Document pmBvBOpQKqVQr44ZLoJZBebjB

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1931 Oct DOC#: NSC235 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC Transactions [Pgs. 141-148] 93 TRANSACTIONS OF THE National Safety Council Incorporated TW ENTIETH A N N U A L SAFETY CONGRESS Chicago October 12 to October 16, 1931 ' The Hotel Stevens Cotyrit)'!, W32, Xational Safely Caunrii. I in 9 31 47 63 87 123 151 215 237 253 297 301 333 365 409 473 557 601 645 '0 ' s:i tv, Tt e e w . i.i - / i '>i J. !. H xn.V'H \ J. K I l'i.1 ` : !'11 Kim aKi* 1 ' ' :|,! 1 : GH .o WT.AH1I' 1i1' ' m o i.ii V i-.- ' 'i'v- ' 1 '1 J ohn I'' i " m ,. \ ha1 i A kt n i k 71 ii>t>K, V ha I ' toshI-. hi 'A. \V. U h i i '.EV, V ici 1ri- 1:iii D k. l'.-K. A. W i n s u i w , \ cc-l'ti W in. t'ooCKK. Treasurer. W H. CvMTKi.N, Managii l'iriir ami S cuvt E X E C U T IV E CO M M ITT; >. E (1931-1932) M. s hum an. Jk.. I - Valley Safety U. nell ( \ \ y , 1 AkI'TKV. Saie!y Imi-nni. Mi.watikn " ' 1 y'. M. .V a l 'a-1 Pri.-'iilim 1 l i \ i . i..ultmy I moi i a -, i K*v-t \\ Hn k. I i'iU'l ( v\ l i m o . i i i ' . W a -u -i II ! " K:j':U 'r '> 1 "t.'H u: \\ i : I ' -O V N . , t i'1'..il K 'A. l Mi-n i ; i`a-t l'n a r.' K.1HIK ` Aa' a i l i o I - : G ! i ; . i : i1'- 1 " ' ' 1 . !U. - H. I:' i, 1- - n - -. M i I ' . ! !... M. O . ' I' -1 1 ~ ' ' ' ' 1 K,J Twentieth Coni/n S t mm Council Lew R. P alme*. P ast President. C. E. P ettibone, Past President H e.vky A. Reninuer, Past President John R ussell. J r., Construction Sccuoi ti. K. S anford, General Electric Compac? C harles B. S to r r . Past President Zenos E. Scott. Superintendent ot PiilmL ester I). S eymour. Cniteil Air L.ne. |oHN s . S haw . Chemical SeeltceKrne:st L. S imonun New Haven .snv',. J ohn H. T aylor. Birmingham Sai t j > Arthur M. T ool, Consulting Main;- ;.i; C. P. T olman. Past President Merle E. T owner, Baltimore S i i c v ' nun:,! V incent W akefield. Refngerati -u Sey'.i- e,, G eorge H. W areki.. Steam Railroad S e d ` 1>R. C. H. \V at-o N, American TCej'i.-nv D A. \V. W hitney. National Bureau m La ualtv Dr. c'.-E. A. W inslow, Vale Medical School. Arthur H Yui no. Past President. i in:;,In Mass. oh ; Miret , l. nderw riters DIR EC TOR S (1931-1932) M S C k i UMi n , J r.. Lehigh Valley Safety Council. Robert C Cnderson. Safety Division, Dayton Chamber ot Commerce W m . E. A ruekn. Safety Division. Milwaukee A>soc.at.on o. Commerce F r n k t At oi STI S. C'hillicothe Safety Council. J ames H. Baker. Hudson Comity Safety Council. | I B an vs h . Consult ins Engineer. . R C R arr W.-Klworkm & LumU-r Manutacturmg M-ctmn. Ernest W. Ru k. Cnited States Rtthlier Cumpany. ('. W. Birolii t-r. Western Kicetne (. nmpany. D aviu S. Beyer. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co m paii;. i)R R ( l l t m u n v . EastUiy Saletv Conned. K V. Bl ank. Jones & Laughlm Steel ' orporation. w . R Bo\t> J r . American Peir- i- uiii Institute Norm a n C au . Kicnm-uhi Salvty i. him W. H c`\MFKtiN . Natio: sa! S:` i >t', l M'; . \ Robert 1! 1, \ r n s. Aetr A \ i v In-iir;.-n-s r 1. i nip. Hr. VPKSt C.l| \ \CiM a\Nrk. SSt at iet::US>j 11S\ aIilcotl:l, 1Soynr<>Hi\ :i: i. ,*rn'*r {r l ;t-K, l't 11S.e'il iill's Stir! t. .:)*11r t*C'M. \ \ H <I hMIVn. M I V V 'il S;i til n. i >k, K c s:\ i i `<. :N**Pi . i h: id Edis.l'i, pt-l 'I \\ u t RiPhf >t-.-stTl- 1 , ! t S t - , v S ' >l\ k ' -a! CVS l .11, j 1- . : : : m ' hpii'c `o' '' ! N- , 1 ' ' r.c 'A om 111N >. fv-*; ; i'.'i K.i- ` Officers m d Directors C 1L Dr u m , Automotive A Machine Shop Section. Jamm B. Dowlas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Company. Ma k v i A. Dow, Delivery, Taxicab A Bos Section. Da. Louts I. Dv u k , Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. F. L. Duggan, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. Fumuuc W. Easton, BMckstone Valley Safety Council Esw/iBO R. Beam, Employ*' Publication Section. Haase* E u a n , Armour A Company. I. B. Fimulstun, Delaware Safety Council. Howass B. Foma, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. A.) Inc. Rscbabo R. Foam , New Orleans Safety Council Sam Ganz, Kansas City Safety Council. Jams Gill, Haxelton Safety Council P. H. Glatfiltir, York County Safety Council Ernest P. Gooosich, Consulting Engineer. W. J. Graves, Power Press Section. J. F. Green, Madison County Safety Council Hawy Guilbeet, The Pullman Company. , I saiah H als, The Atchison, Topeka A Santa Fe Railway Company. D. T. H aeungton, U. S. Bureau of Mines. E. M. H einsilm an, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce. G. T. H kllmuth, Chicago, North Shore A Milwaukee R. R. Co. Chas. E. H ill, New York Central Lines. C. L. H ungerford, Rubber Section. John S. H u m , Marine Section. H asey D. I mmel, Pennsylvania Department of Labor & Industry. J. Bbook J ackson, General Motors Corporation. John P uce J ackson, New York Edison Company. A. B. J ennings, Newark Safety Council. Dana E Jones, Manufacturers Association of Erie. Iia V. Kepner, Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company. Fkank J. L anahan, Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Companv. F. A. L auerman, Metals Section. R. M. L ittle, New York Department of Educatior. Da. M. G. Lloyd. ASSE-Engineering Section. J. E Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation. H. W. Lormok, Cleveland Safety Council. H. T. Martin. Fisk Rubber Company. . P axton Mendelssohn, Detroit. R. B. Morley, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations. Da. T. F. Mcrphy, Statistics Section. C. E. McBride, Fort Wayne Safety Council. Miller McC lintock. Harvard University. T. H. McKenney, Illinois Steel Company. Roy McKenzie. Chattanooga Safety Council. A. D. McW horter. Safety Division, Memphis Chamber cf Commerce. J ohn A. O artel, Carnegie Steel Company. E J. O 'Brien, Louisville Safety Council. George C. A. Opp. The Detroit Edison Company Lew R. P almer, Equitable Life Assurance Society W. E. P atterson, Etowah County Safety Council. C. E. Pettibone, American Mutual Liability Insurance Company. E. F_ P lace. Textile Section. J. J. P lzak, Paper and Pulp Section. John P rince, Quarry Sector-. (, Twentieth Congress--National Safety Council Cmas. EL Rrmbbn, Providence Snfcty Council. Samubl H. Run. Electric Railway Section. H u n v A. Renhtobs, Ldrigh Poctknd Cement Company. Caas. L. Rice, Chicago Safety CojmciL Du. A. D. Risms, The Travelers Insurance Company. John R u s s tu , Jb, Construction Section, a EL Sank**, General Electric Company. Chables L. Sawybb, Toledo Safety Council. Hskuy G. ScHArrusa. Erie Safety Council. Otto Schenk. Wheeling Safety Council. Ch aiuu B. Scott, Bureau of Safety. Zenos K. Scott, Superintendent of Public Schools, , Springfield, ,, Mass. Lasteb D. Skymoub, United Air Lines John S. Shaw, Chemical Section. C.EN. John H. S hebbubne, Massachusetts Safety Council. Da. L. A. Shouoy, Bethlehem Steel Corporation. John D. S huabt, Springfield Safety Council. Ea.NF.sT L. S imonds. New Haven Safety Council. Olinta T. Skeujet, Safety Division, St. Pau. Association. Matthew S. Sujan, Brooklyn Safety Council. EL S. SraiNG. Lehigh Valley Transit Company. H. J. Spveiei, Evanston Safety Council. George R. Stephens, The Safety Bureau. Buffalo. Chamber of Commerce. Ethelbebt Stewabt. U. S. Bureau of I-abor Statistics. Lucius S. Stobbs, United Railways & Electric Company. W . A. S ullivan, Food Section. Alfbed H. S wayne, Genera* Motors Corporation. John H. T aylob, Birminghan Safety Council. . _. H enby D. T eeft, Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. T. R. T ennant, Hammond Safety Council. Abthi r M. Tons, Consulting Marine Engineer. Merle E. Tow neb, Baltimore Safety Council. \V. 1). T urbeville, San Antonio Safety Council. W illiam F. Veech, Rahway Safety Council. R ichard F. W agner, Lynchburg Safety Council. V incent W akefield, Refrigeration Section. Robert R. W allace, Worcester Safeiy Council. (jforce H. W arfel. Steam Railroad Section. Dr. C. H. W atson. American Telephone & Telegraph Company. H arry M. W ebbfjl Illinois Bell Telephone Company. W. I-. W hite, Jr, Cement Section. S. E. W hiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A W. W hitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. W. H. W inans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation. C. T. W inegar. Detroit Industrial Safety Council. Dt. C.-E. A. W inslow, Vale Medical School. J. M. W oLtz, Youngstown Sleet & Tube Company. TWENTIETH ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Marine Section Office 1930*31 Central Chainurn John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pa. . Pice-Chairman (In Charge o f Potters and Slides}-- Rotata F. H am,, Standard Ship ping Company, New York City. Vice-Chairman (For the Pacifie Coast)-- Byron O. P ickard, Pacific American Steamship Association, San Francisco, Calif. Pice-Chairman (In Charge o f Publicity)--Arth ur M. T ook. The Texas Company, ' New York City. Secretary and News-Letter Editor--H arry- W. T ichenor, The Prudential Insurance Company, Newark, N. J. Chairmen Program Committee--C harles H. F lathers, Eastern Steamship Lines, Inc., Boston, Mass. Chairman Membership Committee-- W . E. Stewardson, Colombian Steamship Com pany, New York City. Chairman Research and Statistics Committee-- Benjam in H. Self, Travelers In surance Cmpany, New York City. Chatrman Stevedoring Committee--D aniel J. M urphy, Murphy, Cook and Com pany, Philadelphia, Pa. Chairman Engineering Committee--F rank H. Cocan, The Delaware. Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, Hoboken, N. J. Executive Committee--T he O fficers and Capt. G. Bartlett, Cosmopolitan Shipping Company, Hoboken, X. J. George H. B ates, United Dry Docks, Inc., New York City. H. Beardsley, Standard Transportation Company, New York City. W m. L. Bunker, United States Lines Operations, Ine., New York City. Arthur R. Bu sh, Westfield, N. J. B. C. Edwards, Grace Line, Inc., New York City. F. P. Foisie, W aterfront Employers Association, Seattle, Wash. Frank A. Fritz, T. Hogan & Sons, Inc., New York City. J ames A. Gibson, Luckenbach Steamship Company, New York City. F. C. Gregory, United States Employees' Compensation Commission, Washing ton, D. C. G. W. J ochem, American Fruit and S. S. Corp., New York City. Capt. W. P. Kain, Shipowners' Claims Bureau, New York City. W. A. K igcins, J r., A. H. Bull & Co., Inc., New York City. Ellis K nowles, C. D. Mallory & Company, Inc., New York City. Capt. C. A. McAllister. American Bureau of Shipping. New York City. F. N. Melius, New York Central Railroad Company, New York City. L ewis L. S mith, Merritt-Chapman & Scott Corp., New York City. K enneth Stevens, Douglaston, Long Island, N. Y. C Story, J r., Cities Service Transportation Company, New York City. J. W right, Export Steamship Corporation, New York City. L ......................... . J k 'Bfci; WpWPn^r 5 k l i 0 > 141 Q a a n iiig fat t b t M e ta l I n d u s t r y 9 f M L U K N IA M ) m i m m H Q w '""fsz'it* of the n*}cct, "C feanbg in he iM lt only with sand U a stb f methods in IttB. * flla - a M , A c he* (hat mom thne ago, namely . _ 7 f e KateM l Safety Council authorised the to y * ! ! y * R i l K u l iifi h f f ieraed. Theme Hbt or tenmember. t w fern ^ h a m tried to iw w ir waA "Dace i health harard ed st in general a ? b l i e w S w r Ao4 aaoood, T f och a harard exists, what b the general ortH t of the heian* and. U posrifck. rtmt b a rough apgroodmatioo ol the penoos ^ Z i t T m A T h m m i r A ndtha inal q m * "! > th b c o ^ tte e com.der *Tprohle of such tngwrtancr (hat the National Safety Coondl ehookl engage in itmlv I A praUcn u a whole?" 2 mnnuttee alter aeecral meeting arrived at an answer to these questions nd 1 Ukc to briely read (he oondott of dits committee to you. -It is the oomnuttee's opunoo that where and blasting is conducted a potential kannt ** and that in most cases workers are exposed to the inhalation of t:*t- deal to a greater or lesser degree depending on the duration of their a mnA tv td woecu whkh might, tp irr certain oocxMont, be injurious to health. For thTeecoad question, a study of sflicosis. die corumittoe felt that the National Safety Council eras not jmtified in maksag a study of the problem of silicosis as such hn&Lfe Africa, in Australia and m this country by the Lotted States Bureau of J i^ m j i S and by the United State. Public Health fe rv at other*BfaK*s,ooasMierabie dma has been cumulated on the production of sihcosi, T r a t a from silica dust and it was the feeling of that committee thal the National Safety Council would not be justified in studying this problem of silicosis - ^ ......... . did feel that die problem of sand blasting was of very ,, ^ n rtjw e e and that it was justified in recommendwig to the National Safety E Z L T S m a Study of sand hiastmg as a harard in the United States be made TWm a t a resrif of that recomnunfetion, a rather large committee was formed tor the tody of t H Masting as a harard in the United States but I won't hire you with a f a t * members but 1 would like So point out the agencies represented TW re were three n u n from umversttie*. several industrial physicians, several saiely r a r a o u a t i r e s of insurance mterestt. duee representatives of government Z S rirs. of the state departments of labor and of health, three Z m r a i t r m of health and medwal orgashrations. two representative* of mdu.try. im r - from each of four targe orgauiratsons making sand blasting equip u u n a n hi uitt of fan and Mower com pares, representative* from three -a * e oreaniratfons and three adhriona) representatives from the National Sau'v C ^ u * 4 m m i f r o i r the Metals Sect, the Foundry Stvm . and the Steam Railroao ~ ~ It was 'tsought that this large anm^ttee might do fuctice to all of tn.c ' imerested m sand Wasting and every effort was made to get their sn-w. m l get a cxuirsbutioo irom them in the way ! iniormatior. which m y .t wiy the 11 aiiliiir r m its a** The c b m Nh goI its fund* frem the National Safety <. <* d ' ( forget iu 1 * |42 ^ fw n tM CwfW i--Sttionti Stfrty CoontU -- * T - * -- . - r . or - -- " p,Jh)ic Health Service gtmrmwly kwixtcd __ ~ltn ft * ^ of the sanitary flM tn who t a ***? mwk in the field. Thu. the United SttMa Safety Council were able to cooperate Hcatth Senrke and he tf* study. The obit of | blastinc operator* in ^eftad y , I briefly stated, was to nuke w w y ^ . idottify the various kinds !hi. country ! I w j of equipment with the maker and l ^ e eqwpm ^V a hole, m m * "* to get a reliable sample or crow-sect putting equipment, comparing the Ke purpose ww to nmke a ^ health protec amount of dust m the air with *hPr|*r J""T Afrkan experience, the Australian tion. We have these standards irom experience, the Burw uof Mine, J ^ r i and from the experiences of necessity of harm* any the United States Public Health Service. dust should be permitted further investigation to ** toportSTthing to determine was just what in the atmosphere of *l**?tr0T ! Atmospheric pollution. . any given industry disclosed m the way "ijr j.C a b in e ts and certain special (v* fim wdied r t * * " type*. We studied sand as an , h > j*jwed making a sanitary survey ri grit. A rather uniform pj*no J*Jg nxxn in which there were two of every plant visited. For. '" "'P***'fJ S d make sketches of the room and alt the nieces of sand blasting equipment, we wouldmaw construction of s s l . w , ^ r '. t T '. r s S r f t l (-* s *A t r i s i - ' i S Z S T Z t t S S W f i i S - 5 A - - - -- 1'l - TJ^L< -.cr, wi,h tests of the amount of dust m the ron ^ t o{ was housed to get an >" " h'* ', h 01 * * " " ' ,h To .vkluatt Ih. h aim lab * W . kl*o petrographical analyses of the kefs with a history of the exposure and a corn- made occupational analyses of t obtained as many X-ray pictures pletc history of tl.eir occupations ,,articular piece of equipment under study, as we thought might be pertinent to the pwttadw^ piece v ^ ^ ^ of We were primarily interest! m eat importance. For example, we these X-ray pictures might lead ^ A r f w i s t i n g * equipment in an atmosphere con found a man who was working around " as^ B ` faWe standards and than man ,ami,ted to a lesser extent than TM TM m b c r J y Z * and his chest was entirely had been working there for a ' ^ Re , as * rtiai proof at least that he was negative to silicosis- T,,!s . ,|',RJ clipat}0n and that would serve as a check on the - - *H & >e- to'" ... " ' sT aU f^ T wbidhTwc* had produce these chests m practir.i > * * ^ was ,,r(ltective devices We made a Another very important '*'r,,n' d t(lfrc is practically nothing available that survev of the literature this su b jet * ^ wa, made at a well known plant is ,,{ anv value. Our first st,,d> M t|iat time all the available literature in Bridgeport about six or seven scars ago. . y V I Mi ; United field. one e actual National bject of ittioas in ms kds aa effort tring *1* 1 protecotralian iences of ring any emitted ust what i special shot and y survey were two d all the notion of self--go age of ts of the al work- aid make ; amount to get an nkers in md made W e also d a corn- pictures r study, some of mple. we lere conhat man , entirely t he was k on the in X-ray t a very heres do ; made a table that >wn plant literature Mttols StcHtm 143 had W to reveal anything at all in the way of actual studies on protective value of helmets, respirators and masks. ..... .. t . . A t the hgt--kg of this study we sgain went over all the literature that we had and failed to find anything of note and so we included, with our other wmk. a rather detailed study of some of this equipment, and, finally, we have had the litera ture of this whole subject under scrutiny for some time and will be prepared to discos the findings with the other investigators in this country and abroad. I should like to repeat that there are four general types of equipment, including rooms, barrels, tables and cabinets. In the case of tables, cabinets and barrels the worker usually is outside of the piece of equipment. He may shovel a lot of small castings into a barrel and close the door of the barrel and then be in the general room atmosphere but outside of the equipment. In the case of the sand blasting room, of course, the worker actually is inside of the room where the blasting is being done and in this latter case it is absolutely essential that he be provided with some kind of protective device. , , . ,. The very first thing we did at the beginning of this study was to find out what kind of safety blasting equipment was in use. We wrote practically all the manu facturers and they kindly sent us lists of all of the equipment they made. From this we computed that approximately 28 per cent of the equipment was in the form of sand blasting rooms, about 44 per cent was in the form of barrels and about 21 ' per cent in cabinets and about 9 per cent in tobies. There is some variation, of course, those figures are rather rough but, in general, those figures express the types of equipment that are being used in the sand blasting industry. Another important question that came up was "In what kind of industries is this type of equipment to be found?" W e found that 65 per cent was in foundries of various kinds including 22 per cent in forges and heat treating shops and about 13 per cent spread over many miscellaneous kinds of jobs. After we had iound this we decided to canvass these manufacturers as to what they considered their best equipment, in order to study certain pieces of the best equipment available. We tried to get approximately 28 per cent of rooms to study and 44 per cent of barrels and about 20 per cent of cabinets, and so on. We tried to see that the work was spread out among the foundries, as a rule, to the extent of about 60 or 70 per cent and to forge and heat-treating shops to the extent of 20 per cent - i n other words, we wanted to get a real sample of industry as a whole. Then we made it our business to study several of the best pieces of equipment of each manufacturer. Now, the objection may be raised that by doing this we avoided the study of the old equipment, but that isn't so at ali, for we studied all equipment that came along by a selection which I will explain afterwards but we made it our business to get the whole of this equipment. ... , One of our committee members raised the question that in certain states the operation might be on a higher and better plane than in others because of labor laws and for that reason we spread our study over some eight states including the state of Wisconsin, which is supposed to be on a very high plane from the point ..t view of labor supervision, and other leaders. Now, I am going to pass around a survey form which we used and by means ot which we attempted to get all information that might be of any importance in each one of the plants, without overlooking any of them. We planned to make these sanitary surveys, get all the information and all the data pertaining to the equipment and its operation and, finally, close by getting our dust-count and computing it (and this was done in some laboratory, either at the one at the plant or at^seme nearby plant_the City Health Department or some place of that type) and then, alter- wards, to compile our results. To go back to the study of the question of silicosis, I want to point out that there are really four factors which enter into the production of this pulmonary di ease. One of these is the composition of dust and it is now fairly clearly established b-it dta wlddh me h i* in qaatto [_ ijimm initoim ITt ---- * _______ the M akar of partidan of do* Nf * ^ "VTT, bm k m dmtopad kr tha mom of ***-- ^ g**,*1^ S ? * * ilia standard m i of procedarc to all of oar aMlyssa. dm Wbiic H m Service and Bateau of Mine. Ia additiM to w * Z JZ5. to Yn. m, --Hr. Of to ia the lo an and for that reason the datonafamp of Ike partida rtm m if fo w ^ to . w . * * . 2 3 ^ - -- micrographs of that made to f n a a o l M * o a r Lastly, em have the factor of duration of ****- " ) he will inhale twice a* mud> dust, relatively apeaktog, aa a - * - 1" d wock, five ^ orked two and one half year wfll^ inhale. ..... n rirn trir tie aa that we found Out abrasive atudiea readied approxknatdy as lJ ^ iT [ a a t fcfai or to -- * " * < * - s i^ - S T a z s r j^ iz bias vide of ; * - the *d. f ^ ^ " X T S o t o T tty " d 80 or 95 or 100 ** ^ per r z z s z s i z z . oi . 1 t o i p I , van bet\ tO !? tre:: W z sJ ^ M M lz s the the air Ho that in `T h 'a ^ a f c w slides which will summarize some of the results which we have ob- the 50 ^"Ifn d c So. 1) This slide shows the result of our dust t o TM | * l A in T h ^e the th- zr.s a s r - s r . , figure o i . . be used in this industry (on tin. po M .to . certain cases the worker - ' <>"* y t o . 2 ^ " " J S t o S o " >`fi o. , u ,m . i, ptocudI *' geu approximately five million and in -- t o . . 1 ^ z z a r jE r tz ii ^ - la fa t yean > la t of the Had or a U a i) ; and of die cases, sr cent of the r caat of the it as follows: e dast of die I sad steel is finally, when 100 per cent, t is certainly til of the dust e. Practically bat can easily s was around i accompanied in free silica a greater or we have ob its (in all we sent). These resent certain resented. We pressure heltount of dust have in mind which might final opinion s the w orlxr of a million onte cases he /here positive r under those ipment which ordinarily have been considered as safe, namely, barrels and tables, the worker is exposed to a greater amount of dust, for example the worker gets almost twice as much dust as in die case of b o n d s and six times as m odi ?n the case of mud blast tables. W e am convinced, as a rem it of this study th at in many cases the use of sand blast b a n d s and tables is far more injurious than the use of sand blast rooms w hen die worker is provided w ith a positive-pressure helmet of a satisfactory type. Now cabinets are widely used in this industry but they form a smaller part of the equipment and, as a general rule, are used more interm ittently than the other types but in certain cases, even with cabinets, there is an exposure of nearly eleven million particles of dust per cubic foot of air. (Slid* No. 2) This picture shows the technique which we employed in studying the value of some of the masks and respirators. O ur apparatus is so arranged that we can do three things at one time. W e have a control device for sampling the dust and this other one is the device which samples the dust of the blasting room itself and with the device (c) here we take a sample of the air from under the helmet and sample it in the apparatus marked "A". W hile the worker is sand blasting materials, therefore, we have been able to measure die dust concentration in the sand blasting room and at the same time test the air tinder the helmet with which he is provided, and, finally, by the use of this apparatus marked "B" we have been able to measure the actual amount of air which he breathes--the outdoor air with which the helmet is supplied. I would like to show you the results of this special study which we made on the provision of fresh air to helmets and its effect on the dust concentration under the helmet. (Slide No. 3) This shows one such study made in the sand blasting room. The blasting caused five hundred million particles per cubic foot. The worker was pro vided with a helmet to which the air was supplied. This air contained three-tenths of a million particles per cubic foot, that is, about three hundred thousand particles per cubic foot were going to the helmet itself. Now then, under those conditions, by varying the amount of air going to the helmet, we tried to find the relationship between the amount of air going to the helmet, (which, as I said, varied from two to six cubic feet,) and the amount of dust under the helmet. Our results were ex tremely erratic. We wondered why that was until we realized and took into account the fact that this helmet was provided with a metal screen in front of the eyes of the worker. This screen was open and, of course, at six cubic feet, a good deal of air would be blown out through that double screen in the front part of the helmet. However, at other times the worker might direct the stream of sand in such a way that it might hit one of the castings and bounce back and strike the double screen in front of his helmet and actually some of the dust would enter the front part of the helmet. We tested this theory out arid found that that was the case and I am going to show you the results of the second series of observations made when the double screen eye-shield was replaced by a suitable piece of glass. (Slide No. 4) Here we have the double screen replaced by a glass eye-shield in the helmet with approximately six hundred sixty-five million particles of dust per cubic foot of air and where the air pumped into the helmet contained three hundied thousand particles of dust. Under these conditions a very orderly arrangement re sulted between the amount of dust under the helmet and the amount of dust in the air supply (you will notice that the air supply was six cubic feet of air). It would seem from such observations that it would be reasonable to conclude that the amount of air that should be supplied to one of those positive-pressure helmets is approxi mately six cubic feet. Now that particular helmet was an ordinary heavy canvastype without any fancy fittings of any kind and I think the explanation is simple enough--that when you supply approximately that much air, it can only come out through the bottom of the helmet--around the base where it fits to the man's neck and shoulders and there is very little opportunity for any dust to infiltrate in this manner. 146 Twentieth Congress--Notiomi Safety Come the amount of air * * (SO * No. 9 . ^ mad blast w o would hem w y -- ^ of 6 m m itt the hrttt t the ehbic fW and the We nr 8-**8--^ h* w * * * l* * * 1 air oo *> the hdm * Btoiaod three ^ ^ ^ _ partktm ^ " d ------ , - this tine, by *ufcri"C iwaaHMT particle of d m per <*** the nomber of portide* to * W _ _ ."T th in c naUiou particles, I** foot and tndcr tin helmet at that tone we got them _ H k certainly nfe to n y te a t 2,970,000--well below any rsr-TMi*+ h. the n--a4 Wart -*room s s : s w t a ^ E i K * ? . - -- * - ** - you can reasonably hope to *et . i t our study we certainly have arrived at the opinion that ^ yery ^ l y maintained tained for general practice- Mo* f J 8^ protective devices and the adequacy of and certainly the h u tth and tables, which are important factors r J is s s M T S V * than our view discloses has been S'" ? * ? A word in closing. W e have * * A ing hazards lor some time. W e all this material and the neat step ` r S T A S X ^ be te **" " * t g * committee on sand blaat- ' ' S ? , since we to re collected . . , m,Dlyt.> draft a tentative report a.wl m ale and filially to get satisfied and cemented and then, perhaps, present it to the Connell for approval ^ ^ ^ 4 "- " "r * beep a ............ ... das, < t : t e r i i 1. is dear enough rhal if a ``^ S ' w t h ' X TM . equipment which you know to be m ^ . . The iwst thing to do would be to 2 n n t of air. I think he couldwork: * ! * J w ith some means like that look him over every six months with X ^ay p icture^ & g(wd supp,y o{ air. he in my opinion.' That is what the result of our s. f . * think of the possibility of s.hcos.s to the or rators on .a `tr s i.s s .f i'ir s s s i . * . . >* >---.- " i T w a n k t o : But they would laugh ,t anyone who suggested .hat th i, ear a helmet. . . . .. t) ini, ti)er(. q am argument there. Die G" eN ,r y o u .... stand Iha, Dr. rircenhnrK is relaimg Kienti'fic'iacts from scientific findings and it is up to us to use them as we can to bring about the use of protective devices. " i ' - '" ' '> M-ih' ** la* f a s t lie to aar ct vw ld e certainly offer man* ieqoacy of a t factors : attention and hlastt collected tive report r to get a i, perhaps, excellent, try. ild like to id blasting at class of protective 1 sufficient ould be to i like that of air, he ult of our lat do you rations on wear sent there, is relating omatically iitta ls Section 147 I ahoaid tta to faring to your attention one of the important statements mads lor Dr. Crtadnrg at the done of his reaarfcs on the imJasp of protective devices. It a similar to Dm ap faaep of yonr first-aid devices. Periapt jw r piont a completely a a teo d fan! fat sis n a d a tfane you are not--or poriapo even in six days. & m w W . Dooak ( P rett ft Letchwortb Co., BtrifSo, New Y o rk ): Dr. G n m ; bar, fat taking tfaoee taste showing the relative values of the room against the barrel mid the table type of sand blast, are those results of teats taken over a period of tkno o r a t one particnior time? For instaace, in the barrel type, were d ay taken while d a barrel was being dumped, and isn't it a fact that most of the dust would be accumulated a t that particular time? Da. Gamutauac: Those tests were taken for all the time that the piece of equip ment was in operation. 1 didn't explain die slide that goes to show this sampling apparatus and I judge that you got your ideas from the one picture, la general, we fasten the apparatus around the worker's neck and let him wear it while he filled the barrel and while he dumped M and daring the entire time while the barrel was turning. In other words, we tried to approximate as closely as possible the actual exposure. Ms. Dorax : I don't believe it is customary for die barrel operator to wear any protection except a respirator. Dr. Greenburg: It isn't customary to wear any protective equipment. That is what made the study so interesting from a preventive point of view. It shows that we have been thinking that these people have been well taken care of while, in many cases, they have not. I think the answer is simple enough. It means that the manufacturer of this equipment should look at these barrels in a more critical way and make them so dust tight that no dust can get out of them. Mr. Doran : That is the point I wanted to bring out. Could we use air-tight equipment in barrel operations ? Dr. Greenburg: I think it can be developed. ' Dr. A. S. Gray (State Dept, of Health, Conn.) : I would like to say in connection with the study of maintenance that I have seen this study made in Connecticut and many splendid pieces of equipment were lending hazards to situations because they were not properly maintained. And these, too, had been used for heaven knew how long! Good helmets, because they were not in good repair, were subjecting individuals to definite hazards and so far as sand blasting was concerned, most of the barrel hazards that we found were due to the fact that the barrels were not properly main tained. Most of the ventilation lines were in bad condition and good equipment, just because it had not been kept in good condition, was adding hazards in many instances. Dr. J. P. L eakf. (United States Public Health Service): I should like to ask Dr. Greenburg if there is any hope of getting away from using silica for this purpose? Dr. Greenburg: I think not completely. At least, not at the present time. I was very much interested and gratified to meet one of the executives of a plant where I was temporarily engaged and he explained to me how they had been using steel grii instead of sand and 1 think that in the future probably a great deal more of the steel will be used and, from the point of view of safety, it is a very satisfactory solution of the problem. ' M r. Dorax : Dr. Greenburg, in connection with that last question, I would like to say that, so far, we have not discovered anything that will make a mould like sand and I guess we can't get away from that entirely. Dr. Greenburg: That is an interesting point. When we began this study we in tended to go into the different castings like dean castings and dirty castings but, unfortunately, some of the other factors so far overshadowed the amount of sand on the castings that we didn't have any clear results along those lines. Now, in spite of that, I think that a dirty casting, that is a casting with a good deal of sand adhev*og to the casting, does pollute the atmosphere to some extent but 1 think the use 1 148 Twantiatk Congress--National Safety Council l t d i t o or Mod grit iaotcod of sand b rally a Mg Mag in the tolutioo 4 the A. C Schultz (Bncyra Erie Company, So. tiihnmkM, Wfau): I would like to give jron an outline of what we arc doing to protect our and Mom man at oar giant We have about fifteen or twenty and blast man and they are on the job and off the job for about two week*. At the end of each two week*. X-ray picture* are taken of them and before they go on the job they are examined and after they come off die job they are examined again. Cbaimcam Bennett: Do you mean that your men are examined at the end of every two week*? Ml Schultz : Yes, every time they go off the sand blasting job. I have also been wondering if there is any real good way of checking up on sand blasting? Da. GnxNBuac: Well, certainly X-ray pictures are an excellent way of checking up on the conditions Under which the men work. There is no question about the study of the amount of dust in the atmosphere and the use of good equipment being a good protective check. That is probably the best thing to do and also to use the best equipment you can get. Mb. Schultz: W e do use the best equipment we can get. Da. Gbeknbuxg: If you do that and then check up the workers by means of the pictures every four or six months you are playing pretty safe. C haibman Bennett: Dr. Winslow, would you care to make some comment on this paper? . Da. C.-E. A. W inslow (Yale Medical School, New Haven. C onn.): I am enor mously pleased to hear this paper. I have been, for some years now, the Vice Presi dent for Health of the Council and have had to bear some of the reactions from earlier studies and it is a particular pleasure to meet with this one. It is a pleasure to me to see that these investigations of sand blasting operations are not only sound and scientific but seem to yield results which will be highly satisfactory. It seems to point the way to controlling one of the most serious problems in industry. I think the Section and the Council and the other Sections concerned can be very proud of this investigation. C hairman Bennett: It has been the custom in the Metals Section to show pictures of some recent changes in mechanical equipment and safe practices in our industry. Mr. Oartel. who has always looked after this feature, has kindly consented to show us a film relating to the foundry industry. Developments of Safety In Foundries By JO H N A. OARTEL Chief of Safety Bureau, Carnegie Steel Company, Pittsburgh, Fa. (The following list of slides showing safety devices was produced by Mr. Oartel, with, in some cases, a brief description.--Ed.) American Steel Foundries, Chicago, Illinois 1. Results of poorly designed and defective trunnions on early type of steel flasks. This shows an accident due to defective trunnions. 2. Poorly constructed and unsafe flask 'runnions. This shows defects in the construction of the trunnions. 3. Carrying large grab bucket with improper kind of chain which did not have a hook. The entire weight of load is depend, t on the small gagger iron, which broke causing bucket to fall on workman. Proper diains were available blit .'hanimell neglected to make change. TWENTIETH AHNVAL S A t E T Y CONCHESE NATIONAL SAEETY COUNCIL Steam Railroad Ottoni IMO-SI General Chairman--Gkooge H . W a iih , U nkti Pacific System. Omaha, Safer. V ice-C hairm an-'^. A. Booth, Canadian National Railway*. Montreal. Qwo C*m d* Secretary--J. L. Walsh, M issouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad C o, D iU u, T ea . Chairman Poster Committee--L. G. Bentley, The Chesapeake aad Ohio Radway Co,, Richmond, Va. < Chairman Program Committee--C E. Hill, New York Central Line, New \ ->rk City. Chairman Committee on Prevention o f Highway Crossing Accidents--E. G. Evas*. Louisville ft Nashville Railroad, Louisville, Ky. Chairman Membership Committee-- Vi. H. F ailing, Central Railroad of New Jersey. Jersey City, N. J. . ,, . Chairman Publicity Committee-- Frank E. Stwhjse, Pennsylvania Railroad. Uncago. Chairmen Public Relations Committee--K . J. F lanigan, Chicago. Milwaukee. St Paul & Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, lii W. A. Booth, Canadian National Railways, Montreal, Q ue, Canada. Chairman Engineering Committee-- A. E. W illaka.n, Kansas City Southern Rail way Co, Kansas City, Mo. Chairman Committee on Present and future Activities--J. E. 1-onc. The Delaware & Hudson Corp, Albany, N. Y. Chairman Committee on Accident Causes and Remedies--T. H Carrow, The Penn sylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa. ^ Chairman Safety Contest Committee--A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Mis;abc arid North ern Railway Co, Duluth, Minn. Chairman Healf Committee--Va. J. W. Ghormley, The Delaware and Hud so:: Corp, Albany, N. Y, Executive Committee-- T he O fficers and C. F. L arson, Missouri Pacific Railroad Co, St. Louis, Mo. D. G. P hillips, Wabash Railroad, St. Louis, Mo. F. M. Metcalfe, Northern Pacific Railway, St. Paul, Minn Tuesday Morning Session October 13, 1931 GEORGE H. W A RFEL, Chairman Union Pacific System, Omaha, Neb The first session of the Steam Railroad Section convened wit1, C.-u. George H. Warfel presiding. C hai rman W arfel: Gentlemen, the annual com ention an 6S1 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Safety Section, A.R.A.-Steam Railroad Section, N.S.C. Section Officers 1931-32 Chairman--C. T. Bailey, Chief Safety Agent, Oregon Short Line Railroad. First Vice-Chairman--C. E. H ill, General Safety Agent, New York Central Lines. Second Vice-Chairman--C. L. LaFountaine, General Safety Supervisor, Great Northern Railway. Secretary--J. C. Caviston. (N OT E: The following pages contain a condensed abstract of the records of the sessions of the Safety Section, A R A --Steam Railroad Section, NSC, as published in full by the American Railway Association in a booklet entitled, "Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting of the Safety Section, Washington, D. C., October 4 to 6,1932") TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1932 The sessions of the Safety Section, American Railway Association--Steam Railroad Section, National Safety Council, convened in the Hotel Washington with Chairman C. T. Bailey, Chief Safety Agent. Oregon Short Line Railroad, Salt Lake City, Utah, presiding. The invocation was given by L. G. Bentley, Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. Report of Committee on Relations with National Safety Council By ROBERT SCOTT Director, Insurance and Safety, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Mr. Scott said in p art: Your committee finds pleasure in reporting that much satisfactory progress has been made in the direction of co-ordinating the work of both sections with the view of avoiding duplication of effort and expense and to the end that the cause of safety might be advanced. The first annual meeting of the Steam Railroad Section. National Safety Council, was held in Philadelphia in October, 1915, while the Safety Section of the American Railway Association held its first special session in Boston in September, 1921. Both of these sections have been functioning properly and well ever since they came into existence, and have been a powerful force in the i eduction of avoidable accidents. On September 2, 1931, a meeting was held in Chicago at which there were present members of the committee on relations and officers of both sections. At this meeting 405