answer to the materials handling problem was to adopt the techniques of industrial plants. This includes the use of conveyors, fork lift trucks, flatbed trailers and personnel car riers. The mushroom cycle starts with spores developed under sterile con ditions to provide a spawn. Then compost that has been placed in large wooden trays, weighing 1,600 lbs. when filled, is placed in pasturizing rooms at 1353F for three days. The spawn is then planted in the compost. The trays are placed on trailers for transportation to spawn growing rooms in the upper mine. Using a special circulating system and air from the mine, temperature is maintained at 70F to promote in itial growth. After three weeks the trays are moved by electric fork lift trucks to the machine room where the growth is covered with a layer of rich loamy soil. The trays are next transported to the lower mine for the rest of the growing period. After 21 days picking begins. Pick ers are transported underground in specially designed lead acid battery powered vehicles. The three-wheeled personnel carrier seats 12 pickers, a LIA?65 49 i. 5 An aerial view of Co-Op City in the northeastern corner of New York City. WORLD'S BIGGEST PLUMBING JOB The eerie silence of a deserted amuse ment park has been replaced by the sound of workmen busy with the task of building a huge housing project. On the site of the former Freedomland Amusement Park in the north east corner of New York City, the housing complex, known as Co-Op City, will have, when completed in 1970, 60,000 residents--a population equal to that of Atlantic City, N.J. They will be living in 35 tower apart ments and 236 town houses that make up the project. The task of bringing the vast quan tities of materials and supplies into this city within a city was almost as intricate as the logistics necessary to keep an army on the move. Require ments in many cases equalled or ex ceeded the entire output of suppliers. Carload after carload had to be brought to the site on schedule for immediate use. Stock piling had to be avoided as much as possible to prevent pilferage and damage in stor age. The plumbing contract alone is believed to be the largest ever let in New York City, possibly the entire country. With over 15,000 dwelling units there will be the same number of bathtubs, showers and kitchen sinks. There will also be 20,000 each of water closets and lavatories and literally miles and miles of piping and soil lines. This is plumbing on a grand scale and it requires a lot of planning, plus the use of time tested procedures. The use of lead--the most reliable material in plumbing--was a natural on this project. Bell and spigot soil pipe was calked with oakum and the joints formed with lead to the depth of one inch to assure a long lasting closure. ater closets were connected to soil lines with lead bends. Before the job is completed about 1,000,000 pounds of calking lead will have been used. Add this to the 15,000 lead bends which average 14 pounds each, and you have 1,210,000 pounds of lead--over 600 tons. When completed. Co-Op City will have cost $300 million and will oc cupy a 300 acre tract of land. It is described as the biggest, most am bitious venture yet in cooperative housing. Besides the apartments, the area will also include six schools, several large shopping areas, plus eight parking garages, each a block long and seven stories high. 1 Credits: Owner--Riverbay Corporation Sponsor--United Housing Foundation Architect--Herman J. Jessor General Contractor--Community Services Inc. Mechanical Engineers--Franzblau & Fitzimmons Structural Engineers--Farkas, Barron & Partners Plumbing Contractor--Wachtel Plumbing Co, Landscape Architects & Site Planners--Zion & Breen Associates Garage Consultants--Seymour Gage Associates Power Plant Engineers--Utilities Engineering Associates LI A2 65 5 0 8 When all of the elements are at the proper temperature, the joint is formed with a wiping ctoth. Molten lead is poured into a vertical joint to a depth of one inch and calked to insure a long lasting closure. LI A26551 9! foreman and a driver. It also pulls a trailer that carries baskets of mature [nushrooms and a large metal box for the root section cut off by the picker. The same vehicle carries the crews to and from a well lighted and heated underground cafeteria. Lead acid battery \ehicles are also used by the food concessionaire to service the cafeteria. Once picking starts, the trays are picked dailv, seven days a week, to assure that the mushrooms are at the proper stage of maturity. Each tray is picked for 45 days. To provide working light, the pickers use hard hats equipped with miner's lamps. The lamps are powered by lead acid batteries worn at the waist. When a trav is completely picked it is transported to the surface where fork lift trucks take it through a sterilization process and dumping. Travs are carried back to be refilled, and the growing process starts over asain. Trays of pasteurized compost are placed on a conveyor by a lead acid battery powered fork lift truck. To speed food service to the underground cafeteria, the concesslonarie uses lead acid battery powered trucks. LIA26552 LOW MELTING POINT ALLOYS Properly understood and applied, low melting point alloys are versatile in dustrial tools of great value. Lead is usually one of the major ingredients of such alloys, along with bismuth, cadmium, tin and indium. To a minor degree, silver, antimony, mercury, copper, thallium, gallium, arsenic and zinc are also used. Literally hundreds of alloy combinations are possible with progressive fusing points from 95F (35C) to 300F (149C). By using varying amounts of bis muth, which expands 3.3% upon solidification, along with elements which shrink upon solidification, use ful net shrinkage or expansion of each alloy mixture can be predicted. For instance, alloys with less than 48% bismuth shrink, those w-ith 48% to 55% change but little, and with over 55% bismuth, they expand dur ing solidification. By varying the quantity of lead in the alloy, con trolled changes in \olume can be at tained. Thus the combination of the low melting points and predictable changes in volume provides numer ous applications for these alloys. Some examples: Anchoring--Used to join one com ponent to another mechanically. Par ticularly valuable where a rapid joint or a low volume of connections is needed. Extremely useful where parts to be held are of irregular shape such as hold down bolts, blanking punches, etc. Little skill is needed once para meters have established the alloy re quired. See Figure 1. Chucks, Jigs and Fixtures -- Of vital importance when applied to irregular shapes. Simple nests for complex parts on indexing devices or assembly turntables can be used and reused. Cores--Complex cores that must be easilv and quickly removed are sim ple to make with low melting point alloys. Used for support of built up sections such as those made of glass fiber and those made for electroform ing. Also used as foundry cores. A new: technology incorporates "pat terns" made from the spaces which eventually reproduce the complex vanes of an impeller for a centrifugal pump. When the refractory mass of the core is burnt off in the usual way the lead and tin alloy melts out leav ing extremely smooth accurate im pressions of the vanes in the impeller. After careful determination as to the proper lead and tin alloy that was best, the eutectic was selected. The low melting point is such that the blades can be completely removed from the core without damaging it. In addition more than 85% of the pattern alloy is recovered. Dies and Punches--In this appfi. cation, alloys have the unusual property of "memory", and return to shape after short impact. However, they cannot stand prolonged pressure because of cold flow. They are mainly used in drop hammer operations for short runs. Also as tailor-made trim dies for soft metals. See Figure 2. Models and Patterns -- Used for making proof castings such as for gun chambers and peculiarly shaped internal cavities. Miscellaneous -- In this catch-all category are such applications as ma terials for safety devices, special solders, filler for bending thin walled tubing, and alloys for use as a heat transfer medium. Lo w melting point alloys deposited with a specially designed sprav gun are now used for a variety of applica tions far surpassing their original use in mold making. In basic design, for example, pre cise internal mandrels of the most unusual configurations can be simply made of alloy. The designer need not be concerned as to how it is to be made in production. Removal is by non-distorting, non-corrosive hot water or steam. FIGURE 1. FIGURE 2. L IA26553 in ll INTERESTING ODDS AND ENDS ABOUT LEAD Moving Becomes Electric Based at Kuajalein Lagoon, the battery powered mite is used to as sist in the recovery of ballistic missile nose cones fired from Vandenberg Air Force Base some 5,000 miles away. LEAD KEEPS THE RECORD STRAIGHT putting the Squeeze on Soldering This new production tool for solder ing of precision micro-miniature cir cuits utilizes the resistance method of heating. The gun holds the pieces to gether with a clamp-like pressure dur ing the soldering operation, eliminat ing any possibility of a "cold" joint. Because the temperature can be con trolled and localized, it is not neces sary to use heat sinks to protect sen sitive components. Current can only be applied after the parts are clamped. By mechanizing food carts with lead acid battery-powered drives, a caterer eliminated an employee turnover prob lem in food serving operations. The carts, formerly moved by "girl power", have been equipped with drives made by Ampulco Division of Universal American Corp. These units, powered by four 6-volt, lead acid industrial batteries, remove the need for physical exertion previously required to transport the 1,000-lb food wagons. In addition, the drive units help maintain on-time schedules within plants served. A BRIGHT YELLOW SUBMARINE? No--we're not putting you on. The L ,S. Army has actually been operat ing one for over two years. It's a two-man, 18-ft. vessel that is powered by lead acid batteries and is capable of underwater speeds of up to 8 knots. At the recently concluded Summer Olympic Games that were held at Mexico City, many new World and Olympic records were entered into the record books. Accurate timing of all the events w as assured through the use of sophisticated electronic de vices. To make certain that these timers would function faultlessly and without interruption, reliable lead acid batteries were used as a power source during the 20 days of the Olympic games. LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, INC. TK CHANGE OF ADDRESS OR NEW READER Use this side of f the coupon if you -t j have recently changed x your address or if TA '.you would like to be t added to the mailing . V. list for LEAD ' * - f.... ' CHANGE OF ADDRESS ADD ME TO YOUR MAILING LIST (please check one) From _________________________________________________________________________________ Name, Title Company Street City, state, zip code To_______________________ Name, Title Company Street City, state, zip code LI426554 PLEASE CHECK INTEREST Painting Q Health & Safety Q Architectural & Building Design & Radiation Engineers Ceramics Chemical Engrs. Battery Power Miscelt. (please specify) NEW LISTINGS Publications and films This booklet lists all the material currently available from Lead Industries Association, Inc. Sixteen pages. M-13 Phase equilibria in the system PbO-BjOj-SiOi A new supplement to LEAD IN THE CER AMIC INDUSTRIES dealing with the lead borosilicate system will be of interest to research ceramists. Four pages, illustrated. B-8 Lead armor soundproofs new arts center Chicago's new Center for the Performing Arts is sheathed entirely in lead. A general description is given of the job and how the lead was handled. Four pages, illustrated. A-7 The effects of waist line effluents on synthetic rubber gaskets for cast iron soil pipe Synthetic rubber of a type similar to that usea as gaskets in waste line joints was exposed to many effluents found in the plumbing waste system. Twelve pages, charts, tables and illustrations. D-5 ARCHITECTURAL Waterproofing with sheet lead Describes uses of lead as a membrane waterproofing material for lining pools, planters, fountains, shower stalls and floors where positive waterproofing is re quired. Eight pages, illustrations. A-2 CERAMICS Phase equilibria and liquid immiscibility in the system PbO-B.O.-SiO, Describes detailed investigation of entire lead borosilicate system. Gives ohase dia grams, rate of formation, time and temper ature. Six page reprint, illustrated. B-2 CABLE SHEATHING Lead sheathing for power cable Design guide for use of lead sheathed power cable. Factors governing cable se lection are also reviewed. Twenty-four pages, illustrated. C-l PLUMBING Will calked lead joints withstand high temperatures? Describes tests on uncoated cast iron soil pipe with lead and oakum joints. Such joints were found to withstand tempera tures to 2 70F without leakage. Four pages, reprint. D-4 ANODES FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION Lead-silver alloy anodes in cathodic protection of ships Operating efficiency and behavior of leadsilver anodes for corrosion protection of ships. Other anodes are compared. Details of operation, costs and other important factors are discussed. Eight page reprint, tables and illustrations. E-l PAINTS Red lead based paint systems Technical booklet lists properties and ap plications for twenty-four red lead paint systems. Specific uses, e g. fresh water, marine, etc. suggested for a wide variety of formulations. Preparation of surfaces discussed in detail. Thirty-two pages, charts. F-l ANTI-VIBRATION PADS Ways to reduce press vibration Two installations of lead asbestos pads to reduce heavy machinery vibrations. Sec tional drawing and loadings are given. Two pages, illustrated. G-l CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION & CORROSION PROTECTION Lead in modern chemical construction Reprint from Encyclopedia of Chemical Process Equipment Describes installation, proper design, application, and testing of lead linings. Twelve pages, illustrated. H*1 SOLDERING AND WELDING Soldering alloys Describes numerous alloys used as solders and discusses advantages and drawbacks of many. Flux requirements for soldering most metals, both ferrous and non-ferrous are listed. Four pages, tables and charts. I-3 SOUND BARRIERS Practical application of sheet lead for sound barriers Twelve page manual gives specific wall construction and performances. Tables, charts and illustrations. J-l BATTERIES Industrial truck cost calculator Three nomographs permit estimation of costs for gas vs. battery powered indus trial trucks in two or three minutes. Twelve pages, charts and tables. L-l GENERAL Working with lead and adhesives Twelve-page manual tells, how to do it. Covers which adhesive is used, joint con figurations, surface preparation and sug gested lead thicknesses. Charts and draw ings. M-4 Primary lead production areas in the U.S. For schools, libraries. Il"xl4" map show ing locations in U.S. of most lead smelters and refineries, and lead mines. M-ll