Document pm23J1na1gVrvJd51VLYM0jYX

FILE NAME: Baldwin (BALD) DATE: 1943 DOC#: BALD071 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Foundries Section - Proceedings of All Ohio Safety Congress Div. of Safety & Hygiene * . Resource Center PROCEEDINGS All Ohio Safety Cdngress Held Under the Auspices of T H E IN D U STRIAL COMMISSION OF OHIO and the direct management of TH E DIVISION OF SAFETY AND HYGIENE Published under the authority of of The Industrial Commission of Ohio NEID HOUSE Colum bus, O hio A P R I L 20-21-22, 1943 THE F. J. HEER PRINTING CO. COLUMBUS, OHIO 1943 Bound at the State Bindery 20 F O U N D R IE S N IN E -T H IR T Y A. M. Chairman--Peter E. Rentschler, Hamilton Foundry & Machine Co., Hamilton, Ohio. Vice Chairman--Harold Segraves, American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., Elyria, Ohio. Secretary--John F. Lacey, Commercial Steel Foundries, Inc., Marion, Ohio. "S afety Is Simple" : Ray O'Connell, Insurance Commissioner, Ohio Steel Foundry Co., Lima, Ohio. Discussion. " S ilico sis": - Dr. John Skavlem, Assistant Professor, College of Medicine, University of Cin cinnati; Past President, Academy of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio. METALS Pow er P ress Session N IN E-TH IRTY A. M. Chairman--E. H. Meeks, Transue & Williams Steel Forging Corp., Alliance, Ohio. Vice Chairman--Edward Mandry, Republic'Steel Corp., Bolt & Nut Div., Cleveland, Ohio. . Secretary--A. B. Waugh, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Otis Works, Cleveland, O. "P ractical M ethods in the Elim ination of M achine H azards" : P. G. Leeper, Safety Supervisor, Republic Steel Corp., Bolt & Nut Div., Cleve land, Ohio. D iscu ssio n . "Safety in Y our Job Training Program --How and W hy" : W. T. Cameron, Chief Safety Adyisor, U. S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards, Washington, D. C. D iscussion. R eport of Nom inating Committee. M INING NIN E-TH IRTY A. M. Chairman--William Roy, Jr., Hanna Coal Co., St. Clairsville, Ohio. Vice Chairman--J. J. Jurgens, Robinson Clay Products Co., Uhrichsville, Ohio. Secretary--Thomas Price, United Mine Workers of America, Columbus, Ohio. W elcom ing Remarks-: Marcus Kerr, Chief, Division of Mines, State of Ohio. Introduction of Speaker: John Owens, President, District No. 6, United Mine Workers of merica, Co lumbus, Ohio. A ddress: Percy Tctlow, President, District No. 17, United Mine Workers of America, Charleston, West Virginia. Introduction of Speaker: . R. L. Ireland, Jr., President, Ohio Coal Association, Cleveland, Ohio. FOUNDRIES SECTION Wednesday Morning, April 21st Chairman R entschler: W iL you men please come to order for the Fourteenth Annual Foundries Session Section of the All-Ohio Safety Congress? ^ We are quite gratified to see this many people here who are interested in the Foundries Session, in view of the present day conditions of the difficulties of travel and the difficulty to take tim e out. I w ould lik e to introduce Mr. H arold S eg ra v es of the A m erican R adiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation, E lyria, Ohio, who is vice-chairm an of th is ,,section. Mr. Segraves. (A pplause.) Then I would like to introduce the secretary, John F. Lacey, Commercial Steel C asting Company, Marion, Ohio. (A pplause.) . ' I don't th in k th ere is an y need for m e as chairm an to try to m ake any com m ents on the speakers that are to talk to us today. I think we have tw o excellent subjects and two excellent speakers w ith messages' that w ill be of vital interest to all of us, so w ithout any further ado I would like to introduce R ay O'C onnell, Insurance C om m issioner of the Ohio S teel Foundry Company, Lim a, Ohio, who w ill ta lk on the Induction of N ew Em ployees. The subject as liste d on the program is S a fety is Sim ple b u t Mr. O'C onnell w ill cover th is su b je c t in th e m atter of h is rou tine for the Induction of N ew E m ployees. Mr. O'C onnell. (A p p lau se.) SAFETY IS SIMPLE. MR. R A Y O'CONNELL, T h e Ohio S teel F ou n d ry Com pany, Lim a, Ohio. Mr. Chairm an, F e llo w F oundrym en, F rien d s of th e F ou n d ry Section: W h ile Mr. R en tsch ler w a s m a k in g h is in troductory rem arks, I w a s th in k ing, "h ow sh a ll I introduce m y self?'' T h ou gh ts carried me b ack hom e. A fter m o v in g to Lim a, Mrs. O'C onnell decided w e w ere sp en d in g too m uch m oney and sh ou ld go on a budget. I a greed it w a s the proper th in g to do. At. end of w eek she asked me to inspect it; it w as in perfect order-- nice penmanship, additions correct, but I n oticed an item m arked G. O. K., a m o u n tin g to $6.20. A t second w eek end, p raised her n e a tn e ss and sty le, and n oticed item G. O. K., had in creased to $12.40. A t end of third w eek a ll w a s in order ex cep t item G. O. K., had increased to $16.60. A s th is w a s a decided increase, ask ed w h a t expense G. O. K., represented. W ith an exp ression of h esita tio n and sorrow sh e said, "God O nly K n o w s." (L au gh ter.) For many years it w as said, God only know s w hat causes accidents, and He w ill not tell. Folks, today w e do know the cause of accidents. We are hav ing this v isit to prepare you people to w ork in the w ays w e ask of getting. those you love at home you are now w ith your best friend, your Safety Engineer, w hose duties are to keep you in good health and free from injuries and accidents, especially during the duration. W ill prove to you, if you w ill only do the things w e ask of you, w e w ill definitely guarantee you w ill retain your , good health, keeping you free from injuries and accidents. W hen you cross the threshold of your home, no m atter w hat your w alk in life m ay be, your g rea test treasure, your g rea test b lessin g ,is your good h ealth , and you don't th in k th a t m uch (snap of finger) about it. W hy? B e cause the American people are the m ost careless, thoughtless, lackadaisical people on the face of the earth. I w ill prove it. W hy w ere 102,500 people k illed in A m erica in 1941, our yearly to ll caused by c a r e le ssn e ss and th ou gh tlessn ess? 40,000 k ille d on our h ig h w a y s because of ca reless, th o u g h tle ss d riv in g of a u to mobiles? W ill never forget a group of new em ployees I had last November; w ill regret forever that I did not have the power of eloquence, persuasion to convince them they should acquire safety consciousness. Four w eeks later one of the group w as buried in Columbus Grove. On third W ednesday after b o y s em ploym ent, had occasion to pass through Cairo, Ohio, w here I w itn essed the most ghastly sight I had ever seen. There w as my boy and four other young occu p an ts of h is car, le s s than 20 years of age, strew n on the ground, m aim ed, 346 you.F or lacerated thought w as bein another t and that' cars in tl My lifelo I did not of safety kept his how his i to return la st Chri: Recer surance I ceived mi have been "P a tie n t 1 A sked hir filled his married h tell me w boy left 1 bridge." I when evei do. D on't and we w 32,000 in th is gn wash day i the needle Dr. Talbot T a lb ott le: the life of the parent The father their home A yea: had not re> s is te r a bi Lima Loco m orning ii the world basem ent w ife dead "h o t" wire, w ithout at Have } ditions in need. NOw w pass tomor is 18,000 to sa fety eng: th ereb y kec higher leve solve and e hazards of m uch to ye before retu in g conditi' and w e wil four tim es it is said i do k ill woi w ork er wh> children cli 347 lacerated, bleeding. Boy had death gargle in his throat-- you would have th o u g h t he w a s 60 y ea rs old. On other side a Lim a physician, Dr. CaJacobs, w as being extricated from his car. Both drivers died three hours later and another the follow ing day. W hy? Because one of the drivers made a m istake, and th a t's ju s t w h a t an a ccid en t is, a m ista k e. T w o d rivers tried to put tw o, cars in the sam e place at the same tim e. They could not do it. N either can you.' My lifelon g regret, and I w ill regret it of you under like conditions, is that I did not convince the boy he should acquire safety consciousness,--to think of safety w hen he approached a traffic light, w here hundreds had been killed-- kept his car under control in fear som e other driver would not. I wonder how his m other felt that night as she burned the m idnight oil w aiting for son to return, the son who never returned. I ask w hat kind of a day she enjoyed last Christmas, all because som eone made a m istake. R ecently a w orker presented a Group Insurance P olicy Claim, w hich in surance I advise you to take, as I know m any instances where em ployees re ceived m edical and hospitalization benefits whose hospital adm ittance m ight have been em barrassing w ere it not for the group insurance plan. Claim read, ``P a tien t h a s a fra ctu red verteb ra, pneum onia h as developed, condition critica l.'' A sked him to te ll m e a b o u t accident. "God only k n o w s," he replied and tears filled his eyes. W hy did that man cry to me? 'Because the injured boy had married his daughter, sadness and sorrow had come to them. A sked him to te ll me w h a t little th e y k n e w ab ou t accident. "A ll w e k n ow ," he said, "is the boy left his w ork at plant and before he got to his home he hit a cement bridge." F o lk s , don't y o u th in k it's ab ou t tim e w e q u it h ittin g cem ent bridges, when every able bodied man and wom an is needed on the production line? I do. D on't y o u h it a n y cem en t b rid ges d uring the duration. Stop h ittin g bridges and w e w ill n ot be k illin g 40,000 people on the h ig h w a y s each year. 32,000 people k illed in our A m erican hom es. W hy? H ave I a m arried man in th is group who w arned h is w ife la st Monday m orning of the dangers of the w ash day? No, n ot "one; b u t you do so n e x t M onday and w e w ill help decrease the needless injuries and fa ta lities in our Am erican homes. Last A ugust as Dr. T albott w as preparing to exam ine new em ployees, telephone rang and Dr. Talbott left. W hy? Because he had to rush to hospital to see if he could save the life of a poor innocent baby w h o .fe ll into a tub of boiling w ater because the parents perm itted tub to rem ain on floor rather than on chairs or a bench. The father w orks w ith us. I wonder if there w as any safety consciousness in their home? A year a g o a forem an sp ok e of h is m other's critica l illn ess. In fa c t she had n ot recovered from lo ss of her daughter. "R ay," he said, "I had the sw e lle st sister a brother ever had." W hat a loving tribute. Sister married worker at Lim a L ocom otive W orks and w as b uying a hom e in Shaw nee Tow nship. One m orning in June, w ith the birds sin gin g, the sun shining in all its splendor, the world seem ingly at peace and happiness, the husband w ent to work, she to basem ent to do her w ashing. W hen he returned that evening he found his w ife dead on basem ent floor. She w as standing in w ater and had contacted a "h o t" w ire. Is it an y w onder th is m other died of a broken h eart for a daughter w ithout attention on that fatal day? * Have you dark stairw ays, broken steps and handrails, other unsafe con ditions in your home? I fear you have. Correct them for those you love and need. NOw w e are com ing to industry, through w h ich doors m any of you w ill p a ss tom orrow for the first tim e. 18,000 k illed in A m erican industry, and that 'is 18,000 too m any. In d u stry dep lores it. Today, over th is v a st in d u strial land, safety engineers are strivin g to prepare new em ployees how to w ork safely, thereby keeping free from injuries and accidents. Still, accidents are reaching higher levels. W hy? I w ill tell you. Industry needs your cooperation, your re solve and determ ination to m aster the common hazards of your jobs, also the hazards of the homes and highw ays. We are not selfish, as you are worth as much to your country an hour after you arrive at home as you are an hour before returning to work. W ork w ith us-- tell us how to improve our w ork ing conditions. Show us a hazard where you w ill injure end of a fingernail and we w ill spend a thousand dollars to correct the hazard. Though there are four tim es as m any killed in hom es and on h igh w ays as are killed in industry, it is said, industry is the juggernaut that maims, destroys and k ills men. We do k ill w orkers. Seven years ago I had occasion to v isit home of a fellow w orker w ho w as k illed an hour previous. Yes, there w ere the, five orphaned ch ild ren c lin g in g to th e m other's apron strin g s. The m other, heart fu ll of so r row, disheveled hair, staring eyes, lips that could not speak .but-w anted to say, : "R ay O'C onnell, you ju st k ille d m y husband." Yes, w e k ille d h er husband,_b , folks I w ant to tell you the real cause of his death. A fellow -w orker made . a m ista k e D on't y o u ever be th e cau se of m aim in g or k illin g fello w -w o rk er. L ast year I listened to several excellent speakers, m inisters whose subjects w e r e "Man," you and I. H eard Dr. R alph Deb, P r e sb y te r ^ n M inister, w h o ^is a lso em p loyed by G eneral M otors C orporation, D etroit. W hJ sh " l d 1S"Cha " : outstanding company employ a m inister to. serve their needs? Because o ^ a . better em ployer-em ploye relationship--because he know s man. _He took man . and litera lly tore him apart, placed him back togeth er a g a in nad he_ha.d eig h t different classes of mem As' he1named the characteristics an d .classification ^ of - these eigh t different groups of men I could have come out to plant and selected ; a m an for every group. .Will not tell th is splendid audience h is classification of those in the latter groups. W hat industry needs today are ^nen and w om en of the first groups, possessing those capabilities of good health, the desire, d - term in a tio n , w ill to' produce th e arm am ents of w ar w h ich w ill regain the fr e e dom w e lost last Pearl Harbor Day and bring a speedier home return of the five to seven m illion -boys who do not belong in the h ell holes of Guadalcanal and the burning deserts of frica. In speaking of accidents you m ust accept - . Dr. L ee's ch allen ge." N one can deny it. "95% o f a ll accid en ts w h ere m en eare ^ m aimed, injured, killed, they are maimed, injured, killed doing the things they know they should not do at tim e of injury." It is . a m atter of the w ill and m ind. "W hy," said he, "Should an airp lan e fa cto ry in C alifornia on th e d ay ' fo llo w in g P ea rl H arbor, turn ou t 25% m ore a irp lan es th an ever produced b e fore?" Because they possessed the w ill, determ ination, gu ts to do so. America needs them. . . - _ . L istened to Rev. Auer, Gallon, at a recent Safety Congress in Columbus. H i s su b je c t w a s, "W h at Tim e Is It?" H e sp ok e for an hour and th ir ty m in u tes, S J I " i h ? . d o i T a o ! paras ,, p h h , had S lvW> th e Is I t '" Time for Am erica to aw aken and realize our country is at war. A-ls lis te n e d to C ecil B row n, C. B. S., Correspondent, w hom y o u m ay hear; daily over W -J-R , D etroit. A s Dr. Lee k n ow s m en, so does Mr. Brown know the horrors of war. He w as a Nazi prisoner in Jugoslavia. H e_know s the Nazi. H e w a s on th e B ritish ship R ep u lse w hen it w a s sunk b y a Jap subm arine in .... the Soiith China Sea. He know s the Japs. Could you have heard him speak^of w a r you r first a w a k e n in g th o u g h t w ou ld be, "W h at w ill I do for m y ^country to d a y ," and' on retirin g, "W hat have I done for m y country today. I s n t it sh a m efu l," said Mr. B row n, "in rea liz in g w e fo u g h t W orld W ar I to save dem oc racy for the world, then allow ed H itler to steal it before our very eyes. W e are fig h tin g th is w ar for our own su rvival and I w ill th an k m y God if I survive i . T on igh t in th is vast audience I see faces of hundreds^upon hundreds of young boys w ho w ill not survive. They w ill have been murdered killed in so th a t you and I m ay continue to live in luxury, peace, co m fo r t. A lady in th e a u d ie n c e ' asked, "H ow lo n g do you th in k th is w ar w i l t l a s t . To her he rep lied , "I ju st le ft my fa th er, 60 y ea rs old, in W arren, Ohio, and I told him he w ould be in uniform in some branch of service before th is war w ill end. Is there one in this audience who know s our country is at w ar and what th e w ord sacrifice, r e a lly sig n ifies? Y es, th ere's a hand raised . You have a son in service and you know w hat war means. Yes, folks, you have a part to play in th ir w orld w ar and you w ill know the m eafiing of the words war and sacrifice before we w ill be acclaimed the victors. Japan has had tw enty years , of preparation, H itler ten years. W e are ju st begin n in g to produce. Our h gh school boys of fifteen and sixteen years of age w ill be the victors on the firing lines W hat about the m illinos of boys who preceded them in action. Training, education, preparation is the answer. Fourteen heatthy produc tion w orkers are needed on the production lin es to service and m aintain on boy in uniform. T his is the preparation we are asking of you today. Did w h ave nreparation on th at ever m em orable P earl Harbor D ay? No. Our officers in command were enjoying the peace, luxury, com forts that w e Americans love so w ell. L ittle that night as w e listened to the radio did w e realize tha w e lost the greater part of our Pacific Fleet, pictures of which were in the ` new spapers several m onths ago. L ittle that nigh t did w e realize that w e lost 2800 sw ell American boys. L ittle th at n igh t did w e realize that our rem ain^ g b oys in P earl Harbor under death's fire w ere crying w ith outstretched arms "F o r God's' sa k e A m erican Industry and A m erican labor, send u s s o m e th in g to fig h t w ith ."' Sad to sa y w e are n ot producing. Your d a ily papers w ill prove it. S h a ll w e perm it th e 7,000,000 b oys w ho w ill b e in service a t end o f 1943 to cry say, but, , ade ker. sets > is an f a nan ght o :ted -ion aen . de- ; eethe nal ept are hey and day berica >us. tes, ime Uso I iily the azi. .= in . o .try c it OCare . it. ing ion in he im id." hat son lay and ars igh ing ucone we ers ins hat the ost ing ms, to it. cry Jj&it w ith o u tstretch ed arm s, "F or God's sa k e send u s so m eth in g to figh t w ith ?" Sf fear it w ill be true. Personally, I feel that it w ill take a vole from Heaven, ir a bo'mb from T okyo, Or B erlin, to str ik e L im a to m ak e us realize w e are a t gjfrar. T h is h old s true a ll over A m erica, and y o u k n o w I am rig h t. ( p R ecen tly a n ew em ployee, f u i r o f bravado, said, "H itle r w ill n ever bomb pus." H ow does he know? There w ere tw o m istak es m ade a t P earl Harbor. W e ^underestim ated the Japs and the Japs feared us. Had they attacked San ^Francisco instead of Pearl Harbor, San Francisco would have suffered th same ijfate. W ould Hitiei* invade Lim a? D etroit is a m ost vulnerable city. W hat jgitoould H itle r 's fo rces do to our sw e e t w om an h ood o f L im a, our w iv es, sw e e t y-hearts, m others? The sam e, as they did to the w om en of Poland, B elgium and pjther unprotected countries of Europe which they conquered. Ts, use thm p is slu ts in the breeding petis. Such are the beasts w e are fighting today, and Pir Am ericans think not, because ' we love the life of luxury, . peace, comfort. Let th o se five to seven m illio n boys and Old G lory do our figh tin g. W hy w o fry -- j t 's' th eir job. ; ..... ' ... ... . , v . ,,.-s,. ' ' ' .' I w i l l p rove it. .1 k n o w of a w ork er on third sh ift, m ach in in g breech rin g castings, w hich castin gs take the explosion of every gun. or cannon. We are ^`.Am erica's g r e a te s t producers o f th is w ar m aterial. M aintenance crew werp ' repairing -lathe n ext to m achine where th is w orker w as employed. Forem an of 'm aintenance crew noticed on second night that w o rk er w as not producing. I t p eeved h im . so he a sk ed w orker, "H ow com e every tim e you ta k e a m achined .casting off lathe and place it on rack on floor that you w aste eigh t m inutes before y o u p lace a n oth er c a s tin g on lath e?" W orker replied, "I f I g e t out too ; m any ca stin g s they w ill cut the piece w ork price and I w ill not have so much -money on pay day." A piece work ( price that would never be cut, rather a .p rem iu m w ou ld be paid fo r m ore production. I w on d er if th a t w ork er isn 't thinking o f "g e ttin g " for h im se lf and ch ea tin g th ose b o y s w ho are d y in g for u s- T w onder if he d oesn 't b elo n g in the la tte r grou p s o f m en as described by Dr. Lee. You are to be congratulated on becom ing m em bers of our Ohio S teel Foundry fam ily, for w e feel you could work in no better plant. W e are controlled and ow ned by our p resid en t, Mr. John G alvin, w h o se ev ery th o u g h t is directed in behalf of those on the production lines. He has no desire for w ar profits. H is one am bition is giv in g it back in form s of good housekeeping, good safety, high w ages,, b est of w orking conditions, better foods in new cafeteria open for a ll em p lo y es, th e very b e st in d u stry can g iv e em p loyees, for he contends a healthy organization should produce the productivity needed to win this war and bring those boys back to their homes and industry where they rightfully belong. H e is n o t a c h ie v in g h is am bition. A b sen teeism o f 70 to 75 em ployees does not spell a healthy organization, We wonder if they have feasible ex cu ses? K n o w of a d ep artm en t w here forem an h as 50 men. A sk him on day a fte r pay day, "H ow m any m en ab sen t fro m w ork ?" H e w ill say 18 men and wom en. H ow com e? "They m ade too m uch m oney la s t w eek and w ill be oft until they spend it." Ladies, w hat do you think of a wom an w e discharged b ecause sh e cam e to w o rk 'in an in to x ica ted condition? W e w onder does such American Labor know our country is at war? W e hope no one in this group is seeking em ploym ent for the check he or she w ill receive on pay day. Rather, we hope you have a more noble ulterior m otive in mind,--w orking to restore the freedom lost on Pearl Harbor Day. Give it back to our children and those still unborn. T his is your task, do not disappoint us. W hen you lay off or sign an accident paper you are w orking for H itler and Hirohito. We ask three things of all new employees, and if you w ill only cooperate in ab id in g b y them w e w ould n ot k ill 102,500 people in A m erica each year. Our first request is to bring to w ork the thing God gave us and not the best in the field;, the mind-- the thinker. B ring it to w ork and keep it w orking for the eight hours you are on the job. Keep it functioning. Do not let it become . dormant. N ever perm it to to go back home or on some event or object outside the fen ce- W hen the mind leaves the body w e are ripe for an accident. W ill prove it. Tw enty years ago I worked for the Am erican Steel Foundry, at which tim e w e never suffered injuries as w e are experiencing today. We had p erson al co n ta ct then. W e k n ew , every m an's a b ilities, str o n g points and w e a k n e sse s. In d u stry 's problem child o f to d ay is too m uch w ork and too m any doing it. W e did hav a serious accident in Indiana Harbor on a Monday morn ing. W hy do safety men dislik e Monday m ornings? A few years back 'we su f fered six major accidents on Monday m ornings. W hy did six men leave plant, hale and hearty, m aster of their jobs, on six Saturdays and return to work 350 th e fo llo w in g M ondays to be tak en out in an am bulance before 10 a. m.? W hy did th eir job lick them on that day? Because in com ing to ivork they^w ere m entally and physically fatigued; som ething had destroyed their good health , over w eek-end. Here is a sacrifice w e can easily m ake--cut out the sip that g iv es u s false courage and renders (ys unfit to m aster .o u r job on Monday morn^e in b ack t0 seri0Us accident in Ind ian a H arbor, w e had a stea m -h a m m er m a n , Andy, an artist in his work. He had straightened thousands of cen ter-plates. This Monday m orning he placed plate in poor position under ham mer, plate fllew out striking-him in abdomen. Every,thing in stom ach oozed out. P laced him in am bulance, k n ow in g h is w ork had ended sit ham m er. U p per m anagem ent, being very much perturbed, asked "How and w hy w as he in jured?" ' T w o to u g h -q u e s tio n s ,to an sw er--how and w hy? I f you are ever u n fo r tu n a te to m eet, w ith 'a n injury, a sk y o u r se lf th ese q u estion s. 95 ou t o f 100 tim es you m ust blame yourself. For . an hour and a half our best mechanics inspected w orking operations of hammer, but discovered no cause for accident. Safety Engineer, whom everyone despised as the m eanest, nastiest, m ost - . hum an,--yes they even called him the vilest nam es spoken by man, spoke up-- "F e llo w s , 85% of a ll accid en ts are caused by hum an .failure.' H e w a s rig h t. H ospital telephoned that night advising Andy could be seen. Never w ill I forget th e scen e a s w e ..tip-toed to h is bed. H e w a s con sciou s en ou gh t a /V ? * 1" "*** us. W ith tears trickling down his cheeks he gave us an inkling of his mj y w h e n he said, "My boy w a s up before th e police m a g istra te a t 10 a. m. es,,, A ndy's body w a s a t the steam -ham m er, but h is m ind w as in the police court. He died the follow ing day because man cannot m aster the hazards of his wor when m ind is elsew here. , _ ... .. ' ,, I f y o u require fu rth er proof, le t's g o put to the State In stitu tio n on N or - West Street,-- a place for people who lose their mind. In all sincerity, from . know ledge and experience, I m ust tell you w hen man or woman cannot m aster the common hazards of the home, the highway, and industry'he is not af fording any m ore protection to his body than those people are behind iron bars. POur second request, consider the body God gave us to protect and keep forever. Do not maim or destroy it. Could you have access to all the m oney in First' National Bank, lose the end o f a finger, where can you purchase a re ' p lacem en t? I t's n o t for sale. H ave I one p resen t w ho h as placed va lu a tio n .on an eye, finger, leg, arm, hand? Do so today. Place a "price tag" on every part . of the body. Do you know who has a price tag on every organ and membe o f y o u r body? T he W orkm en's C om pensation L aw s o f Ohio. W oe to you the d a y they name the price for loss of any part of your body.. I recall tw o perm anent partial d isability claim s-- loss of eye in Springfield, lo ss of- le g in Lima. W hen I read th e price ta g on eye, 125 w eek s a t tw o -th ird s of avera g e w e^ y . w a g e rate, a m o u n tin g to $1,260.00, I th o u g h t claim an t w ould go throu gh the -r o o f. T old m e I w a s crazy. He w anted $10,000.00 and k n ew a person w ho w ould g e t it fo r him . "G eorge, I k n ow th e a ttorn ey you have in m ind. H e h as the sam e com pensation book I show you. He w ill lead you to believe he w ill get you a larger am ount, but in the end he w ill h ave $350.00 of your $1,260. . And so it w as. George returned to w ork dissatisfied. He became w hat w e call "an in d u stria l bum ," because of an accident. H e purchased a saloon first, his w ife deserted him second, he lost the saloon, then he approached me one day sa y in g , "R ay, I w ou ld rather have m y ey e than a ll the m oney in th e w orld. H e w as absolutely right. So w ill youif you. lose an eye. Price of an eye today is $2,625.00. Should you te ll m eyour v a lu e w ould be ten tim es th a t am ount, $26,250.00, I say you are cheap w ith ypurself. , F o r the L im a w ork er w ho lo st h is leg , h is com pensation w a s $2,650.00. a. also said I w as crazy. Even Dr. Talbott, whom he admired and respected be cause he saved his life, would not perm it such an award. He felt I w as em powered- to name any price. W ould that. I could. B eing unable to m ake a settlem ent, finally arranged a m eeting w ith claim ant and w ife in Dr. Tal o office. A fter tw o and a h a lf hours he agreed to a ccep t $2,650.00. T w ice during th a t period cla im a n t cried. W hy shouldn't he ? The fa th er of five little ch il dren, w ith lo s s o f leg? H is final b u rst of tea rs cam e w ith th is ou tb u rst My God, if you g iv e m e $50,000.00 for th a t le g (h ittin g stum p o f le g w ith fist) you w ould not be giv in g me enough. That w as m y leg, not a leg in Columbus. H e w a s rig h t. T h in k o f the w ords "price ta g s," keep them ev er in m ind. Third request is a thought carried over radio the night a lte r Pearl Bar bor: "I t's tim e th e A m erican pepole sh ow som e `g u ts,' g e t in 'th e r e and do the r job." T) your dii th e . com it folks, person i m ore be; because conceive limb, w l fo r g e t it We - a questi question w ithin y we need th eir he; 'and in i Now of know only wee us; ever: home, yc First Save you eyes, wh; has priv not thinl ; ham m ers pKt. ulcer, w i year? ft Let me : .fathers v children my eye. those we there is row, grie still, I pi Thirt came in t goggles, which he len s'w h ic an eye, y . since I d ten resoi of you pe v isio n wc w earing ; old file o and have biggest c d iscu ss "iv Christma: : last nick; I was goin grinding, your pur: have had ^ make any of such n I ('described f , Safet; |."do you ci ffitolt objec ||you back 'Why he is 351 "job." T h at's ju s t w h a t w e a sk o f every n ew em ployee. P u t a little "guts" 111 your dinner-pail so you w ill have the strength, courage, fortitude to m aster the.com m on hazards of your job. Go hom e each n ig h t tired b u t healthy. Do fit fo lk s. W e are the greatest people in the w orld and you are the greatest person in th is world if you could only think it. You m ay think o f other things more beautiful in life, more powerful-- of greater m agnitude; but you are greater ^because you can do the greatest' th in g that can be done in life--create a life, conceive a baby. I sa y th e second g r e a te st in life is to sa v e th e bab y's life and I lim b, w h e th e r it be a y ea r old, s ix y ea rs or s ix ty y ea rs. T h at's m y job. D on't fo r g e t it's y o u r job also, esp e c ia lly d u rin g the duration. ` i : i W e h a v e ab ou t 30 m in u tes le ft, b ut you can be excu sed if you w ill an sw er .-a- q u estio n I h a v e a sk ed o f a p p roxim ately 1,800 n ew em ployees H ere's you r ^question: Nam e som ething in your life greater than the heart w hich beats W ithin y o u r b rea st? I k n ew you w ou ld be silen t-- I ex p ected it. T h at's w h a t w e' need in Am erica today. If every man, woman and child would only put ' th eir h ea rt in th e ir w ork , every deed and act in our hom es, on our h ig h w a y s i>and i n in d u stry, no p eop les in -G od 's w orld could ever d e fe a t us. ~ NoW for explanation of com pany p olicies and sa fe ty ru les founded on years of k n o w le d g e arid exp erien ce. F req u en tly w e m eet w ith em p loyees w h o have only w e e k s o f exp erien ce and th ey lik e to te ll u s w h a t to do. You w o rk w ith us; e v e r y th in g w e te ll you is fo r the good o f you r ow n p erso n a l b ein g, your hom e, y o u r cou n try, and fo r V icto ry 's Sake. F ir s t ru le p erta in s to th e eyes, w h ich rep resen t 87 % o f w h a t you are today. , 'Save your eyes by w earing safety goggles. W herever there is a hazard to your | 'eyes, where other workers wear goggles, you also m ust w ear goggles. No worker M has privilege of entering Cleaning Departm ent w ithout w earing goggles. Do - riot th in k of it as a Kell or inferno. It is a departm ent w here m en use chipping S fU ts " ham m ers and grinding w heels, a particle of which can enter your eye, cause an l. ulcer, w ith p o ssib le lo ss of eye. Do you k n o w 20,000 w o r k e r s lo s e an eye each year? W hy? Because they w ere careless and th ou gh tless in eye protection. L et m e p ictu re a scen e en acted in 20,000 A m erican hom es each y ea r because I1 fa th e r s w e r e . ca reless w o rk ers and lo st th eir eyes. T h ey Call th eir w iv e s and children to g e th e r and say, "T his is the sad d est day o f our life -- th e day I lo st &. m y eye. A ll th e p leasu res, h ap p iness, jo y s th a t w e h ave had in our hom e and , fr th ose w e a n ticip a ted in b eh a lf of the children are fly in g o u t th e w in d ow and t ' th ere is so m e th in g com in g th rou gh the door to ta k e th e ir plaee--rsadness, so r row, grief, because the day I lost my eye I destroyed my good health and greater If. still, I put a m ortgage on m y power to earn m oney the rest of my life." : I T h irty-tw o w eeks ago la st Saturday, Pete Urem ovich, roll shop chipper, came into h osp ital at 7:07 a. m. He started w ork at 7 a. m., by w ea rin g his f goggles. Seven m inutes later he reported to hospital w ith broken goggle lens which he displayed as having saved his eye. Here is the goggle w ith broken len s'w h ich saved his eye. The steel chip w liich broke lens could'have destroyed an eye, y o u rs a s w e ll a s P e te 's. I said th is happened 32 w e e k s ago. E v ery day since I dem onstrate this goggle by striking good lens w ith a padlock eigh t or ten resounding blows. Lens is still intact (dem onstration made.) W ould any of you perm it me to strike your naked eye in such a manner? No, because your vision would be destroyed. Yet w e have new em ployees w ho like to cheat on w earing goggles. Shortly before last Christmas I found a new em ployee grinding old file on a stan d grinder. C alled him to me. "Y ou n g m an, y o u are m arried and h ave ch ild ren ." "Y es," h e replied. "T on igh t you are g o in g hom e w ith the b ig g e s t ch eck (p a y day) you ever received and I'll b et you and your w ife w ill discuss w hat you shall buy your children for Christmas, m ake it the happiest C h ristm as o f th eir y o u n g liv e s. I'll even bet you are one w h o w ou ld spend your last n ic k e l to g iv e so m eth in g to th ose you love." "Yes," he said. I th o u g h t he w a s g o in g to em brace m e. "S till," I told him, "W hen you grin d a s you w ere grinding, w ithout your goggles, you are inviting an injury w hich could destroy your p u rch a sin g pow er fo r su ch a C hristm as." L isten to h is reply: "H ell, I h ave had so m an y in ju ries and accid en ts already in life if I lo se an eye it w on't m ake any difference to me." A sw ell father w ith children. Industry has plenty of such new workers. I wonder, does he belong in the latter group of men as described by Dr. Lee? . - S a fe ty R u le No. 2. T ell m e part o f body injured m ost. L ad ies, w h a t part do you cut m ost frequently in kitchen? Index finger, certainly. W orkers per m it objects to fall on their fingers, hands and eventually the feet. W ill take you b ack to N ew Year--1932, to prove Mr. G alvin's w isd om , k n o w led g e and w hy he is capable of tellin g us how to work. In stu d yin g the accident experi- ' ; 352 " ences of Lim a and Springfield plants 'he noticed in Springfield report that in one d ep artm en t, ten dep artm en ts a t th a t time:--M olding D epartm ent. T hirteen m old- ers in 1931 had perm itted and allow ed objects to fa ll on their feet. E ach m older w a s off a p p ro x im a tely 12 w eek s. "13x12" sa y s Mr. G alvin, "E q u als 156 w eek s, 156 p a y ch eck s w h ich did n o t go into hom es o f 13 w o rk ers d uring the d ep ressive y e a r o f 1931." A nyone h ere1w orked for a liv in g in 1931? You did? T ell m e the a m ou n t o f you r p aych eck . "V ery little ? " Y es you are rig h t. T hen Mr. G alvin a d v ise d su p ervision o f h is decision. "W e can n ot w ork for th e w orker, he m ust w ork for . him self. W e cannot think for the worker, he m ust think for him self. Since it is difficult for some to w ork and think to protect them selves and fam ilies we m ust think for them. H ereafter, every employee m ust w ear safety shoes. If em ployees fail to cooperate and suffer a foot injury because of failure to w e a r sa fe ty sh oes, he a u to m a tica lly "k isses" h is job goodbye." N a tu ra lly som e w orkers objected. They w anted to w ear tennis shoes, bedroom slippers, worn out dress shoes, anything but the proper footwear, especially.in a foundry. H ow ever, w herever you find men you find good m en predom inate. T hey co operated and told other workers of saving foot injuries by w earing safety shoes. Two things have given our company the greatest safety record in the State of Ohio: Cooperation on the part of em ployees in w earing safety shoes and com pulsion on part of m anagem ent in m aking w orkers w ear 'them, fear of d ism issal if injured, have given our com pany th is great safety record. W e have not suffered a disabling toe injury because w orkers did not w ear safety shoes sin ce M arch 15, 1935; over e ig h t y ea rs in com parison to 13 m en in one d ep art m e n t s 1931. D on't you th in k w e k n ow w;hat is b est for you? Cooperate w ith us, you Will be the better for it. E very w orker needs a.g o o d bed, a good pair o f sh oes. H e spends 24 hours a day in them . W e have Safety M eetings once a month, n oon .and m idnight. W hy a t m id n igh t? W e think as much of our m en on the graveyard sh ifts as. w e do of those on days. Their efforts are equally v ita l for V ictory. W e g iv e $160.00 in W ar Bond's and W ar Stam ps a t m eetings. If every w orker in your zone w orks sa fely .w ithout accidents and your clock number is drawn you are eligible for an award. If some worker- in your zone suffers an accident during the m onth and your, num ber is draw n, you are denied the aw ard. A $50.00 W ar Bond is also given each Monday if worker w orks fu ll tim e during the previous w eek. If w orker lays off w ork and number is drawn he does not receive the Bond. W in n ers of fo llo w in g M onday's aw ard w ill receiv e $100.00 Bond. "YOU cannot sp ell V ictory w ith an ABSENT--T." ' * A y e a r ago Mr. H. P. H eyne, one of th e b e st s a fe ty sp eak ers in Ohio, con ducted S a fety M eetings. W h ile here he ask ed , "H ow do you g e t you r men to w ear safety shoes-- some companies have this difficulty?" R eaching in desk d raw er I rem oved a s a fe ty shoe. "H ere is the answer;, Mr. H eyne: T his shoe w as worn by Leo Rice, chainman. If any w orkers m ust know safety they are our cranem en and chainm en. They m ust w ork in unison, in harmony the same as an orchestra. If they err in signals, som ething happens. Signals w ere crossed th is day-- a m ista k e w a s m ade. L arge Lim a L ocom otive crosshead fe ll on Leo's foot. D iscovery w as m ade in hospital'' th at fo o t did not show a scratch, a drop of blood. Leo w as given a new pair of shoes and this shoe is used to demon strate to new w orkers w hy they m ust w ear safety sh.oes." Shoe w a s placed on d esk and con v ersa tio n w ith Mr. H eyn e continued. F ifte e n m inutes la ter Leo cam e in to h osp ital. I called him over, a sk in g , "Do you see a n y th in g here th at b elo n g ed to you." "Y es," he replied, "T hat s a fe ty sh oe b elon ged to me. H adn't b een fo r th a t shoe I w ould have been off for 12 week?." "Leo, could your w ife and tw o bab ies h a v e suffered to have "you a w a y from w ork for 12 w eek s?" He rep lied , "My w ife and tw o babies dem and th a t I .can't be off even fo r 12 m in utes." Perhaps your w ife and babies demand this of you. This is our story of safety shoes. -Cooperate by w earing them. S a fe ty R ule No. 3. R ep ortin g of in ju ries to your forem an and h osp ital. Let me clarify this point; if you do not understand, interrupt. I w ill gladly repeat. W henever you suffer an injury do not think it trivial or unim portant. You may not be as tough as you think you are. W e have no employee who can consider h im self or his w ork so im portant that he cannot take tim e off for medical care. You know the story of life: Man cut finger, no m edical care, infection, am putation, gangrene, amputation hand and arm. We m ust have discipline, demand workers . receive m edical care for every injury. We take your clock num ber, nam e, p art injured, for your fu tu re protection. Since 'hom e and h ig h w ay in ju ries' are four tim es greater than industrial injuries, do not report an injury six w eek s later. We may have reason not to believe you. We have cheatei for si-x hernia, he was benefits fered i am inati from h. us to b . Spe form ate lived. 1 where j I didn't w as no educatic Trainin; Pro; If so, h colored properly not our admirat; Use you back. A a baseb team? T my bach catcher in same weak st b etw een head. V W ' common 9 - Kno- Si necessar; intellige; to procei he mighi understa: low instr ta k es. Y> opera tior standing w ill have C sweepers _ dangerou injury. ' : w a sn 't tl Ladies, y \ Veronica - trol. Hai clothing , tight fitt 1 ta k e min' is kind, . We h O'. . w a n ts to \ p loyee's c spots, WO! on floor : m eaness; think was jb in g befort '# p lo y ees p *A<- K n ew jar, trouble, f -J'-V,, a&*r.. 353 ch ea ters, w e h a v e j a i l s becau se o f them. H ave ;i'n m ind a w orker em ployed for six w eek s. H e w anted to be fired so he could enter su it a g a in st us for a . hernia. H is claim and affidavits did not possess m erit. rF ellow -w ork er sw ore he w a s w ith cla im a n t a t tim e of injury s'o cla im a n t w ou ld receive financial benefits. Claim ant lost, suits because investigation revealed h is hernia w as su f fered in another plant, .nine years previous. H ow did he pass physical ex a m in a tio n ? G ave card he w a s to ta k e to dpctor's office to his brother, free from hernia, who w as accepted in name of claim ant. T h is class of men forces us to .be careful. - . S p ea k in g of ja ils, w a s p la y in g b aseball in E lm ira, N. Y., w here b oys' r e form atory is located. Told friend I would like to see reform atory, how the. boys lived. He said if you w a n t to see a sig h t be at railroad sta tio n a t 6:30 a. m., w h ere y o u w ill see 12 or 13 coach es of bad boys from N ew York and B rooklyn. I didn't see a n y th in g in th o se b o y s' faces' th a t I do n o t see in yours. There w as nothing unkind, beastly, inhuman-- no, I only saw lack of training and education-7-h o m e en viron m en t. To m e there is no su ch th in g as a bad boy. T ra in in g an d ed u cation ;is the answ er, and how w e need it i n . in d u stry today. ' P rop er lif t in g of o b jects is m o s t im portant. "Is there a C.C.fa. boy present?" If so, he w ill te ll y o u 1 h ow to lif t properly. R eca ll a group of 25 m en, one colored C.C.C. boy o f 19. A sked him C.C.C. in stru ctio n s on how to lif t object properly; lik e a m ajor he said, "In liftin g ob jects th ey told us to u se our le g s, not our back." H ow proud I w as of him--group arose in chairs in aw e and ad m iration a t colored boy 19, w ho told them so m eth in g th ey did n o t k n ow a t 60. Use your leg s in liftin g, not your back. There is no such thing as a s tr o n g . back. Ask your fam ily physician, he w ill tell you likew ise. Hope all have seen a baseball gam e; have m et several who have not. Who is the rains on the team ? The catcher--h is m ovem ents w ilt show you proper liftin g position. W atch my back as I crouch like a catcher. Back rem ains straight, the legs bend. As catcher sign als pitcher in a squatted position, then you pick up object w hile in sam e position. N ever lift object in front of you or sidew ise. It is, then those w eak 'stom ach m uscles fail, the potential hernia becom es evident. Two bones betw een knee and hip w ill not fail you--they possess strength to lift. Use your' h e a d . W h en 1brain telegrap h s to hands-- do not lif t it, leave, lift alone. Good common sense w ill prevent m ost back injuries. K now your job! W hat is of greater importance to you? T hree-steps are necessary in the training of new workers. Telling, show ing, testing, supervising, in te llig e n tly . Be kind to you rself. W hen in stru ctor a sk s, "Do you fe e l qualified to proceed w ith your w ork?" never tell him yes becapsq you are proud, When he m ig h t th in k you are ig n o ra n t if . you say no. T ell him "No" if you do n ot understand; you w ill receive further training. Our problem -- too m any men a l lo w in str u c tio n s to go irv one ear and out the other, r e su ltin g in too m any m is takes. You are hot perm itted to operate m achinery unless you know its w orking operations. Keep safe distance from heavy crane lifts, especially if you are standing near an im movable object. Load may be off-center, if chains fail' you w ill have no retreat and may suffer serious injuries. Yeserday saw four women sw eep ers,:three stepped out of danger as crane w as approaching w ith a very dangerous lift, the other stood w atching lift pass over her head, thereby inviting injury. A sk e d -h e r if she w as fo llo w in g instructions. She replied, "I gu ess I ' w a sn 't, th in k in g ." T hese are the first five words' sp ok en by injured w orkers. Ladies, you m ust protect yourselves, even more than men. W e do not w ant any Veronica Lake style of hairdress. W ear turbans, hats--keep tresses under con trol. H air entangled in m achinery can deprive you of your scalp. W ear loose cloth in g of hard m aterials. We admire curves, grace, beauty, but do not wdar tig h t fittin g sw eaters w hich display such a form. Men may become distracted, take mind off work, etc. If you have any troubles, consult your forem an who is kind, sym pathetic, understanding. W e h ave now com e to Good H ou sek eep in g. H ow w e love it. Mr. G alvin w ants to make your w orking home as clean as your livin g home. Every em p lo y ee's coop eration is needed, but w e do not g e t it. Could I tak e you to certain sp ots, w ou ld a sk you, "D id men eat dinner here today?" P o in tin g to-food scraps on floor you would have to asknow ledge it. Men did not do this because of m ean ess; th ey did it because th ey w ere th o u g h tless-- didn't think. W ho do you th in k w a s sta n d in g on the sp eak er's platform w h ile N a tio n a l A nthem w a s p la y in g b e fo r e ' sta r t of a S a fety M eeting? Colored ja n ito r in locker room. 800 em p lo y e e s p resen t, 300 w ere old valued em ployees train ed in com pany p olicies. K n ew jan itor and good housekeeping are synonym ous, knew janitor w as in trou b le. 500 n ew . em p loyees did not, still m ust be trained, educated a lo n g good -v . ... ' 854 : - * . ' . . > ' * ' . ' * h ,, u ^ e .p ta i lin e, ^ 2 r ^ v s s s x s . I : K ais. w . i w . k e e p in g in 4 ,. . >f)litaininK nreparation for p reven tion of a th lete fo o t d isease. in .W rubber tub MPm ebne in a u th o r ity T his is your Som eone m u st 8?e. him. how w ith one below par m entally or physically, responsibility. Should you woi. saVin e "T o u cannot th row help train him to be a good worker. There `^ ^ ^ on youSeifT - K eep yourself perfume on others without getting a few drops on yourseu. V ^ I l i a yor w o rt b en c h 'clean. II you . a worker commlttlnir a n' 15 S T * ." .h who sp!r m afrty" w o r S r In' p lan t U d irty a t hom e. ' g o in g n ow . -I am g o in g hom e w ith each one o f you. me, I ju n * * m eet th e s w e lle s t person in the w orld, you r w ife, m other, h u s b ^ n . ;^ ea<jh w ord "w ife ." I k n o w her th o u g h ts todayr-rw hat sh e w ill a sk w y .. h om e K n o w led g e and experience in th is w o rk h a s g iv en it to m . , ~av them r , TM " - ? t " l * I write eight or ten and she w ill ask you what I wrote. L e ts presume a few things T l o i r nam e is Ray* y o u leave w ork a t 4:30 p. m., a rriv e hom e each day a t 4:55 p. m. Could I s it in you r t notice her look- today, tw o -weeks, S V u w h ^ sL in g a t c lo c k , on w a ll a t 4:45 p. m.? I can te n y o u w u is th in k in g her Ray,--you, w ill be home in ten m inutes. % & * " She what'"she .the m orning so th in k s a ll day long. She sent you out in the " " ,8 n o w O T M t in g P you can earn the dollars for the sustenance of life. She isn ow ^ expe g y hom e a t 4:45 p. m. W hen you enter you r k itch en door, lay. your ain e p . on tab le, y o u w ill have brou ght sunshin e, h a p p in ess, joy into>J TM T your Because you are the wage-earner, the father, husband ' fa m ily and hom e. I f you h aven't seen it y et, som e Se 7 y o u i e 1 < child reach in your dinner pail, rem ove a dry * 6 ur child's preference to fresh food on the supper table. W h y. :ieU o w mind there is a thought. She is thinking that belonged to e great in the w orld, m y daddy. You be hom e every day a t 4.65 they need you. You are working for a company that als w a you to be home y ? do a t 4:55 p , m. W e w ill lend every endeavor, spend every 1 * ve see"days g e t hom e a t 4:55 p, m. W e need your coop eration to do so. 1 . , hom e at w hen th is cooperation w as not given, w hen .a w orker d possess the 7:55 p. m .- t h e day he le ft here in an am bulance because he did not possess the w ill, determ ination, guts to m aster his job. _ about W hy do I speak_in such after Pearl Har- which we m ight not know all e - the ffrea test events in his- bor w e celebrated the 150th anniversary of one of the g v e a X t ^ the tory. W hat w as it? The 150th a n n iv e r s a r y o f t h e B illo f R ig h t s . ^ ^ B ill of Rights? How many m illions o f u s d o not know? Th^ " bless- us freedom of religion, press assem bly by 3ury' J " Sountrle^ K that - in gs o f freedom w e possess but a*e " . ld aay x do n o t blam e anyone flag of ours could speak, this is w hat it w ould say, R ights w as cele- for not know ing when 150th a n n i ^ s a r y of the^BlU right* to brated nor of w hat the- B ill of R ig you as freely as the air you breathe, . I have been sunk in foreign hoys' Today " w aters. I have becam e desmirched Wlth the ^ appreciation for all that I am b e g g in g , im ploring, b eseech in g y o u to sh.>w you r W * * " l a s t P earl H ar- I children, ,or a * r.a ,er ^ wonder how ,,an y ol - of the peoples conquered by H itler. H ow do the people o f Greece are streets from starvation i S . SO o v ir to sr ?? S ^ n 'C ^^ h . ^ h l i t r S t " o ' W h e n h e w o rh a to 10 h e r e w eek fc- he sees . him by to deatl w h a t hi Citizen we wor w ill fly Day con form in that eve during t work e\ conscien us; a pa then thr hope, al. have a i - and not jusft whe In c them un w ords ir. beacon 1, and Goot shoes. E three ch: not have cause I r a little g room. SI. toe nails, they star own swe ecstacy, j search of ran into her moth instrum ei ately she girl was brother, off w as t agony an saw her cried out her neigh doorsteps. American: intent, pr rushed to onto the permit, to her back, shades of in the hot - der when upon the ..used no n ' tub?" She .... If any |i>eing-- to Good Hea ^attentive ; Chair r. iproach I t plants. 355 |w e e k fo r no pay?. T hat's w h a t H itle r p ays him . A sk him w h a t h e th in k s w hen Ihe se e s th e tra.de labor union rig h ts for w h ich he sold F rance tak en aw ay from rhim by H itler? A sk;him w hat he thinks w hen he sees his w ife slow ly starving to d ea th and h is children b ein g raised in sla v e r y and serfdom ? H e w ill te ll us Iw hat he thinks. He w ill tell us to 'g o back home and tell every American iijcJitizen n o t to m ak e the m ista k e w e m ade in F ran ce. "W e w orked too little , "W 'w o rk ed too' la te ." Some day w e w ill be th e v icto rs. Some day our flag $ w ill fly higher than all the nations' flags of the world. W hen that great Peace f p a y com es there w ill be a parade in every city, ham let, town. A parade w ill Sforni in yoUr square in Lima. Do you know our am bition ,our hope? W e hope that every Ohio Steel Foundry em ployee w ill so conduct h im self and herself >rker It' in g d u rin g th e d uration, k eep h is good? h ealth , free from in ju ries and accident, w ill w ork every day demanded of him, so w hen the parade is form ing you w ill c o n sc ie n tio u sly fe e l a t h eart th a t you w ere a p art o f th e "b oys" w ho died fo r 3 are 1 us; a part of every parachute, gun, cannon, destroyer, cruiser, tank. You can ig to"* ',,.then ' th ro w ou t :you r ! chest, g e t in the parade. Y ou w ill be a p art o f it. W e l use *hope, ; also, tthat w e do not have one sin gle em ployee on th at day who w ill reach :'i have a g u ilty conscience, w ho k n o w in g ly w ork ed on ly for him self, h is greed, ?oing -and not. his country. He w as cheater and w ill hide behind the bush or barn, them jus^t w h ere be b elo n g s. . . ^ ment. In conclusion I w ish to leave two words w ith you. I w ant you to take . Tou .'.them unto you, em brace them , love them if hum anly possible. Place .th ese tw o from words in such a position that you w ill alw ays see them. They w iil serve as iook- beacon ligh ts illum inating your future pathways. These two words are Safety She and Good H ealth . Y ou recall Mr. H eyne, w hom I m entioned in story o f sa fe ty t she `S&i- shoes. H e to ld m e of an in cid en t in C leveland. H e k n ew the parents o f th ese ig so three children. W ould such a catastrophe ever occur in your home you would ; you not have a pleasurable moment as long as you live, I tell it to the women be pail cause I respect them as ladies. This Cleveland wom an took her three children-- Why? a little girl, so tall; a little boy, so tall, and a babe in her arms, to the bath your room. She bathed the little girl and boy and sat them on a stool to trim their little toe nails. Then she wiped them dry. Like all good healthy American children, it in th ey sta rted to run u p sta irs in th e nude,* naked. W h y shouldn't they, in th eir h ild 's m ow n s w e e t in nocence? It w a sn 't lo n g b efore th e little girl, fu ll of happiness, ellow . ecstacy, joy, had her outburst of laughter. Her fun had ceased and she w ent in yp; search of som ething which would afford her m ore laughter. Unfortunately she home j,-. ran in to th e bathroom , w h ere her ey es fe ll upon the pair o f scisso rs used by >u do i c/j her :m other to trim their nails. She did n o t k n ow th e dangers of th a t sharp days A.\\ instrum ent but she did know it w as som ething she could cut- w ith. U nfortun- ne at iC-M j, a t e l 'sh pick d up the scissors, m other s till'b a th in g th e baby, and a s th e little s the g ir l wSfc w a lk in g out of the bathroom , w ho con fron ted her but her little baby ", brother, The on ly th in g she could see on her lit t le brother th a t she could cut about Hari hiss the gave bless- t ! that nyone celelts to >reign -- Today l that Harreater t-. off w as th little thing that made him a boy. The little brother scream ed in agony and suffering. Mother left the baby in th tub, rushed to him as she sa w her son,' her ow n liv in g flesh and blood, b leed in g and hem orrahging, sh e cried out in supplication and w ant to her God in such a pitch of voice-th at her neighbors heard her within their homes. They m et her as she reached the doorsteps. U n fo rtu n a tely one of h er n eig h b o rs w a s a m an lik e the 102,500 Am ericans I have been discussing for the last hour. Though he had every good intent, purpose to serve her in her sorrow, affliction, he lost his head. He rushed to th e g a ra g e, p u t 'k ey in ig n itio n , p u t car in to reverse and raced out onto the driveway. He failed to look out side window, rear vision would not permit, to see if anyone w as on driveway. The little girl w as there and he broke her back. Now, mother had tw o crippled children to take to hospital. As the shades of evening were falling that night this mother le ft her two lifeless forms in the hospital. The Angel of Death had stolen them from her. It is any won der w hen she reached her home her heart was< fu ll of sorrow as she gazed upon the little h igh chairs, k n ives and forks, cups and saucers th at w ould be irings ading vation /er to ed his u m bly n by? lives, jurs a used no m ore? Then she asked, "H as an yon e cared fo r m y baby in th e b a th tub?" She rushed to the bathroom to find her little baby had drowned. . . If any of you know of two words that m ean more to your own personal . b ein g -- to, you r hom es-- your country, and fo r V icto ry 's sak e than S afety and Good H ealth, it w ill be a pleasure to talk w ith you. Thanks for being such an atten tive audience. , C hairm an U en tsch lers T hank you, Mr. O'C onnell, th a t's quite a n ew ap proach I think you gave us for the induction of new em ployees into our own plants. ; , . i.s M fetw i-JS S ' r s - f . ' : rS I am g la d th a t y o u h a v e go en 9 e ia d th a t num ber 17 coupon cam e ,out - w ea rin g sa fe ty toe sh oes and I'm aw fu lly ^ ^ . ^ o - e ^ e n ' t o w e a r i n g them b e- because it looks as ** ^ B u iw h a t I w ould like* Mr. O'Connell to te ll cause they ca n t get anything els . .. bv exam ole get men to me, how did t .y put ,, a , sat.ty ah o.sJu st b . " 7 . 4ht e c a u se o a i r w . tBTM .a d tbd r ^ w : W M .r :th w Z t rr . o - ^ y V . ? o r .TM n sayin g. 'You * * ^ * * *** " i .7 d a TM r N ow, that's the point I'm bringing 0 t here. . ^ . . MO. O 'C o itn e ll) W l , th a t could W a p s w - d ^ y c i t i n g yon sac WC had th e c o . ah ^ s " tor the la st 2 ih . r f ttc. I am no s r . t , r r ^rz*j. 32 " ' " ^ *"* ,, rT atT n ot had on safety toe shoes I would s r r ,oa ii th e r r r i o ,, r . s 5r lS'sc o ,, \ r . ta , i r y w y s A - * * - - * ? * . Fortunately, I had n safety t o e . bear a lot about the accident, A nother thing about acciden P ' n abQu t (the accidents, som etim es of'-course, w e know w e scrib b le up an aw ru i 10 about it. W e have had p y . , ,, lik th a t j WOnder h ow m any o f us . the accident now an our r & very sm all percentage of the men in any ever stop to think that there y t,, e W e try to find out and our organisation that g et hurt, a v . r y p . r c . n t a g o . W t r y U a long m edical departm ent of course could give us those n g ^ ^ som6 tlm e ag0 we tim e to g et the m edical departme S ^ the departm ent to keep tab made a survey of all the injuries else, and w e found th at in the departments, minors, majors and everything months of this year the total for the tbJ e w e found that we w hole shop of those who we e ; bei ng injured in the three months had 40% of the, m en w ho been in ie m edical departm ent\tw elve tim es h r ' h o l l ' f i i u r ^ ' a n d we found other departments where the average was '" yNo,w% don't g o t n,c w r . * don't maan to say ,, nr ,, c o r d -w h c n you got a hold of t h .s . are th e o n es th a t are p u llin g +Vli>_. repeaters you don't w ant to go out ,, ba t and say, "N ow, listen , buddy, TM " ' J' That would be the ^ rS M ^ d o o s give him a line o n - * h* N"''liiToit""iSt to and . . . w hat they a r e ic in g " " lh Syou , too. Ma y b . y o u can i r / X u because, after all you know, w . arc all inclined d a i L t - w h .n only a a n ,, p .r c .n ta g . o , the men , the departm ent are rolling up all the accidents. M r. D om ino: May I just give a little TMithn the^W .est S teel C asting - . ' ' 367 .. - ; ' found it as y e t necessary. t o 'enforce safety /glasses as a m atter of company policy. Our policy so far has been a matter, of suggestion, but one th in g that .we h a v e tro u b le w ith is the fe llo w w ho w ea rs g la sse s, w ho a lw a y s seem s to com e b a ck w ith th e fa c t th a t he can't see as good w ith s a fe ty g la s s e s on, and we have tried several different types. Now, I wonder if anyone had a suggestion on how w e can handle those fellow s?. W ill w e have to resort to controvrsy or just w hat can w e, tell those fellow s to get them to w ear those goggles? Mr. O'C onnell: W ell, I tried to b rin g th a t out in th a t sta te m e n t, w h ere I told th e man to think of his home and children s w ell as him self, but of course it takes training and Education, and I think youu can m ake them do it by constant training and education and occasionally m aking an exam ple out of one of them and so on. - ^ ; .-,.W . - Mr. R . W . P en d leto n (G rinnell C om pany): W,e have a foundry here in 'Ohio th a t I'm c a llin g on d u rin g m y v is it to Colum bus to a tten d th is C ongress. I g u e s s I h a v e atten d ed ''th is C ongress for the la s t sev en teen y e a r s - and I h aven 't heard anything that has been more helpful than w hat w e have heard this m orn in g. I th in k Mr. O'C onnell's ta lk w a s very p ra ctica l and w o rth -w h ile. I w o u ld lik e to m ak e a com m ent on th is g en tlem a n 's rem arks on :the num ber of injuries that are being reported. I think that is very helpful and if you have in your p la n ts proper coordination you can find out those th in gs. I think >f there is a point byond w hich we should not discourage th men from going to e the first air room. I believe you w ill agree that there are men in the shop P that are on jobs that are monotonous, perhaps you have a good looking nurse .dt 'r athned npuerrhseaposnthaenyy wporueltdenliskee wtoh avtaervyert. heTmheorneotaorney uannddoau?b taenddly hmavaenya traelpkeawteitrhs s there as this gentlem an has brought out. t Now on the m atter of safety shoes, th at'is one of the things that has been b o th erin g us, th a t num ber 17 coupon, and I understand th a t our s ta te s re not uniform in the application of w ays of gettin g safety shoes for our employees. I hope th a t is g o in g to be w orked out as ap p aren tly it has been here in Ohio, you don't n eed , th e num ber 17 coupon, if the m an needs s a fe ty 's h o e s for his d w o rk he can g e t them w ith o u t sacrificing one of his precious 17 coupons. s Now on the m atter of goggles, I have found through the years that it is y - possible of course, as .m ost of you know, to obtain special prescription lenses r for th men w ho w ear glasses that have the safety feature incorporated in the len s. T h a t's num ber one.;. . : . e , Number tw o, they .have an all-over safety goggle that goes over glasses. o It is p ro b a b ly a little m ore exp en sive but it can be adjusted to su it th e m an's y face and features and be comfortable. If you consult your goggle m anufac e turer there are m any of them reliable who can tell you how to overcom e the s objections su ch -as foggin g and discomfort and w hat have you. 3 s N ow ,, th a t I th in k is an ea sy th in g to overcom e. Mr. O'C onnell I b eliev e has 3 th e correct approach. I t's g o t to be sold r ig h t a t the source, y o u 'v e g o t to S believe in it yourself and having that start I believe the rest is simple. Mr. E versb acb (U nited Motor Service, Inc., Lima, O hio): I ju st am w onder ing w hether you provide prescription goggles. * ' Mr. O'C onnell: Y es, w e do. a Mr. E verslm ch: I thought that w as the question th at the gentlem an before ' the la st gentlem an tried to bring out, the fact that they had difficulty in using 3 . them , if th e y w ere ju st u sin g the protective g o g g le , th a t is, the jplain g o g g le * over glasses, or if they had to take pff their glasses, w hich would interfere 3 . w ith th eir ey e s. I'm tr y in g to find out more in form ation on the prescription 1 : goggle, ju st to w hat extent prescription goggles are provided, w hether you . I f t _ provide them. . . . Mr. O'C onnell: ' ' W e provide them free of charge. , ........ ' - And also regarding the ' . num ber 17 stam p,, if you w o rk w ith your ra tio n in g board I don't th in k you w ill ! have any trouble. - .. N ow , it is n o t n ecessa ry for any of our em ployees to u se the num ber 17 ' f; stam p, th e y can use th a t to purchase a pair of dress shoes if th ey w a n t to. W e ' ; h ave a b la n k e t form th a t g iv e s the num ber of their ration book and w e don't 3 ; have any trouble a t all w hen they w ant to buy safety shoes. It has been ironed T out through W ashington and bur own rationing board in Lima and I am sure i; th a t y o u p eop le can do th e sam e thing, so 17 stam p doesn't w orry u s a t all. : f-' ' Mr. H arold S eg ra v es (A m erican R adiator & Standard S an itary Corp., E lyria, 1 7, I m ight add that the past two w eeks w e set up our system w ith the opa w .. * . * i in 1938. I t ta k e s a lo t of ed u cation p ictu res and l0 " g g " " J oe|I inP our plant. constant .talking and w e haven t had started our program. We started a I m ight give just a brief idea how w e startea P ^ w a s COVered and 100% safety shoe coverage. . ths w hich covered five or six Through a period of about ftv . t w h ere w e had 100% protection hundred employees, w e finally r ^ and give us a lot of tips. Some of you coverage. The shoe m en call a t th* p la n ta n d g iv e us aprogram for you. ; fello w s call on your shoe m anufacturer he w h lp at t he rationing board , , in th e p a st tw o w e e k s w e have had * m 88t a con n ection w ith the / whereby, we have established a sh0 lo c a l hank. and_ w e issu e our ow n s n'0w to the em ployees. W e have tw o ^ personnel manager who have em ployees m. the shop, w e haY a f . tll rati0ning board m anager to issue the State of Ohio. "y " , . >* s*vou c -- ontact your *-ratio ~ning . Mr, A. H. Lana . m y , pnniunction w ith the foundries w hereby these w b e * w o u m . anternatlonal M oliera 30T)^ ^ " j J f S b een th e first y ea r tl^at i 5 t y CThe M em b ersof our lo ca l h ave b egu n to appre- C ntVe wLTt W e s f s a f e t y d ev ices have m ean tto em ploym ent. W eHaven't had cate w h at trese saiety ^ Qrwi a. h a lf y esterd a y w ith one of any sa fety .h o . prof *J and Se e s p i e d the .iu a tlo d in re- the display managers at th . . comT,iy w ith m y w ish e s and m ake a gard to that safety shoe, and he agreed to fall v isit to the company that I am connected w ith and l know t t a u there in line w ith regard to safety -J * S X those conditions is bad, and l etnbe" sm ^ o \Sr rnTernaationagl sen t m e here to g e t :a ll the in s and ou ts per o. o. h . discarded " f `"' o n ' . l but I'm going back to the interna the working condition^ w ill and th . members and explain to them ^ , lot and if there is any advice J or anybody else, I would be glad to y U^ i Ut and tak e f t back to the m em bers o f bur in tern ation al. Chairman K entsehler:, W ell, I think g TM S : r: x;fa L y; d T o \ h ? k d i v T d u S t h r h a L r d s under w h ich he is w o rk in g w h en he isn 't p roperly protected. . the matter of w hether the A nsw erihg this gentlem an w 0 t I think there are state laws $1s a f e t y Sg : ZTS$ 51 lasses and safet y2ut2oe\?8 S8S ?in d ustr by y' and relative "the com pany to and certa the in re safety sponsi bility of the employees^in ^ Qur einployees u su a lly once a year th a t^ o n ta fn s the sections of the la^ s^ ing ^ ^ M d u a l w e S in g 0^ ^ x r y i r ,r .o V " " a -- - half a dozen out of the " `p; " " : " 7 m c r e a and had a ll styles of s u ^ d a ^ ' S o . r ^ o H "^ . ~ w .r * Shoe,  359 . * ly'ou m ak e y o u r selectio n from w h a t he had, b u t w e didn't g e t a lo n g so fa st, it :lwas a m a tte r o f co n sta n t rep etitio n o f the s a fe ty -fe a tu r e of sa fe ty shoes. A fter w e g o t our forem an sold w e gave our em ployees an opportunity to become ^interested by conversation, by safety talks, by posters about the subject, and |w hen w e had some toe injuries w e took up the old shoe th at had been worn to show that a protective shoe m ight have prevented the . injury. . ' "We m ade up som e d isp la y boards and th en in 1938 w e had a d isp lay of ffsafety shoes, different styles, we had a safety shoe section to show' the protec tive toe, we had some shoes that had been worn by men that had been injured, jw e had some photographs of injured feet that showed how badly the toes had gbeen crushed. W e a lso had litera tu re a v a ila b le , and fin a lly w e 'm ade a par- M . ticular effort to stress to the women the safety feature of these shoes and ill w ith in a m o n th a fte r our open h ou se w e had 50% o f our em p loyees w h o pur- ^ chased sa fety shoes, and then w e follow ed this th in g, along, explaining it. to I S p each new em ployee that came along, until w e had about ninety-seven or ninety- " ' -'W : e ig h t p ercen t o f th e em p loyees ' w e a r in g s a fe ty sh oes, and w e fe e l th a t the others w ill come along. . . . . . . i*. Now, it is a condition of employment; each applicant is told that if he s '0 .? com es to w ork he w ill be required to w ear sa fe ty shoes. W e have no difficulty w h a tso ev e r . W e don't h ave an y difficulty w ith th e m en on th e job. . n y ,y , * ^ ^ ^ v e r y tim e th ere is, an accident if the shoe toe is badly scuffed or 'tfc an in ju ry w e u su a lly g iv e th e m an a n ew sh oe and ta k e in h is old sh oe and e Jiang it up on our display board. Som etim es w e try to stage the . accident, e in sta n ce, in th e ca se o f a cu tter ru n n in g over the op erator's toe, We sta g e a t i S the same through photographs of that, put it w ith the shoe as a constant -- rem inder of w h at m ight have happened, so I th in k it is a m atter of education s t and I th in k Mr. W illia m s h as been here, he has seen s a fe ty shoes, he's g o t a 1 . -. fo u n d ry and it 's a m atter o f everybody realizin g, as Mr. O'Connell said, th at r, 'vl '-there's a price ta g on ev ery part o f the body. I f y o u don't realize it from any l ' >; other v ie w p o in t th ere is a price ta g on every p art o f th e body and if he has t * crushed toes he would not have had crushed toes if he w ould have had safety % shoes. . s ' _' ' ! - . . . - T he d iscu ssio n of g o g g les, w a s o f in terest to m e b ecau se w e have had' some ` ca ses w h ere th e q u estion h as com e up as to p rescrip tion len ses.. Mr. O'Connell sa y s he fu r n ish e s them . free. Then the q u estion cam e in m y ;mind, h ow lon g does a., m an h ave to be em ployed b y th e Ohio S teel F ou n d ry before he w ill be ; furnished w ith prescription lenses and how long m ust he rem ain in the employ \ of the company if the goggles are to be free? - ; 'v O'C onnells W e ll, w e fe e l th a t w e have an em p loyee th a t w e consider a friend to our organization and w e buy the prescription goggle. Chairman R entschlers B u t he Is there som e fe w days? Mr. O'C onnells T es, w e h a v e a certa in ty th a t he is g o in g to, stay, w ith us. It is just a m atter of good judgment. ' Mr. Grossheim s I m igh t tell you w h at w e are doing at the present time. We had a hard tim e gettin g that started in our com pany. That is, the men would bring goggles, bring w hatever type of g o g g le they need, and then he gives us his prescription, gets his prescription from h}s optician and w e for w ard th a t to th e A m erican O ptical Company-- by w ay, I'm n o t a d v ertisin g them, w e aren't g e t t in g a n y cred it out o f th is-- but th a t's w h ere w e have our w ork done, w e forw ard it along to the Am erican Optical Company and they of course - grind th e len ses. N ow , i f it 's plain vision , or sin g le v isio n a s it's called, they c o st th e m en $4.00, he p ays th at. I f it 's b ifo ca ls $6.50, but. if th e m an le a v e s the . next day they are his goggles. \ . Nqw, of course, we are taking a little bit into consideration the length of V tim e the man has come in. ,If he com es in today, w hy w e provide him w ith a Pa lr o f cover g o g g le s for a w h ile an yh ow to see w h eth er he is g o in g to furnish us his prescription. ' . ` Chairm an Rentschlers Any further questions? , - ; Mr. E versbnch: I m ight sa y in an sw er to a question b rou gh t out, I happen to k n o w one industry, a v ery la rg e one in our tow n, I don't care to nam e it, in fact, I think the gentlem an is here representing them, but they have an arrange ment whereby if the man stays for two years they are his goggles; if he gets 'J` ; under tw o y e a r s th ey ch arge him a pro rata am ount, fo r Instance, if he is there ` ' a year they charge him half. , cut from . ' ,' . -. i '-'-.-i8...60 " ' : .. ... ' ... . . . " ."A. . C hairm an R en tseM er, On th e use of go th at requires goggles the man signs a rece p esJn or _ - f ook. up gogglea I f^ h e ^ are in n^efl6 6 fR ep a ir h ^ b H h g s ^ ^ g o g g l^ s ^ it's*1d ^ u ^ t e ^ f ^ m ^ i s ^ n a l w S X t w H l v e ^ ^ w h e r e T o g g le s m ust be worn and w hen a m an is p u t on th at Job he Is told at that tim e that goggles are a requirem ent-and h e m u s t S v l d u l T policy co m es back, in an sw er to th is gen tlem an 's q u estio n , M . of the company as to setting up certain rules and. r e g u la tio n s fo r c e r ta in . occupations or for certain jobs. . t of nr- T w K d l v I t seem s as th ou gh th is d iscu ssion is lo sin g th e p oin t or ^H F3wE seem s to me as though it is just good econom ics to protect that m g of how long he is there. . , C hairm an R e n tsc h le r : .Well, he is a hazard -UP u n til the tim e th e p rotective len ses can be made even though you decide to do it. - Mr. K elly* I understand that, but neW or old the cost is the sam e if he 1 going to lose an eye. . ip p o in i George McConahy o i th . A t a . session it w ould be appreciated. ^ * -- _ . Skavlem. w ho is the present p r e s i C n i o f ^ V c a S y of Medicine o t l C l n c U n M ^ l o , . " a t.d w ith L a y .TM , Dunham and H .u sin h v.ld ln .0 " .^ a h enced man on t h . su b i.c t 0< .ilio o .la m essage (A p p lau se). m lZ .t us In ** *>*": toa" w ' . . silic o sis - - ; . : ' Dr. J o h n .H . Skavlem , M. D . ;.i C in c in n a ti, Ohio. , Mr. R entschler, Members . the Foundry Session L ife i t s . l t Is a hazardous occupation. In *"*i 1 ' 'f t o r t s o t Its onvironm ent to w orm s or in se c t, m iorostopic geiTM s physical ana cheihical changes so severe as to ot the body. D isease produced by `b% " .r t ' f er~ a O and n o tio n Th_ physical and o ? o t temperLture, hum idity " r p r i s " " " S E T o r the Irritation o t th e d ig e stiv e and b re a th in g a p p a ra tu s ot th e b o d y - certall, W e have chosen for our discussion the ha . t that the h a r r S u l d u sts into the body, nam ely, the ^ ^ ^ u s t must b e e ith e r p h y s S irri- d am age done in th e body hy fine p^r lc S . j t the boa y fo r th ese harm ful tation or chem ical change. The portal of entry into tne ooay xor ^ the ^articles is the breathing apparatus. The dust rum inated The digestive tract through sw allow ing does no damage ^ '" ^ W h en we ,,, * g s are t h . b attlegrou n d and bear the = ,J eom b a. W h e n c e consider 0^ fci the delicate structure of the lungs we are tem pieu t" to wit The li organ zero t field, ! much artlfic: and tl lungs germs stiff h .charge 'bronch called invadi: are th tissues gather lym p h By the As fu l duf to the Ph expose suffere no lun diseasf answei some 1 suscep certain been n especis genera operatf It throat crease.1 branes. cloggei It viously chronic rid its been r tolerat Ag suffere from a increae Th tuberci m ortal injury prevail states, home i culosis factor dust is preven Th factors evil to distrlb i. exposu s a jo rnished % joggles, charge lrn his ements. b he Is a, so it policy certain ; oint of ' wears break i there and It ardiess tective E he is liscusother tee to . iike to Byrum sundry y e a r 's who is asso- ixperiil man essage avlem. emen: battle ent to /asion `a s i t i c Its of notion 1 and ature, .anees :mical enues irtain it the irrirmful y the The isider itinue to w ith stan d disease so lon g in the face of d aily on slau gh ts of m any hazards. ^The lu n g s, no doubt,: are su b m itted to m ore in su lts from environm ent than an y - 'organ of the body. The aid w e breathe, varying in tem perature from far below *zero to m uch over a hundred degrees, alw ays stocked w ith plenty of dust from field, str e e t orv factory, and never free from- rich pollution of bacteria, needs tm ueh preparation before it is safely utilized in the lungs. Add to this the artificial hazard of great abnormal increase of dust found in certain occupations |.ahd the seriousness of the threat to health increases. F ortunately for us the *flungs are w e ll protected a g a in st in vasion o f fo r e ig n bodies, be" th ey liv in g igerm s or inert p articles. The defenses sta rt a t th e n ostrils w here w e find .stiff hairs form ing a fence. Beyond them the nasal secretions catch and dis- ^charge volum es of the dust. Deeper in the throat, windpipe or trachea and ` bronchical tubes, the lin in g membrane is covered w ith fine hair-lik e processes called cilia which w ave back and keep out into the mouth much more of the VinVading substances. E ven more effective than all of these defense m echanism s t; are th e ly m p a tics and, lym p nodes w h ich carry a v ita l fluid th rou gh ou t all the tissues. .This fluid and its cells including the phagocyte or scavenger cells, gathers up foreign m aterial of all sorts from the tissu es and deposits it in th 'jSfc 'S'" 11 g la n d s w h ich a c t as filters to check th e d irt from g e ttin g into the blood, .p*. By th ese defense, w hen a ctin g norm ally, w e are spared d iseases in the lungs. f '{ , -A-s in d u stria l h y g ie n is ts w e m ust recognize th a t the p eril of in h a lin g harm ful dust depends on tw o variable factors, the specific susceptibility of the worker to the dust inhaled and the degree, of exposure. " M i < Physicians and w orkers hav long observed and recognized that individuals exposed to the same dust hazard present w ide variance in the am ount of injury ' suffered. A fter tw e n ty y ea rs o f w ork in a foundry ten in d ivid u als w ill suffer no lu n g injury and one fellow worker w ill be the victim of serious respiratory JJ' disease. Certain im portant factors in this difference of susceptibility can be # 1 answ ered and the know ledge fruitfully applied by physicians. W e regret that some factors remain unknown. Among the m ost im portant factors influencing su sc e p tib ility ,,of an in d ivid u al to injury by h arm fu l d u st are age; n a tion ality; certain anatom ical peculiarities of the breathing m echanism which have just been m entioned; previous exposure to dusts; the presence of pulmonary diseases, especially tuberculosis and emphysema; the presence of certain heart conditions; g e n e r a l h ea lth and th e in d iv id u al's in te llig e n t w illin g n e s s and a b ility to co operate w ith fellow w orkers in measures of prevention. It is certain that any anatom ical d eform ities or peculiarities in nose, throat or bronchi, w hich m ake the entrance of dust into the lungs easier, in cre a se s th e in d ivid u al's th rea t to injury. T h is m ay be due to dry m ucous m em branes, lack of hairs in the nostrils, lack of secretions from the mucous glands, clogged lym phatics and lym ph nodes or already burdened phagocytes. ' It is easy to understand by laymen, as w ell as physicians, that a lung pre- yiously injured by disease, be it long .continued penumonia, abscess, asthm a, chronic bronchial infection or tuberculosis, w ill be im paired in its ab ility to rid it s e lf of harm ful dust. L ik ew ise, a lu n g w h o se ca p a city to fu n ction has been reduced by chest injury, scarring or stretched air cells (emphysema) can tolerate less injury from dust than a normal one. A ge is a factor oly because years add, in a cum ulative way, the insults suffered by the lungs from infections and inhalation of dust and noxious gases from all sources. Therefore, the tolerance for harm ful dust decreases as age increases. The rule of susceptibility based on nationality parallels that for pulmonary tuberculosis. Negroes, Indians and M exicans all present an unusually high m ortality from tuberculosis and for that reaso^ offer poor resistance against injury from harmful dusts. The same rules as apply for general good health prevail for the problem of susceptibility to dust exposures. Poor economic states, crow ded liv in g conditions, poor h ygien ic and san itary surroundings in home or factory, chronic delibitatory diseases, all low er resistance to tuber culosis and other lung infections and ao increase the hazard. But no one factor in the problem of individual susceptibility 'to injury from dangerous d u st is a s g rea t as th e p erson's w illin g n e ss and a b ility to cooperate in a sound prevention program. - ' , The degree of injurious exposure from dangerous dusts depends on several factors. The significance of each factor is very im portant in com bating the evil to be overcome. In the. study of the dusts we m ust consider composition distribution, concentration, size of particles, physical characteristics, duration of exposure. * 362 . .' .. , that any dusst capabale pi producing perma- F irst we can state lu n g s m u st con tain silico n . >,Silicon is the nent changes of scar or ^ m ent in the dust. . Certain form s of silica recognized, condemned^ o f f s U ntu fecen t years w e held th a t only the fTee are more injurious than tissue dam age. N ow w e know that some o o f th e com bined form s or t capable of th is injurious * been so proven to be injurious is magnesium it Silicates are regarded w ith suspicion but remain definitely unconvicted. . The hazard is further a,,, ^ w na m a tu r e of the silico n w ith other dusts. ^ Srm Tu? properties of silicon T"" ` 1=.. o f .th e hum au body. T h l . .. " ? * n l i r tho L - S i l e a 0 e i o f "a cu te illco.l," w h ere th e tim e o f exposure may explain the so pauea ca ad of the usual flve t0 tw enty-five years. I has been on y - h acute silicosis cases, verified by post-m ortem h a v e r e c e n tly w e n tou r of iuch acute meagureA in m onths, A H of these - t i S S T J ? I d to soap pow der w o rk ers and th e m ixtu re w ith a l k a l i ., w a , evident. ,,.,,nHant evidence to show th a t in ert in gred ien ts of dusts ^ ^ J b o n T em atU e^aron) atuminum and gypsum exert a favorable action such as carbon, hem atite U ), dam agin g results of silic o n ! in. the body. i,, cutting dowu a n d p r ^ u c e L th r a c o sls to such a degree as to inhalation of coal duet by miner" can pro1 ^ ^ ^ an,, y , t , be , ,,nation render the lungs and n of the lu n g be little impaired. If " of aggressive law yer could exhibit the organs ^ black lungs of a miner and ^ " nd v et in a tr u f case of silicosis where death w as directly caused by in death, an y ^ ... litfl j the gr0ss lung because the fatal dam age in the . % d o st, he c o a ld ex ^ ^ g h the m icroscope. N ev erth eless, an y d u st th a t con tain s SU% han ?en p ercen t o f free silicon or its d an gerou s silic a te m u st be con sid - . r jn -r d" r , o ; d c t .s r i^ size is of prima. y P sm ailer than^one . t+i a * a ra te of from one to three feet in diameter, specific gravity has more per hour. a sbicific gravity of seven the rate is sixty feet per hour, l T l u " u u m w ith a ' . p . o i d c ' g r . v , . , of 2.6 a of.lcd -a. a r a t . o f on ly t w e n t y - feet per hour. .. exception of fibrous m aterials, and this in- clude's aaTbesios, any particle w ith V . particles than other t l . atmosphere dust composed m ostly of non-silicon C li S & E T d u s t , m ay contain only a relatively sm all percentage of silicon. . . . .. a * oomnia tn he a true index of the hazard to the w orker In order for a h s ~ ic du&t th a t th e w ork er in h ales. Size of the . it m ust represent that at" J * \ w ith w hlch it reaches the lungs. In particle also greatly A "that few^particles greater than ten micron in diameter general, it can be said t he lu n gs A sbge sto s fibers, h ow ever, m ay offer an reach the fine " " ls ? he dagger of the silicon particle increases inversely exception, to this rule. Tne s allicon dust particles w ith diameters w ith its size. Gardner ^ yicioT s in their ability to damage the le s s th an th ree m icron s_ mavP depend n o t only on the a b ility o f the tin y p article t is s u e s o f th e body-. T his m ay d P th damag e w rought in the body is , % S i n , , u ^ a . fh e e p le .n w h ere it 1 carried in chem ical com biuatioj, ` by the blood. . : . The This is silicon Cummii did in ``Prim ai silicon under v health, concent: evitably he fixed and sta lungs r tio n s nc concent: five yea: Thresho The nent to silicosis gives m the ches silicosis, serious ting is ( unbiasei the silic determi: This is n o sis ar be said w ith no com e in nodules superim judging tom s re silicosis The for any We see on in th tions oi partial should l Silic measure workers had bet play his physicia m edical threaten -- Life and hap Cha: study fo than I' 1 Is t. Mr. recommof the f Drunder v from th: The concentration of the harm furdust is n ec essarily a m ost im p ortan t,factor e a e ie is m n m is . re ' I m se its on ly. to on .ns ier irt by the ins id- ers ree ate ; icle . lies feet .ore iur, five in i' so emidry vier cles icon may the only rker the In eter r ah rsely eters s the tide dy Is -n by also ation T h is is d eterm in ed b y d ark field d u st cou n ts w h ich ex p ress t*he n^ e " f silic o n p a r tic le s per cubic fo o t o f air. T he recen t u n tim ely d eath ;of D onald IS. Cummings in an airplane crash, focuses our appreciation of the great w ork h did in m easuring the hazardous concentrations of silicon dust.. H is so-caHed -Prim ary Threshold" indicates that a concentration of five m illion particles of - Jft silico n b etw een 0.5 and 10 m icrons in diam eter c o n stitu te s th e upper lim it under w hich a normal man may work for m any years w ithout im pairing his "5T : h e a lth H e fu r th e r e sta b lish ed h is "Secondary T h resh old w h ich J s a le v e l of > : concentration of silicon particles beyond which silicosis and disability are in- e X b y confracted after an exposure of a few years This Secondary ^ re sh o ld he fixed a t a le v e ! w h ich ex ceed s 15,000 to 20,000 p a r tic le s per < p h i c J * . * * and sta te d "A s a broad g e n e r a lity it m ay be assu m ed th a t m en w ith h ea lth y i u L m ay w ork in silica w ithout great danger for forty years at concentra- tins not exceeding the Prim ary Threshold or for ten to tw enty-five years in S'itfTS:* co n cen tra tio n s b etw een th e P rim ary and Secondary T h resh old s w h ile tw o to five years exposure w ill be dangerous if the concentration is above the Secondary >V\. Th^6sllolcl^,* ' ' .' . The d isability resulting from silicosis varies from no disability to .P|ma- nent total w ith certain death. It is. to be remembered that a diagnosis^of s ilic o s is d oes n o t n e c e ssa r ily im ply a d isa b ility . T h is is a pom a _VLrJCx 0f >.i g iv e s m uch trou b le in com p en sation adjustm ents. A w ork er h as an " is the ch est taken. diagnosis of silicosis is made and the w orker is told he ha silicosis H e naturally believes that this is a disease in the lungs w hich s serious and con stitu tes a disability. A law yer enters the picture and the set^ ' tin g is co m p lete fo r an argu m en t. B u t th e a rgu m en t sh ou ld a lw a y s be an open unbiased study of the facts, considering the factors of exposure, the extent of the silicosis and the degree of disability resulting. The degree of exposure is determ ined by records of em ploym ent and study of the w orking environme . This is the responsibility of m anagem ent and industrial hygienist. The diag nosis and degree of disability is a problem for physicians. In general, it can be said that sim ple silicosis represented only by scattered discrete sm all nodules w ith no coalescence in the lungs, constitutes no disability. Beyond this w e come into degrees of disability varying w ith the exten t of coalescence of the nodules and the am ount of pulmonary emphysema. F inally, when m fe^ ion superimposed on silicosis the degree f disability is great and permanent. In ju d g in g Pd isa b ility from silic o sis it m u st a lw a y s be borne in m ind th a t sym p tom s referred to the lungs may also be present from causes other than the silicosis. B ut these are the technical m edical problems. . T he la w g o v e r n in g silic o sis in Ohio sta te s th a t th e r e is no j m P ensa_tion for nnv disability other than total. In my judgm ent th is is unfair and unjust. W e see m any workers w ith-sufficient silicosis to m ake them unable to carry r tn the" w o rk " o l d e r , end y e t p e r fe c tly .M e to e .r r y on in l . s h t occupo ,. H ip foundrv The loss of one hand is recognized by law as a d u a h im y . r r i o o ^ , .0. o . thirty percent of breathlns capacity ^ ^ S U ic o s fs ^ a n ^ e elim inated from industry. E ngineers cam institute safety m easures to cut down exposure in th w ork room. P hysicians can choose w orkers w ho can safely be employed in the foundry and w eed out those who had^better stick to the farm. Finally, and m ost im portant, the worker m ust nlav h isn a r t by adhering to the rules of safety and w illin g ly cooperate w ith the ' physician in follow ing general rules for health and subm itting to repeated , S S l " ^ n a t i o n s for the purpose of detecting danger signs of damage and , th r6L ife 6a tC ts ^ b e s t is d an gerous as an occupation. L et u s a ll m ake it safer and happier where w e can. (Applause.) . Chairman R entschler t Thank you, Dr. Skavlem , I think this is a very good study for the laym an. I think it gives me a much clearer conception, of silicosis ^ ^ i s there any1discussion, any questions you would lik e to ask the doctor? - Mr Fred Marner* W hen you have your men X -rayed, .Doctor, do you - ,c c c " c i T ? h . t It th ey .h ow silico sis Influences th ey should b , taken outside of the foundry? . .............. ' _, . n r Skavleins I don't th in k th a t's a lw a y s n ecessary. T hey should be kept under very close observation but they necessarily do not have to be removed from the foundry. The patient should be acquainted w ith the presence of sili- 964 ' " ssszz'ssssx. costa if* " " ;' * * * H e ?1">uld \ * .w s . * h o w .h e lives, w here he lives, to exam ine him particularly as to the possibi.l y of other infection^ com ing in. . . .. . ... ._ _,,,,rv If I found a man w ith sim ple silicosis anckhe w as perfectly healthy in every o t h e ? r e s Z t I ^ u l d ^ t necessarily take him o u t'of th e foundry, If- however, th a t th is m an has an apparent sin u s in fection , if he has a,n obstructio fn h is nose a breathing apparatus that is faulty, or you find the presence of any +v, a?!,- in the body w h ich w ould ontribute to the condition, I w ould im m ediately take him out, but you can picture a w ell man otherw ise continuing in the foundry'.with safety. . , . , . , .. .. . Mr; Marners W ould you recom m end em p loyin g a m an if h is c h est X - y show ed that he has healed tubercular spots? W ould you recommend hiring a man like that? h f . ' . ' - ; , , D r. Skavlem s I w ou ld n 't put a m an w ith tu b ercu losis in the fo u n d iy . ., Mr. M arners Y ou w ou ld n 't? , ... Tir S kavlem s And you are g e ttin g into the field of w h a t I m ean b y tu b er culosis] and I m ean 'th at tuberculosis in. the lung itself, not so-called primary tUb W e b r i g h t in th e m id st now of se e in g an a w fu l lo t of th a t b ein g throw n out by the army, but when I am talking about tuberculosis in the lung itself, a n d a m an w i t i tu b ercu losis in the lu n g its e lf I don't b eliev e should w ork m the foundry. ,, Mr. D om inos Is silico sis in its advanced sta g e s incurable? . ' n r Skavlems Of course, if w e have silicosis established in the lung it is incontrovertible, it is there, and if it stays confined to the sm all discrete nodu es, " n l; s w e ca ll it, it doesn't carry a .disability b u t th e scars are there. F orS e l y w l have nm e tim es m ore lu n g than w e need to carry <> :life and that/s w hv w e can stand a few scars in the lung and still be com patible w ith normal liv in g , b u t if -you m ean th a t silic o sis has becom e m ore co a lescen t a s w e paU it more tissues involved, and you get to a point where your vital capacity is lo w ered to su ch a point, then you can't carry on norm al liv in g , but silico sis established is there, it alw ays w ill remain, it cannot be eradicated. Mr. M arners Can continued bronchial trouble in. your em ployees be a fo w arning or an aw areness that they m ight acquire silicosis? Dr Skavlems I would say that a person that has repeated bronchial infec tion should not be em ployed in the foundry. I think there in your employm ent exam ination if you find a man w ith chronic bronchial infection or sinus infection w ith repeated colds and trouble w ith bronchitis he .should not be em ployed in a 'foundry. 3 . ,, Mr. Segravess Doctor, you m entioned th at the silica know n as m agnesium asbestos being tw o of the greatest existin g concentrations of silica dust. Dhl vou m e L th a f those are more harmful than som e other w ell known silicas or is it the possibility that the silica dust itself can be accumulated m the human lungs much easier than other silicas? In other words, is it more dan gerous to the Derson in the same amount than some other silica would be or is it more susceptible to hazards and injuries? . ' Dr. Skavlems The m ost dangerous form of silicon is the sim ple magnesium silicate the elem ent itself, but you can get some of the components, the sili- catSs where the silicon elem ent is combined w ith another elem ent Uke m ag, T S.ii>um silicate, but all the other com positions, .all the other com- itlons, all the other silicates are not harmful, w ill no, produce silicosis. N ow that question arises where a claim fo r silicosis is brought in and w hen you go into the history, there is no free silicon in the atm osphere or no asbestos and you can just throw out the claim of silicosis because no silicon, no free silicon; no silicosis. . Mr. M cConagky: Mr. Chairman, the n om in atin g com m ittee d esires to subm it the fo llo w in g nam es as you? officers f6r the foundry session next year. For chairm an Mr. H arold Segraves, Am erican R adiator & Standard Sanitary Cor ' E lvria Ohio; for vice-chairm an, John F. Lacey, Commercial Steel - C a stin g 'com p an y, M arion, Ohio; for secretary, Mr. D. C. W ilcox, M achine Steel C astin g Company, A lliance, Ohio. (T h e officers .nom inated w ere elected.) ' . A djournm ent. T1 to ord A llia n Cl day w I i anothc It speake visor < ods in PR. Mr. Mi you g( thjs oc the pr people that I Sii you m I have becaus safety the br< I t hood. Sh there, in the I girl an it seen the Su there, tion, a the Sa yelled No out, "1 It m ornir theme, Ma suppor many ( of mee d en t cr causes mechar propos' Hi' v ie w tl uld >erary wn elf, in : is les, 'o r a t's mal call - is )sis >re- !ecent .ion n a um ust. cas the anr is ium iliagjm- and no ;on, m it For iorteel teel METALS SECTION Wednesday Morning, April 21st This session of the M etals 'Section of the All-Ohio Safety Congress w as called to order a t 9:3 A. M. b y Mr. E. H. M eeks, T ransue & W illia m s. S teel C orporation, A lliance, Ohio, Chairman. . ' v - Chairman M eeks: This is our second session of the M etals Section. T ester- day we had quite a nice attendance. . 1 I am sure before the m eeting goes along very far this m orning w e w ill have another good attendance. It g iv es me great pleasure at this time this m orning to introduce to you a sp e a k e r w h o I k n o w w ill be of g rea t in terest, Mr. P. G. Leeper, S a fety Super v iso r Of R ep u b lic S teel, C leveland, O hio,'w ho w ill ta lk to you on practical m eth ods in the elim ination of m achine hazards. Mr.-Leeper. (Applause.) PRACTICAL METHODS IN THE ELIMINATION OF MACHINE HAZARDS Mr. p . G. Leeper, S a fety Supervisor, R ep u b lic S teel Corp., B o lt & N ut D iv. : . Cleveland, Ohio . . Blr. L eepcr: Mr. Chairm an, good m o rn in g-everyb od y. F ir st of a ll, I hope 1 you good people w ill be generous enough to allow me to tell you that for me thte occasion is one of several firsts. This is the first tim e that I have ever had the privilege of attending one of your sessions here, and I want to tell you people that I am very deeply impressed by the things I have seen and the things ' that I have heard. . . ' . Since it is my first tim e here, naturally, it is my first attem pt at being w hat you m ight call an active participant. And I think, men, for the first time, that I have som e idea of w hat the m eaning of stage fright is. I think I can say that because I now realize that many of you people have been connected w ith the safety gam e much longer than I have and because I fully realize and appreciate th e broad and th oro u g h k n o w led g e th a t is rep resen ted here*. ^ ; ... , x som eh o w am rem inded, fello w s, of a little g irl th a t liv e s in our n e ig h b o i- hood. This little girl is only eigh t years old. ' She w as born in V irginia at an Army P ost and m ost of her life w as spent . there, She recently removed to Cleveland because her father right now is over in the Pacific on one of those islands. ... I w as out taking my usual stroll last Sunday m orning and I met this little girl and her mother, and they were on their w ay home from Sunday school, and it seem s at Sunday school the lesson had been about the crucifixion, and that the Sunday school teacher had given a very vivid portrayal of w hat happened there, and th at little Carol Ann looked up at the teacher w ith very rapt a tte n tion, and when the teacher came to the point where they jabbed the spear into th e S a v io r's side, th a t w a s ju st a little too m uch for the little girl, and she y elled ou t in a h ig h sh r ill voice, "Mama, w here in h e ll w ere the m arines?" N ow , I hope a lo n g about fifteen m inutes from now you people w ouldn't y ell out, "W here in the hell is the program com m ittee?" It is quite lik ely that som e of the things you exp ect to hear m entioned this, m orning w e shall n o t touch upon in the brief tim e w e shall consum e w ith our them e, w h ich is "P ra ctica l M ethods in the E lim in ation of M achine H azards. M any persons closely identified w ith safety and accident prevention are firm ' supporters of the belief that m an-failure accident causes are predominant. Yet, m any of these sam e persons believe that guarding and correction or elim ination of m echanical hazards plays a very large -part toward the elim ination of a cci dent causes. It is, I believe, a truthful statem ent when we say that m an-failure . causes the m ost accidents. It seem s equally true tlm t engineering revision and m ech an ical guard in g 'have m uch to do w ith p reventing accidents. Our th esis proposes to recognize briefly, the above fundam entals. H isto r y is even n ow b ein g made on the w orld's b a ttle . fields. And, as w e view the gigantic struggle, is seems fair to say that future historians w ill refer 365 . . 366 - ' ; < / ' , * - ,, WW to t . or. t la st.-to jig f t = veio p m en t. Our t o a u .tr ie s ^ ' " "p a lJli n ^ ai , i becom e tr u . on our b o ttle s i rr " die in a m achine age., " *. " a . _ -re surrounded by the sym bols of th is bru s * = : * e r s when and where m an directs, at tne p b3r ; ** _vy,ili,cited It follow s *` t and R egulate m otive power and which acts .m eeh a n i^ iy 'a ta m a n ? .W d d W . ^ w h a te v e r job ^ts f t f t ly eo ^ A S ? 4ot' r t o S a t o r i , b e a r , Is i t in a sp ace w h ere th ere is am ple w o r k in g room or are C0" t l u t W Ib ^ b tt^ o o S S * A V r t a . 4TM . S " : T L " w orkm an lia b le to o tr ib . another m achto,, or fellow workm an w ith that bar or some other object e ll! ~ i^ ir 'T ^ t e m p e r a t u r e &S i T f i ' S . l L ? S f I n t o an accldenb -" "2 aro m a, be seen, o , does rmo h a v e to fe e l h is w a y around and m aybe r ig h t into the hazar ib to e . I . It - i t it drowns th at w arn!* device and does It tray and jangle nerves so that a taut and jumpy atm osphere is created m ention ed Are we dealing w ith extrem es when w e consider ,the item s ju st and are w e strivin g for the ideal w hen w e attem pt to correct them . MayZ J y T m v I has been done and much m ore can and 1 1 b . done a . w . tro forw a rd in our s tr u g g le fo r hazard elim in ation ., . `A m om en t a g o w e con tem p lated h a v in g th e r ig h t typ e of m achine fo r a given job^and w . briefly m entioned some of the condition, in and^around the m achine. Pulleys, belts, m otors, etc., w ere not m entioned be " s e 1 " ^ * p ose to divide m ach in es ro u g h ly into th ree d a s s e s n a ^ . N^ TMa; h `n ^ pUn i. chased from the m anufacturer; m achines designed and built w ithin an organ zation; and the m achines w hich are already installed and operating. N ew m achines probably present the sm allest problem so far as hazards are 'concerTed^became m any -machine builders today are TM m echanism s, and other safety equipment right m to and a s a part o ^ . Overhead shafts, belts, pulleys, etc., are also elim inated as the tende y installations is toward individual m otors and drives. This trend is aptly illus tTM ted in the m achine tool field. Today;-m any drills, planers, m illin g m achine , the ideal in the elim ination of machine hazards. In th e ca se w h ere a m achine is d esign ed and b u ilt wrtthin an organization it seem s fair to say that if there is enough genius and ingenuity to ^ esig n an Tiniid a m achine it su r e ly fo llo w s th a t th ere w ill be en ou gh in g en u ity to includ devices " r' eHmlnation of hazards. Guards w hlch prova efficient in one plaM and w hich allow people to w ork .safely there because of them, m ight not be th ' answ er in another plant. It is obvious that.because of the m any types of work repres detail t: that t in eli: questi going enligh there ing a such i wants whene . S( man 1 one o: is one opera: thoug make; H remov back, m atic oiling reach opera swer opera o f hi.1 does he kn R ig h t ficien absol T cannc the g highe . :> ' . . M-.' . ^ opera ( C 0 form i to ha shou! teria: -l opera a dev the c. * end t press trol barri natio of to . \ sly th a t J.o+ `. '!&. - '% ` ' % : E 1.it : .gr-.iv*K i V^Sv cal r. hood; arisii whici ' I l ' I c I  . . . 367 . . _' ' ' : ` ' , ' represented here and because of the lack of time w e cannot go into very much 'd e ta il., - ' - - ' ' J Then, there are the m achines already installed and it seem s safe to assum e that therein lies the big problem. Naturally, one of the first things thought of in elim ination of m achine hazards is guards. N aturally, one of the very first questions to be faced is this: W hat is a properly guarded m achine? Before goin g further into this question, we are prompted to observe th at even in th is . enlightened and progressive age of safety developm ent and hazard elim ination, there are m any who feel that safety men are just a little overzealous in guard ing a m achine. Perhaps in some few instances there is a good foundation for such a feeling, but in m ost cases it is only fair to say th at a safety man only w ants and ask s to be allowed to go far enough to correct or elim inate a hazard whenever and w herever possible. ` * ' - So, to the question--W hat is a properly guarded m achine?--let us quote a m an whom w e shall not name but who is Director of Industrial R elations for one o f th e la r g e s t concerns in our country. H e sa y s, "A w e ll guarded m achine * is one guarded in such a manner that it cannot have accidents even when the operator does som ething that he has no business to do." N ow follow s the thought that such guarding borders on the over-enclosure of a m achine and so m a k es it n e c e ssa r y to rem ove guards fo r ad ju stm en ts and m inor repairs." Here again it is a m atter of ingenuity. For exam ple, if a guard m ust be removed for oiling and som eone starts the machine w ithout putting the guard back, an accident m ay occur. To offset this, there are several types of auto m atic grease cups and autom atic oiling attachm ents; also extension tubes for o ilin g . Or ev en a piece of o il tu b in g can be run th ro u g h a guard so it w ill reach a bearing, etc., w ithout rem oving the guard. If the m anagem ent, the operating heads, and the safety man w ill pool their ingenuity, the desired an sw er to m ost problem s can be found. And, let us alw ays remember that the operator of a m achine can very often give us the answ er to the proper guarding of h is m achine. Many, m any tim es he finds w ays of b eatin g a guard and he does so because he feels th at it is in the w ay and slow s up his production. If he know s how to beat a guard, he may also know how to devise or improve one. R ight here le t us emphasize that it is not enough that guards be made of su f ficiently strong m aterial and that they be properly installed, but also that it is absolutely essen tial that they be properly m aintained and kept in place. . The im portance of guarding as a m eans of elim inating machine hazard* cannot be over-em phasized. Most states now have strict regulations covering the guarding of equipm ent and many insurance com panies actively cam paign for . h ig h e r sta n d a rd s in m achine guarding. So, now , le t's c la s s ify poin ts in m achine operation into tw o groups: . . ( l) P oin ts of operation. . (2) M oving parts not at operation points. .............. Operation point guards should protect parts of m achines where cutting, form ing or shaping is performed and also points w here operators are exposed to hazards from in sertin g or m anipulating the stock. Operation point guards should protect operators both from m oving m achine parts and from m oving m a terials. One of the first hazards thought of in connection w ith th point of operation is the danger to the hands and fingers, So, w e im m ediately think of . a device for rem oving the hands from the danger zone. One exam ple is that of the cable w hich has one end attached to the ram of a punch press and the other end to a hand strap and then there is the sweep guard also used on a punch press. 'W ithout givin g specific examples, let us note the fact that: Remote con ' trol devices; m echanical feeders and ejectors; interrupted m ovem ent devices; barricades, enclosures, hoods, etc.,'m ay also be used and as we leave the elim i nation of hazards at the point of operation, lets especially stress the possibility of tool design, as a great deal can be accomplished along that line. . We have touched lightly upon the point of operation, and tim e w ill allow that w but briefly m ntion some of the other item s to be considered. M echani cal m achine guards, other than those used at the point `of operation, include hoods, covers, barricades and enclosures. Such guards help elim inate the hazards arising from belts, pulleys, flywheels, gears, chains, projections, etc. Other steps which may be taken are: Enclose m oving parts where possible, M aks unenclosed m oving parts as smooth as possible, Reduce vibration to the minimum, , Convey dust, vapors, gases, etc., away from m achines, Provide proper conveyors for handling material, . f ' , ' 38 Make fast w earing and als adjustable parts a s accessible a sp o ssib le, W here hand rather than autom atic lubrication, is used, specihl care and caution should be stressed. . : : - And the inspection of machine? and all their parts, by all means, should be regular and system atic and shquld be tied in w ith a w ell-planned and a w ellex e c u te d rep air program . Doutlesrs th ere are other fa c to r s w h ich m ig h t ha,ve been m entioned, but if those already referred- to, along w ith their m any ramifi cations, are rightfully considred, much w ill be done toward the elim ination of m achine hazards. ' ; Now, where are we? We started by observing that w hile w e live in a m a chine age that it w as m an-who created the m achine and g a v e ,it life, and that it is m an's ab u se rath er than h is u se -o f the m ach in e w h ich h as caused so many of its hazards. We gave one definition of the m achine and observed that the proper, type and size should be used for a specified job and that it should be placed in a proper location surrounded by proper `conditions. W e th en placed the m achine in one of three classes and very briefly dealt w ith elim ination of m achine hazards as affected by those classes. So, now, since w e m ust have an operator for the machine,, we come back to our starting point, man and m an kind. ; 1 ,, .. It seem s fair and right to say that the w orker whom w e shall typify a s man, rates a major portion of attention. This is especially true under today's trying conditions when so many new people are com ing into the various plants for what, to m any of them, is their first look into a new and strange world. Far, far too often this new world presents a picture that g ives an aspect of fear and bewilderm ent, som etim es am ounting to terror. It is highly important th en th a t th e n ew m an's first im pression be govern ed by th e m ost carefu l and considerate attention. It is essential that, so far as possible, the interview and te st given to the new man should determine his m ental, moral, and physical fit n e ss to be near and around m achinery. Or, fo r th a t m atter, on an y job. W e have talked about guards and guarding the m achine and certainly w e m ust not overlook man. By all means give him all the personal safety protection and equipm ent possible, such as m asks, goggles, safety^ shoes, etc., and be doubly sure that such equipm ent is the proper type and kind and that he is properly instructed in their various uses. But, w hether a man is new or w hether he is a veteran ,'h e should be g o v erned and directed by a w ell-schooled and w ell-disciplined supervisory force. T h ere is a sa y in g th a t is alm ost 100 percent true and th a t sa y in g is th is:. If th e w o rk er h asn 't learned, the in stru ctor h asn 't ta u g h t." T h is b rin gs us to one final thought w e w ant to note in this discourse and w e shall designate that thought as The Key. We would emphasize again and again that training is the outstanding and the fundam ental key in elim inating hazards and preventing accidents. \ _ ' F or engineers may do all the things m echanically possible to protect man from his machine and to elim inate its hazards but again and again, the careless worker, the misinform ed worker, the unskilled worker, and the untrained workei w ill outw it safety devices and become a victim . So, in the final analysis, The K ey to hazard elim ination and the best safety device is a trained man. ' A man tra in ed -tra in ed again and again retrained to practice safe w orking habits. Thank you very much for your splendid attention. (Applause.) . Chairm an M eeks: Thank you, Mr. B eep er. Are there aiiy q u estion s you g e n tle m e n w ould lik e to a sk Mr. Beeper? If so, I am sure he w ould be glad to answ er, alth ou gh w ith th at fine ta lk th is m orning I doubt there could be very m uch le ft in your m inds in the w ay of w hat could be done to train a new man on safety hazards. I w ant to take this opportunity to present to you gentlem en here yur new p resid en t for n e x t year., Mr. Ed M andry of R epublic S teel. Mr. Mandry: Thank you. (A pplause.) Chairm an M eeks: Now, before I introduce the n ex t spea,ker I can't pass the opportunity up w ithout introducing his father. I see him sittin g in the back of th e room. W ill Mr. W. H. Cameron stand up, th e g ra n d est old man in safety. (A p p la u se.) W ould you please come up and I w ill g ive you the honor of introducing your son to this audience. ." . . Mr. W . H. Cameron: B illy, are you g o in g to m ake a speech? Mr. Sir*. ing and com e ba which y side line and rea< is grow: I so ing the moveme you real other eq This 7J tahgeo. re pTo1 and we and a 2i sachuset Now I mi mdnt be through is no sc safety n doing tl em p loye I ne penetrat volved, : problem, word to cam e do that you establish im p ortai Mr. old man you perl at this t C hief Sa W ashing --how a (Api SA Mr. Tha, missed c of 1928, som e tin In tl years ag Safety C though i W ell father h -Amateur I wc but I wc I wc f undame jl-L should e Mr. W . T. C am eron; No. I am goin g to ta lk w ith th e boys, .- - <ir. m . w H C am eron: W ell, g en tlem en , I ju s t dropped in h ere a t th is m eet- - kr.: 1 t don't w a n t 't o ta k e up any of your tim e, b u t it i s a g r e a t th r ill to lin g a " d 1 dn ^ . ib be and see the con tin u ity an 4 the g r e a t en th u siasm w ith Ir M c h y o u have carried on th is gaiety m ovem ent. I have been som ew hat orr the I S K" m ovem ent you exp g* SS th P - -- ~ m social m0Vem ent more progress than any 'zsnxsn svszsiss s .nt . 2 = r ii i s t r nd - nd it- tfe f| - ?'l *1 V lnodt vIr-%'sifc*,' >ly fp rly "1,1I[[ JI&f- * ' I V - 1. . I-.' im p ortan t problem . T hank you. (A pplause.) ce. P``~ mMvr M eek s-: T h an k you, Mr. Cameron, Sri. O~ u--r -n--e-x-.t- sp- eak er .is the gran d `nIef 1p old m an's b oy, as I m ig h t say, and a very very close frien d of m m vat 1 s s fe s s 1 at th is tim e to re-introduce to you young BUI Cameron. he <3n fe tv A dvisor U. S. D ep artm ent of Labor, L iv is . .. ------------- - - ns I W a .h ln l.c n , " c ., a i d w ill ta lk to you on Sa < ..y 1 you r Job > TM an 1 t ` --how and w hy.- tss 1 't'.-V (A pplause.) * ' . i i :er ity SAFETY IN YOUR JOB TRAINING PROGRAM -- HOW AND WHY Mr. W . T. Cam eron, C hief S afety A dvisor, U. S. D ep artm en t o f Labor, ng: . D iv isio n of Labor Standards, W a sh in g to n , D . C. Z\Z17. SSt^ ^ iS L ^ S T iS ou Tr k to 1 ' 5 18W , m # th is is ju st lik e old hom e w eek for m e, and I appear before you w ith try some tim idity h a v in g m y fa th er precede m e rem inds me> of 'tk r e e ^ r fou r an W th UW elk T o a n I ^ y ^ S T a r ^ as father has said on a good many occasions, he is afraid of being r th a t you tb iu k UKbt to be mafle tur K M 370 cerity in..the program by cohering up every possible hazard, by guarding every m achine and by providing the personal protective equipm ent that is needed to keep the w orkers safe on the job. These other th in gs come along later, and your Program Com m ittee did w ell, I think, in p u ttin g these two. talks in their proper order, in starting out w ith the fundam ental principles of guarding, of correcting the environm ent in which people w ork and then, secondly, the train in g of the persons to use the machinery and the equipm ent in the safest possible way. ' . ' 1 ' ` . , - : I am going to stick pretty close to my assigned subject this morning, Safety In Tour Job Training Program, How and W hy. I would, however, like to re phrase It and ta lk a little bit about the w hy first-an d the how second, and I wonder, Ernie, if I could have the blackboard over here? - : . . I have had a little experience teaching one of those ninety-six-hour safety train in g courses, .and I perhaps can m ake some of m y points clearer if I can use the blackboard. ' . * ; . I think some of you are fam iliar with w hat w e call the accident sequence. The safety engineers for some years have been trying to take accidents apart and see w h at m akes them tick, w hat happens w hen the stage is set, and finally w e have an injury. , W ell, B ill H einrich of the Travelers Insurance Company, who has given a g r e a t d eal of p h ilo so p h ica l stu d y to the su b ject Of s a fe ty has evolved, w h a t he calls the accident sequence, and he likens this sequence to a gam e we used, to . play as kids, lining up a row of dominoes on end in such a w ay that when you push th e one dom ino, it p ushes the second over, arid th e third and fourth, and finally the w hole row T ails down, so I am going to draw five dom inoes on end , on the blackboard here. - Now, if w e call the la s t domino in th is sequence the injury, w e have alw ays preceding the injury, an accident. In other words, som ething has. got to go w rong before w e have the injury. Somebody said that the accident is the drop- ping of the casting; the injury is when it hits you on the toe. . T he a ccid en t is w h en 'w e fa ll off th e roof; the in ju ry is w hen w e h it the ground. The fa llin g docs not hurt any; it is only w hen you do hifc Some statistician ' figured out that the accident happens about tw enty-one tim es before it causes an injury. In other words, th is fellow who has got to lif t a rather valuable piece of equipment, say an -armature from a motor from one p lace to an oth er, and in the course o f h is em p loym en t he m ay drqp th at arm ature tw en ty-on e tim es on the floor. It breaks the arm ature and cavfses some property dam age and some m aterial damage, but on the twenty-second tim e th a t arm atu re drops on his fo o t arid b r e a k s h is b ig toe and for the first tim e the accident which has already happened tw enty-one tim es before shows up in the records as an injury. So, w e are not only interested in preventing injuries, but it is just good business to prevent accidents, accidents; w hich dam age m aterial and equipment and w h ich d elay production schedules 'and so on. . So, w e are in terested in pre venting injuries and accidents. ' Now, preceding the accident you alw ays find one of tw o things: You ana either an unsafe m echanical condition or an unsafe, act. . The N ational Safety Council recently made a study, a very thorough analysis of a thousand accident cases, accidents w hich had caused loss of tim e,-w hich, in m any cases, had caused am putations, and in several instances had caused death, and they found th a t.in breaking these down, the accidents that had caused the in ju ries in 20 per c e n t of the cases w ere due e n tirely to u n safe m echanical con-, ditions. In other words, there is nothing the w orker could have done to have avoided the injury; som ething just broke or som ething happened which involved the w orker as an unsuspecting victim. T here w a s an oth er 20 per cen t in th is group w h ere it w a s. en tirely due to an unsafe act. There w as nothing hum anly possible that could have been done to have protected the equipment or to have guarded the m achinery or some th in g or other. The w orker sim ply through h is ow n ignorance or lack of inr struction or carelessness--a word I do not lik e, by the w ay--but some failure of th e person h im se lf caused another 20 per ce n t o f th e accidents, and in the rem a in in g 60 per cen t there w a s a com bination o f both, a n u n safe m echanical condition and an unsafe act. . In oth er w ords, if g rea ter a tten tio n had b een paid to the floors,, to the -ma- . ch in ery, to th e ladder, to the equipm ent, th ose 60 p er cen t m ig h t have been pre-. ven ted . On the other hand, if there had been b e tte r a tten tio n to train in g, to ,1 supervision, to understanding on the, part of the worker, those same accidents - would conditii Not the fau this is may be b u t sorr m itted com m it . ditions to knot th eir be their jo of bein; m aster then in' ment ai : NOV is to bi now, we fam iliar d om ino peg in over, t : com m its conditio injury a th is seq as we c The th is one low out any uns tire fac -to tell : unsafe i So, or this t vironm e over bu Nov- little bi' words, y The eme . on prev. Nov so w e g wheel b Wheel 0! w heeloi on the g Now ning, th ' personn. director, ; job. The their ph . We men phy As one for it." . So, , n ever be fellow s suscepti intellige ;}>ut you fbody els 371 B o u ld have been prevented. So w e kave, then; alw ays an un safe-m ech an ical C ondition or an unsafe act. . p i' Now, preceding both an unsafe m echanical condition or .an unsafe act is lithe fa u lt of som ebody, the fa u lt of a person, so our dom ino then th a t precedes Jtihis is "F a u lt of P erson." N ow , th a t person m ay be th e g e n e r a l m an ager, it S-may be th e B oard of D irectors; it m ay be a straw boss; it m ay be the w orker, I b u t som ebody allow ed an unsafe m echanical condition to exist or som ebody coip- Im iited an unsafe act or somebody did not train the w orker so he would not Ib om m it u n sa fe acts, so it w a s som ebody's fa u lt, so, p reced in g a ll of th ese con- E d ition s an d a ll of th ese a cts w e h a ve the fa u lt of a person, and th en we_ wan Ifo* know w hy persons commit faults, so w e have got to begin to go bacM ^ Ifh e ir background; w e have got to know w hether they w ere m entally fitted for Ith e ir 'jo b s. W as this new forem an who w as just put on as a forem an capable E^bf b e in g a lea d er of m en? W as th e fe llo w w ho in sta lle d th e m a c h in e r y t h e ^ m a ste r m echanic or w hoever he w as, a really good m echanic? So, w e back %>hen into the background of the persons that make up industry, both m anag ( and m en and for w a n t of a b etter term w e ca ll th is "S ocial E nvironm ent." ! - i f , - .N ow , to carry out this sequence, of course, w hat we are in terested in d o m g fSr-is to break th is seq u n ece'at as m any places as w e possibly can. As you s --vnow w e have got a fellow who is kind of dumb; he is put in a situation in un . iff . fam iliar surroundings that he does not know much _about. That ^ rts t^ ` ^ domino over r ig h t a t th e v ery b egin n in g. H e is the fe llo w ^ o *s. to square peg in the round hole; he does not belong there, and th a t starts this om m Usy: over. T h a t co m es over, arid th is sam e fe llo w com m its a fault,- m a k es a m istak e. commits an unsafe act. It may be in connection w ith an unsafe mechanic v ! condition that knocks this over that causes an accident. The accident causes a > injury and h e w inds up in the hospital. W hat w e w an t to do, of course, w -break this sequence wherever w e can by sim ply liftin g out these dom inoes as many The one th a t safety directors and safety engineers usually attack first is th is one, M ech an ical S a fe ty C ondition an d M echanical S a fe ty Act_ I y h - low out the preachings of Paul keeper this m orning you are any u n safe conditions; you are g o in g to engineer your en tire operation, your an -- tire fa c to r y from a sa fe ty stan d p oint, and if y o u fo llo w o u t w h a t I am g o in g ',]`A o te ll y o u a lit t le b it la ter ab ou t tr a ilin g , you w o n t h a v e as m any of th es r thie domino. Ton m .y ,,till s e t thie um afe or th is dumb forem an w ho com m its a fau lt, but because you have g ot a safe en vironm ent you are going to have this domino elim inated. These two w ill fall nver b u t v o u w ill h ave no accid ent "and no injury. -' . Now, the use of personal protective equipment, of course, is som ething a little bit different. That puts a barrier or a w all betw een these two. In othe w ords y o u p u t a pair o f g o g g le s over a w ork er's eyes. The. em ery w h eel breaks. The em ery w heel breaking is an accident, but the fact that he has go gogg es find ' n ^ o w ^ o f course^w e are interested in keeping em ery w heels from breaking, . so w e g o b a c k to th is u n sa fe m echanical condition. W e w a ^fc k n ow w h y t w h eel b rok e and w e find it w a s som ebody's fa u lt. T hey put th e w ro n g spe w heel on thkt grinder. Then w e w ant to know w hy that fellow put the w rong w heel on th e grinder, and w e find th at he had no b u sin ess even p u ttin g a w heel on th e grin d er, so w e g e t into th is "S ocial E n viron m en t dom ino. . Now, th is one over here, if we can break the sequence at the very begin ning that is, of course, very desirable. This gets over into the realm of the personnel departm ent and the m edical departm ent, in other words, *be personne director, the em ploym ent man, has got to pick the right kind of p P jo b .rThe m edical director has got to see that people are properly placed as to . tl`' V e h n f ? i " tb a v . a a m ic e a n y ,, ,, . You can't p ick o u t th e ,, T . . * men physically at out ot a hundred and Eire them Jobs. You take As one ad said, "I f the body is s t ill w arm b rin g it m ; ,we have g o t a job f r So y iu T a v e ^ o t older w o rk ers and y o u n ger w ork ers, fe llo w s w ho have never been in in d u stry b efore, fe llo w s w ho don't k n o w h ow to lift, and so pn, fellow s w ho are not structurally built to lift w ell, fellow s who are overly su scep tib le to occu p ation al d isease or an y num ber o f th i"l s s ' a L J e T o r k e r s in telligent m edical placem ent program you can give jobs to all these workers, but you sim ply place them where they are not goin g to hurt them selves or som e body else. Z72 . O verhre in th e "F a u lt of Person" th a t is w here w e have g o t to d evelop our s a f ty 'Consciousness,'our general desire on the part.,of everybody in. the plant, from the general m anager down, to not have any accidents, and that not only in volves the worker right a t his m achine but w hen he is in the w ork room g en era lly or in the plant or in the yard, and if you really m ake th is sale, that fe llo w is goin g to be a better autom obile driver;, he is 'g o in g to have a safer home. and tjiat is where our training'com es in, righ t a t-th is point. That is the domino, about w hich I am going to talk; : .Now, on th is m atter of job train in g w e have tw o points, tw o th in gs to em p h asize. One is to w eave in or, as the, co lleg e p rofessors say, in teg ra te sa fe ty , tra in in g into job training. H ow m any in the room have had J. I. T.--job in structor training? I see the big m ajority have had it. In other words, you k n ow J. I. T., you know the ten sim ple step s for g e ttin g know ledge across to people to get them to act. You also know that ,over in the second column of , the job breakdown sheet for training a man on the job you have the key points, and you remember it says there that th e ,k e y point is anything in a step that m igh t (1) m ak e.or break the job, (2) injure the w orker, (3) m ake the work ea sier to do, th at is, kn ack s and tricks, special tim ing, b its o f special inform a tion, and so forth. ^ So, as you lay out the job breakdown sh.eet step by step th at you are going to teach this worker to do, you should integrate or w eave in the safety instruc tion so that: the fellow has g o t to put on a pair of g o g g les w hen he does the job. There is a certain point where he puts on the goggles, and that becomes part of his instruction,-w hich is just as much, a part of the job as clam ping it dowh in place or jiggin g it or w hatever is necessary. That is very important, that sa fety be a part of good job instruction. Second is the step of the overall safety training, the kind of training that w ill guide w orkers' actions in new situ ation in places in the plant other than righ t at his machine. That is described as a series of concentric circles. This inner circle indicating the man right at h is machine, this next circle indicating the shop, or the building in which he w orks and this is his im m ediate environ m ent. He m ay be a punch press Operator and you m ay teach him to operate th at punch press .safely and correctly so he can do it hour after hour w ithout g ettin g hurt, but unless you train him in safe operation in the rest of the plant, he is ju st a s apt to pick Up a w asher anjl to ss it acro ss th e room to bean so m e body else on the head, or, if he has got to go over to the tool crib and g e t som e th in g over there, he is apt to engage in a little horseplay or he is apt to leave som ething in the aisle or do som ething else w hich he w as not trained not to do, so your trainnig has not only got to be at tfie m achine and the job, but you have also got to give him safety training' in how he conducts him self in the im m ediate environm ent of his m achine.' ... Typical is the m achinist who has to occasionally, three or four tim es a day, leave his lathe and go over to a grinder and sharpen his tool. Now, you have tau gh t him how to set up his w ork in the m achine, how to do it safely, but you have not instructed him on how to use this grinding drill, how to set the tool rest, the fact that he h as got to have the glass shield in place or put his g o g g le s on, so the training has got to extend to the im m ediate environm ent. Then it has got to extend to the plant as a whole, the lunchroom, the w ash room, the locker room, the entrance into the plant and all of the other places that he may have to go in the plant to do any work, and then, of course, if your safety is really carried out as a number of large plants are doing, you w ill g e t out into the outer circle, w hich is the com m unity environm ent. So, you can 't be c o n t e n f t o ju st think of sa fe ty tra in in g as job training. I have heard too m any people say, "W ell, if you teach the m an how to do his job correctly he w ill do it safely." T hat w ill keep him safe down here at the m ach in e but it w o n 't keep him sa fe in the r e st of the p lan t and out in his hom e community. . Now, as I think many of you know, the United States Departm ent of Labor, in cooperation w ith the U nited S ta tes Office of E ducation, labor, industry, and the colleges of the country have been conducting short, intensive training courses in the fundam entals of accident prevention. B ecause the money that Congress has appropriated is for the subject of engineering,, we call the course "The Fundam entals of Safety Engineering," although I do w ant to m ake it clea r th a t it is no one's in ten tion to grad u ate in n in e ty -s ix hours qualified sa fety engineers. It is an excellent springboard for safety leadership, leading event ually, after experience on the job, to safety engineering. I think perhaps steps th at have been taken in this training course w ill be i rather that a cessfu the re may b son w visor a pers are to T1 emplo: work they c on ho the in men a sponsi respon Tl to sho Or aroum the in' our n? local b thousa to the are lie So course have l in eve Tl to the w a s t: do mu had y> course try to - So of the: tw en tj carries from t now ri and ot ' Nc compls uates and te man 1 God b: contro sponsi and I respon W bunch thing in the Nc train e( them somevv type o to do W P ourj room that* safer! s the ; be 373 lather interesting. By the way, the training course embraces all of the things slh a t a Person needs to know to run a safety program. Safety is not very sue-, f e e s s f u l in n y p la n t u n le ss it becom es som ebody's baby. ..You h a v e g o t to pin E h responsibility for the operation of th program on som e one person. It a y be a fu ll tim e job; it m ay be a part-tim e job, but until you get that per s o n who becom es a helper and advisor to every, superintendent, every super- I v is o r and ev e r y forem an, you don't g e t very far, so you h a v e g o t to pin it on - Ra'.-person, and th ese train in g courses w hich have been run around th e country Fare to'provide that trained safety leadership. ^ . fe,,,.. T h e co u rse, a s I th in k m o st of you k n o w ,-is open to a n y k e y supervisory ^em p loyee Who' has had a h igh school education or its equivalent in practical ?'work instruction. It;covers the background of w hat causes accidents and how Ethey can be prevented, w ith a number of sessions on m echanical safeguarding, lion how to guard m achines and processes, on how to stim ulate and m aintain f the interest of the w orkers in the safety program, on how to bring the fore| l i e n and the supervisors into safety, how the m anagem ent has the prime re ft sponsibility for safety and how the line organization, the. supervisors, have the responsibility for the safety of the w orkers under their supervision. ^ .-' T h at cou rse h as been g iv e n in 109 c o lleg es. . I th in k it is rath er in te r e stin g to show how the th in g w orks out. , - One hundred nd nine colleges of engineering have conducted these courses around th e country. They are not conducted on th e cam pus .but. rather out in th industrial centers, where the accidents happen. Somebody said recently tha W-- our national accident toll is nothing more than a com bination of a number of ial a ccid en t problem s, th a t you can't stop th ese e ig h teen th ou san d or n in eteen m . thousand w orkers being killed in industry every year until you g e t righ t down I f . to the places, the com m unities, the factories where these hazards exist which are liable to injure and k ill many. ` ,, So, w e tried to fan out this education through th is standard training W c o u r se 'th r o u g h 109 en g in e e r in g c o lle g e s th ro u g h o u t the country. T hose courses have been conducted in about tw o thousand locations and they have been taught * in every instance b y practical, experienced sa fety engineers. The debate came up at the beginning as to w hether w e could teach safety 1; to the college professors or teach safety engineers to be good teachers, and it w as the unanim ous opinion even of the educators th em selves that you could f. do m ch b e tte r to ta k e th e p ractical sa fe ty en g in eer o u t of in d u stry w ho had r; had y e a r s o f exp erien ce in ru n n in g a sa fe ty program and' g iv e him a shor course in h o w ,to teach and how to put his stuff across than you could ever t try to teach safety to a professor of engineering. . So, th ere h a v e been ab ou t tw o thousand lo ca tio n s and ab ou t tw o thousand . of these instructors who have given these courses. Those classes average, from * tw enty-five to thirty-five key supervisors from industry in each class,, so that ` carries out so that now there either are enrolled or there have been graduated from these classes about thirty-seven thousand safety leaders, persons who are . ' now ready or are already back running Safety program s in war contract plants , and other places. ' . . ` N ow th at is step one in this program. T hat has taken about tw o years to complete, and the next step now is to take about thirty thousand of these grad uates of the course, and safety engineers and other persons qualified, to do it, and teach and im plant a safety training course for forem en. I thmlc the fore , man has been recognized everywhere as the key man in a safety program. God b less the foreman. We pin everything on him. H e is responsible for cost control, q u a lity and q u an tity and ev ery th in g else, and th en w e -make him re '! sp o n sib le for th e sa fe ty of a ll th ese w ork ers th a t are under h is supervision, and I can tell you, gentlem en, the forem en of this- country have discharged that responsibility well. _ - W herever you find a good sa fety record in a plant you w ill find a sw ell bunch of forem en who know their job and know safety and who are doing som e th in g about it. ; (Applause.) I am glad to see I have got one or tw o foremen if in th e a u d ien ce. (L au gh ter.) - -* ` -N o w - w h a t w e hope to do is to ta k e th ese s a fe ty lea d ers th a t h ave been : trained r are already safety leaders, about thirty thousand of them, and equip them quickly to teach and im plant training courses, about a 20-hour course so m e w h a t sim ila r to 3. I. T., excep t it is tw e n ty hours in le n g th and covers the type of th in g that a foreman, sub-forem an, straw boss, lead man needs to know . to do his sa fe ty job am ong h is particular group of w orkers. I W e thought of only those things which come under the foreman s jurisdic- ':" : ' ' ... ' 874 tion. A fter all, he has got to take pretty much the equipm ent that h as been provided. It is a rather laborious road to g e t the w hole departm ent revised or revam p ed or th e m achines re-located , so He ta k e s w h a t he h a s got: both in term s of m aterial and men and does the best he can w ith them, so this is.a sr sum ing th at the forem an is taking things pretty much a s he finds them, and it is to give him help in ; doing the b e st he can w ith that equipm ent and m i* terial and men. . .. The course consists of ten sessions about two hours in length, and in each in stan ce the session w ill start off w ith a tw en ty m inute slide sound film strip, of w hich I have an exam ple here this morning, No. 1 in the series, and if your chairm an w ants to devote the time, and you fellow s w ant to do it, I would like to show you exam ple No. 1 in this series of courses. '.: . : . . The subjects are a s follows: : - : : (1) Follow the Leader. Management and supervisors joint responsibility. (2) Cause and Cure. Methods of discovering and correcting accident causes. 3 (3) Guard Duty. Principles of safeguarding against m echanical hazards. (4) Safety is in Order. Im portance-of providing safe w orking conditions. (5) Brain B eats Brawn. Correct supervision in handling m aterials o l all kinds. ' ': ' (6) R ight Dress. Need for proper clothing and personal-protective equip ment. ' " ' - ' (7) D o cto r's Orders. P rovision s for care of in d u strial in ju ries through ' F irst Aid. ' > ' . ' (8) Principles and Interest. M aintaining em ployee interest in the safety program. ' ' : ' (9) Stop, Look and Listen. A plant safety inspection com m ittee is pictured at work. " . (10) Production w ith Safety. C ontrolling w orkers' acts through training and supervision. Each leader instructor of these courses w ill be provided w ith a sim ple little guide or m anual. The foremen w ill be invited to come in and participate in this course. The safety leader or the sa fe ty , director w ill set the stage and w ill, ask th a t the film strip be shown and then w ill start a general round-table d is cussion by the conference method to bring out the points in th at film to clear up any questions w hich may be in the m inds of the forem en, sub-forem en, lead men and others taking the course. ' _ Let me emphasize again these tw o points, th is tw o-fold job of training w orkers, one, integrate or weave into your job training program the elem ents of safe w ork; secondly, engage in a general overall safety training campaign, - an interest arousing campagin to keep the worker safety conscious and safety .minded w hen he is at other points away from his im m ediate machine. : Somebody said not long ago that safety is a w ay of doing work, and cer tainly it is not ` necessary to tell this group that the safe w ay is also the efficient w ay and that there is nothing sissifled about safety. Thank you very much. (Applause.) . . C hairm an M eeks: Now, in case there are any questions before show ing th is film you m ay ask them. I think w e should have this practical film. Is that agreeable w ith all you gentlem en here? (Applause.) B ill, I think they would like to see the film, but are there any questions y o u w o u ld lik e to a s k Mr. Cameron? . Mr. R obert H. Ferguson: Ernie, there is one question I would like to have - him enlarge on ju st a little bit. Bill, you touched on this particular phase of training,, y e t w e find a lo t of places in industry today where safety activity has becom e subservient to training. ' I had a long discussion last night w ith a gentlem an who w as running into th a t sam e thing. I have talked to m any of the boys about it. W hat w e find w hen w e go out and train the "individual is that there is not enough of the actual job practice nad v e are still dealing w ith human nature. I w ish you w ould enlarge on that point. You just touched on it briefly and I w ish you w ould say a little more about it. ' , You m ade the second point there. You explained .the domino thing to me from H ein rich 's th eory a lo t b etter th an I h ave ever seen it, th is m orning-- I m ean th at. You ta k e J. I. T., w e have tak en `it a ll the w a y through our courses and we are now in the second round, and w hat I think is w ay above J. I. T. is J. R. T., job relation training, w h ich I th in k is splendid, b u t are are stressin g everything we can get hold of on training,, and yet' w e fail to g et it across. I am g We found-c tioned here, enough hel S afety Cour finished it. M r. W . going to gi give him h M r. Rol has got to 1 M r. W . betw een tin divorced, tl m echanical in g man is grams, call step No. 1 i man and t every one c upon the fc He has man, and I w ay to lea I know the head c you can bi and he wil. safety insti . w ill say, I said, should be in your job your finger d r illin g ce: That is man, the f and th a t is which are where they Are th< to answer M r. W. one minute is a treme year or ye Way b th at the ti persons to A shoi Columbia 1 and then* h "I can see that w ill d zens from a*- principles, gram, but To dat B ill explal or 50,000 r ' fifty years try we ha derstand t all kinds you can s* As Bi! 375 ip- gh =ty ed ng tie its in ; .Is . ar ad ng its m, ty ;rhery ng tat ns ve of ty .to nd he ou ou, ne ur ve .re it i am g la d yo u are g o in g to show th is picture. I h aven 't seen any, of them . I ^ e found out by using the old series of N ational Safety Council, as you m enition ed here, w e sa d d le ev ery th in g on to the forem an and y e t w e don't g iv e him ^enough help out. on the job. In other words, w e have taken these N ational S afety C ouncil p ic tu r e s r ig h t ou t to th e steel p lan ts fo r th e men, b u t w e h aven 't finished it. ; , ... Mr. W . T. Cam erons T h a t's rig h t. I th in k I g o t you r p oin t now . If you are &g o in g to g iv e a J. I, T. program to a forem an y o u 'c a n 't exp ect him , u n less you f'give him help, to know w here to w eave in th is safety instruction. < i * # ' . Mr. R o b ert H . F e r g u s o n : T h at's righ t, and it can't be done ju st today. It '^ - a s got to be done every day, just like your safety program ., , & ' Mr. W . T. Cam eron: T h at's, rig h t. F ir st I w ould lik e to see a m arriage ^betw een the safety man and the training man for the plant. Too often they are sfe'divorced, that is, the safety man is out w atching operations* out checking the IT m echanical hazards, w orking w ith the engineering departm ent andthetrain ing man is over here in the personnel departm ent settin g up the safety pro'% gram s, c a llin g in th e forem en, and th e sa fe ty m an isn 't ev en th ere, so I th in k 'step .No. 1 in th e process of w ea v in g these th in g s togeth er is to g e t your safety man and train in g m an together. ?Then, as these jobs are analyzed, each and every one o f th em , on your job breakdow n sh eet, I don't th in k ybu can depend , `i. upon th e fo rem a n to k n o w a ll o f th e sa fety p ractices th a t g o in. . He has got to have some help and assistance on the part of the safety man, and I think that as you come to analyze the various jobs and the proper 3" w ay to lea rn th em , th a t y o u h ave g o t to h ave a sa fe ty m an present. I know I have had a lo t of friendly argum ents w ith Chan Dewey, ,who is S the head of training w ithin industry division, and Chan w ill, point out how V you can break down a com plicated operation into tw enty-four, sim ple steps, and he w ill o u tlin e the step s, and I w ill say, ``Chan, you h aven 't g iv en a b it of h sa fe ty in str u c tio n in th a t job.'' F o r instance, se ttin g up a d rill press. T hen Chan CJ w ill say, "I f y o u s e t it up th is w a y . or th a t w a y th e m an can't g e t hurt." 1.' I said , "Chan, you h ave said n o th in g ab ou t sleev es. One o f the in stru ction s should be short sleeves. No neck ties; no finger-ring. You have said nothing .V*." in 'y o u r job in str u c tio n ab ou t u sin g a brush to brush ch ip s off in stea d of u sin g tf. your fingers, and you have said nothing about w earing goggles when you are i drilling certain types of m etal and so on." ' ; r T hat 'is w here the safety man has got to sit down w ith the job break-down .. man, the forem an , and p oin t ou t th ese places w h ere s a fe ty m u st be w oven in, 1 and th at is a trem endous job to do. I think perhaps these films, only three of w hich are ready now, are goin g to help the forem en to Visualize the places - where they can w eave safety into job training, and I hope so. Are there any other questions? I would be very glad to do my best to try to answ er them . > Mr. W . H . Cameron.: 1 w onder if you w ould be p a tien t w ith me for just one m inute longer. In respect to w hat has been said about safety training, this is a trem endously significant fact, that training has been going on this past year or year and a half. ' , T ., - W ay back in 1909, w hen I had eleven steel plants under m y control I said th a t th e tim e w ou ld come w hen w e w ould have 250,000 p rofession ally trained persons to lead and handle and supervise this particular job. . A short tim e ago I w as in 'a general audience w hen Professor P itkin of Columbia U niversity tried to tell of the future of forem en in the United States, arid th en , he told about G overnm ent em ploym ent, and so forth, and then he said, "I can see a job o f a quarter of a -m illio n p ro fessio n a lly trained sa fe ty experts that w ill d o .th is job throughout the country. W e have go t to train all our citi zens from the tim e they first go through school ali through until they die, safety principles. They have got to be sym pathetically interested in th is'sa fety pro gram , b u t w e have got to have professional people." v To date it has been very difficult to bring about this safety program, as B ill ex p la in ed th is m orning. I t is a m ost sig n ifica n t fa c t th a t 90,000 people, or 50,000 people, h ad th is training, and w e have go t to expand it. It m ay take fifty years to do it, but if w e are going to have a safety job done in this coun try w e have g o t to have professional people like teachers and; people that un derstand the technique of this job go into all kinds of plants, communities, and an kinds of in stitu tio n s and lead this thing and see that the job is done, so you can see how trem endously im portant this enterprise is. As BUI described to you this morning, it is the th in g w e dreamed of for 376 th irty years, H ow can w e bring1 about th is education and how can w e find jobs fo r th e se train ed persons? 'T h at h a s been a very difficult th in g . "We have done som e train in g in years gone by, but after w e get the men trained for the jobs th en w e can 't find th e jobs because certain in d u stries and certa in em ployers are n o t read y to em ploy -the p ro fessio n a lly train ed person. So, a s w e stu d y the national safety m ovem ent and say we have to train everybody on safety, at the sam e tim e w e have go t to train the specialists, the persons that know the job thoroughly, w ho m ake a profession of safety engineering or sa fety leadership. I t is a m o st sig n ifica n t jo b to be dorie a n d w e should have 250,000 or any figure you m ay m ention to go into the plants, the big plants, the little plants, and all institutions and see and follow through this leadership, job that Bill has so w ell described to you this morning. Thank you. (Applause.) .Chairman M eeks: I w ould lik e to go further, Mr. Cameron, and say that w e sh ou ld m a k e 130,000,000 people s a fe ty d irectors and sta r t our c la ss in stead of w aitin g until industry takes them and teaches them. They should have a lesson, rig h t at the first grade, in school and in their hom es and then w e would have safety workers all the w ay through. Mr. W , H . Cameron: T hat is right. . Mr. H ays s I think, Ernie, you and the rest, of the Ohio gen tlem en w ill be interested in this developm ent. In the City of Cleveland they are now going ahead w ith the idea of u sin g th is 20-hour course, one part of w hich you Will see h re,.in all of their vocational educational shops in the City of Cleveland. There is a sim ilar plan in. the developm ent sta g es w ith the D irector of V oca tio n a l E ducation in the State of Ohio, so your idea of train in g them in the sch ools, E rn ie, is. n at so fa r off. Mr. M andry: I m igh t say th a t,is a fact. I ju st m entioned to Bob F erguson b efo re y o u g o t up, Mr. H ays, th a t I b eliev e th ere w ill be a lo t done in th at resp ect. I h ave been ou t to a l'ot of tech n ica l h ig h sch ools m y se lf to select trainees for various machine shop jobs and other work. It w ould really surprise you to see som e of the practices goin g on in voca tional schools, and one of the big things that prohibits some good training is money. Industry w ill donate maybe a m achine to them that has been out of use for some time, and maybe the guards have been lost, som ething of that kind, and they do not have the m oney to put the new guard on. The other thing is, I think the m achine shop forem en in those vocational schools certainly ought to. attend some kind of safety course, because it is sur p risin g to w alk into a h igh school and still find a pair of g o g g le s ' hanging on an emery wheel, in an industry that has b een 'ou t for many, m any years, as you know, and a great many other things. I th in k an yth in g you fello w s can do alon g th at line to help them w ould be appreciated. W e all know that in schools a lot of tim es it is a question, of money," b u t certainly m achine shops ought to be ta u g h t that you n g men should not grind on emery w heels w ithout goggles. Mr. H ays: W ell, Ed, I think you w ill be interested in this. L es Speers who, you know , has already enrolled in the n in ety-six hour course, and as soon as he flinishes that every shop having instructors in the City of Cleveland w ill ta k e th e n in e ty -six hour "course. They, in turn, w ill te.ach every in stru ctor and forem an, including the plant forem an in the tw enty-hour course, w hich you w ill see part of this morning, and we are als w orking on the inter-w eaving of sa fety instruction w ith the job instruction in all vocational shops in the City of Cleveland. . Ohio g en era lly is not; g o in g to be very fa r behind. W e are u sin g Cleveland as the guinea pig. , . C h a ir m a n M eeks: I k n ow y o u .a r e a ll a n x io u s to see th is picture, but, on the other hand, if there are any other qquestions, they are very interesting, gentlem en, so g e t them off your chests. . Mr. W . T. Cameron: W e can alw ays have questions afterw ards, Ernie, if anybody thinks they are interesting. , Chairman M eeks: All right. Let us go ahead w ith the picture. (A t this point the first in the series of safety pictures w as shown.) Chairman M eeks: Gentlemen, I think the pictures speak for them selves, and if w e all carry back to our plants, as the picture has said, large or small, and follow through, we hope that next year we w ill have a lot few er accidents than w e had this year. Now, are there any questions you would like to ask Mr. Cam eron? i M r. 1 th is is ,o you rem new wor Now, Council i duction c duce ten be about the set a elu d es th one of ti I thi record th class can You som e dis back to i training in the se It Wf the Unite M r. J Mr. 1 that foil, graphed. M r. I a certain pretty hi Mr. ' pointed c rates of M r. i have not A Me M r. W acker to obtain Chaii M r. I I think i talk of ; w hich di courses, and do t M r. ' courses t and put M r. 1 M r. A m ittee o; volunteer greatly l and talk: how to si M r. " this is a so-called know if resu lts in M r. A the three this DuP a certain ' : ` '' ' ` ' ^7 7 .. d w k T r " , a'w h r* th to ssS" h " hta guarding, train in g a !<Aucti<m c o sts of th ese ten film s h ave been ta k en care of. It co st $30 000 to nm ,"`r 16?; : f11L r * n ,:rnihe ^ cL 7 L T Z p ; r e c o r d h e p `o?, T C/ ei, SEmples o f th e so lead er's m an u als in w ith the ,reco d there, so th at follow in g the show ing of th is film, w hoever is leading the , **?? ^ T n \ w Ptna,a, r " 0t 1USt * -- con " orne disculsion of * f ^ T w ere numbered in such a w ay that if there is ,n the thM :he $ J r- 116 w a s a li4 e on his frequency there I thought. that follow s/* W e^lioul'd ousl}t be pointed out in the discussion M graphed I rtnn-t !W k n0te ln thls m anual. That is only inimeo- % mw d* h W We can chan&e th e n arration o f the picture, though. f . a certain ^ r a ih e ^ m a h ^ 'p i^ ^ ^ t ^ e x p la in 1^! ^ jJ b o ^ h e ^ f* 8,1 unless I hd 1% P t t y h ig h , ten. I .think th a t i s h i g h ' ^ fre<5tUenCy rate &iven is I poinSd n then w en8, certainIy no pla*t should exceed ten, as is I rates of zero for many m o n h ^ a H t t a l " PUntS have produced f reQuency f. " r *] A* -A- M em bers Mr.. Cameron, w here do w e buy th ese film s? -- ** W a c k lr S i v e ' P h ^ r nSTn^ig.h t fr m the N a o n a l S a fe ty Council, 20 North ,. , O, ,b t a i n 1S I S T Sh isf i iss tthwe ir foS-remT hane yshJipU1s aSfeetnyd tyraUin ifnugl1 seinrfieosr.m ation on h o " Chairman M eeks: A ny other questions? - T Mr. P-ergusons I don't w a n t to ta lk here a ll the tim e on these thin**W ` ta lk *o f a" y Ur ^is in a l rem ark sr ela tiv e to th is s a fe ty cla ss, I am gifing to S .h f l- H Per*nf 1 exPerlence I had. You m entioned tw o thousand loca Jons TM t v. Ut th e faCt f h0w m any in stru cto rs there are in l i d d ?` t i b.ring. , th a t out P rim arily because I k n o w a lo t of us w ho did go in and do the teaching had to be brought up on our toes a little bit, too. Mr* .Y ' T* C#mer#ni Y es> it seem s the in stru cto rs g e t more out of the IndJS uaS ^ ^ S e Sf S US- they havet0 diS back t0 set the stu* out * M r..Fergusons That has had a definite effect on our program. ^ J - g , CRT r0ns 14 certa in ly has. T hat h as also been true in th is coin- ' m itte e o f N a tio n a l S a fety on M anpower. T hese 550 in d u stria l en gin eers who volunteered to go out and call on little plants to help set up a program w erl a nnd ttaalkl ign gi r tSo Ith. e *m a"n aagelm0 ten4t1,'o"fr"50t or 100 m e*n in ain tpola, ntto aynd, u rteTllwin"g pth,e"m how to set up a program that w ill really put you on your toes. Mr. W ard E . Youngs Much has been said about sa fe ty engineering but blS n a J,raCtl^ f1 p h ase of i4- N o th in g h as been said a b o u t spot p a in th ig or so-called three-dim ensional painting as a m atter of protection. I would like to ` restUte* h a v e ^ e e n .an ybody * " ' * . * * has had exp erien ce w ith it, a n ^ w h a f t l l the W ' T* Cs**" ^rn: H as anybody had any exp erien ce, the question is, w ith the three-dim ensional painting? That is, as those of you know th at have Teen , th is D uPont Philadelphia film, it con sists of p ain tin g your w a lls and machine a certa in color, w h ich reflects lig h t w ell, and" then, t S n g 7 h . po" f o T o p ^ ! ., . " * '! , 1 *' ' "'1 . . 37 . _ - ' . . < tion of you r m achine and h ig h -lig h tin g it. In other w ords, <you p o in t dut or sp ot-ligh t the danger spots on the machine w ith a ligh t colored paint so that your dark m aterial that is feeding in stands out more sharply again st the danger spots. . ^ - H a s anybody had an y experience w ith th a t in p u ttin g it into use? Mr. G erald M. F lu k e* W e are e x p e r im e n tin g 'a t the presen t tim e w ith th a t very thing. W e have a drill press and a vertical boring m ill painted, and we have had them painted about two weeks. The report w e get from the operator is that his eyes are not nearly as tired at the end of the day as they were be fore w e painted the machine. That is the experience w e'have had to date. Mr. W . TV Cameron* I th in k if you fo r g o t a ll ab ou t s a fe ty and ju st did it from the standpoint of plant efficiency and better use of manpower, you would pay for all the paint and the time you spent on it. . Mr. E d w ard A . Caczko* I haven't had an y p erson al exp erien ce in th is m y self, but our general safety com m ittee at Schnectedy inform s us. that it h as been given a trial in a number of our plants and they have forwarded the suggestion to a num ber of plants in our organization 'to g iv e it a trial, as they do recom - ^ mend it. Mr. Jam es Byrum* Gentlem en, w e have done quite a b it of experim enting in connection w ith paints. Practically all of our m achines in the m achine shop have been developed, and all of our shears in all sections of our plant have the point of operation brought out very clearly by the application of th is paint. I w ant to say that I think it is one of the m ost advanced things, w e have done up to th e p resen t tim e to a ttra ct th e m en's a tten tio n to the p oin t w here he m ay becom e injured, and as other m en have said here, w e find th at it is more pleasant on the eyes. . In other^ w ords, y o u g e t a w a y from you r old co n sta n t se e in g o f a dark, dirty p oin t o f operation, w h ich y o u ju st don't, elim in a te as a rule u n le ss you have the m achine painted often, and the outline at the point of operation is made very d istin ct. . M r. W . T . C am eron* Thank you, Jim. I m ight mention that over ten years a go th e A m erican R o llin g M ill Company >put in a job tr a in in g program w ith em p h a sis on s a fe ty a lo n g the lin es of J. I. T. and the rest of them . I happen to know that they taught cranemen how to operate cranes and shear men how to operate shears, and a great many , unsafe practices had be come habits, and through a job trainnig program they w ere able to correct those bad habits and brought about much safer operation. Chairman Meeks* Are there any other questions? I m ight say that w e cut the session short in the w ay of speakers this year because of the fact that our program w as intended to be a little longer. R ather than have three speakers we cut them down to two so that we would have more discussion. ' Now, if there is any more discussion or any questions, I would like to have them . , - . A -M em ber* A re the film s for the forem en 's tra in in g course ava ila b le to sm all m anufacturers who do not belong to. the N ational Safety Council? Mr. W . T. Camerons Yes, th at is correct. A ll the m em bership restriction s have been rem oved in the case of the purchase of these films. Any plant can buy them . W e on ly g o t release of priority m aterial to produce 500 sets. There a lrea d y h ave been 200 sets, ordered. M ost of the c o lleg es of th e cou n try have bought a set or tw o to use in the ninety-six-hour course, so I su ggest you get your orders in if you w ant to get a set. ' Thereupon the session adjourned. r Th: to orde C lairsv Ch: w ith a have' t( a little S'&