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A/ . 1932 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated -3f TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS . er Washington, D. C. October 3 to October 7, 1932 The W.irdman Park and Shoreham Hotels Copyright. 1933, i\'atto.ial Safety C\>*ui7. hie. 3 O' U ^--4 </> ___ C3 rn *< o '3 c3 o ift cs _U u a? o" 22 > Q it v ' cu 2 .* o > as * > = c K* A</ >i<. s o j2: 2 CS C o Z o <N .2 - 5 e*. C < ^ "3 . Z v) .= -a x ~ f ~ J .y^5 = =J^2 i 3.ISfl.2 S S M -s -- -- *5 a . = k -. W w U ~ .2 L-^oo ,_ --o & ,2..-5":;au ^ 5 -* | = ~ ou, 'll'M is s! U.jJ, K ' --oz .-v- :0v..s>*"^w;"ror^.is5.>^--S>-w^<jwu3uC2 ^ t*| ll I * |-> a 3 > "2. > *1 '< -- rt *4 1 S c g ^d=i"rr.out a o . i * ;SsSc^j;<5S jj] w N N.<*) ^^rNCOO'0-*""*-'*--rr-tt^rp'-/W^)h--)N.PC-,*NWi-O.NO"P,^"4r^.t.M'iO/,lN.N0....r...O.)...W....N. hPvKl>(hOfSl^rMtxPCOlr'*Otr1, TnTr'Ta w 'H e * S-. 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'-.=> ,--?>r ss = ;* -- -- | r g o s s 5i<-> 5 i<rs., zS S5 u.(o_J "? V" "5 :?.5c :c s. : o; ~> ii>: *3 r ='</> 1 iJ - -- * ~H "2 => --.f .x 5^>. *v d"?~u = 2U w y if-i . I t t/> ' -c f. ^5 0 (/2: O ~-=-?o g ; ;u 5^^ -g o .i > C S V ^ "r.5: vj. 5* > '9 sjjSS g<7v .V. -- </ ~. S' < i .2 >.a o g g 5 . ._2 Sc .,r. .o --tt cj i" S'5 3 ? `i 8 |1 *-csii-'i>zlcZ ? -- *c >, <% z 5 j "j 'r x ^ I5 i. . 4. -- z *. |i-~?\z~r M=-i * H -;-s = ='w I d ss*M 3 J > ^ 5 C-*- --a ji vv. 5o v/C "* Cx v. * i >,-'j f : . 2x l ?II | s l:-"';-3 S S 2 x ? 2 | jH |2 o~* ;i'/, - J . ti -- ;Oi : 2 ? ' - x x - -si i - J9- c o -- XJsgvAoT 1*1%**"$ *2^ g et5.S 5 2 J 1*5" * i ^ 1 -g( 2SsO|sW<filK? c W > . * / >* 2 5 v 351=1=2'" 6 Txvcniy-firsi Congress--Notional Safety Council C. L. Rccr, Chicago Safety Council.' Dr. A. D. Ristesn. The Travelers Insurance Company. John Roach. Chemical Section. Cisas. J. Ron- Newark Safety Council. Tobias Roth, Rochester Szicty Council. John Russell. Jr?.. Construction Section. G. a. Sa.nfohd, General Electric Company. Henry G. Schaffner. Erie Safety Council. Orro Schenk. Wheeling Safety Council. Robert L. Schmitt, Metals Section. Charles . 13. Scott. Bureau of Safety. s' Gen. John H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council. Dr. L. A. SffouDV, Bethlehem Steel Company. Er.vest L. Suicnos. N'ew Haven Safety Council. Georce P. Singer. Reading-Berks County Safety Council. Oliver T. Skeliet. Safety Division. St. Paul Association. Charles r. Smith, Rubber Section. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Indiana). E. J. Smith. Power Pres* Section. H. S. Smith, ASSE--Engineering- Section. R. T. Solenste.v, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section. E. C. Sprinc, Lansdale. Montgomery Co., Pa. Georgs R. Stephens, The Saiety Bureau. Butfalo Chamlxr of Commerce. Ethelbert Stewart, Washington. D. C. .. Carl Storck, Automotive & Machine Shop Section. * Lucius S. Storrs. United Railways & Electric Co. Alfred H. Swayne. General Motors Corporation. John H. Taylor. Birmingham Safety Council. Henry D. Terrr, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Section. Norman F. Titus. Hudson County Safety Council. Arthur M. Tope. Consulting Marine Engineer. \V. D. Turbf.vii.le. San Antonio Safety Council. William F. Vrxcit, Rahway Safety Council. . Vincent Wakefield. Kansas City Safety Council. Grorof. H. Warfel. Union Pacific Railroad Company. Dr. Cassius H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Company. Harry M. Webber, Illinois Bell Telephone Company. Carroll V. Wells. Delivery, Taxicab & Bus Section. Albert C. White, Jr., Springfield Safety Council. W. L. Whits, Jr., Cement Section. ^ ` S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A. H. Whitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. W. H. Winans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation. C. T. Winfcar. Detroit Industrial Safety Council. Dr. C.-E. A. Winslow, Vale Medical School. J. M. Wolte, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. Txucnlv-firsf Congress--Motional Safety Council a proper staff, and not by sonic enthusiastic person who has not been trained for the work. Why not use more registered nurses in the smaller plants? The registered nurse is much better qualified to interpret a physician's plan of medical service than arty lay attendant. Much depends upon the physical condition of the employees. I ant of the opinion that the physician, by reason of his professional attainments, is best qualified to handle some of tite problem cases among employees. Mental symptoms, brought about by worry over home affairs, quite often produce accidents. In many cases the fear and worry of sickness in the family can be greatly allayed by a talk with the doctor or the nurse. Many of these cases have cone under my personal observation. It should also be absolutely the part of the physician to say when a man shall return to his regular employment after injury, and this decision should not be in* fluenced in the slightest by its possible affect on any "no-lost time accident" contest or record. These contests are proper and have brought about outstanding resuits in the reduction of lost-time frequency figures. However, there have been cases of injured employees being urged unduly to return to some form of work merely to prevent the marking up of a iost-time accident. Nothing should be allowed to inter fere with the employee's welfare. The physician has every motive to return the employee to his regular work as promptly as possible, but his higher duty is to conserve both the physical and economic welfare of the employee as well as the employer. The safety director has need of the medical sendee, and the two should earnestly co-operate and seek to bring about a mutual feeling among the employees. Both departments are striving by all possible means to prevent economic waste chargeable to the disabilities and hazards of industry. ' TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION ' October 4, 1932 The delegates first attended an informal luncheon, and then gathered for the after noon meeting in a Joint Session with the Metals Section. This session was devoted to a symposium on the dust problem in industry. Chairman Grecnburg immediately introduced the first speaker. ` , g. ^ W " ' . The Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts --- By LEROY U. GARDNER Director, Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, Saranac Lake, N. Y. .As long as men have worked lit stone it has been appreciated that an unusually large proportion of them suffer from disease of the lungs. It was natural to assume that sueh disease would be caused by the dust generated, and this belief was strength ened by the discovery of black, grey or red pigments in' the lungs, sometimes accom panied by the formation of scar tissue. The term, pneumonokoniosis was introduced to describe the lung pigmented In this manner. With further observation pathologists attempted to classify various forms of pneumonokoniosis on a basis of the type of dust inhaled and such names as anthraeosis, siderosis. chacieosis and even byssinosis and tobaecosis made their appear ance. It was recognised that some forms of the disease were attended by severe symptoms and result in death but there was no correlation between the clinical and pathological pictures and the causative dust. Finally, statistical study demonstrated that of alt kinds of industrial dusts silica generally produced a definite type of disease with a characteristic pathological lesion and complex of symptoms. .C" t!s tn .V c:i as pa tis po sp. ha no dr; rer fra of sym exc- :i trained tor '.'he registered ii service than .>{ the opinion hfied to hands ,:ght about by the t'sar and > the doctor or ition. r. a man shall uld r.oc be in cident" contest .:uig resuits in been cases of i rk merely to lowed to interto return the her duty is to ,. well as the '.ould earnestly vloyees. Both .ute chargeable i i ! i Ii . ! . for the after,n was devoted rg immediately "\\ ! I ?. \ .ac lake, N. Y. :it an unusually ..ural to assume : was strengthmetimes accom- stmented in this y various forms 'n names as an* !e their appearttded by severe . the clinical and !y demonstrated o type of disease 1 t J Industrial Health. Section 51 Today the clinical entity known as silicosis is one form of pneumonokoniosis which is r;uitc dearly defined. Moreover, within the last three or four years asbestos dust has also been shown to produce another specific type of reaction attended by symp toms differing in some respects from silicosis. The other forms of pneumonokoniosis still lack complete definition. The wide spread use of radiography has brought together a mass of descriptive data from indi viduals exposed to many kinds of occupational dusts but these findings have not yet been correlated -.villa pathological anatomy, chemical studies of the tissues and de tailed analyses of industrial atmospheres. There is a tendency to assume that many of these pulmonary changes are due to the action of silica perhaps modified by the chemical components of the dust. We shall only be in a position to speak with assur ance about them when the pure types of dust and their various combinations have been studied in human beings or in experimental animals. ' For the sake of clarity no mention lias been made of the infections which so fre quently complicate some forms of pneumonokoniosis. [n the prebactcriologieal era of medicine the use of such terms as "grinders' consumption" and "miners' phthisis" reflects the popular association of pneumonokoniosis with tuberculosis. The names were justified both by clinical and pathological observation for it has been subse quently shown tftar. in silicosis at least, a super-imposed tuberculosis may cause death in perhaps "3 per cent of the cases. Some observers even go so far as to state that silicosis itself docs not develop unless the lungs are previously damaged by a latent tuberculous infection. This is probably an exaggeration, for typical silicosis can be produced in the experimental animal by the inhalation of silica without infection. The role of asbestos dust as an excitant of tuiicrculous infection is not as clear cut as that of pure silica. While there are numerous reports of death in asbestosis due to a terminal tuberculosis, nevertheless surveys of living workers have failed to demonstrate any excess of such' infection. Simple anthracosis is said to prevent the progression of tuberculous infection. Statistics from coal mining districts do show a tuberculosis rate much lower than that "normal" for the age group. As yet corrobo rated experimental proof of protective action of coal against tuberculous infection is lacking. Not only the tubercle bacillus but other bacteria seem to develop with special facility in the tissues previously damaged by silica. For example, tltc pneumonia rate among silicotic native laborers of South Africa is many times that in non-siiicotie natives living under similar conditions. In coal miners, likewise, pneumonia is a common and often fatal complication. What has been said of the effects of inhaled inorganic dusts would indicate- that the reaction of the tissues is not merely a response to mechanical irritation by par ticulate matter. Today it is generally accepted that the injury is chemical in nature and that only certain of the common types of industrial dusts possess properties capable of exciting reaction. In the rases of silica and the silicate of magnesium or asbestos the slightly alkaline body fluids probably effect a slow solution of the -lust particles liberating silica in colloidal form. This substance irritates the connective tissue cells which respond by multiplying. The result is-an overgrowth of the sup porting framework elements at the expense of the more delicate cells specialized for specific functions. . ' For these two types of dust the character and form of the pathological changes has been carefully worked out. In silicosis the essentia! tissue change consists of nodules of connective tissue which develop first in the Wntpoid tissues situated in the drainage apparatus 'of the lungs. These nodules interfere with the physiological removal of foreign bodies and subsequently inhaled particles accumulate in the framework of the lung itself. Such reaction gradually decreases the normal elasticity of the organ and encroaches upon its functional elements. As a result the cardinal symptom of the disease, dyspnoea or shortness of breath develops. Because of the excessive amounts of scar tissue formed in the lungs the right side of the heart 52 'I'h't'ittV'jii'sl Congress--National Safety Council encounters increasing difficulty in forcing blood into tlic organs. In an attempt to compensate the overworked iicart muscle becomes thicker and heavier anti unless infection intervenes site time eventually arrives when the heart fails and death occurs from this cause. The reasons for the prevalence of infection in the silicotic lung are not altogether clear. It is obvious that when the drainage system is so obstructed by nodules of scar tissue that more dust particles can only be removed with difficulty, the same must he true of bacteria which may he inhaled. As a consequence they remain in the lung and set up progressive infections. Dut this is not the whole story. The silicotic tissue apparently offers a peculiarly favorable soil for the continued multiplication of tubercle bacilli and perhaps other bacteria. Experiment has shown that even at tenuated organisms of this type will produce rapidly fatal tuberculosis in a silicotic guinea pig. Furthermore, inhaled silica dust will cause a pre-existing latent tuber culous focus, harboring a few attenuated bacilli, to become progressive and spread. The cause of this effect upon tuberculous infection has not yet been ascertained but probably it is in some way associated with the death of tissue caused by the toxic silica. Associated with this factor is an increased activity of the phagocytes which are stimulated by the irritating silica so that these cells tend to migrate rapidly and carry tubercle bacilli into previously uninvolved portions of the lung. Asbestof dust, perhaps because of its fibrous structure, is not transported very far within the lung. It tends to lodge along the walls of the finer tubes and little of it is removed by the lymphatic drainage system. Tissue reaction, probably initiated by the solution of the fibers, occurs in their immediate vicinity. As in the ease of silica this reaction consists of an overgrowth of tile connective tissues which is later transformed into leather-like scars. . Aluminum oxide will serve admirably as an example of a non-siliecous dust whose particles are as hard and sharp as those of crystalline silica. When a measured quantity of such particles. I to 3 nticra in diameter, arc injected into the car vein of a rabbit the majority of them come to rest in its liver and spleen. There they remain, apparently harmless, collected in large phagocytic ceils and producing no reaction of the connective tissues for at least two years. Injection of the same quantity of the same sized quart2 particles excites the formation of so much scar tissue that tiic functional dements arc almost completely destroyed and the organs are reduced to nodular masses of leather-like consistence. Carborundum, the carbide of silicon, when inhaled by guinea pigs for periods as long as four years, likewise fails to excite significant overgrowth of the connective tissues. It produces only a low grade inflammatory change with no nodules. Instances such as those cited constitute the basis for believing that, the cellular response to dust particles is not due to their hardness and sharpness but to chemical substances liberated by the action of the tissues upon them. The case for solubility has not been proven directly, for the detection of soluble silica in the tissues offers technical difficulties which today are unsurmountable. Nevertheless this substance is known to be a cell poison and in weak concentrations it will provoke an overgrowth of the connective tissues. . Mention should he made of the efFcct of inhaled coal dust. Most city dweller* breathe in sufficient quantities of this material during an average life-time to pigment considerable areas of their lungs. Deposits of grey or black dust will h<* found along the course of the lymphatic drainage system but this pigmentation is associated with little or no new growth of connective tissue. The coal miner's lung is much blacker but in most instances it also develops no deforming scars. When such reaction docs occur analysis usually reveals appreciable amounts of silica in the lungs. The presence of excessive quantities of carbon dust apparently influences the localization of mod erate amounts of silica so that the latter is not deposited in nodules as in pure silicosis but in streaks along lymph vessels as pure eoal would localize. Coal miners' fibrosis, due to relatively small amounts of silica, is therefore dif ferent excess pure : variety iilieeou slowly to the Out it at leas: high c: develop gesticn tratiors This attention to an ir of that in the p should The | . -.** Sar.it: i ? I j | | | j 1 j - ' ' ' _ . ' : -. . : The ' capacity chemical the dust One r dust ini: health maittiug example. such as with ti:fmuch leN true of marble tl little Inn: quartz Cc readily. So tar for any parenchy It is kno by the h size of tl With : apparent greater q-_ of the atr .met! In an attempt to heavier and unless .iis and death occurs are not altogether ;:cted by nodules m : dty. the same ;iw*t they remain m the 'tory. ~" e silicotic .illied tipiicr.tion hown that even at(uiosis in a silicotic > .stinc latent tuberrcssive and spread. been ascertained hnt caused by the toxic he phagocytes which migrate rapidly and lung. transported very tar ' cs and little of it is Mvhly initiated hv the he case of silica this Is later transformed , -iliceous dust whose When a measured to the car vein <>f a There they remain. in'iifj no reaction oi . cine quantity of the sear tissue that tiie tans are reduced to nigs for periods as rh of tlte connective :io nodules. ms that the cellular icss but to chemical -* case for solubility in the tissues otters this substance is inke an overgrowth Most city dwellers life-time to pigment i will be found alone n is associated with \ns is much blacker i such reaction does hmes. The presence Valuation of mod* :-s as.in pure silicosis ; a. is therefore dif- ' ' : ; ` , ! i \ 1 > j ; j ; ( ' , > . > i ; ` ; * ' : i ; j j j ! J j j ! = Industrial /{aii/lt Srcficn 5.1 ferent from that of the pure quartz worker. When the amount of inhaled -ilica is excessive, the crfect of tiie coal is negligible and the reaction approximates that in pure siiico.sis. There is said to be more reaction to hard coal than to the bituminous variety but tiicre is evidence to suggest that this is due to the greater amount o* siliceous rock which must be worked in mining anthracite coal. Finally, consider the silicosis of granite cutters. This develops somewhat more slowly than that of the pure quartz miner 3nd it has been maintained that this is due to the relatively small amount of uncomimicd silica in granite (25 to >10 per cent). But it is believed that other components of the glomerate granite may neutralize or at least inhibit the effects of the silica so that only after prolonged exposures to high concentrations does significant reaction occur. While typical silicotic nodules develop in guinea pigs inhaling pure quartz ior a year, not even the earliest sug gestion of nodules have appeared in the lungs of animals inhaling comparable concen trations of granite (-10 per cent silica) for four years. This brief discussion of some of the problems involved in pneumonokouiosis draws attention to the limitations of our present knowledge. It indicates that the reaction tn an inhaled dust is determined by the chemical and probably physical composition of that dust. It emphasizes the need to further study of different types of dust both in the pure state and in measured combinations. The ultimate aim of such a study should be the neutralization of the toxic action of such dangerous substances as silica. The Dust Content of the Atmosphere in Various Dusty Industries By J. J. BLOOMFIELD - Sanitary Engineer, United States Public Health Service. Washington, D. C. The speaker said in part: The properties of a given dust which determine its capacity to produce pulmonary' pathology are. the nature of the dust, that is. its chemical and mincralogica! composition, its particle size, and finally the quantity of the dust dispersed in the atmosphere. One of the outstanding results of the last -0 years of research in the field of dust inhalation is the demonstration of the fact that* in general, the degree cd health hazards associated with the inhalation of any dust, all other factors re maining constant, is dependent upon the niincralogicnl composition of the dust. For example, it is now well established that the inhalation of certain types of dust, such as granite dust, will in time produce fibrosis of the lungs, at times associated with tuberculosis. In other cases exposure to dust may result in tlte production of much less fibrosis without notable tendency toward subsequent tuberculosis; this is true of cement dust. And finally, there arc certain types of dim, as typified by marble dust, which in the quantities and length* of exposure so far observed produce little king fibro>is. In general, it lias hern muml that those dusts which are high in quartz content arc the ones which produce a disabling fibrosis of the lungs most readily. So far as the size of the dust particle is concerned, it Is apparent that in order for any given dust to produce injury to tlte lungs, it mtist gain access to the parenchyma of the lung, the site where the harmful effects of the dust take place. It is known that not all of the particles of Inhaled dust gain access or are retained by the human lung. In this connection it is of importance to have regard to the size of the dust partieies present in the industrial atmosphere. With reference to the quantity of dust present in the air of a workroom it is apparent that when the dust concentration is high the exposed person will inhale a greater quantity in a given period of time than lie will when the dust concentration of the atmosphere is relatively low, and since the rate of production of the fibrosis 1! Ml! ` li ' Ttvcuty-first Congress--h'ntioual Sofcl v Council i* partially dependent upon the rate in which the dust is inhaled, this latter item pinys an important role :n predicting the relative danger of different environments. Hence the need for the evaluation of the quantity of dust in the industrial atmos phere is obvious. Research on the problem of industrial dust inhalation has indicated that so far as their fibrosis producing qualities arc concerned, dtists- may oe divided into three groups: (n these composed completely of combined silica, that is silicates, such as pure asbestos: (2) those containing free silica in the crystalline form known as quartz, (granite contains approximately 35 per cent of quartz) ; and (3) dust con taining free silica in a non-crystailine form such as diatomaccous earth, In general, it has been found that the harmfulness of a quartz containing dust is in direct proportion to its quartz content. For this reason, in attempting to evaluate the harmfuiness of a dust, it is of the utmost importance to ascertain its exact min- eraiogicai composition. . It has been our experience thaf to determine accurately the exact mineralocical composition of a dust one should resort to a combined chemical and petrographic analysis. By no other method have we found it possible to determine the amount of quartz present in a given sample. In certain instances, such as when one is dealing with a mixture of quartz and pure potash feldspar, it is possible to deter mine the amount of quartz present in such dust merely by a chemical analysis. However, most dusts which come into question are mixtures of quartz and silicates. Take granite for example. The average granite is made up chiefly of three min erals in about the following proportions: feldspar 60 per cent, quartz 30 per cent, and mica 15 per cent. Chemical analysis shows that this average granite contains "0 per cent of silica. Of this 70 per cent. 30 per cent is present as quartz (free silica) and the other JO per cent is present as combined silica, in chemical com bination with the other minerals that make up granite: it'is possible to determine these proportions only with the aid of the pctrocraphic microscope. We find in practice that samples of dust settled out of the asmosphere at the breathing level of the worker serve admirably for both chemical and mincralogical determinations. Table 1 presents the quartz content of dusts obtained in various industries which we have studied. TABLE I Percentageof Quart* Present in Various Industrial Dusts Kind of Dust Percentage of Quartz Rock drilling dust {bituminous coal mine)....................... Granite cutting dust............................................................... Rock drilling dust (anthracite coal mine)....................... ' Brass fottmlry dust................................................................ Dust from raw mills incement plant.......................... .. Slate mill dust (Vermont red slate)................................. Silverware polishing dust...................................................... Anthracite coal dust.............................................................. Bituminous coal dust.............................................................. Cement dust ........................................................................... Slate mill dust (Vermont green slate).............................. Tale mill dust........................................................................... ________Marble cutting dust................................................................ 5J.0 55.2 31.0 10.0 6.5 . 3-0 1.7 1.5 1-5 1-0 trace none none It is evident from this table that rock drilling occupations in the coal mining industry and certain occupations in the granite cutting industry and in brass foun dries would be in the hazardous class as judged by the proportions of quartz in the atmospheric dust. ft has - microns > larger oargreater *.hs lower size:, tratc to ti:r ourseives mer.sicn. In order access to t in the dusr may be obt: instrument pherte dust slip may tin In another tion; the p; means of a measurement may be grou curve is easi As pointer atmosphere * the injury w From the quantitative ; - *s1zc range or requiring car will depend' the refractive observer. \V industrial hsu the dust conti and certain i: This different one-half and such normal mination the in ili air. So far as by the South dimension are. size limit of p who examinee silicotic lung, and about 36 majority of th The median s tn comparing tides measure mills, found a by Navrogordr In connectio: mfieanec the f or indirect of ' this latter item 'nt environments, industrial atmos- .cd that so tar as livided Into three ' '> silicates, such * form known as id (3) dust con- tr'.h. In general. lust is in direct u to evaluate the ho its exact min- act mineratogical . and petrographic .nine the amount i as when one is possible to detcr hemical analysis, nrtz and silicates. fly of three min* (rartz 30 per cent. granite contains > as quartz (free .; chemical com* iole to determine -.tiospherc at the nd mineralogtcat ' tained in various busts tentage of Quartz KO -. 3S.2 31.0 19.0 6.5 3.0 1.7 1.5 12 1.0 trace none none ' . the coal mining *.d in brass foun ions of quartz in t r r i i ii t [ \ i i J l Industrial Health Section 55 It has been demonstrated that particles of dust of a sire greater than 10 to 12 microns in longest dimension are very seldom tound in the lungs. This absence of larger particles is partly due to the fact that the numbers of such particles greater than ten microns in sire present iit industrial air is, as compared with the lower sizes, comparatively small; furthermore, these larger particles do not pene trate to the terminal portions of the respiratory tract. Hence we need only concern ourselves with these dust particles that are less than ten mierons in longest di mension. In order to ascertain whether or not an industrial dust is capable of gaining access to the '.mags, it is necessary to know something of tlse size ot the particles in the dust under consideration. In practice the samples for particle size studies may be obtained by the use of `lie Owens jet dust counter. The advantage of this instrument over other devices is that the Owens apparatus projects the atmos pheric dust in unaltered condition directly on a microscope cover-slip. This cover- slip may then be properly mounted and examined by any one of several methods. In another method a microphotograph of the dust is made at a high magnifica tion : the particles revealed on an enlarged print or screen may be measured by means ot a millimeter scale. No matter which method one uses for particle-size measurements the results may be treated in the customary manner. The"particles may be grouped in classes according to size, from which a percentage distribution curve is easily obtained. As pointed out earlier, a knowledge of the quantity of dust dispersed in the atmosphere is very important, since with any given dust the rate of production of the injury will be dependent upon the total quantity inhaled. ... From tljo. practical hygienic viewpoint, the particle count is at present the best fquiflfitatice index of the degree of atmospheric pollution. The decision as to the size range ot the particles which should be included in the dust count is a question requiring careful consideration. Obviously the size of the smallest visible particle will depend on the magnification and type of illumination used in the microscope, the refractive properties of the dust and to some extent on the visual acuity of the observer. We must bear in mind that our chief interest in this problem is in the industrial hygienic aspect. Primarily we are interested in differentiating between the dust content in the ordinary normal atmospheres, not yet known to be harmful, and certain industrial dusts which are known to be associated with lung damage. This difference is sharply marked so tar as the dust partieles between approximately one-half and ten microns in diameter are concerned; but the difference between such normal and abnormal air is masked and lost when we include in our deter mination the partieles of ultra-microscopic size which are present in vast numbers in all air. So far as the upper limit of particle size is concerned it has been demonstrated by the South African studies that particles greater than ten mtCTons in longest dimension are. as a rule, of negligible importance. The data concerning the lower size limit of potentially hazardous dust is not so conclusive. Moir of South Africa, who examined microscopically 120 dust particles obtained from two specimens of silicotic lung, found that only 13 per cent of the particles were less than 0.5 microns and about 36 per cent of the particles were less than one micron in diameter. The majority of the particles, 60 per cent, were between one and three microns in size. The median size of the dust was found to be 12 microns in diameter. Drinker, in comparing the size frequency ot the particles measured by Moir with the par ticles measured by him of the dust found in the sputum of men employed in ore mills, found a dose correspondence. These findings have also been corroborated by Navrogordato. . In connection with the lower limit of particle size of dust of pathological sig nificance the following pertinent question arises: Aside from the evidence direet or indirect of the non-retention of minute particles of dust by the lungs, what 56 {''.VOity-first Conf/ms--;Va11onuf Safety Council TABLE 2 Average Dust Counts in Certain Dusty Trades Industry and Occupation Dust exposure in millions of particles per cubic toot Ta;c Mining and Muling: jack-hanuncr drillers ............................. ..................... Packers .................................................... ..................... Muckers ................................................... Crushermen anti cviiitdermen............... ..................... Slate Finishing Mil's: Floormen ................................................. Loaders .................................................... Disc crusher operators..............fc........... ..................... Quartz Grinding Plant: Mill operators ........................................ ...................... Laborers .................................................. ..................... Packers ....................... ........................... ..................... Granite Quarrying anti Finishing: Levuer drillers ...................................... ..................... Jack-hammer drillers ........................... ..................... Hsnd Mcum.Tffe tool finishers............. ..................- Machine pneumatic tool finishers......... :................ Plug drillers ........................................... ..................... Attendant labor (indoors)..................... ..................... Anthracite Coal Mining: Miner* awl helpers .:............................ ........................ Attendant labor ....................................... ...................... Bituminous Coal Mining: Coal cutters and loaders........................ ..................... Attendant labor ....................................... Marble Cutters .............................................. Cotton Cloth Manufacturing: Carders ............................................................................ Weavers and spinners............................. Silverware Manufacturing: Dustv trades .......................................... Non-dusty trades ................................... 2,160 " SO 14 312 173 S3 55 N4 112 30 .v. 37 17 232 31 112 0 > Average per cent of quartz i:t dust None None None None None 3 3 3 3,, <29 99 99 99 35 35 33 35 35 35 35 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 None N.im* X*nc W.*: * 1.7 ! .7 1.7 evidence is there that appreciable percentages of ordinary industrial dnjtj ever fragment into those minute sites less than Q.Smicrons in diameter? The best answer to. this question would be data of actual measurement nf such dust. Un fortunately we have but scant published data on the particle sice frequency of dusts in the air oi industrial establishments. In 1929 Fchnel made some particle site measurements in connection with the dust study of hard rock drilling in New York City. He reported the findings on three samples, which showed the dust which was less than 1 micron in size to vary from 1 to 15 per cent. Most of the dust i't these lurd roek drilling operations was between 2 and S microns in size. Badham. in studying the dust hazard among sandstone workers its Sydney, Aus tralia. measured some 16.000 particles of dust in the air of work places and found that 67 per cent of these particles were about l micron in size. In a particle size ft Average ' ?<r cent of quartz m t dust None None None N'one None 3 3 3 3 99 99 99 99 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 ' 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 None None None None 1.7 - 1.7 1.7 : ial dusts ever ter? The host, ueh dust. Unucncy of dusts ue particle size -filing in New nved the dust Most of the Microns in size. Sydney, Ausbices and fodnd a particle size hiilustrid! IIedit!t Section 57 study of twenty-five samnles of eleven different kinds of aerial industrial dusts i made by die filar micrometer method at a magnification of l.OCO diameters, the speaker found that practically all of the dust was less than 5 microns in size. Only 2 per cent of the particles were less than 0.5 microns. 21 per cent were less i than 1 micron, and the majority of the dust, 71 per cent, was found to he between 1 and 3 microns in diameter. from ail of the evidence therefore, and in the absence of conclusive proof to the contrary, it is apparent that we need only he concerned with those dust particles between one-naif and 5 microns in size, and from a practical standpoint the lower limit of particle size to he counted may well be taken at about l micron. Many methods have been devised and used for the purpose of determining the quantity of dust in air. Suffice it to say that for the purpose of dust sampling in either high or low dust concentration*, the Greenhurg-Smith impiuger apnarmu* now i finds universal favor. This instrument has been used by the united States Public Hcaith Service in all' of its dust studies during the past nine years and is also being used by other workers in this field in this country and abroad. During the past nine years the writer has made numerous investigations oi dust hazard in many industrial establishments throughout the country. In Table 2. a. summary is presented of the average dust content of the air in a few of these dusty industries. This table dearly shows that the highest dust exposure was 'In the talc mines, slate finishing mills, quartz grinding plant, coal mining and granite cutting industries. Owing to the high percentage of quartz present in the dust of the quartz grinding and granite cutting plants, as compared with the dust in the other indus tries listed in Table 2, quartz grinding and granite cutting are revealed to be the most hazardous ofthe occupations we have studied, - ^ * Clinicar and Statistical Aspects of Silicosis. By ALBERT E. RUSSELL, M. D., F. A. C. P. Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service; Surgeon, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. It would be difficult to estimate with any degree of accuracy the number oi people in the United States who arc engaged in dusty trades. It is evident, however, that more people are exposed to dust, which constitutes the greatest single industrial haz ard. than is generally supposed. Certain dusts contain poisonous elements, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, etc., which give rise to general conditions resulting from their absorption. This paper .however will deal only with those dusts which arc t known to be direct factors in the production of pulmonary diseases. Economic Aspects of Silicosis The economic problem presented hy silicosis is trcmcndi-ns. The sufi'eriug and loss of life due to it cannot he adequately measured. In the gold mining area ........... /ohamtesburg. South Africa, during the period 1911 to 1929. more than 53 million dollars have been paid In compensation alone. The costs of medical care, hospital ization, and legal proceedings further augment this enormous figure. Mines in Australia are reported to have been bankrupted by payment of silicosis ii compensation. I know of a company in our own country which has claims amount ing to more than a million dollars for disability due to dust inhalation. There are i other plants in the East which will he bankrupted if alt the claims which are filed ) against them are allowed. Tn most of the industrial states the number of claims filed has greatly increased in recent years. It is clear that dust-prevention work, like any health-promoting activity, would pay many times in money, good health, and efficient operation. Strangely enough, only during the past 25 years has dust received much attention Il :&i :WiP3<SS District; `'^ntsscaaffl finding f.daQS ZE7.t2[/e37 clinician silicosis: Y-M&& M$SM^iiS^eM^Ms^,Smsmm !&&& T? ?iSi ___ f pSc2: ,1b t K&$$SSi J.jffigsvGfi S.:r ^'.'tTli-.' Wti2j ' .**VJ.!!?*7'JTmwTi ?i*tt .S*SSjS5 "$3 i',^^ .without tEj? suspended .wettmglefficiency, iquids: .V Vi'fl 4lC'*V,l S3 m&iff adgaasGte'^f^^ :i -n-- 3$ GS3 'W vt'-S*fjVT> 3 . * - ** l C A *1* ' w.>' ~-a.*.*<' #-'. : -- yV.?pr/->/"**-.y'.'*' ,u;/'^f-c;v"T. "* 1-iLt '.'.'.M '.^>^3 Jaasg^^:^; SflsasssS*-*^ "fcD S3^ --tf.S_J]_M_ . ~mS- .**f;eN%vJ*V 0 ttS3> 52 -'^T` SSDasSB*:^- G2*53f3& sassss-#.' mmm:? - t-'v .',-& " LrJ:<a .*: ^ces3^^- iss/'Qssr^Mkll ___ .':,^v' . ^ |v^:<zzsg^ MtejgQ (g__ _________ ,.ja QS2S50 wm <sm cos2 css/g^g 2; j V~(2S fl*l^CinVyffeil inside (f_ia_fl_s_g gfcs*,- Sfe dteto-dtesBO tfo eo&ass ?<& ndblast equipment - i&ftm ~:vV-v.'j y^Y, y y^, . *' ^^j.tiaff$. *^\^'L?'^?,'?:.`'i,`-`*'Vl ; .:^?:;'>rv$r ..'.m.,,:'*v4< '.wi '.-V'.' :3&S V2S&>* lExS*rr$-; ^?F s GD'.?^ 3 % >* ^ A4 "* *"X ' 0 U^'v'V : 3 <$':? i. <S?;`-Vfs:: Jffl .- .' s x*.a* ;, te} .>?>] 2sa;if: SSi, .?:; SteSaiS? ass;-&' 7 D ' + &i mtw *3*1 7 (y) .' T&.' z#a;tP fm OPS?.i=& g;i9 &Q'M- 33& **?<<: m$ r*r > ' util .'ini' (hem u illi (lie -(ive figure* can Sc not c.nly be \MKiied cr members of the department. They f The c^'ts fboniil between enmpruve'. liv :iicf'.i<tir.vr such -alary. i: -lii'tiM to cni'lnitt nil :!tc if, Newark *ta:c Compensation .> connection. He ncy payments made ,-e juTCeittacci*. -.is re. the nest figures Hows: \ec but it requires Jy al*mi iv;r>ovia( >jivration. iltl be sc little c* -s could nut exist. ; and revert to the t ( Inquiry" pre. Safety Knincur. i playlet depicting -.u of an itUin-tmi characters." were the Rtiblter Section 7* IV A* TV-F/RST A .V A* V A L SaPET V C 0 i\r GUESS A'ATIO.YAL SAFETY COUNCIL pmP i ft Safety Section, A.R.A.--Steam Railroad Section, N.S.C. Section Officers 1931-32 Chairman--C. T. Satlsv. Ctiei Safety Agent. Oregon Short Lisie Railroad. First Vice-Chairman--C. E. Hill, General Safety Agent. New Vork Centra! Lines. Second f- --C. L. LaFount.mxe. General Saiety Supervisor, Great Northern Railway. \ Secretary--]. C C.wtSTCN*. i'XOTF.: The foUo^ina fanes con/oin a condensed abstract of the records of the sessions oi the Seiety Section, AR.-l--Steam Railroad Section. .VSC. as fublished in foil by dm .-linrrireu Re.ihi-ay Association in a booklet entitled. "Procecdiuns of the 12th Annual Medina of the Saiety Section, Washington, D. C.. October 4 to 6, 1932.") TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1932 The sessions of the Safety Section. American Railway Association--Steam Railroad Section. National Safety Council, convened in the Hotel Washington with Chairman C 7. Dailey. Chief Safety Agent. Oregon Short Line Railroad. Sate Lake City. Utah, presiding. The invocation was given by L. G. Bentley. Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. Report o Committee on Relations with National Safety Council By ROBERT SCOTT Director. Insurance and Safety, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Mr. Scott said in part: Your committee rinds pleasure in reporting that much satisfactory progress has been made in the direction of co-ordinating the work of both sections with the view of avoiding duplication of effort and expense and to the end that the cause of safety might be advanced. The first annual meeting of the Steam Railroad Section, National Saiety Council, was held in Philadelphia in October, 1913. while the Safety Section of the American Railway Association held its first special session in Boston in September, 1921. Both of these sections have been functioning properly and well ever since they came into existence, and have been a powerful force in the reduction of avoidable accidents. On September 2, 1931. a meeting was Held in Chicago at which there were present members of the committee on- relations and officers of both sections. At this meeting 1 ;l A IT! || t'H[& : -4 srsf ,-w -1 > -1 :i 412 Turiity-first Cuiujrrss--iValiounl ,S'.(/Y/r Council in the stress of economy it has been necessary drastically to restrict all es'pcnditures. and dark because the economic depression kept our backs and shoulders bowed to the storm which has raced around us--but during all this stress, you gentlemen oi the Safety Section have carried the banners of safety and safety tirst rlyim. and your shock troops have been supporting ami defending them and there has been no let-up. While there have been let-ups in other directions, there has been no h-t-up in this safety movement, even with your depleted forces. Now. as we approach the crest of the hill, the slogan "33 hy '33'' floats down to our ears from the throats of thousands whose lives have Ikcu spared by the drive for safety. I see tbe light growing clearer ahead and as we lift our beads and throw back onr shoulders. I see a smoother, broader, lighter pathway with more moderate slope stretching away to the green meadows above. The storm clouds are breaking, the warm rays of the economic sun are gradually coming through: doubt and despair are nearing their end. ^ - TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 4. 1932 Report of Committee on Prevention of Highway Crossing Accidents By H. A. ROWE ....Manager^.Claims Department. Delaware. Lackawanna St Western Railroad. y -*f /' New York City The speaker said in part: The Committee is again gratified to he able to announce a further reduction oi grade crowing accidents, fatalities, and injuries in .u compared with 19.10. Thus we have had three consecutive years of progress in the curbing ,{ crossing crashes, the records being as follows: 1'tfl. total accidents 4.100. killed 1 .St 1. injured 2.65": 1930. accidents 4.S53. killed 2.')20. injured 5.51*: ami in 1929 there was a slight reduction. The year 1923 was the peak year in railroad crossing fatalities, since which time the reduction nf such fatalities lias been 757 per year, the 1931 record being but one more killed than in 1922. when the careful crossing campaign was inaugurated. The outstanding accomplishment of crossing accident^eduction ran he better grasped when wc note that motor vehicle fatalities on streets nr.d highways in Id'' were 13.676 but in 1931 there was an increase of 18.913 deaths or 139 per cmt. During this same 10-vesr period there was nn increase of hut one death at railroad crossings. A very important feature of the committee work has been the careful crossing campaign which has continued to enlist the interest ami cooperation of many .irgani- rations ami the general public. This has been furthered by general publicity, the regular posters initiated for this special campaign and other literature. During the past year the National Safety Council has been active in its educational campaign for the prevention of accidents, and in its May. 1932. issue, ot the Katinmil Safety Xetit contributed a most useful and illuminating frontispiece. The crossing accident situation was stressed in the same issue of the Xexi-t. and in many other respects the National Safety Council has shown deep interest in cooperating in the prevention of crossing accidents. Opportunity is presented ior a fuller enjoyment of tire facilities offered by the 41 Community Safety Councils associated with the National Safety Council. Collec tively. 30 Councils reach 808.000 school children through 3.141 meetings. Railroad safety representatives, cooperating with such local Councils, have an excellent oppor tunity of extending the gospel oi careful crossing over railroads. These Councils hold vast numbers of other meetings and should be regarded as fertile soil. 1" sa W( ra I >tcil 'dual -)hio Railroad vears of railroad .ion to safety into . is inherently sate is convinced him-.scit does not need ,-inistic and who is -.>utine service are .'dd say their home work any mental ! meir duties, and . not become easily to face any sittiaper cent oi the . hers but that they problem we have, anything occurring king. employees of .lie and the things .in with all. Their Thev seem to set iplesS. nt efforts of those safety campaigner vorlc. to constantly . practices. These ' the unsafe. i>*d as the fatalists ihlem all to itself. .t*Iy. intensive and r-ti that any large >ve censored myself -is type, because in in the service, due rse about this type -.1 to the possibility eristics. Generally tnoughtj are along :ful individual. with h his private habits -ady response from '.clongs. his family, reach him through . the success of these :,c supervising officer - safetv to hts gang, elf. Safety Section, A.R.A.--.S'/ectiu Hoilrood Section, S'.S.C. WEDNESDAY'MORNING SESSION October 5, 1932 417 Report of Committee on Train Service Accidents ' By D. G. PHILLIPS . Superintendent of Safety. The Wabash Railway The speaker said in part: In the year 19.11. out of 5.099 fatalities and 35.656 per sons injured, according to reports to the Interstate Commerce Commission. 4.624 of these fatalities and IS.349 of the persons injured occurred in train service accidents. While it is true that a large proportion of these fatalities occurred in grade crossing: accidents and to trespassers, it is also true that over half of the fatalities to employees on duty occurred in wha: is known .is train service accidents and about one-third of the injuries to employees occurred irt train service accidents. We feel, therefore, that we are justified in saying that the prevention of train service accidents is probably the most important safety problem confronting us today, as far as accidents in and around railroads are concerned. Under the heading "coupling or uncoupling cars or locomotives'* in 1931 12 persons were killed and 394 persons injured. This may he compared for the year 1930. when 30 persons were killed and <304 injured. The year 19JI. therefore, shows a decrease of 60 per cent in the number oi fatalities anti 33 per cent in the number oi personal injuries: and these may he compared further with the record for 1920. when there Ii were.151 ,fta!itjjgs and 2.450 injuries due to this cause. Yh'e pjpicipar reason for personal injuries under this heading is due to employees stepping in between moving cars, usually at a time when coupling is about to lie' made, to determine if the knuckle has lolly opened, to adjust location of couplers, or to adjust the coupling or uncoupling (ever, with the result that they are caught between the couplers; or perhaps due to tripping or falling while performing this act. and are thus run over by the car. Our remedy ior correcting this dangerous practice is for each ami every railroad to make a positive and definite, rule prohibiting employees front going between moving cars when nearing each other, to examine the employees to see that the rule is understood by them, anti that supervisory officers see that the rule is enforced. Under the (lending "coupling or uncoupling air or steam in l')3|, 13 persons i were killed and 175 persons injured, which may be compared with the record for ) 1930. when 7 persona were killed ami 232 injured. The increase of 8/5 per cent in the number of fatalities is decidedly regrettable, although th* record shows a decrease t of 24 per cent in the number oi injuries. The principal cause of employee injuries i under this head is due to their failure to protect themselves by performing this work I in accordance with the rules. * The remedy for this class oi accidents where ear men are employed rests in a full and complete enforcement of the blue signal rule which is quite uniform on nil- railroads. Railroad managements sliottld improve this blue signal so a* to make it as efficient as jmsssible. The rule should also govern, the placing of the blue signal so as to make sure that it is in a location where it will serve the best purpose as a signal to warn train, engine and yard men who might lie guided by it. Where en gine is coupled onto cars and trainmen arc pcrbirming (his work without blue, i } .i sigtial protection, they should not permit themselves to get into a place where an unexpected movement or ilie cars might cause an accident, without first notifying % the engine nun and fireman so as to he fully protected. Under the heading "operating hand brakes." in 1931 there were 18 fatalities and S24 persons injured, as comparer! with the record for 1930 when 26 persons were killed and 1.154 injured. The year 1931 shows a decrease of 31 per cent in Cil ' list in the vards c from $1,300 to :gh our J8 main diout one dollar's .1 damage '.t only . to my mind, has nceming railroads of doubt--public ether industry can nivemctit lias been to invite lawyers, : of life tn Attend ..ive had thoe men <tt were doing in. on generally in a ^au of Safety, immission .iccidcnt iuvestigammission. How- rlooked and which . not only to the "irate cause of an him develop the .ucntly occurs, and .flea of impressing occurrence of acci- accidents, however 1 by competent in* ot a similar charfor the principal what disciplinary There the matter important side of a view to profiting . the right direction, ued is on the job 1. General officers. 1 Federal Commis- .sness of what has x are learned that sequence so far as ( is no commotion . although the small ' an accident should of so-called major Safety Section, A.ISA.--Steam Railroad Section, X.S.C. 423 It may be argued that no one has time to dignify minor accidents hv careful and painstaking investigation, hut the answer to any such argument is that ii they are investigated caretuiiy and with sulticicnt thoroughness to bring out any under lying condition or situation wnich may exist, the time soon will come when there will not be very many to investigate, and we may rest assured that the occurrence of major accidents w-iii decrease just as rapidly as do the minor accidents. Further more. all employees involved arc available for questioning, whereas in the more disastrous accident important witnesses are often permanently silent. Railroad casualties have been decreasing for years, although just what the immediate trend is I cannot pretend to say; you may rest assured, however, that they wiii continue to decrease, hue only if all accidents are treated with the im portance they deserve. As to the steps to he followed by the various railroads in this humanitarian work, these must be worked out for each individual organization. They all have the same object in view, the saving of life and limb, and I do not believe that anything can impress itself to any better advantage on the rank and tile of railroad workers in the way of accident prevention than to have the investi gation of the minor accident, regardless of its character, as thoroughly and pains takingly handled as the investigation of the major accident. The investigation ot the major accident obviously would take more time because of more facts to he developed, and more evidence of one kind or another to h considered, hut aside i from the question of volume there would appear to be no difference in the investiga tion itself. Tiie result to be accomplished is the same in each, and only by han j dling it in the same manner can those results be best attained. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION . *4 ( October 5, 1932 * . J i Value of "Safe Practices" Committees By F. HARTENSTIEN Assistant to General Manage?. Lehigh Valley Railroad i The speaker said in part: In our efforts to reduee the number nf casualties : the railroads it becomes natural for us to analyze their causes anti it possible adopt ways and means to prevent repetition. After a careful study of this subjeet. and l considering that 73 per cent or more of the injuries that oceur on the railroads are the result ot unsafe practices, it appears to be in order to make a change in our safety organization tliat is adaptable or more in keeping with the causes which are responsible hr producing unsatisfactory safety feetyds. With the hope and t pectation that a change in the name of safety committees to that of "safe practices committees.'' will he conducive of better results, it is recommended to the members of the Section that such a change be made. ' The chance is recommended for the purjiose of Inspiring careful employees who are dependable safety workers to caution their eo-workers when they observe tiuin doing anything that is liable to result in personal injury. Also, to more cleariv instill in tlte minds oi committees and other employees that the causes of the majority of personal injuries on the railroad arc from unnecessarily taking chances i and their discontinuance will l>c a large contribution to the goal that we are strug * gling to make by the end of the year 19.13. If it is decided to change the name of committees it should lie tmdvr-tood that reporting any unsafe conditions observed on railroad property must no? he dis continued, but a careful analysis of the records indicate that a very small percentage of our injuries oecuc from defects and unfavorable conditions, and the change suggested should direct the attention of officers and employees to the real reason for the majority of railroad accidents. 42S T'vcuty-firsi Congress--National Safety Council of train, a trainman may go over'the running board if necessary to i^ct on top of the train to extinguish fire or pass signals. If anything should develop on the engine requiring getting out on the cunning board to fist it. and such work cannot be deferred, the train must stop between stations to permit it to be done. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 6, 1932 ' Power Apparatus in Maintenance of Way Work By LEM ADAMS Engineer. Maintenance of Way. Union Pacific System The .speaker said in part: The mamtennnee of way employees on any railroad are constantly beset with hazards oi accidents. When the motor car is set on the track for the day's work there is a potential hazard of being struck by a train, an .automobile at a grade crossing, or another track car. Hence we surround them with innumerable rules and regulations to safeguard their movements. Men in this branch of railroad service must constantly he on the alert to protect themselves. Their tools are watched closely for the smallest defect that might resuit in injury from particles of flying steel, and the very best steels and heat treating methods are used to provide tools that will be as nearly fool-proof as possible. Yet with all these precautions, we still have accidents. Perhaps a rail is struck with a spike maul when a spike is not properly hit. or a sledge hammer fails when striking a track chisel in cutting a rail, and we have a cut or eye injury from flying steel, or an adze strikes a knot in a cross-tic when adzing ior gauge and a foot is cut. Or perhaps a bar slips, or the trip gives way when operating a ratchet jack for spotting track, and we have a broken arm or other serious injury. These things are especially prevalent when large groups of men are working in a rail renewal or ballasting gang. With such a picture before us. we maiutaintnee of way men have for years been thinking in terms of machinery t" do the more arduous and dangerous operations. Then, too. we were thinking in terms of efficiency, for safety and efficiency usually go hand in hand. `. (The siwaker then showed a score or more of lantern slides illustrating various types of power equipment employed in maintenance of way work.) This set of equipment is one of our best safety agents. However, all power operated tools arc unfortunately not the safest to use. although they are great lalwc savers. Some tools in this class are the pot/rr saw. the sandblast for cleaning sur faces preparatory to repaintifle. the power drill tor cither rail or bridge work, and many others--but efficiency and accuracy of work demand their use, and with proiwr care on the part of the operators they can he handled, safely. Planning for Safety in Track Construction By FRANK R. BRADFORD Director of Safety & Fire Prevention, Boston & Main Railroad The speaker said in part: My object in being here is to show you a picture illustrating one of the modern methods oi main line rail renewal. The operation, which is notable in many respects, is the outcome of the ides that the old estab lished methods of rail renewal were no longer justified from the standpoint of economy, advantage of the operating department, or safety to the maintenance of men. . '.re rr.r. wc ten ms; and eccr per par san r\ len; pla* pou ing me: dur fee: rail raii pro F pas flem V dote, anil the cifit to i cant situ. V Spcthe> pro}. the thespart I:. Tunny-first Congress--T'ationa! Safety Council flQl Avoiding netting men excited hy unnecessary hollering on the job, etc. Ht) Have nil laborers examined as to physical condition before employment. The report of the resolutions committee was then presented by J. A. Lone of the Delaware & Hudson Railroad, Chairman, and two resolution* were formally pre sented and adopted by :he Section delegates. ' The first was a resolution of condolence upon die death of J. Flanagin, Manacer. Safety Department. Chicago, Milwaukee. St. Paul & Pacific Railroad. The second resolution acknowledged with thanks and appreciation efforts of all who had participated in making the Washington Congress Session successful. Report of the Nominating Committee The report of the tellers who canvassed the election of officers for the Section, was made hy J. !. Hcavey, The Erie Railroad, and announcement was made oi the election as follows: Chairman of the Section--Charles E. Hill, General Safety Agent, New York- Central Lines. First ''ipe-Choinnnn--C. L. LaFountaine, General Safety Supervisor. Great Northern Railway. SYrourf yice~Cir(riemetit--}i. A. Parish. Assistant to General Manager. Chicago -k North Western Railway. Members selected for the Committee of Direction* for the Ensuing Year: Eastern Territory--F. Hartensiein. Assistant to General Manager. Lehigh Valley Railroad: H. A. Rowe. Manager, Claims Department. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. . Nett- Enaland Territory--C. N. Woodward. Assistant to General Manacer. New York. New Haven & Hartford Railroad. Southern Territory-- Robert Scott. Director Insurance & Safety. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. Canadian Territory--A. 0, Beck. Director, First Aid St Accident Prevention. Canadian National Railways. Manlier* of the Committee on tVoiniuotion for the ensuing year: F. W. Curtis. Supervisor. Safety >L- Fire Prevention. Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad. Chairman: R. G. Evans, Superintendent of Safety. Louisville & Nashville Railroad: C. F. Larson. Superintendent of Safety, Missouri Pacific Railroad: F. M. Metcalfe. Superintendent of Safety. Northern Pacific Railway: J. C. Pratt. Supervisor of Safety. The Redding Company.- The closing minutes of the session were devoted to the introduction of the new chairman. Charles F.. Hill, and to appreciative and eulogistic remarks concerning the services rcndc/cd by officers of the section during the past year. ADJOl'iMMliyr * .V Cenerat C-\ Mass. yiee-Cnain Secretary Woolen Chairman F A. Hale Chairman Worces'. Chairman r Conn. CVietrmait T R. I. Chairman F ford, Cc Members at Arrttt;* Russeit ton, WAirrs Mas Jotts- K Paul U The openi: with Genera pauy, Boston officers and s