Document pZw8NR66pny2157VmqRxq3pD

FILE NAME: Foseco(FOS) DATE: 1965 Aug 10 DOC#: FOS008 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Unpublished Internal Report 0350 i \ SILICOSIS AX3 ASBESTOSIS SA2AHSS ASSOCIAggD il ITE TKZ MAI~?ACTU?-2 AXD SB 0? FRO?AX 3 v : C. waBhJo'srna, 3 . S e. r C S - 3 3 " 0 a a '2 ~l33 0351 2 2 ^ i - r r _ AI\D SarSLOHlfSv? ?Z?G?.T SO. 5 .1 HIGHLY CONTLSgreiAL 10-th Au^us t *.9 =5 S ilic o sis and A s b e s t o s e s os.cg.rd a A s s o c i a t e d w i t h ar.d Pa a o f P r e ta x . "he Mamf c c curs A uthor; C. rfaahbourna, 3. So. * lr Syr.oneis : E s o s a t l i t e r a t u r e o r d i s e a s e s o f th e iu rs -s b ro uo by o cc u p atio n al exposure to s i l ic a ard asbestos d u sts has s u r v e y e d , en d d i s o u s s ie n s cr. r e c e n t d e v a lo p r a r t a h a v e bee w ith c e a b e r s o a a e d i c a l r e s e a r c h u r .it o p e r a tin g i n th e K irgdcn. h s n e c h a r i a n a c a u s in g t h e s e d i s e a s e s a r e d i s c u s Bed. ,B n a t u r e sn d a r t e r t a th e b a s e r da a s s o c i a t e d w ith r r t i e r 10 ara co r.eid ersd , and i t is concluded th a t the ra ru fa c c u r e and use t th is r a t e r i a l i t s r o t e n tire ly w ith o u t r is k . Hears of c sv ia c i thee 8 haesrds are recem en d ed . J r 03-00-2333033257 0352 - 2 - COKTiyTS In trc d u e (3/ D a a c rip iic n c i th.a D sa a a a . M ochanisa o i S il i c o s i s . pB m isaible d u st ccnoentraiicnfi arposura - r e la tiv o ta r ic iiy ci ion aa. - p a rtic la sire c r v 8 - 2.1 1 r .8 an d - p e r i od c i arorphcus V (3) (f, ( 5) s nRSdoeia Bobc r ip t i c a o i 'th D is e a s e . (?) H achnnisr: c i a b a s ic a ia . (7) Oaricar a s a o e ia ia d v rith 31ua lab esto H . (7) P errssib la u si ec n ccn irsto n s. (5) P r^ -rj-r -I^ ^ .s tie c ts e n d ?. ec o r r e n d a t i ara G eneral P rcia r H ar.uiaoiurc : b in in e stag-o llculdins tape F i n i s h i n s a t a . Prciar in th Cur-tonsr'a erba. 3'-:r-r.g-rv (*5) E ei grar.cea (1A) c p e n d ir (15) r 0 3 "~02>--G*2J'2CJGi2.j-oo 0353 / - 3- ISTROBCCTIOfl S n q u irie B a re 1531112 r e c e iv e d i r o n c u s to n e r s r e g a r d i n g the p o s s i b i l i t y o f i l l n a a a among ste e lw o rk s p e rs o n n e l a r i s i n g from th e long-term use of P rofor 10. O bjections t o ' a p o saib lp a ilic o a i3 h a s a rd have 10011 a r i s i n g d u rin g n e a r l y th e 'hole p e r io d i n w hich P ro fa x has been m ark eted , and i t has been n e c e ssa ry in some ca3e3 to use o liv in e an a f i l l e r in s u b s t i t u t i o n f o r s i l i c a f l o u r . More re c e n tly , f u r th e r o b jectio n s have been re c e iv e d re g a rd in g a p o ssib le ash e sto sia hazard and ito asso c ia te d danger of cancer of the resp irato ry tra c t. The m a t e r i a l i n t h i s r e p o r t cornea from a s u r v e y .of r e c e n t l i t e r a t u r e on d is e a s e s of the lungs and c h e s t caused by exposure to to x ic duat3, and from co n su ltatio n s w ith re p re se n ta tiv e s of the Pneum oconiosis R esearch U nit of the M edical R esearch C ouncil, Llandough H o a p ita l, P e n a rth , G lam organshire. The in fo rm a tio n gained has been used to i l lu s t r a te th e p o ssib le r i s k of pulmonary d iso rd ers accompanying the m anufactura and use of P ra fsx 10, and as a b a s is f o r c o n s id e r in g ways of re d u c in g o r e lim in a tin g th i s r i s k . Comments on i n d u s t r i a l h y g ie n e r e g u l a t i o n s and th e l e g a l aspects of s ilic o s is re fe r to S xitiah p ra c tic e . D ifferen t re g u l a t i o n s may e x i s t i n o th e r c o u n trie s-, an d i t i s s u g g e s te d t h a t th e reader should fa m ilia ris e him self w ith those. SIDXCOSIS D e s c r ip tio n o f t h e D is e a s e -. S ilic e a ia is a disease of the lungs caused by b reath in g a i r c o n ta in in g imcomhined s ilic o n dio x id e d u s t. I t produces nodules of fib ro u s m a te ria l w ithin both lu n g s, and can be d etected a t an e a r l y s t a g s by X -ray e x a m in a tio n . The d is o a s a may r e a c h a s e r i o u s s ta g e b e f o r e p ro d u c in g c l i n i c a l sym ptom s. The m ost common symptom of se v e r s i l i c o s i s i s s h o rtn e s s o f b re a th fo llo w in g e x e r t i o n , and t h i s symptom may in c r e a s e t o th e p o i n t o f c a u s in g co m p lete d i s a b i l i t y . B ow avsr, a m ild to a o d a r a ta d e g re e o f s i l i c o s i s may accompany an o th erw ise ap p aren tly normal s ta te of h e a lth . A p e r s i s t e n t cough. a n o t n e c e s s a rily an e a r ly m a n ife s ta tio n of th e d i s e a s e . When t h a d i s e a s e h a s re a c h e d th e s ta g e whara i t c a u se s shortness of b re ath to a disabling degree, there u su ally follow p ain in th a -c h e a t, lo a s o f-a p p e tite , in c re a sin g fa tig u e and w eight lo s s , e v e n tu a lly s h o rtn e s s o f b re a th even whan r e s ti n g , and f i n a l l y p o s s ib ly d e a th from p n au a o n ia , h e a rt f a i l u r e or tu b e r c u l o s i s . Tha damage caused by s i l i c o s i s is i r r e v e r s i b l e , and the d is e a s e has ban observed to progress a f te r exposure to s ilic a duat has been term inated. I t is g en e rally baliavad th a t tha disaaaa reaches its 03 5 h m m m ms mm mm& $s mm mbs . - n tr u n nave Lcpnent a ft g_ftsr exposure has c a d a s i; thus a - V s - -s-J Vi - --o d a g r so: 1 Gv8 a t :a d isp o sia t h a t th e -- ag ft21C5 cd s i l i c a : !SS . m*-..is CCe d i t i o n :Ls known a.a a c a r e o - t u b e r c u l o s i s . h r p e r i n e r t s cn a n,iinr a l as hb av ea shown t-thhaat th,a v i r u l s r .o s id t u b s r o l e b a c i l l i i s when t h e y a r e e--cw rng 4^ a s a l i c e t i : .ung; dio w e v er, n o d a r n ios s i b i a t h a p r o t e c t i o : .ad a o t i c n . T h e r e f o r e , s i l i o o - t u b a r c u l o s i s i s s. p r e v e n t a b l e and id te n a ar a b i a d in a s e a . I n a one o a s e s t h a v i c t i u ia e n t i t l e d "by law t o a cap a n - . s a te e n . I n any le g a l p ro c e e d in g s in. th e U n ite d Z ingdcn in v o lv in g \ c la in a d o r c c n p e r s a tio n , th e d is e a s e ia o n ly d ia g n o se d when a l l th e d c lic k in g c r ite r ia have been s a tis f ie d : 1) X -ray a x s rin a tio n shows s i lic o s is shadows. 2) T hera is a r e l i a b l e h i s t o r y cd p ro lo n g e d expos e ra (n e rs t h a n 10 y e a r s ) t o r a s p i r a h l a s i l i c a p a r t i c l e s a t c c n o e n - t r a i i c n o i n a x o s s a o f th a l i n i t a l a i d down by H.H. T a s tc ry "xSyt -Inapaotorate ' 3) B re a th in g d i s a b i l i t y n n s t be d e n e n s tr a ts d , and a l l c th s r Cannes d cr th e X -ra y a b n c m a lity a lir d n s ts d . liechanisn of S ilic o sis . hr eath ed 4...M Z~9 l u n g s a n d b r e a t h e d o u t a g a i n , p r o v id e d t h a t t h ,ey do n o t tench lh; cd th e s u r ia n a s cd th e lu n g t i a s u a . c a n t , a n d a n y p a r t i c l e c c n d n g d 0.M However, tha lung tissu e Is T it" w i l l ba ca .. -W and r a n a in in s id e the lu n g . C le a rly , th is e itu a tio r . o cu ld n o t ba a llo w e d tc c o n tin u e d o r any l e n g t h cd t i n e , o th a rw is s th a lunga w ould baoone b locked up w ith d c re ig n n a t t e r end ceaee to d u ra tio n . T here a r e two n e c h a r is n s a t p la y i n r a d r y in g u m rs rto d n a t t e r d re n th a lu n g s . Tha wind p ip an d th e w id sr a i r paaa& gea a t tha u p p ar an d cd th e lu n g a c o n t a i n w h a t a r e crown as c i l i a r y t r a c t s , T his n s e r a t h a t th e a a 11a c c n p o s i n g t h a t i a a u a '-`- g th a a a tu b e b e a r " ic r o s o o p io , h a i r - li k e p ro tu b aren a aa whioh b a t back and d e rth in m y th - w hich produoas waves o novanant upwards .alo n g a rdanos c-dJ* t hUe a i r t u b s . Thidiis a c t i o n i a t a m e d " r t i c b r o r a l n h y th n " and e sn be li k e n e d to th e r e v o r a n t od a n i l l i p e d a 's la g s o r to c- g u s t cd w in d b lo w in g a c r o s s a o c r r d i a l d . Eh a d d a o t i a t h a t a rsry th in d iln n u s u a z. e e e t i e auaall!l y j r n p i t d r : th a Lowe: u p p e r p s n is cd th a a i r tu b a s and o v o n tu a lly e n te r s th e co u th , t o g e t h e r w ith f o r e ig n p a r t i c l e s tra p p e d i n i t , w h irs i t can be cc: tua c - r 25-23-2233-0355 f o r e i g n p a r tw--i cwl--e s--* T**h.0eJy th*en**c--a-r--^ -- --~ " -- is su e r a a s In the lu n g s whars tre y are d isp o se d o f. E lis n e c ia r .is r goes wrong when a s i l i c a p a r t ic la is in g e s te d by a phagooyta . The su rface c f th e s i l i c a - p a r t i c l e r e a c ts w ith su b sta n ces in s id e the phagocyte to fe r n te x io products which i h i l l th e phagocyte and are r o la a sa d when i t d ie s . The c a lls of the' ly rp h o id '-tissu e ara p o is o n e d by thsse to x in s and r s a o t by baocning f ib r o u s . The a i l i c a p a r t io l a la r e le a s e d by tha break-up of th e phagocytB, and oan be r a - in g e s t e d by another p h a g o cy te, and bo-cr., baing c o n t in u a lly r e c y c l e d . IThan tha ly s p h t i s s u e b e a o sss fib r o u s , the norm al p assage o f p h a g o cy tes is o b s tr u c te d , sued th e y nay then nigrate through the' frails of lyrph v e sse ls and d ep o sit th eir s i l i c a co n ten t in thB g a s -e x c h a n g in g t is s u e near b lo o d v e s s e l s . This l a t t e r tissu e responds very q u ick ly to tc r io n a t e r ia l, and produces large q u a n titie s o f fib r o u s .n o t a r ia l, producing tha ty p ic a l nodular f i b r o s i s w hich oan be s e e n b y X -r a y s. The b lo c k a g e c f th e iy r p h a tis drainage systan by fibrous" tissu e nakea i t d if f io u lt for the lungs to dispose of fu rth a r fo reig n m aterial; th is fact-probably explains tha in creased s u s c e p tib ility cf a ffe c te d lungs to such iofeotion s as tu b ercu losis. r e m i s E i b l a S u s t Con c e n tr a , t i e r s . The c e x p o s it io n o f T ro fa r 10, and th e g e n e r a l circum stances of i t s E sruiactura and use, w ill give r is e to atreatherde dust c o n o e n tr a tie r s approaching and p o s s ib ly e r o e e c in g the Limit su g g e s te d by th e h i n i s t r y o f L a b cu r." ( Z s f . 1 . ) Tha fig-ores quoted by the Ifi n i s t r y cay be -en p loyed as a u s e fu l g u id s , but th ey do n o t n e c e s s a r ily in d ic a te d u st l e v e l s which p r o ffe r c o u p le ts freedom f r o r the p o s s i b i l i t y c f s i l i o o e i a . Ko auoh c l a i u i s nade by the iid n istry , and th e ir fig u r e n are derived fro n jUosrioan. opinion baaed on bc a n ty oan a h i s t o r i e s and ar-ira-l t r p e r i r s n t a . T u rth errcrs, tha a ig n if ic a n o a c f the M i n i s t r y ' fig u ra a i s g r e a t l y weakened by tha fa c t th a t no n e th o i o f d u st a n a ly sis , la d no rang* c f p a r tic le s i z e s , ere s p e c if ie d . Thus, tha lim itin g * fig e r a > oou ld in clu d e air-borne p a r tic le s of any s iz o , in c lu d in g those which are u r lik a iy to enter or be r e t a in s d b7 tha lu n g . "Tha ic a r c it y o f i r f e r m a t i on a r is e s * T orsshold l i r i t fo r cu artz-an d c r isx o b a lita -b e a rin g dusts 250 + ( SiC j * 5) m i l l i o n p a r t ic l e s par o u b is f o c t , or 2=25 SiO^ + 5 ) p a r t i c l s s per o . c . - c o n tin u e s .' - F u5" (22i"*5iSC32);o3 0356 CJ U) o f U1 CJ o Mt si I !*J c<oT n1/ Prl- n* W ch P 'i b ! ^imP- ^ "|ili--i*I* <'-< n i2 pi M i l !; it n> *-til| in I] it -<1 If rU I | la I | tt- Jr Cl * |> .1- <0 &> O IV < ? i*n" HiDo Jr il *M* * t|-. f.l. \-l*_0ir\t. [g p re r> a *- (- H - IJ tl r3e =1 IS 0) ' tl t0l)- M jl toOI' >1 u Cl- H> o |l II ifiJ M O a II l l p filiR 1 w O\i *pra Pa i[' 1U1 l*-`d f a 1 u o f l P- o Iure1- 1nr1>e tll i o ij M p tr u o { n o 11 a re ;r o fr afr--i>-*Ji-. l|P|//iii sii p- UTi Jllli|atol1I*1-li"I r>rIf'ft lftPf-t--- a o1 il l* < .lr l| [i i t oo 4< dt>i iif Jl: pb- irta o* pfi w t f ft ft in r f a a ll lii w | l *<! ft. n l< I-* l l P> 01 " p. tl- I-* tl- o ii ra tr p> (i p- 1 E I*- 1 SI a - a" iPn {P- (1. p CtDr sOi rnno>* tprirLre ofnltirilfst*M-1:1ntt.ir,, . i>-ii II l ' - * o> p- ft < i s re MJl O D | f - H* pi 1 O ft tO O |i'l- th n ti)s raf lnl tf ti1tl f. r1- af.t tial'l PO' tl-1 1r1i :..i i*' ll P - 11 S i l n II-1*- u yr\alil| fit p is o W** si t) fLt-nH f U .. o I.*- P^ II tl n * |IlI Hj ti fri < ^oIrrf u id Is* I re o> S o |r <:vji BJ uat ii P i*- I o 11 -e ItJl If-t Uhn* a" I*- t t -o- n u o' ,l|1 (I O1l II cl- Jl P -* 1 n ' l J r ; n Jrth tl n If I-* tr ft Ii a H ll o I'- a I I tl 1 o I*-ii. IS p a on o i M on H I*, ll a SJ n ft I-* P i> is -2 fv cW* ?IS ~ O\r O a 03 n lIlI c i | l M a i*- (*- wit*i I.,1Ii wcn If- <1*nP-.Oo|JJi ttI r |2 M c f c- n v - IJ r_e__*dij or r; ID U |1 o w tl U H P O* a cl- S *i - |f n )' ft ft ri Ir h n ll. | l K* - ti- i r yft rt ot l 1O^ tt ft B U11 4 tP o j- l>- re I-*- 1u*- , -IS 0|i| 1I*f H< a-i4 nfl ft lIl- Ur*i Q) fi ii ir I- (*- ll a a - a. Ai i -i t i a |J oi H l o II- l*- re H U at Hp lB i* !M o ci b a fr II u i1M)-*-M iO t$ll P- il - rj ft fl I*n R III1- IISs *nd 1SI PP aP jj- fj CDS U I* O tt* -ci 1` f* 'd 1 ll re a ii If d O iHrPIIu K EID li -ti sui .1 re ti * i I(>I l.t^i*- f o cn P- IS 11 -Ifp c *U P i" OI re !! II*I it a pu n sr (i tUr Jtil f! <: i* fi is I ir I* fl. f <1 p OCll fl. li tf .2 u 1 o' *n F lJ o' ra ,1 i (J fcr m P* 31 * O Ct-.o |C D P 1** o P I ' f i y li O n <. C) n 1 i t f ro M M 3" ID II M i- IJ* Si ll | 11 Ia- u Jl W t) o ll 5* - P [O q - t r 1" O u < H *i Ia i ** 1J lJmF- I*- Il * P ' <f CD O Ll o <1- U) tr I tn o CD IO co (1l li H O i " e l o p e n i ri r II ri ti u y* : i D f i o ' M li P* H i r o, M j+ II Ia ! J- i o (B li' a ta to t ro o . p s fi- O CD II Ut d- M 1 WF1 la | A ro t l I t o 01 < - U ro ;i ^ P- d D fi Ili--- ir O w O J 1 o ' CI ro II in Ir U * ca ro 9* ri- o (i if1- fX Jb CO =! tr 1 |L tr o 10 P ii <1 o t 9 P- (* 0, pO s a it- 11 Ia 1' tb V1 to n c or* h p If = U P P - t t a to o J o \ a CU > a rr'd ir Jl II Ia n o t* *> =1 li k rl O to <1- O et- F H `d d - p h j ro rt n M r Q h ta (Tl pj ta a f ro co <; p ,-* (> ri- p- u I r P* o l i t A H in V- o I*- I1- P- Ia * Il H- li f i r t *} 5 f r l i t i e t ro I 1* p cl- l i p O :* M H a q- ro fi t O o K 1 O to D }-J U W - P I! ri- I r <i- E? n - s a 1 a o ' q to f t d rt *<! p (0 Pu s co Di rno Co p- ti t OO 1i r/ tv [; f" lr 0 5 V I-* o rt M 1 o r . 1 IT rl- PB o !** u if M * t l l i - f d r* p - {r R A 1* ffl fa li o II p il W o [ RU ir *\ r w aj p a Ui VJ1 o li n -*- p- d* J* ir (0 ii j r: - F I cl- eh * d -* 1i w O D ti- o ij- Ji h O a* * i r o a i t r o P> If a -* P I'- P- Jk n 1, o -* Ia O ri- m:r lr'i- ir P !ro' CD t ilri iDI ci -roj i Q Jf n P m *<i cl- H o P F- It O H D O tl ir o li f-A P- I*- C tl i? ^ ir F i* {u!' li (j\ \i `d O rh P l ri F* rt ro ID H i r l i P n p v_/ lJ a w d- t f h o F jl. (D I a % i * in I a* in o i o r i H t ta ^ ta f , u fS ro e F I-* F tn F Ia- t a p ta }*- o o H to B Ia u o II F rt P c> i J* Il M i lr .o rtir : oK I-* to w to b O O . t fi* ro p- o ' o P * d* * O* * p co P. O n co k i '* i f*r eri ir tv " (1 rt BH- ipl P o i ro < t* *[) O M B m P ji HIa Ol Imf -`1 oa O pB) inr !<' i|l iIn * Jr o o 17 a n O i' X IK*ti o f 4 0 0 tl rf-P -n o 2 $* a o n o ** o < a t r p ii;i " o" t I- id c r a " f[*r- l"' G ?J ii M <1- o Ia- 11 1 n> la a O i o li 6 I a `d o' `rt ti*!*- io m a J* F F- O * ' P- in ao *idr o i> l. f H p ir * l i *1 P o tr *xl o' <; h y o o i o ll et rt- t cHI llB Jl a n l*- *U " R fi F- P* M o hj P b f ta if* w tj II i (D P } it* rf P p o' o' * lis H o (3 CO F 11 F II =1 CD i r * Ia o 1*. p . |x Ia* ci I- pi il p o p * In e t w "* tu *d ^ 1 ir p pi a to |I cr p F* Di FJ - n p li 11 IS CD CD |X B (-* Q fj R a I-* fi P- P CU *o- ro rr jr P f n* a 1 flf li co n tIOi . I *r\ ( . m 1 tn Ot O H s V*> VT rt 01 U vti a o i 1t /ii p t i 1 y i i u - i 1 O a t: P 01 i> 4 o o n , n o n 4l* ta * i rl 0 .3 O v ni s>. v-} tu l R d O el O O) 1 f l *1 v i . 1 01 th la +* aj n i * m 4> K> i O r> d t t Je 4 t -!> tu fl r-j O 01 O -P 01 t t v *11 P -t J J a - 4 r l to u - 4 * < M S l ili 01 f\ S n i a o o t J5 . n J j 11 t S | >> ai ,Q v i O v a ll t o 4* a O ,-r a * 1 o KJ v | o v i se t i* ooo O 0 o fll -ri t P CU p . o l# i ti t 3 t >> r-l 01 Pi fe t t OI id i P t r l V i H o 4 n , 1 n I :\ o td 1 *1 ai t f} a d Jo / I r m <1 cd to o ai P w fj t ii ai o -- v -T P i CJ O ll vi v i Sf o en tn S G p o ti o I S 1 a u? el ; i cJ td w S 1 -ri O c le o KJ W r n w w * ' m O |2 0 ; l o -d. f|Jjaj H fl * t t! A> O J j r l Lo Vi "I n P ni o " UJ L.v O Jl 4* 4* m 'fI O O w Jl -P t O to II ro l l V A 4> tt - 3 o t i fl P ^ l * 4J <o 10 p. fi 3 y 3 *4 vi m m rl w > a>. O S| Jl ti O ti j m til ^ h < 19 41 I* ai <n W |s 4 J fl t 1 H D 4> O o r\ ,o V | tn o --I t if O MI rQ N, [t <a n *n 2 P r-I { Ir ' d t o nw -I I) .c0 "frOi " ---- Jt O i j 03 tn ai .tj O m al 05 ,CJ O O Ii <0 -P ll -ri C0 -lJ si t o P S4 O ri oj ai q <o 1 R) 4^ -I *r O t= i ti a i y . (1 C r l ri >tl iJ fl-H 1 31 v-/ CJ - tn tu V# rl V a St v i c *ti t 4' ffl o r-l d C o O U V ai oj 1 n O `MJ P3 r-l H 0| te P! p <n p. n * U t J\ M l l -I i* 1 Q H ai i CJ t {1 a O fl P ft el (9 O 1 +* p . p . n. O ti j l C ( s r-l t )S SI j : ti y\ n P s-t rs u - tfl 4 > U O S3 K Jl 0) p ;1 OJ d O -rl fl t q O to o ii al t i O fl 4 o ti t P p ll V| S> fj u ta M tu p O rl .a na ri .rj H* rl -1 3 A U t rtl p. S{ fe ti t o O C] t] O I r j O O ID a i H{ : ti r~i ti O ti ti o! . f l J3 -|* 10 Vi j: M vi J <*. t t o p . r i . t o o - i 1 O 0} W <0 o &) o d r 1 fl O t) n i 0 n i -ti ll >1 O r*< V-l # i Ti v i Tj rl' O i! -rl >u nj 11 l uri i d tn fl <n d a o <1 tu r*> 0 O p rl <D f1 i -*l f| r l a r f -rl C-< vi DI ll P O tn Vi q N a {i f * 3 O rl v i a le Jl f i-cor a to >1 "d -fl P ri 1 M > t.i ai P ol o P V ri v i ti i; o I* to JJ ta i Si t ll <D o) I rl ^1 fl. t) ,.| v l 0) v i U c -4 <3j ti S fl 01 M V tn l M (1 :J - 1! rl O 13 tJ o t P P J O J Ij re a 3 3 <.u t- J 1*1 <3 < ) rG 3 - 2 G 1 a U o l.y ^ 'r iS o oy m V} i l o * 3 rl i -.i ;f / I S Il 'l l I* ai .I .t | -rl !1 IIl BKl '*1 0 VI -frl SJ O -->t1 .ri H M t) I I Tl cri t ! u o a! o U il fl ri A> a .1 W i l rt w *4 U M Jb V -rl a n if g d r - v c ) o al it M B O I l o m 1 J> 11 ni f l eu 1) O ni 4* u JO Vf r l , m H (0 o l>i r-l 5 . . 4 l >r-l n a -.1 o 0 S fl ;i * f l U H I l -rl 1.1 Pl * .3 ", 4 1,1 M ri vi y. -I* r l n i l p y f t T1 -r 1 II f l t II r l J 1< T J *5 t -3 3 > -I I OJ I j CB t O tl t) i l i - & 0 -2 O Il -t ta ta . r-l | | 1 il .I il Il O -I C) 0 .i|i| IoI r -,iI| om -I Il >1 te - vy ttl o II P 1 s> a U <9 f a 3 -ii ic a s i ** VI OJ DJ O i l a \Ui s&\ vttl U , W Ai O r | 1 O II ri l o | *t i l -f s; ? J *rf #i b! M 1 u H 19 O A #1 ri* 3 n Cl I I <1 J , . 1<3 M a al 11 * ! ;J a i ' p j- -d J ce O rl rl in W S f i ib Iuj i f i f i 0 w il>l J] -{ ra o o -I *t il 4 V I l i l d i in n- O1 l-tl *= t j fOi r.-l d al -I U a ' -I - o ^ l U I ta r-l d :/ a ->l to a (V o - Si bJ t i uP if laJs to o Irj r l 1S1 J S4t |II| I b) a i^ i; B f* * W! | B (I 10 K \- l B *-\ t U II <-l 4 } S 1 i l y o * **T i l t M *J i l y w iM 1* o A l ta -_ r ! 3 3 f! 34 l! Il Al - ri - ri* SI O < O il l o IOl A* SI an O O O f i a 1 0 -1 O ..i M 5 o ' j | 3 s l ~ ta -tl fi ^1 M> ft r-| -rl o l> t H J I I Il OJ ^-I1 It p Ma IoI U4I13I -n.i Il y II iIihft il -at n r-l <1 il oi: aihj j|b*>>f--i n:jt o 1 c ir c le s , tr d i t would soon th .it the p o ra rtfs.i dangers c f cr c rid c lita a r a- n o : -f u l--l-yV r*e--a---li%CsfcVe d . A---r-i-r-a --l_ ve x pwe^r i~r--a r c- s r...a..d i a--s-----t"o* "1u ~ wc--hVg A4'sJsu r e a sso c ia te d w ith blue a sb esto s ir e vary r s e l, tad th a t tha standards cf in d u s tr ia l hygiene req u ired for handling th is n a t e x ie l nay avartu s l l y be ocn p sracle. irith t h e s e f cr h a r y lliu r and i t 3 c c r p c e r a C arcir.cnata. have b e a r found ir. the p le u ra ci' parscr.s eh: had pear, Exposed only o c c a s io n a lly to Ic e ochoantrati.snfa' c f blue a s b s E to s d u s t . 2 x t r s r o r.aoaa shew ed o a n o sr d a v a i o p i r a up t o 5C ysara s f t a r a s in g le e x p o s u re . She H re u rb o c rio sis P.asaarch. U n it have d sta o ta d a v ery th in f i l s of poly cy o lio hydrocarbons on tha surfers cf b lu e aa b B sto s f i b r e s , , an d a n a ly s i s ahorra t h a t t h i s l a y e r co n tain s o ax c in o g e ric au b sta n o a s w hich i t is baliav& d nay be ra a p o n s ib ls fs r t the unique a f f e c t o f th is n s ta x is d . Perris s i b le Dust Cor.oentrg.tiors. I t t r i l l be obvious ir o n the fora g r in s aa c tio n c f th is rep ert th a t no exposure to blu e asbestos dust oan be to le r a te d , horevar low th e co n cen tra tio n end however sh o rt the d u ra tio n cf exposu re. However, i t nay ba prsauaed th a t d u rin g th a i g n it i o n cf Prcfax tha Carcinogens in tha bins asbestos era burnt o f f , chare:era a sb estos p r e sen t, in H rofax r e sid u e s rep resen ts an a a b e s to s is hazard only. ~Jf She l i i n i 3 t r y o f Labour ( S a f. 1 . ) la y s down a i i r i t c f 5 u i l l i o n a s b e s to s d u st p a r t i c l e s per- cu b ic f o o t (177 p a r t i c l e s ?Er o .c .) c f atneaphara. i s is the case with the M in istry 's rsccrrsrd- stich s fo r silioB ou s d u sts, the value cf th is reoem en d ation is r e s t r i c t e d by th e l i r i t a d i n f c r r a t i c n upon which i t i s baaed. She M in is tr y taices no acco u n t cf. v a r ia t io n s in in d iv id u a l s u s c e p t ib i l i t y , and dcos n o t s p e c i f y th e nathod cf a n a l y s is , c r g iv e any d e t a il s c f the average d in one io n s c f sn a s b e s to s p a r t i c l e . Ho dis t in c r ie r is naia bstwaan the various ferns cf a sb e sto s. ' l i t r e s r e c o v e r e d f r e n a s b e s to s b o d ies i n th a lu n g 2 za s b e s to s ia v ie t i n s v a r y in le n g t h f r e n V0$ s in r e n s down to 25 n ic r c n s , and i n th ic k n e s s f r c r 0.2 to 1.0 n ie r n n s . ( H e i. 5 ) I t 2 probable th a t f i b r e s 5 n icro n a lo n g surd a n a ile r s r s ga.E -lih a and z " r 8t a in s d by tha lu n g e . "23 i n "?* n i 1 XEPSCTS AI7D Pfgcrr/vv'WZM.Tloys Cfar.Brs! . 'Tha i d e a l , s o l u t i o n i a to r e p l a c e t o x i c n a t a r i a l a , su c h as J l i s a en d a c b e s to , by r.o n -c o x ic n & t a r i s l a , su ch as d i v i n e and F Q 3-33-i2303 0359 r - ? -- ^ lyn th atic n in s r a l d ib r 'as . Under treaaaeiu'i rra f r o r E l i . T a c t c r y I n s p a c i ..rara, th is course cd a c r i or. has baso fc:T 1 I lUSCBr Cl X* in d u stria l p rocesses,. der en a rrie tha re a o n d -c is -e tin g by sh a i-b ia a r ir g , and tha ,,*1 4 -- 4 - * r*-* 5 A -- -- *G . ** w. c c rp o s iric r. -- _ * . a w h s a l s ; 1 1 P r e d s x p r o d u c t i o n i n Swodsn ^ov bas Bd en o l i v i n a -> : e a d g and a a r a l i q u a n tity od d i v i n a p--c f s r la 'bain s u p p lie d to sene Pos eco o u s t onera in th e u n ite d Ehs r a p la o e a e n t of b lu e a a b a sto a by a r c s i t s h as baer. r a s e n d ad by ? e a a o o I n t e r n a t i o n a l L t d . a n d u n d e r ta k e n ,dy an ir.craas ru r b a r od Group a o r p a r i a s . I t sh o u ld , how ever, ba n o ted th a t th a rs is a U n i t to the o c n o e s t r a tio n aver, of nen-toocio d u ste w hich oan be t o l s r a t a d by the l u n g s . Eoe, U in ia t r y o f L a b o u r a e i a i i n i t f o r n e n - t o r i o dus ta cd 50 s i l l io n p a r t i c l e s p e r c u b i d o o t (1 7 6 5 p a r t i c l e s p a r o . o . ) , U nfortunately, these rc n -te ric su b stitu ra a are s lro s t in v a r ia b ly co re asp e rs'd va th a n th e u a t e r i h l th e y r a p la a e , w ith thB r a s u lt th a t th s ir u sa nay n o t ba a sound c s s s a r s is ! p ro p o s itio n . U ndsr su ch o irc u n s t a n o a s , s to p s r u s t ba ta k e n tD ra d u s a th e m o u n t nd t o r i o r a t e r i a l e n t e r i n g t h a lu n g s cd p e r s o n s w o rk in g r i c h i t . E sspir& tcrs era tha le a s t c a c isd a o trry nsthod d er p ro te c t in g , r s r w orking ir. t o r i o d u s t s , Ehe s d f ic ie s o y cd th a c o n v e n tio n a l .j^ d ree nasi: w ith f i l t e r i s q u e s tio n a b le , p a r tic u la r ly whan th e .rash J5E.S u s e d w ith o u t r a d e r a n o a t o s u o h d a r t e r s a s th e d u s t l e v e l end th e p ro b a b le u s e fu l l i d s o f th a f i l t e r . A r a s p i r a to r s u p p lie d d r on an e r o e m s l flcuroa cd o m p r s a a e d a i r , f o r a r s n p l e , th a s h o t - b l a s t e r *3 h a in e r , is s u p e rio r tD th a f i l t e r ty p e . Eow aver, r e s p ir a t o r s are n o t c rd e rta b ie in use and i t is vary d i f f i c u l t to ensure th a t thay are e r r co n tin u o u sly by w orkpeople, p a r tic u la r ly those concerned - - hVe a v y o p e r a t i o n s . E h ey a l s o e d d s r n o p r o t o o r d e r a g a in s t dus t w hich as t i le s in . c lo th in g , and is su b sa q u e n tly shaker, o u r, E hsred o re, ra sp ira to rs should ba rsgurdad s o le ly as a tasp erary saasu re. Goon n a t u r a l v a n t i l a t i c n c o n ju n c tio n w ith a high s r a n d s r d cd. h o u s e - k e e p i n g o f f e r s a r e a s o n a b l e dB grsa cd ra re e r r o r . a g a i n s t i Los. a n d a s b e s t o s d u s t s , a n d i d t h e w o rk in g a p a o a i s la r g a and open a t th a a id a B , no a n tr a p r o t a c t i c s nay ba n aed ad . 7 and i l a t i o n is a i r o a t i n v a r i a b ly th a o n ly d e m ' cd p r o te c tio n w hich e r e' c- ~t sK >- a s t e e l w o r k s . A c e m u l a t i o n s cd d u s t r u s t on n o a c c o u n t be allo w ed to b u ild u p , and i t ' is p ra d e rra d t h a t d u st s h o u ld be renoved v ia a b u i l t- in vacum . o la a rirg s y s te r, tha cyolczsa or bag- .te r s cd w hich s h o u ld d is c h a rg a i n t o th a open a i r * 11 a w a y f : s ry w orking a re a , r a i l i n g suoh a ays ta n , th a dus t e u a t ba dsnpad non w ith iratar and sh o v e lle d or brushad aw ay. I t ia n av er s u f f i c i e n t n a r a l y t o d s n p a n c r w o t s i l i c a f l o u r r a s i d u a a a s a. n a a n s o f r e r e v i r g d u s t, b e c a u s e th e h a z a rd r s a p p o e ra when th a r e s id u a u rb a n o u r . E h a r s d o r s tt hh ai r e a i d u a a r u s t b e p l a .o a d .i n b i n s r a t h e r r~ 0 8 i d t - - cu e - --r ij l"\a s ro s-c a -o 0360 o U rp iS E -S a tu r s i van tr ia d i t ?rcr n MtJ MWft J r t i o u l e r l y ~ -- s t h s r i r t e r ^`'-e m .u ra ,, i t d o es >n"*oW*t Bfi-i*--4v<e ad e q 'o& ta p r o t e c t i o n a-rs.ir.s-. oarsa: o ia ts d w ith croc iriv cf rrc: PcTrerad d u s b -e r tr a o t io r Bystsna aera be rads to c e n tr e ! dust a v e r y a f f e c t i v e l y , and sh ou ld bg c o n sid e r e d s e r i o u s l y f o r any p a r t ic u l a r ly hazardous o p e r a tio n s auch aa c u t t i n g cr g r in d in g P r e f e r . On a lu n g s c o a ls , th e se ayataca can prcr/s to bB p r o i i b i t i v s l y a r p a n siy e , and t h a ir vine in a te e lv c r k s 1 b v i r t u a l l y r u le d out fo r t ils reuser.. \ \ I n c th s r p o s s i b il i t y a t the atealtrcrk fl end c f th a o p e ra t ic n ia d u st su p p re ssio n a t aouroa. In v e stig a tio n s are a t preaar.t b ein g 'nada i n t o th a p o s s i b i l i t y o f s u p p ly in g P r e f e r b o n d ed v i t h Bodiun. E i l i c a t e ,. an d s t r i k i n g a s u i t a b l a b a l a n c a b a t o a e n s i n t e r in g o f th e b u rn t rssid u e a and th e avoidance c f sla g g in g a t the vcrking fa c a . (E af. 4,) W hatever p r o te c tiv e n aasu ras are ad o p ted , r a g u la r a i r s a n p l i n g 'a n d d u s t c o u n t s , t o g e t h e r u rith p e r i o d i c n e d i o e l a s a n ir s t- * ion s i a l l p a rs e m e l lik e l y to ccra in to re g u la r o c n ta c t ric h tonic d u sts, nay baoone n so aa atry . Mp.rrT!i*si*.qrTr.ura : H ix in x r -gt&jra S i l i c a du3t m y re a c h a dangaro.ua e e n c e r t r u t i s r in th e s tn c s p h e r a v h an s i l i c a f l o u r i s ch a rg e d i n t o th a h y c r o p u lp s r , and. f c r a s h o r t irh i l e a f t s r v r a r d s . ffiie P r e f e r H a e m a l (V c lu a e 5 , J-cbbco handbook e f n'erks O c n tro l) rs c c m a n d s c h a rg in g th a s i l i c a in i t s p a p e r s a c k , and t h i s p ro c e d u re ah s u ld be a llo w e d w h e rev er p o a s ib ls f i l i n g t h i s , v e n t i l a t i o n c f th a s i r i n g p l a t f c r u s h b e * c --r--o v e : to th e g r s a te e t p o s s ib le deg ree. ;t is at thi! caw b l u e an b e 8to s i a h a n d le d . tincar n c rn a l e sn d itio n s cf w eighing and r i r i n g , the u n h u rt cf asb e sto s d u st produced. ia v ary s n a il because th a fib ra s appear t: ba s e n a w h a t " a r p o n a d " . E cw aver, w h a te v e r d u s t i s p ro d u c e d i s h ig h ly t o r i s , and tho s a f e s t ocuraa is o b v io u sly to ra p i a s blue nsbastoB by w h ite a s b e s to s in p u rsu an ce cf c u r r a n t ra o : laad & l Pcsaco In te rn a tio n a l L td. r r o f s r Hs.r.uf a c t u r s 1 H c u l d i n r bts-s-a . ia p o ssib le th a t th s r i s t d sv elcp sd du rin g the da- ra te r fnlt"zxL--^a c f r z z z i m ,.* -r a e r a r a , due 00 e s c a p a o f p r a s a u r e bsrreen ha tore h a lv a s c f an i l l - f i t t i n g c r d i r t y t o o l , ea-usea a ra o s p h e : i o c o n tE n in E - tio n . Ho a c t u a l n e & s u r e r a r t a a r a a v a i l a b l e , o n tin u a c. ?O S --Q 3-0G a3Z 0361 b u t i t i s re a s o n a b le to assume th a t th e w ater d ro p le ts in such a *. s la t are capable of carrying s ilic a p a rtic le s w ithin the resp irab le p a r tic le s iz e ra n g e . Steps should be taken to e lim in a te the cause of s p ra y in g ., V a ilin g th is , n ist3 ao formed should be q u ick ly d is p e rs e d and removed by v e n tila tio n . Uhe c l o t h i n g o f th e m achine o p e r a to rs n ay become h e a v ily S a ile d w ith s l u r r y , e t c . , and a h a z a rd o x ia t3 when su c h d e p o s its dry, p a r tic u la r ly i f the c lo th in g is shaken out. O perators should avoid s o ilin g th e ir o v eralls, and operations tending to brin g th e ir c lo th in g i n t o c o n ta c t w ith wet P ro fa x , f o r example le a n in g acrcas p a r ts of th e m achinery which n o rm ally become w etted by s l u r r y o r \ sp ray , s h o u ld be e lim in a te d . R eg u lar changes of o v e r a lls sh o u ld be p ro v id e d . . y Pr o f am M a n u f a c tu r e : F in is h in g S ta g e . Ib o lo n g - te r m a in m ust ba to produce P ro f am p ie c e s o f the co rrect: s iz e and shape fo r the cu sto m er's moulds, w ith o u t recourse to c u ttin g and g rin d in g oversize or badly formed Pref&x to th e required shape. Where c u ttin g , g rin d in g , f i l i n g or l i n i a h i n g bocome n ec essary in Preface m anufacture, atm ospheric co ntam ination by s i l i c a and asb e sto s can a tta in dangerous le v e ls . Blue asb e sto s, i f u s e d , w i l l now ba i n a d ry , d u s ty s t a t e , , and w i l l c o n s e q u e n tly bs very dangerous, even in a sin g le exposure. th ere fo re , strin g e n t p re c a u tio n s m ust be taken; thaae in clu d e d u st e x tra c tio n from th e im m ediate p o in t whore d u st i s g en e rated , and i f e x tra c tio n i s not 100^6 e f f i c i e n t th e o p e r a to r s m ust be p ro v id e d w ith r a s p i r a t o r s , p re fe ra b ly o f a ty p e w ith an e x te rn a l a i r supply i f th is. car. be so arran g ed th a t i t doea n o t unduly hamper th e ir movements. Iz must be em phasised a g a in a t th is p o in t th a t where blue a sb e sto s i s s t i l l u sed , i t m ust be elim in ated as soon as p o ssib le in fav o u r of am osite. P r o f a x i n t h e Custome r 's Works Thar i a n o doubt t h a t i n t h e p r e s e n t f o r a o f P ro fa x we are su p p ly in g a product which, under unfavourable circum stances, can giv r i s e to to x ic le v e ls of atm o sp h eric c o n ta m in a tio n by s i l i c a an d a s b e s t o s . Tho fo rm e r p r i n c i p a l r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w ith P ro fax , th a t of cancer re s u ltin g from in h a la tio n of b lu a asb esto s, p ro b ab ly w ould n o t nave e x iste d in th e custom er's works owing to tha. f a c t t h a t th e carcin o g en s p re s e n t i n th e a sb e sto s would have bean b u rn t o f f d u rin g the i g n itio n of th P ro fa x . The l a t e r e r o c id o lita - f r e fo rm u latio n s do n o t o f f e r a c&near h a z a rd . I t has alre ad y been s ta te d th a t good n a tu ra l v e n tila tio n , to g e th e r w ith good house-keeping, o ff e r a reaaonabl degree of p ro te c tio n a g a in s t s i l ic o s is and a s b a s to s is h az ard s. The co at of -.continued r 0362 - 12 - a lr o o t always the sil A tta r iio n i s drawn (See page. ? ) on s y a t ens rends r s in pr3.Ct i c a b le on & th a r a a yT, --V., - v --o. t u r 3.1 ve r t ii& ><c r 12 f c m c f r*t a c t i cr. e r i s t i r -i a Btii1Wf.r V5 ;hs r a c e i..i.*GwCSi y,3 f o r <I'w5 " r cn sv a b e v a . nsoasaary. .0 n a t a r i a l a a r s i n u s e . r e g u l n r a s a n p l i r . o ka u p c r. ?e r s c m .e l l i k e l y to be a rrc j e t e d na;V 5 9 a x p e r i r a n t :s 0endu cise. i t ? oa ac 0 I n t a r n a t i c ; 1 l b . (454 S = -) of P rof,zx as con ta:insd a t o t a l o O.142 ga*. o f r a s p im b l s a t t a r , of which O.Op3 g s. was a s b e s t o s . To co n v e r t th e se w aights in to a o t u s l nunbers of p a r t i le s , &a a r b itr a r y aaaunption B u st f i r s t be Bade of the average dimensions o f tha p & rtiolaa . Assuming th a t the a sb estos p a r ti la s average 50. rioror.o in le n g t h r 1 c ic r o n in d ia n a ta r , t h is means th a t 1 lb . c f Trofeo: con g iv e r i s e to 755 B i l l i o n p a r t ic le s of a s b e s t o s . To a c h ie v e tha M in is tr y of L abour1a l i m i t c e n o sn tr a tio n c f 5 n i l l i c n p a r ti le s per cubic fo o t of a ir , 151*2 cubic fe a t of atrosphara r i l l be r e q u ire d f o r the sa fa d is p e r s a l of the asb estos in 1 lb . of Profor t s h . i fu r th e r 189 oubio f a s t r i l l be r e q u ired f e r tha dispara ai o f th e s i l i o a p a r t id a s ,- a s s u r in g th a t th asa are sp h e r e s w ith an average .f a n s t e r c f 5 r ic r o n s , and th a t.t h a ash o c n ta in s 95? e r y f i t s l l i n s s i l i c a , g iv in g a t o t a l acresphera raquircn or.t c f 50 cusi fe e t per l b c f Prefer ash. Sy aaicing sene fu r th e r assumptions i t is p o ssib le to cake a rough a stin a te cf the voluns of a ir roquired for the safe disper s a l o f th e ash o f a P r a fsr a o s o n b ly . S o t a l l tha a sh f r e r a Preface as aa n c ly i s d is p e r s e d i n t o tha a i r , as a g e n e r a l r u le about two t h ir d s r a m i n u n d isp e r se d , Jlb an a r s r p ls , an M.104 as s o r e ly nay be o m s ia e r a d . T his woighs 4-4 l b . , about 3Of of which i s ash . ? r = s tr in g th a t cna th ir d of th is ash i s d isp ersed in to tha a ir the to ta l r e s p ir a b le n a t t a r gen erated by tha s t r ip p in g c f an M.IOd a ssen b ly w i l l n a sd 4490 oubio ai o f a i r f o r d is p e r s a l. T his v ciu n e car. be V is u a lis e d aa a cube c f r a th e r l o s s than 16. $ f t . s i d e , which should be e a s il y a tta in ed in u o st steelw o rk s. However, c a lc u la t io n s o f t h is s o r t car. e r ly ba apprerrirate and are n o t n e c e s s a r ily very c o r v ir r ir g to o u stca a r s. They ara no su b s titu te fo r proper dust sam pling carried ou t1a t a le v e l of 5 to 6 f t . above the f le e r . Tha typ e c f c a lc u l a t io n l a i d cu t s ie v e w i l l probably ba regarded by era to n e r s as b ein g aaonwhat academ ic in n a tu re, and i t w ill baccne in c r e a s in g ly d i f f i c u l t as t in s goes by to oorvinoe than th a t tha hazard in v o lv e d i n u s in g P r e fe r *,0 i s c f a v e r y low erd ar. The cnly lo n g -ta r n so lu tio n l i k e l y to prove s a tis fa c to r y is to supply a Profsn rarufs-coured f r s s n on -ton ic n a tsr ia ls . - continued - FC3"*o0""o2iS>225Sj** 0363 * i 0 Ui 1 coo o 0\ t G> 66>> O l*fc> Mo o fl' O if n as. 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