Document pm7oQVdBZ5jJw4JGnBoaODaLk

Present Industrial Significance of Leads By Bobert LI ivflsy Slagfeld Secretary, Load ladustriee iwoeUtlw The "Present Industrial Sigaiflcanee of Lead" is ifeat X here boos ssksd to toll you *xsething about. So doubt aaqy of you bar* bad diroct contact la jour own wort with load la industry, but perhaps jour experience with it has of necessity boon Haltad to only certain phasas of Its industrial applications. X think I can correctly say that load has broador Industrial significance than any other nonfsrrous aetal. By that I don't oaan that It Is the Boat used aetal in point of tonnage but that Its influence Is felt in a greater variety of indkistries and in eor different ways. For this reason I feel that soee understanding of its industrial significance Is essential to tbs nadlotl aan eho would Intelligently approach lead kgrgleae in iahtstry, Consaaptloo of Lead Last year more than 1,100,000 tons of laad were used in tbs United States. In fact c oneuwptloo of lead in the United States has averaged Just under 1,000,000 tone a year over the last ten years. Obviously this Is a sisable tonnage of a aetal that now Sells for $269 a ton sad has sold considerably higher la the last two years. It Indio cates the magnitude of the Industrial applications of lead. epresented at Postgraduate Course for Physicians on the Lead Probias la Industry, Institute of Ioluatrlal Health, tattering Laboratory, Qnllags of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 'V... ' ''. I JISPISU. m aw ,,imm. last- lajwwsip.  UIUU .!UiiilP'iPi>HWyi- I1HM'PfJ -lP-JU^PpWWWBaBWWBWWKiPPPiBWMMMWM L IA 16127 o i 4I i Th interesting thing j however, 1* the variety of Industrie# aai variety of product* into which thia tonnage of lead enters, la the first Flace nearly a third of all the lead uaed last year want Into chrsdcal eoepouoda like white lsad, rod lead, litharge, lead silicates, lead chroantea, load arsenate, and tetraethyl l*d, to mere only tho more important few. The other two-thirds of the lsad eoosuned 1* largely in wtallle font either as pan lead or as alloys. Aaong the sore inpor-- tact products ia this group ars storage bettury grids, cable ahaathing, pipe, sheet, solder, babbitt, type octal, calking lead aad aany others* 1 think bars a breakdown of lead eoneuaptioo la 1968 ty products aay bo eolithteeing. This Is given la ths following Ublat LEAD CCrfctTtPTTCW BT PHCDDCTS a 1968 la Short~Tooa Lithargs Tetraethyl load White Lead Wad load Load Arsentis Load Chromates msctllaaooua Lasd Cospounrt* 121,000 81,000 36,000 28,000 17.000 18.000 21,000 Total load O founds 326,000 Antisocial load Produeta Cable Sheathing Solder Bearing Metals Calking load Pipe It Extruded Produeta Rolled Products Type Metal Mieoellaneouo 230,000 175.000 68,000 Ll,ooo 1<0,000 36,000 31.000 29.000 128.000 Total Metallic Products 778,000 Total 1,106,000 Another way to break doaa thea# consumption figures is ty f induetriea rather than ty produeta. While it ia difficult to aako a clear-cut separation in this respaet, yat it is probably a acre iatsrwrtij* and valuable breakdown fraa your standpoint* Hers Is such aa aperoxlaato analysing r eiJL gjwswepijapaay ijew^paMPSWS^ ' name J.B'.--I i>aggyiWlwi,awyaMWgpit.-C-"P-liB ~ ieskswi- - o IBLO OOSSIBgTIOB BT IKJ05TICP 19L8 In Short "fans Storage Batteries Cable Construction Oil Refining k 355,000 175,000 105,000 $>6,000 Feint k Tarnish Amunition Printing Railroads 69,000 12,000 29.000 a*, ooo Autcnobllas (other than battariaa) 20,000 Insecticides 17,000 Colors 16,000 Can Manufacturing 11,000 C Collapsible Tubes 7J000 Coatings Rubber k Boss Steal k Wire roii 5*000 1,000 3,000 3,000 Brass Manufacturing Powder 2,000 1,000 Unclassified 106,000 Total 1,10b,000 It it clear that the foregoing la not strictly on an Industry basis becmse of ths difficulty a*l even lnpearibillty of tracing ths ultinsto disposition of a nuaber of load products* 1st in ost easas it indicates quite clearly the industry ia which ttv is fabricstad and "here, if there is a has&rd, It aaj occur unless properly controlled. - It certainly mat ba clear fron this tabulation that them ara many industries ^ilch to s greater or lass dsgrse depend upon 1 tarl or its products. 1st I think that to bs of benefit to you It Is non et aary to go beyond any such general suaaary as I hats presented and to famine exactly in shat fora and in what uanoer tbaaa lnduatrlss influx lead* Storage Battery Industry let us than start with the largest user of lend* ths electric storage battery industry* Before wa discuss ths way lead is used ia that lndtAry* you say with a little background lnfcmatloe about batteries themolves. Thers art two types of sleotrle storage batteries which era of industrial slgnlfleance - the load-arid bettery and the idcksVe iron-alkaline or Blisoa bettery. Ths forser has sany tines ths Industrial significance of the latter beeauso it la the lead-acid battery which is used for automotive starting and llghtl/g. It is the only iriM sttlcfc will deliver tha high currant densities over short periods of tine which are required for automotive engiao crankli*. furthermore, while for other f r t V r wmmmrnm- mmm fPPPt LIA 16129 o ! I 1 application* the nick*l-lroo battery **y her* a Xc x^mp li/a, It la much more axpeoetv*. There la a third Aypa of battery about which jna **y haw* rwad recently, aa it haa rvoolved rather sensational sad I foal, un warranted, publicity. This la tha nickal-caualaa battery, manui actor* of which recently started in thla country although it Haa been mad* la a limitud wuy In turpoa for am* tise, It haa many drawback* Such aa high coat, great weight, larga alt*, and poor operating characteristic* at lew temperature*, which, coupled with 11*1tad supplies of oarMitM, haa cauaad the be*t-icfara*d people Vo aee little possibility of lta use la the attcatotlve field* Therefore, by far the bulk of the storage battery bualaaaa falls oo the lead-acid type of battery since it la used for all Mto otlvs batteries, Milch account* for 7$ per ceot or *ore of the total battery buslnet*, and other batteries as well. Batterlee for new eare Shhiht t* C ( ivv^nnn . t ..... j* vcn core Important la the replacement automotive battery buelaees beemtso the average Ilf* of an autcaobll* battery la about tmo year** Thu* In 19U1 nearly 2h,000,000 replacement battarle* were produced and even with the decided drop in business earlier this ywar, ua* 17,000,000 or 19,000,000 replaoeaeat battarle* will be produced la 19fc9* Cm balance of lead storage bettary prodaetlc* goeo Into a variety of Industries. They are used aa stand-ty batterlao ty power ecapanlea, and in hospitals and place* of public assembly, Mere psoar failure# eight be fatal. They are used In the telephroe systaa, for railway ear lighting, for industrial trucks, for railway and aircraft signals, for airplane*, far nine lccaaotiee* and *any other purpoese. They are the aeana of propulsion of submarines Mte* subeerged sal these sutnarln# batteries weigh 100 tons eacb or aor*. ' i The lead In storage battarle* In In too fore* - attaine lead to make up tha grids, lugs, ate., and lead oxide, which la ths actio* naterlal pasted on ths plates. Tbs grids are aide of a alloy containing between 8 and 12 per cant antimony, depending upon the prwffcrvnce of the Individual manufacturer. These are mads fro* aetallla ingot* of antlaonlal load by **lUng and casting. The oxldee on the other hand are aada fro* pur* metallic lead* i Ths oxides used are litharge (Jb6), red lead (fbvOi,), and black oxide (* Battery manufacturer* generally buy the antlaonlal lead Ingot* used to Bake the grid* fro* either primary or secondary lead refineries* A fee battery co*panl*e, however, also operate aeooodary amelter* where!* they produo# their own antlaonlal lead fro* scrap batterlee. The melting and easting of the grids la generally dona la ths battery plant, although a oaher of very eumll battery aamfaotarsre bay the grid* already cast fro* larger battery coapatlea* A few of the largo battery makers produce their owm oxide*, fell* moat bettary rcap-mlt* buy the oxldaa tbwy use from the lead mas facturer** 9  .jifuwfnr '*WK**:iwmm!Mim9*w$my9p w uwppi PPPP-- p ii,iwiiiipj!iii u h i.iiiip 1 mm PM SWSHPPBPPP LIA16130 mpr- lit*.* -ji o i In sssewbling batteries lead welding 1* splcyed la the battery plants to conniict the plats* and battery connectors. About 60 to 70 percent of the weight of a battery 1* lead and this lead Is aboat equally divided between metallio antiaonlal lead and lead oxide, About 60 percent of all the leal used In storage batteries Is recovered at secondary lead swelter* and this fores ths basis of ths larg* aecoodary lead welting industry which last year proiutod nearly a uei.f eillion torn of aecondary lead and lead alloys. Thus the storage battery Industry Is alsoat entirely dependent upon lead end there sees* little likelihood at. this tiee of any substi tute appearing to take ths pleoe of lead In that Industry. Because of lI the automotive Industry's dependence upon the storage battery Industry it, likewise, at least indirectly, is heavily dependent upon lead. In fact, according to a reoent article la UTOKj TT'JT rHjjUSIRXSS, there are nore pounds of lead used per ear. If batteries are Included, than i any other non-ferrous netal or alloy. And a car wouldn't be auch good vo us voosy witnout a battery because the noaber of electrical gadgets In s car Is mltlpllsd each year and they don't give as a crank or evwn a place to Insert e creak except behind the steering wheel. Cable Industry The power and r --inicatlons Industrite are also heavily dependent upon lead. Here it la used to sheathe the trananlasion cable which transports the energy fro. the source at sSiich it is generated to the point at which It is consuned. Obviously generatore end telephones or telegraphs are uselesa unless the power or wassages can be Safely delivered to the proper plane. The purpose of sheathing on cable is to protect the wire* and Insulation with a covering absolutely lapervlous to aolsture and one which will withstand the corrosive attacks of soil and atwosphere for aery years. At the sane Use this shoath Bust be sufficiently flexible to persit coning and uncoiling of the cable. Installation through eanholts, to provide far ground wcvMeent, sad east be scoaoaiaally applied to the cable. lead answers ell these requiresante admirably sod aa yet ne entirely satisfactory substitute has been found. To date only s cow. bination of alnwlnoe and polyethylene has shown aqy Indication of substituting for lead and thess only to a Halted extant because at oerteln drawbacks such as difficulty of application and Jointing. lead eahlo sheathing Is generally an alloy of lead with about 1 per eent of antlaony. It Is applied to the cable In an extru sion press. The pigs of lesd or lead alloy era Belted In a kettla adjacent to the press, often In a reducing staoephere to prevent oxidation, and the aolten wetel allowed to flow into the cylinder of the press, where it solidifies. The unsheathed cable Is fed Into the cylinder through an opening tt one side near the bottoa and paasea out through a die la the opposite side. The cable fores the core of ths die and ths die has a dloaeter equal to the outside diameter of the oahle aheath. As hydraulic pressure is applied to the lead la the cylinder, the esble la fad thmigh the die and lead Is squsetsd out around It La tbs space between ths eeble and the die. Thus a continuous, ffnlrfi sheath of lead Is forned around the Mbla* j " paw mm'Jrnvm. iM >('m i sh m i t- idaM i \ As I her* already pole tod outj h m 175,000 ton* of lead. or about 15 p<-P tent of total eoruaspvion, were used la this V 1* 1SL9, This industry la to a Tory i_j-g* oxVent, if not etiUrtljr, djpendent oa lead for protection of It* trine-tini on line*. THU incidentally Incluio* t-.-lerlrloo which If trminittod frt* City to city oror tha telephone caspucy** ltsd-sheathed coaxial eohlo. Think of idi*t load aboath Man* to Arthur Qodfrvy aad Jtiitoo Sarlel The power and ccnmunleatleus Industries to s nuch lessor extent depend upon a ltad-tin alloy, adder, to sale* the joints la their loai-aheetiied eabla, Tt it la the iu i with which such joist* con bo aad# and the dependability of thooo joints that fin load ahe*thin* ao of its distinct adraatage* owsr othor types* OQlCTlBCnoW PGHSTHy Tb* next Industry la order of lagpcrtanoe as a asor of load la tb* constructioa inauetry, because at u m uitfiuulV of -.'V~irg an accurato ac-poratlon, the tors construction industry* is h*r uaod to Include not only ordinary building con*tract!on such as homos, npartaonta, office building* and tho Ilka, but also scan of tha itlUe tics which Mm the** building*, Ilka water <U*trlbutloo systems, and ch<a*leal qaip>.nt employed la Industrial building** Ln^oit together, tha con*traction Industrie* uaad acre than 100,000 toss at lead la 19i8, or nserly 10 per oest of tbs Votel* There are three principal lead products used In ecentractloo. They aro pipe, sheet and calking lead. In ordinary eons traction* pipa la used In the plusblog ay*tea to handle pltablng waits* and la tbs water distribution *y*Ua to conduct water frea tba atrwot sals 1st* Um bouse. It 1* rarely uaad for eater distribution within the boos*; In Industrial construction. It la also exteoairdy u*od to conduct oorroslws eboaleals such as sulplauic add aikl Vo handle corrodes In. du*trial waste** Load pipe la aed* la much tb* i wsy as cable aheatfcing. Tha lend is salted aad flowed Into the cylinder of an extrusion press, here It solidifies. At the top of tbs pros* is s circular die through the center of which extends s oore or mandrel which also extends doeo through the land and Is fixed to tho bottan of tho cylinder, lbs oore has an outaldo diameter equal Vo the Inside dimeter of tbs pips Vo be oede, and tb* die has an inside dimetur equal to the outside dimeter of tbs plpw. Dm pressure is applied, lead Is forced out through tba spec* bctwwwn oore and die as s continuous -* pips. It may be Inter** ting to note her* that the manufactmrw at load pip* is on axtrendy old industry dating back oorw then 2,000 ymsrse As you know our modern plumber take* hla naae from tb* Latin word for lari* pluabma*. In the day* of tho Honan Baplr* land pipe manufacture was well a'.-tahlifhed, pipe being aad* In ten-foot loi^fths aad 15 standard sites, That pipe, howsrer, was nuch cruder and was not aemleea. Tho lead was flrtt cast In a sheet, then bent up into tb* shape of s pipe aad tho longitudinal joint crudely welded. The eg* of the** old pipes, nany sanplo* of which still exist, 1* easily determined because tho imn of the amperer ruling at tb* tin* of manufacture is cast on each length* ewmpyerei " eMtuwno^wet^npnnnpwpniqpi uwMs^mjjpjigymwyHPaimiBWip^ -eu. > Sim*** < S  mm iiij . i iiui i. ipjp iipi. iww'ui LIA16132 .t i 5h*et lead 1* used only to a United extent 1* building construction, usually being confined to roofing, flashing, gutter* and the like on the Bore norms** tal type* of bulliings or industrial or other building* where special corrosion problems are involved' This is because of Its relatively high cost and great durability* It la also wld.ly used as s waterproof In* for shower stalls and for X-ray roc*i shielding. In Industrial construction, however, largs tonnages of sheet lead are c*ployed to construct storage tanks, reaction vessels and ,, other equipment for the manufacture and storage of corrosive chtalcals* Sheet lead la made fay e-allng large slabs of lead several Inches thick and weighing several tons. When solidified, those slabs are placed on the roiling sill and cold rolled to the deelred thickness. In ordinary building construction work both lead pipe and sheet are usually joined ty soldaring with conventional lsad-tla solder* lo Ouplcnl construction, however, lead weIdInc (eonaooly called lug burning*) la nor* frequently employed becstse corroeive chemicals generally attack solder. By welding, no metal but lead la exposed to tho carroslv*, load welding la a true homogeneous welding operation* but It la coo&cted at much lamer Umperutarv* than wuldlog of most other metals, notably steel, la fact, carw must bo t Jcea not to overheat the lead and burn a hold right through it, sinco lead melts at only 621 deg. r. Calking lead, the other l^ortant load product used la construction, la imply soft metallic lead either la large pigs or small Ingots or cokes. Its main use Is to make joints lo east iron water or soil pipe of tbs boll and spigot variety. The pigs or logota of calking load are limply melted, usually at the site of construction, and aru poured by ladle into the pipe joints into which strands of oaktsa have already b*o calked to partly fill the joints. After the lead has solidified In the Joint, it is calked to cake a ti;ht joint and take up contraction of the lead on Solidification and cwaHwg, ttmuBM idd u s nr The next laArrtry wo nay consider is the petroleum Industry rtilch only last year for the first time In peacetime stepped Into fourth place as a lead eonauser. Actually this industry uses much more load than statistics show, because it employs largs quantities of shoot lead and lead pipe in the construction of corrosion-resistant equipment. Since it is Impossible to sogregate that tonnage from other sheet and pipe used for similar purposes in other industries, tho load used tgr the petroleum Industry for construction purposes is classed In tho category of c ana true lion just discussed. Therefore, m are now considering only the chmleal compounds of lend sfoich enter Into the refining process or became a part of tho gasoline Itself. These alone totaled 96,000 tens of load last year, almost equalling the construction induetry. r it l l ? r r l j S r. t- 1%ft.Bum. W1HW aiMiHg-'HWpWWOPBWWMIWlJIB^^'iipBiWWWWIWPMWB^IIAP.lB^W^B^IWBWSimUWB * f eta: LIA16133 . ' rV jfafiwfmiiitfl--'i ft frr'ii1flaiafki' 4. la oil refining, litharge li uawd in tbs ao-eallad "doctor solutions* which brer-k up undvsirr.bla culptiur compounds prvswnt. The llthiriM la dissolved in c.rustic soda and, when added to the petrole's* products, reacts with th ruipbur compounds and la moved aa laad ulphidaj t^a taking tho undsalred sulphur with it* About 12,000 tons of laad a* litharge la Urua consumed. Mott aonaatlon.il of lw*d*a nwvr developments haa been tetraethyl laad used aa an soti-knock ingredient in motor fuel** Only about 25 yuart ago thia use of load was unknown* Laat /oar it conruasd Bh,000 toot of lead, with product!** capacity being furthor Increased thia year. X think thia typifies on* laportant thing about laad, nwsely that ita lnduatrial significance la not dapandant upon only a tow attrlbutaa, but rathor on a *ida rarlot/ of both chusical and phy*l**l peropart!aa. Wo all know that change* in our industrial economy fra-- queniiy outaooe oertain uaaa or an7 attenax, Because iaad la to versatile, as old uses became outmoded new on** sea* alao*t inevitably to crop up. Aa an example, In a few aaaenta X will dlacuas the changing pattern of the uac of lead in the paint industry, wherwin th* volaM of laad used ha* declined owwr the last 25 yeaie. Curing that aaa* period, however, the use of lead In tetraethyl lead haa shown about a corraaponding increase. These two applications are both dependent upon chemical properties of lead, but each upoa different chemical properties. Tetraethyl lead la one of the few liquid compounds of laad of commercial significance. It la a colorless liquid with th* formula It la mamfactured frem a lead-sodium alloy by treating th* alloy with ethyl chloride. After completion of the reaction, th* pro duct is die tilled with steam to recover the t*tra*Ugrl lead. Th* anti-knock fluid la a mixture of tetraethyl lead with ethylene dlbromide, Kaloemx, and a red anillno die, the latter to Identify it fnm non-leaded gasolines. Vhile there are refining method* which can be used to increase the anti-knock rating of gasoline, that rating can always be further laproved by the addition of tetraethyl lead. With the autoaotiv* industry tending more and mor* to higher compression engine* requiring fuels of Increasingly high anti-knock rating continued expansion in the use of tetraethyl laad is to be expec ted. Tat about 3 cc. of tetraethyl lead per gallon of gasoline aemsa to be the aaxlmm amount that can be added efficiently, Beyond that amount It* affectlveo*** seam* to fall off rapidly* Th* anti-knock fluid containing tetraethyl lead is mad* la the plant* of it* two producer* in thia country and shipped to th* oil ccmpaala* for blendli^ with their gasoline*# t 1 j i V )WJI JMI. 'I'legwipawwwp^^ -J mf f LIA16134 >4 Aik M Wv.i msr s ms t r t Tbs paint industry, with nearly 70,000 too* of lead consumed last year, it itlll a vary iapcrtact us*r of load product*, ixt Is nowhere Mar the corsuaer It >ii 25 ysars ago, la this industry It i* used in a variety of Toros, It is *a important pignat in houa# paints* for that purpose it l* eeployed a* basic carbonate whit lead, besio lead Sulphate, leaded tine oil do and certain lead silicates, Basie carbonate white lead was once tbs backbone of outside house paints, tut over the last 25 year* it* us* ha* gradually contracted duo to the f&ot that it coats the paint manufacturer sore to put it into his paint than azgr other whit* pigment. in that highly ccnpetitiw industry Sosa of the qualities that white lead imparted to paint have been sacrificed. However, scat paint uamfacturers still agree that a certain anount of lead pignonta la needed in outside paints and neat of than fornalat* their paints on that basis, Ib2 It?it *-- wee feM>W mU alwnet rrolnslvwly hr the fanoua "old Dutch proeess* which required threw or four nonths to convert the lead to the basic carbonate in stacka through action of acetic add, noiaturo and spent tanbark, In recant years the tread has been toward quicker procesaca involrir^ electrolysis, chemical precip itation and other methods to reduce cost so that just this yaw the last old Dutch proceaa* stacks in this country aunt out of existence and that process is no longer need# There arc several quick processes. In one netallle lead is cited and blown with sir or ate to a fin* powder. It 1s placed in large rotating wooden drums, into Oiich acetic add and water are periodically sprinkled, Heated air and carbon dioxide pass continuously throegh the dn. The reactions are the sawe as la the old Dutch procsss hut, due to the finely divided font of the load* the conversion raquirss lass than ten weeks. In o m of ths chamlcal processes leed in dissolved in acetic add to form basic lead acetate and the baaie carbonate is precipitated by pasting carbon dioxide through the solution In the electrolytic process the lend sestets saladoe is obtained by electrolytic deccnpoeltion of netallle lead anodes* the basic carbonate being precipitated alnoet immediately by sodas earw bonate in ths solution* Basic sulphate white land* also used extensively in paints, is suds either ty a ftaing or chemical precipitation process, Lsedsd sine oxide is generally a product of fuming and the newer silicatee are produced cbasically. All onUr into the manufacture of outdoor paints* Boos of the white lead plants is today Mgiloyefl la ths namfecture of indoor paints. Red lead (jtvjOjJ is still the world's standard pigment tor natal protective paints. It is successfully nesting the ccnpetidon of newer plgucnts, and is used either tgr itself with linseed oil or other suitable vehicles, or nlxul with other pl^icats, usually in sanllor amounts, and the proper vehicles. Red Leed is mads by further oxidation of litharge at carefully controlled t wgursturwe. e*apqs< w f y p w Huvsem i f r rL l r. i -KU Another lead pliant, blue bests lead sulphate, 1 also uwi in MUl protoctlvs paint*. Xt i nade directly frc* leal com. eentrate* by Tuning and 1* a mixture of baric lead sulphate, lead sulphite, lead sulphide, tine cocide and a very as all mount of carbon. Lead ccnpound* are alo used a* drier* la paint* tat they are Included In oxcaoairily Mull queatitlea par gallon of paint. Color* Closely allied to lead'* use in the paint Industry 1* lead** employment to soke certain colored pijp.nt*, notably the lead ebraaita*, Thi* induatry con*used about 16,000 ton* of lead l**t year, Meat of the yellow*, green* and red* are lead ehrcaates, either alone or predp. ltatod with other pigaunta, Those are node ty chemical precipitation starting generally with litharge aa the re* material. They are also used as colors In printing inks, I will not atteapt to go Into as Mich detail about the smellier uses of lead as I hare in the cases of tho flee principal consuming industries - storage battery, cable, construction, petroleum anl paint* Sererthalea*, I think it is important to renew sens of then briefly, lananltlon Industry Tho munition industry 1* an old stand-by In th* lead picture* using around U0,000 tons In a peacetime year and sereral times that mount in a peak war year. Bullets for Mall arms are lead allayed with up to about 2-1/2 per cent antinomy. They are molded free sections out from extruded rod. Shot for shotgun shells, *lch is more Important than bullets In peacetime. Is usually mod, of load alloyed with small amounts of antinomy and arsenic. It Is united and poured through a alee* at the top of a shot tower. It form* into sphere* as it deaoesls and la caught In water at the bottom. Lergo shot Is cast. Printing Induatry Thu printing lnchistry usss about 30,000 tons of lead a year la th* fora of various alloys with antimony, tin and sox tine* a Utils eepper. The exact composition duptnd* upon the application, that Is, whother It Is for linotype, monotype, stereotype, or electrotype a*tel. Melting, casting, and remeltlng and dressing m tho principal operations involved. Type metal Is used over and over and also circulates back and forth between the printer and the manufacturer, the latter cleaning it up and adding new metal to bring it back to proper composition after frequent use. Railroad Induatry The railroad* of the country consume acme 25,000 tons of lead s year, mainly in bearing*. In sues cases, tbs railroads sake their own bearing metals tat mors often they buy that from bearing metal manufacturers. Incidentally in a great maigr type* of bastings th* -U- l*d content i cyeh higher thin before the ear* This cane about frca the necessity of substituting lead for scarce tin daring tbs war with tha r.li tt.it the hlhr lead content bearing* ware found to do the Job well and at less ooat, Aatcreblls Industry ths autoaobils Industry oaploys about 20,000 ton* a year la use* other than storage batteries. Thes# ere aostly a* voider and aaoe bearing octal. Ths a older la largely used for tha radiator, which la soldered tgr a dipping operation. Bodf elder la alao used to aocoth out Jolnta and other Irregularities In tha body surface. It la sonatinas called filler aetal, which aptly ckaorlbea it* AaUanhils body repair ehope are large uaara of body aoldar to help repair tha wounds Incurred la aodera traffic. The farner la a near of lead aa an Insecticide. About 17,000 tooa were uaod lent year and thia figure baa at tlaoa beao wooh higher. Lead araonata la tha couponed employed, nadc by rhealml reaction on litharge* Tha tin can Industry naaa 11,000 tooa of lead in a year Just tor aoldarlng teens and closure*. In addition It u*a aa Inaaparahla mount, daaaad under coatings, in the ton ot tarne plate to asks certain typee of cans for non-food ltcas. Terns piste la sheet eteel coated with aa alloy of lead and tin, the lead content ot the floating anally running between 80 and $0 percent* The eeratlc Industry la not as large a user of lead aa it once was, but since the addition of lead ctspouads oakss superior glased and glasses tor certain purposes, it still censuses about 10,000 tooa a year. Moat of thia ia in the ton at lead axlle or lead fillcate* Tha finest (lass tableware and optical glass contain lead caspounda and it is interesting, as s recent dswelopaent, to note that glass tclewlaiaa tubes nay contain aa mch aa 30 per cent load. Lead silicate la aa in gredient of aany of tha flatee for bathtubs and the Ilka, Here I eould like to aeatloa another relatively new use of lead la the plastics industry. Lead slUeetas are weployed as light stabilisers in seny plastics. The lead content, however, is usually aaall, amounting to only a few per cent* lbs only ether use of load that amounted to sore thaa $,000 tons last year is ia collapsible tubes. The tubes are Manufactured by lepaot oxtrueion frea discs cut out of lead allay sheets. The alley usually contains around 2 per cent antlsoqy. Vhoa the tubes are to contain a substance that night conceivably be eontaalaated by contact with load, the lead sheets tram which they are aide are rolled with tin on one or both aides. Also special wax liners arw often used la lead or tlrwooeted lead tubes. mm i f I i t w* mm. ipippnipeipppinf LIA16 137 IPf -nkt'T.lirt --.xu-- 1 eirsnot liin Uil* discussion of Individual laoustrise without o wort About Chu lead pencil lnauctry. khan the Tariff lot of 1530 was fir*t written induced by Centre** In the acheuuie of duties on lead product* was the ltea *1040 pencils** Fortunately that * ' corrected before ths Act was puil< Still war* apropos of oar Subject was an itca acne years ago in the Tolodo Blais* leading newspaper, which reported that a nan had died of lead pel*cning as a result of stickln; hiaself in th* an* with the point of his lead poodle I just mention these as an tjuc^l* of th kind of misinform*tioa that or ten circulates and so that t can go on record as saying thst leed pencil* are not lead* Conclude** free the feresnine, which I hope has not bee* too tedious, X thlnk.lt Is obvious that lead's Industrial significance la lrmenes today sad that th* quaatlcn of leal exposure la Industry Is not * staple ooa. for Instance, surely to know that a aaa works la a laad plant or ms works with lead Is no Indication of his exportr*. there are all sort* of varying dsgree* of exposure, both es a result of th* processes used sad the fora la which the lead Is handled. It is likewise obvious, I think, that a great nuaber of people working la the lead Industrie* wq hat* oo da^eroua exposure to lead. I don* t scan in any way to winleie th* laporteaoe of hygiene la th* lead Inioatrie*. Certainly the lead Irvki*tries Association has been fully cognisant of the problew for many year* It has aad* noasroue cottary grants for research on this problem. * have established a health and safety division under your good friend, Koafred BoedlVch, to cope with It both within art without the industry. But I ow equally convinced that all toe often aa Inccaplets urterstandlnc of the leal iniietrles thawselee* has contributed to mistake*, abuses or shat you will that have resulted la no good to ary one. Therefore, I appeal for thorough study of such IrtlrtAial case, that our attack oo the problen way be ewer aorw enlightened. ? | *t 'i worn ,J* nia^Li>j|)iw^p;wna I I