Document pOOrDYeg0ZZXzJZ8v9E676Yk

SECTION 4 TEST RULE SUPPORT FOR 21 HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS Revised DRAFT Non-CBI Version Prepared for: Nishkam Agarwal U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Economics, Exposure and Technology Division Regulatory Impacts Branch Washington, DC 20460 Prepared by: Mathtech, Inc. 5111 Leesburg Pike Falls Church, VA 22041 April 4, 1995 ^0 130037 CONFTDENTTAl Table of Contents Pegs i. overview................................................................................................................ 1 II. PRODUCERS AND TRADE STATISTICS............................................................ A. BIPHENYL.................................................................................................... B. CARBONYL SULFIDE................................................................................. C. CHLORINE..................................................................................................... D. CHLOROBENZENE......................................................................................... E. CHLOROPRENE.............................................................................................. F. CRESOLS (mixed)................................................................................... G. DIETHANOLAMINE...................................................................................... H. ETHYL BENZENE........................................................................................ I. ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE.......................................................................... J. ETHYLENE GLYCOL................................................................................... K. HYDROCHLORIC ACID.............................................................................. L. HYDROGEN FLUORIDE.............................................................................. M. MALEIC ANHYDRIDE................................................................................. N. METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE.................................................................. O. METHYL METHACRYLATE.......................................................................... P. NAPHTHALENE............................................................................................. Q. PHENOL......................................................................................................... R. PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE............................................................................ S. 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE.................................................................. 1, 1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE...................................................................... 8 VINYL I DENE CHLORIDE.......................................................................... 3 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 16 17 17 18 19 19 21 21 21 23 III. USES AND MARKET TRENDS............................................................................... A. BIPHENYL..................................................................................................... B. CARBONYL SULFIDE.................................................................................. C. CHLORINE..................................................................................................... D. CHLOROBENZENE......................................................................................... E. CHLOROPRENE.............................................................................................. F. CRESOLS (mixed).................................................................................... G. DIETHANOLAMINE....................................................................................... H. ETHYL BENZENE......................................................................................... I. ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE.......................................................................... J. ETHYLENE GLYCOL.................................................................................... K. HYDROCHLORIC ACID............................................................................... L. HYDROGEN FLUORIDE............................................................................... M. MALEIC ANHYDRIDE................................................................................. N. METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE................................................................... 0. METHYL METHACRYLATE.......................................................................... P. NAPHTHALENE.............................................................................................. Q. PHENOL.......................................................................................................... R. PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE............................................................................. S. 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE................................................................... 25 25 25 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 31 32 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 38 ii D0 130038 CONFIDENTIAL Table of Contents (continued) Page T. 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE..................................................................... 38 U. VINYL I DENE CHLORIDE......................................................................... 38 IV. TESTING COSTS / ECONOMIC ANALYSIS..................................................... A. TESTING COSTS........................................................................................ B. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.............................................................................. 1. Carbonyl Sulfide..................................................................... 2. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene...................................................... 39 39 46 46 47 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................ 50 iii DO 130039 CONFIDENTIAL List of Tables Page Table 1. Biphenyl Trade Statistics......................................................... 4 Table 2. Carbonyl Sulfide Trade Statistics...................................... 5 Table 3. U.S. Manufactures of Chlorine, 1993................................. 6 Table 4. Chlorine Trade Statistics.......................................................... 7 Table 5. Chlorobenzene Trade Statistics.............................................. 7 Table 6. PolyChloroprene Trade Statistics......................................... 8 Table 7. Cresols (mixed) Trade Statistics......................................... 10 Table 8. Diethanolamine Trade Statistics........................................... 10 Table 9. Ethyl Benzene Trade Statistics............................................. 11 Table 10. Ethylene Dichloride Trade Statistics............................... 12 Table 11. Ethylene Glycol Trade Statistics........................................ 13 Table 12. U.S. Manufacturers of Hydrochloric Acid, 1993......... 14 Table 13. Hydrochloric Acid Trade Statistics.................................... 16 Table 14. Hydrogen Fluoride Trade Statistics.................................... 16 Table 15. Maleic Anhydride Trade Statistics...................................... 17 Table 16. Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Trade Statistics....................... 18 Table 17. Methyl Methacrylate Trade Statistics.............................. 19 Table 18. Naphthalene Trade Statistics.................................................. 20 Table 19. Phenol Trade Statistics.............................................................. 20 Table 20. Phthalic Anhydride Trade Statistics................................. 21 Table 21. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Trade Statistics........................ 23 Table 22. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trade Statistics.......................... 24 Table 23. Vinylidene Chloride Trade Statistics............................... 24 iv DO 130040 confidential List of Tables (continued) Page Table 24. USEPA Recommended Tests and Their Estimated Laboratory Costs and Burden Hours....................................... 40 Table 25. USEPA Recommended Test and Their Laboratory Costs for the 21 Hazardous AirPollutants..................................... 42 Table 26. Summary of Annualized and Unit Test Costs with Associated Price Impacts for the 21 Hazardous Air Pollutants............................................................................................... 45 Table 27. Supply Volumes and Sale Prices Necessary to Support a One Percent Impact Level..................................... 47 Table 28. Sales Price Required to Support Testing at the One Percent Impact Level for Various Hypothetical Supply Volumes..................................................................................... 48 v DO 030041 CONFTDFNT TAl I. OVERVIEW The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) is issuing a proposed test rule under Section 4 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) . This proposed test rule shall require a variety of health effects testing on the following 21 hazardous air pollutants: CHEMICAL NAME Biphenyl Carbonyl Sulfide Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroprene Cresols (mixed) Diethanolamine Ethyl Benzene Ethylene Dichloride Ethylene Glycol Hydrochloric Acid CAS NUMBER 92-52-4 463-58-1 7782-50-5 108-90-7 126-99-8 1319-77-3 111-42-2 100-41-4 107-06-2 107-21-1 7647-01-0 CHEMICAL NAME Hydroqen Fluoride Maleic Anhydride Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Methacrylate Naphthalene Phenol Phthalic Anhydride 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Vinylidene Chloride CAS NUMBER 7664-39-3 108-31-6 108-10-1 80-62-6 91-20-3 108-95-2 85-44-9 120-82-1 79-00-5 75-35-4 The estimated annualized test costs for the 21 hazardous air pollutants are based on the tests recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency (see Table 24). Laboratory costs are estimated to range between 20.1 and 33.1 million dollars (see Table 25). In addition to laboratory costs, expenses associated with the administration of the testing program are incurred by the companies subject to the test rule. These administrative costs are estimated to be 25 percent of the laboratory costs (i.e., 5.0 to 8.3 million dollars) . The total cost of testing, therefore, is the sum of laboratory and administrative costs, or 25.2 to 41.4 million dollars. The total test costs are annualized using a cost of capital of seven percent over a period of 15 years, which is believed to be representative of the chemical industry. Thus, the annualized test costs range from 2.8 to 4.5 million dollars. These specific cost elements are summarized as follows (the detailed cost elements are summarized in Table 26): DO 13004? 1 CONFIDENTIAL COST ELEMENT Total Laboratory Costs Total Administrative Costs Total Test Costs Total Annualized Test Costs MINIMUM ($) $20,148,320 $ 5,037,080 $25,185,400 $ 2,765,222 MAXIMUM ($) $33,113,030 $ 8,278,258 $41,391,288 $ 4,544,541 The objective of this report is to evaluate the economic impact of the recommended testing on these 21 hazardous air pollutants by determining if the proposed rule will have a significant adverse economic impact on each chemical's market. A preliminary determination of the potential for significant adverse impact can usually be made on the basis of the anticipated unit test costs for the manufacturers of each chemical. In this evaluation, if the unit costs of testing a chemical are less than one percent of the sales price of the chemical, then the potential for adverse economic impact due to the proposed test rule is low. Unit test costs greater than one percent of the chemical's sales price may indicate a greater potential for adverse economic impact. Based upon currently available public data, only two of the 21 compounds may exhibit a potential for adverse economic impact: carbonyl sulfide and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Carbonyl sulfide lacks any known full-scale commercial production in the United States; thus, no production data of any kind (CBI or non-CBI) is available. Furthermore, no trade statistics are available. It is, however, the most abundant sulfur-bearing compound in the atmosphere and is believed to originate from microbes, volcanoes, the burning of vegetation, and as a by-product of various industrial processes. In 1991, 16.7 million pounds of carbonyl sulfide were released into the environment as reported by the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) (USEPA 1994b). Furthermore, no sales price data is available for any quantity other than for research purposes. Therefore, an estimate of the "supply volume" or "sales price" required to support testing at the one percent of price impact level is difficult to derive. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene has no non-CBI supply information; however, CBI production and import data does exist and, in 1990, totalled ########## pounds (CBI) (USEPA 1995). 1,2,4- Trichlorobenzene has list price of $1.25 per pound (CMR 1994a). Trichlorobenzenes are used as a component in some pesticides, as a dye carrier, in dielectric fluids, in lubricants, as a heat- transfer medium, and as an organic intermediate and solvent used in 2 ^00A3 00 1 chemical manufacturing; however, the market for these uses is small and declining. Of the trichlorobenzenes, only 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene are sold in larger than research quantities (USEPA 1993n). Assuming the sales price remains constant, a supply volume of 5.5 - 8.5 million pounds of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene would be required to support testing at the one percent of price impact level. On the other hand, assuming the supply volume remains constant, a sales price of #### - #### per pound (CBI) would be required to support 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene testing at the one percent of price impact level. Utilizing the current recommended testing scheme. Table 28 presents the sales price required to support testing at the one percent of sales price impact level for various hypothetical supply volumes for both carbonyl sulfide (where definitive supply data is unavailable) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (where only CBI supply data is available). With the currently available data, no conclusion is possible regarding the likelihood or degree of adverse economic impact of testing on the producers of carbonyl sulfide. However, the impact of testing on 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene manufacturers is expected to be ######### (CBI) since the impact is estimated to be #### to #### percent of sales price (CBI) . II. PRODUCERS AND TRADE STATISTICS A. BIPHENYL Biphenyl (also known as diphenyl) is produced by the following four companies (USEPA 1994a): o Chemol Co. o Koch Refining Co. o Monsanto Co. Greensboro, NC Corpus Christi, TX Anniston, AL o Sybron Chemicals Wellford, SC The USITC reported biphenyl's 1993 production as 58.7 million pounds; sales totalled 32 million pounds (USITC-SOC 1994b). Biphenyl exports were not reported separately during 1990 1993; imports were reported only for 1992 and 1993, and totalled 1.6 and 0.6 million pounds, respectively (USDOC-EXP 1991-94; USDOCIMP 1991-94) . 3 DO 130044 CONFIDENTIAL Except for Monsanto, biphenyl is produced as a by-product of the hydrodealkylation (HDA) of toluene to benzene; approximately 1 kg of biphenyl is recovered from the higher boiling residues per 100 kg of benzene produced. Approximately half of biphenyl produced in 1990 was derived from HDA sources. High purity biphenyl is produced by Monsanto by the direct dehydrocondensation of benzene. By-product biphenyl is generally shipped in the molten state by tank car or tank truck. Higher purity grades are either sold in the molten state in tank truck or tank car lots or as flakes in bags or drums (USEPA 1994a). The current list price for biphenyl ranges between $0.64 per pound (tanks, works) and $0.74 per pound (99% pure, carload, truckload, works) (CMR 1994a) . Trade statistics are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Biphenyl Trade Statistics chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1990 (000 lbs) 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Biphenyl Production Sales Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price (S/lb) 53,604 23,435 na na 53,604 0.00 na 17,955 na na 0 0.00 na na 1,587 na 1,587 0.00 0 1 o -J 58,668 32,034 57 8 na 59,247 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2902.90.6000 Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1991-94; USDOC-IMP 1991-94; USITC-SOC 1991, 1993, 1994a,b. B. CARBONYL flITLFTDF, Carbonyl sulfide is not produced in large quantities for commercial applications in the United States. It is, however, the most abundant sulfur-bearing compound in the atmosphere, although it is exceeded by hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide in some industrial urban areas. Carbonyl sulfide is believed to originate from microbes, volcanoes, the burning of vegetation, and industrial processes. In industrial processes, carbonyl sulfide occurs as a by-product in the manufacture of carbon disulfide, in many manufactured fuel gases and refinery gases, and in combustion products of sulfur-containing fuels. It also tends to be concentrated in the propane fraction in gas fractionation which requires an amine sweetening process for its removal (Kirk-Othmer 1983). According to the 1991 Toxic Release Inventory, 36 U.S. 4 DO 130045 r-nMFTDHNTTAl. facilities produced carbonyl sulfide as an impurity or a by product. Of these/ the following firm, at two different facilities, utilized carbonyl sulfide for on-site use/processing (USEPA 1994b): o Sid Richardson Carbon and Gasoline Co. West Baton Rouge, LA. Big Springs, TX No production volumes (CBI or non-CBI) are available for carbonyl sulfide (USEPA 1994b; USITC-SOC 1991, 1993, 1994a,b). Import and export data were, also, unavailable (USDOC-EXP 1991-94; USDOC-IMP 1991-94) . No list prices were available due to the non commercial nature of the compound (CMR 1994a). Although no trade statistics have been identified, as reflected in Table 2, in 1991, 16.7 million pounds of carbonyl sulfide were reportedly released into the environment (USEPA 1994b). Table 2. Carbonyl Sulfide Trade Statistics chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Carbonyl Sulfide Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) 0 na na 0 0.00 0 na na 0 0.00 0 na na 0 0.00 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. (na) Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USEPA 1994b; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. C. CHLORINE Chlorine is produced by the twenty-four companies displayed in Table 3 (USEPA 1994c). In 1993, 23.9 billion pounds of chlorine were produced in the United States (BOC-CIR 1994). Imports and exports for 1993 were 646.9 and 81.3 million pounds, respectively (USDOC-EXP 1994; USDOCIMP 1994) . The current list price for chlorine ranges between $225 and $255 per short ton (tanks, single units, works, fob, freight equalled) (CMR 1994a). This price range translates to $0.11 $0.13 per pound. Trade statistics are summarized in Table 4. 5 DO 130046 CONFTDFNTT Al DO 130047 CONFTDENT TAl. Table 3. U.S. Manufacturers of Chlorine, 1993 Company Name Location Ashta Chemicals Cedar Chemical Corp. Dow Chemical USA Ashtabula, OH Vicksburg, MS Freeport, TX Plaquemine, LA Du Pont Niagara Falls, Elf Atochem North America, Inc. Portland, OR Tacoma, WA Formosa Plastics Corp. USA Baton Rouge, LA NY Fort Howard Corp. General Electric Co. Georgia Gulf Corp. Green Bay, WI Muskogee, OK Rincon, GA Burkville, AL Mount Vernon, IN Plaquemine, LA Georgia-Pacific Corp. The BF Goodrich Co. Hanlin Group, Inc. Bellingham, WA Brunswick, GA Calvert City, KY Acme, NC Brunswick, GA Orrington, ME La Roche Chemicals Inc. Gramercy, LA Magnesium Corp. of America Rowley, UT Miles Inc. Baytown, TX Niachlor Inc. Occidental Chemical Corp. Olin Corp. Niagara Falls, NY Convent, LA Corpus Christi, TX Deer Park, TX Delaware City, DE La Porte, TX Mobile, AL Muscle Shoals, AL Niagara Falls, NY Tacoma, WA Taft, LA Augusta, GA Charleston, TN McIntosh, AL Oregon Metallurgical Corp. Albany, OR Pioneer Chlor Alkali Co., Inc. Henderson, NV St. Gabriel, LA PPG Industries, Inc. Lake Charles, LA Natrium, WV Titanium Metals Corp Vulcan Materials Co. Weyerhauser Co. Henderson, NV Geismar, LA Port Edwards, WI Wichita, KS Longview, WA Source: USEPA 1994c. 7 D0 130048 CONFIDENTIAL Table 4. Chlorine Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Chlorine Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) 23,133,956 592,896 89,798 23,726,852 0.00 23,503,772 550,955 67,855 24,054,727 0.00 23,903,772 646,917 81,348 24,550,689 0.11 - 0.13 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2801.10.0000 Sources: BOC-CIR 1993, 1994; CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94. D. CHLOROBENZENE Chlorobenzene (also known as monochlorobenzene) produced by the following three companies (USEPA 1993a): o Monsanto Co. Sauget, IL o Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc. Delaware City, DE o PPG Industries, Inc. Natrum, WV is In 1993, US production of chlorobenzene totalled 195.3 million pounds (USITC-SOC 1994b). Imports and exports for 1992 were 3.6 and 0.22 million pounds, respectively (USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94). The current list price for monochlorobenzene is $0.55 per pound (tanks, fob) (CMR 1994a). Trade statistics are summarized in Table 5. Table S. Chlorobenzene Trade Statistics chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Chlorobenzene Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) price ($/lb) 210,170 43 572 210,212 0.00 231,913 149 208 232,062 0.00 195,264 3,601 220 198,865 0.55 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2903.61,1000 Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. 8 DO 130049 confidential E. CHLOROPRENE Chloroprene is produced by the following two companies (CMR 1994c): o Du Pont o Miles La Place, LA Louisville, KY Houston, TX The USITC does not itemize production data for chloroprene. However, the production of chloroprene can be approximately equated to the amount of polychloroprene (neoprene) produced since chloroprene is used almost exclusively to manufacture polychloroprene. Excluding Russia, China, and former Eastern Bloc countries, in 1989, polychloroprene world production was 321,000 tons; approximately half of this was consumed in the US (i.e., 160,500 tons (metric?) or 352,902,500 pounds (assuming metric tons at 2,205 pounds per metric ton)) (USEPA 1993b). In 1993, polychloroprene demand (sales plus imports) was estimated to be 70,000 metric tons (or 154,350 thousand pounds) (CMR 1994c) . This volume will be used as an estimate of chloroprene supply for 1991. Import and export data does not exist for chloroprene but does for polychloroprene rubbers (USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94). The current list price for chloroprene has not been identified in published sources; however, the 1993 list price for polychloroprene ranged between $1.51 -1.81 per pound (CMR 1994c). This price range will be used in this analysis. Trade statistics for polychloroprene are summarized in Table 6. Table 6, Polychloroprene Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Polychloroprene Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) na 14,521 92,053 160,965 1.51 - 1.81 na 17,344 86,470 17,344 0.00 na 22,224 81,635 154,350 1.51 - 1.81 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 4002.41.0000 (latex of chloroprene) Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 4002.49.0000 (chloroprene rubber, excl latex) 1991 t 1993 supply figures represent estimated domestic demand (sales plus imports). Sources: CMR 1991b, 1994c; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. 9 n0 1300&0 confWent1 F. CRESOLS (mixed) For this evaluation, cresols (mixed) refers to individual cresol isomers (i.e., meta, ortho, para) or specific cresol mixtures (e.g., meta/para mixtures). The commercial mixture of cresol isomers, in which the meta-isomer predominates, is sometimes referred to as cresylic acid or cresylics. Cresylic acids contain cresols and small amounts of phenols and xylenols and they are defined as those mixtures in which over 50% will boil above 204C (USEPA 1993c). The following six companies have been identified as producing some type of cresols (mixed) (USEPA 1993c). ortho-Cresol o Aldrich Chemical Co. o General Electric Co. o Merichem Co. o PMC, Inc. Cresol o Aldrich Chemical Co. o Merichem Co. o Rhone-Poulenc Inc. Cresol o Aldrich Chemical Co. o Bell Flavors & Fragrances Inc. o Merichem Co. o PMC, Inc. Milwaukee, WI Selkirk, NY Houston, TX Chicago, IL Milwaukee, WI Houston, TX Oil City, PA Milwaukee, WI Northbrook, IL Oakland, NJ Houston, TX Chicago, IL The USITC reported 1993 production of cresols to be 87.9 million pounds (USITC-SOC 1994b). Imports and exports for 1993 were 2.7 and 45.4 million pounds, respectively (USDOC-EXP 1994; USDOC-IMP 1994). The current list price ($/lb) for the specific cresol isomers/mixtures was reported as follows (CMR 1994a): m-cresol $1.15 $1.15 o-cresol $0.66 - 0.70 $0.66 - 0.70 p-cresol $1.37 $1.37 m/p-cresol $0.94 $0.82 (95-98% drums, truckload, fob) (tanks, fob) (99% pure drums, truckload, fob) (bulk, fob) (98% drums, truckload, fob) (bulk, fob) (99% drums, truckload, fob) (bulk, fob) The price range used for this report is $0.66 - $1.37 per pound. Trade statistics are summarized in Table 7. 10 DO 130051 CONFTDFNTTAL Table 7. Cresols (mixed) Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1990 (000 lbs) 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Cresols (mixed) Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) 84,352 3,571 3,686 87,924 0.00 na 4,197 3,771 4,197 0.00 74,613 3,842 5,327 78,455 0.00 87,918 2,701 45,449 90,619 0.66 - 1.37 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2707.99.3000 (m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol and m/p-cresol w/ purity of 75% or more by weight) Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1991-94; USDOC-IMP 1991-94; USITC-SOC 1991, 1993, 1994a,b. G. DIETHANOLAMINE Four firms produce ethanolamines (mono-, di-, and triethanolamine) (USEPA 1993d): o Dow o Occidental Petroleum o Texaco o Union Carbide Plaquemine, LA Midland, MI Bayport, TX Port Neches, TX Seadrift, TX In 1993, the USITC reported a diethanolamine production volume of 215.9 million pounds (USITC-SOC 1994b). The current list price for diethanolamine is $0.52 per pound (tanks, freight allowed) (CMR 1994a). Import, export, and other trade statistics are summarized in Table 8. Table 8. Diethanolamine Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 IbS) 1993 (000 IbS) Diethanolamine Production Sales Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) 198,304 166,345 3,054 92,613 201,359 0.00 200,000 e 164,808 739 85,457 200,739 e 0.00 215,900 na 1,010 72,492 216,911 0.52 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2922.12.0000 (diethanolamine and its salts). 1992 production volume is estimated (MCP 1993b). Sources: CMR 1994a; MCP 1993b; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. 11 DO 13005? CONFIDENT!^. H. ETHYL BENZENE Ethylbenzene is produced by ten firms (USEPA 1993e): o Amoco o Arco o Chevron o Cos-Mar o Dow o Huntsman o Koch o Rexene o Sterling o Westlake Texas City, TX Channelview, TX St. James, LA Carville, LA Freeport, TX Bayport, TX Corpus Christi, ' Odessa, TX Texas City, TX Lake Charles, LA In 1993/ ethylbenzene had a production volume of 9,336 million pounds of which 34.9 million pounds were exported; an additional 78.3 million were imported (USDOC-EXP 1994; USDOC-IMP 1994; USITCSOC 1994b). Ethylbenzene sells for $0.16 per pound (bulk, fob, Houston, TX) (CMR 1994a). Table 9 summarizes various trade statistics. Table 9. Ethyl Benzene Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Ethyl Benzene Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price (S/lb) 8,872,539 6,835 196,112 8,879,373 0.00 11,110,389 11,876 121,039 11,122,264 0.00 9,335,606 78,282 34,864 9,413,888 0.16 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No, 2902.60,0000 Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. I 1992c): F.THYT.EMF, BICHLORIDE Eleven companies manufacture ethylene dichloride (CMR o Borden o Dow o Formosa Geismar, LA Freeport, TX Oyster Creek, TX Plaquemine, LA Baton Rouge, LA Point Comfort, TX 12 DO 130053 CONFTDFNTTAl o Georgia Gulf o BF Goodrich o OxyChem o Oxymar o PPG o Vista o Vulcan o Westlake Plaquemine, LA La Porte, TX Convent, LA Corpus Christi, TX Ingleside, TX Lake Charles, LA Lake Charles, LA Geismar, LA Calvert City, KY In 1993, ethylene dichloride had a production volume of 17,950 million pounds of which 2,317 million pounds were exported; an additional 276 million were imported (USDOC-EXP 1994; USDOC-IMP 1994; USITC-SOC 1994b). Ethylene dichloride sells for $0.17 per pound (tanks, fob, works) (CMR 1994a). Table 10 summarizes various trade statistics. Table 10. Ethylene Dichloride Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Ethylene Dichloride Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) 13,715,107 10,842 1,456, 894 13,725,948 0.00 15,152,882 300,025 1,808,999 15,452,847 0,00 17,949, 930 276,109 2,316,639 18,226,039 0.17 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2903.15.0000 Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. J. ETHYLENE GLYCOL Ethylene glycol is produced by the ten firms listed below (USEPA 1993f): o BASF o Dow o Eastman o Hoechst Celanese o Oxy Petrochemicals o PD Glycol o Quantum o Shell o Texaco o Union Carbide Geismar, LA Plaquemine, LA Fort Saskatchewan, Longview, TX Clear Lake, TX Bayport, TX Beaumont, TX Morris, IL Geismar, LA Port Neches, TX Taft, LA Seadrift, TX Prentiss, Canada Canada 13 \300?>a DO C0NF Montreal, Canada Ethylene glycol had a 1993 production volume of 5,201 million pounds, of which 996.3 million pounds were exported and an additional 377 million pounds were imported (USDOC-EXP 1994; USDOCIMP 1994; USITC-SOC 1994b). The current list price for ethylene glycol ranges between $0.20 per pound (industrial, tanks, freight allowed) and $0.24 per pound (polyester, tanks, fob) (CMR 1994a). Trade statistics are summarized in Table 11. Table 11. Ethylene Glycol Trade Statistics chemical Name and Trade statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 <000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Ethylene Glycol Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) 4,810,357 511,247 912,424 5,321,605 0.00 5,129,167 395,143 873,682 5,524,310 0.00 5,201,222 376,995 996,342 5,578,217 0.20 - 0.24 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2905.31.0000 Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. K. HYDROCHLORIC ACID Forty-three firms covering 85 locations produce hydrochloric acid (USEPA 1994e). Table 12 presents a list of manufacturers for 1993. In 1993, 6,981 million pounds of hydrochloric acid were produced in the United States (BOC-CIR 1994); 152.9 million pounds were imported and 88.4 million pounds were exported (USDOC-EXP 1994; USDOC-IMP 1994). The current list price for hydrochloric acid varies by geographic region and technical grade (usually 18, 20, 22, 23 Be', corresponding to approximately 28, 31, 35, 37% HCL, respectively) . The list prices are $/ton (tanks, works) and are as follows (CMR 1994a): Region East Gulf Midwest West 20 Be' 22 Be' $ 65 - 80 $ 75 $ 75 $100 - 105 $ 78 - 86 $ 85 $ 85 $110 - 115 14 DO 130055 CONFTDFNTTAl Table 12. U.S. Manufacturers of Hydrochloric acid, 1993 Company Name Location Akzo Chemicals Inc. Allied-Signal Inc. Ausimont USA, Inc. BASF Corp. Borden Chemicals & Plastics Partnership Cabot Corp. CIBA-GEIGY Corp. Degussa Corp, Detrex Corp. Dover Chemical Corp. Dow Chemical U.S.A. Dow Corning Corp. Du Pont Elf Atochem North America, Inc. Ferro Corp. FMC Corp. Formosa Plastics Corp. U.S.A. General Electric Co. Georgia Gulf Corp. The BF Goodrich Co. Hanlin Group, Inc. Edison, NJ Gallipolis Ferry, WV Baton Rouge, LA Danville, IL El Segundo, CA Thorofare, NJ Geismar, LA Geismar, LA Tuscola, IL McIntosh, AL St. Gabriel, LA Theodore, A1 Waterford, NY Ashtabula, OH Dover, OH Freeport, TX Midland, MI Oyster Creek, TX Pittsburg, CA Plaguemine, LA La Porte, TX Carrollton, KY Midland, MI Parkersburg, WV Antioch, CA Corpus Christi, TX Deepwater, NJ Louisville, KY Montague, MI La Place, LA Portland, OR Tacoma, WA Calvert City, KY Wichita, KS Riverview, MI Hammond, IN Baltimore, MD Nitro, WV Baton Rouge, LA Point Comfort, TX Mount Vernon, IN Waterford, NY Plaquemine, LA La Porte, TX Acme, NC Brunswick, GA Orrington, ME 15 D0 130056 CONFIDENT TAl Table 12. U.S. Manufacturers of Hydrochloric acid, 1993 (continued) Company Name ICI Americas Inc. ISK Biotech Jones-Hamilton Co. La Roche Chemicals Inc. Magnesium Corp. of America Magnetics International Inc. Miles Inc. Monsanto Co. Occidental Chemical Corp. Olin Corp. Oxymar Pioneer Chlor Alkali Co., Inc. PPG Industries, Inc. Rhone-Poulenc Ag Co. Shell Chemical Co. Standard Chlorine Chemical Co., Inc. Velsicol Chemical Corp. Vista Chemical Co. Vulcan Materials Co. Westlake Monomers Corp. Weyerhauser Co. Witco Corp, Location Cold Creek, A1 Geismar, LA Mount Pleasant, TN Greens Bayou, TX Waldbridge, OH Gramercy, LA Rowley, UT Burns Harbor, IN Baytown, TX New Martinsville, WV Bridgeport, NJ Sauget, IL Belle, WV Deer Park, TX Niagara Falls, Tacoma, WA NY Augusta, GA Charleston, TN Lake Charles, LA Ingleside, TX Henderson, NV Barberton, Ohio Lake Charles, LA Natrium, WV La Porte, TX Institute, WV Norco, LA Delaware City, DE Chattanooga, TN Memphis, TN Baltimore, MD Lake Charles, LA Geismar, LA Port Edwards, WI Wichita, KS Calvert City, KY Longview, WA Phillipsburg, NJ Source: USEPA 1994e, 16 00 130057 GONF TOFNTT At As shown above, hydrochloric acid prices range between $65 and $115 per ton (tanks, works). This price range translates to $0.0325 $0.0575 per pound. Trade statistics are summarized in Table 13. Table 13. Hydrochloric Acid Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Hydrochloric Acid Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price (S/lb) 6,758,812 622,862 78,613 7,381,674 0.00 7,215,920 490,454 94,632 7,706,374 0.00 6,980,565 152,923 88,440 7,133,488 0.03 - 0.06 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2806.10.0000 Sources: BOC-CIR 1993, 1994; CMR 1994a USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94. L. HYDROGEN FLUOR IDF. 1993g): Three companies manufacture hydrogen fluoride (USEPA o Allied-Signal o Atochem North America o Du Pont Geismar, LA Calvert City, KY La Porte, TX In 1993, 341.2 million pounds of hydrogen fluoride were produced in the U.S. (BOC-CIR 1994); an additional 138.8 million pounds were imported and 20 million pounds were exported (USDOC-EXP 1994; USDOC-IMP 1994). Hydrogen fluoride sells for $52 per 100 pounds (aqueous, 70% tanks, fob, freight allowed) (CMR 1994a) or $0.52 per pound. Table 14 summarizes various trade statistics. Table 14. Hydrogen Fluoride Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Hydrogen Fluoride Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) 323,813 209,740 17,784 533,553 0.00 362,632 155,313 16,867 517,945 0.00 341,173 138,801 20,036 479, 974 0.52 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2811,11.0000 Sources: BOC-CIR 1993, 1994; CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94. 17 DO 130058 CONFIDFNTTAl M. MALEIC ANHYDRIDE Maleic anhydride is produced by (USEPA 1993h): o Amoco o Aristech o Ashland o Miles o Monsanto Joliet, IL Neville Island, Neal, wv Houston, TX Pensacola, FL PA Of the 358.5 million pounds of maleic anhydride produced in 1993, 55.8 million pounds were exported; an additional 16.1 million pounds were imported (USDOC-EXP 1994; USDOC-IMP 1994; USITC-SOC 1994b). Maleic anhydride is available as briquettes and capulets, and in molten form (USEPA 1993h). The current list price for maleic anhydride ranges from $0.48 to $0.50 per pound (bags, truckload, works, freight equalled) and $0.51 per pound (tanks, works, freight equalled) (CMR 1994a). Trade statistics are summarized in Table 15. Table IS. Maleic Anhydride Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Maleic Anhydride Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) 380,861 7,853 20,924 388,714 0.00 436,023 11,900 56,342 447,924 0.00 358,491 16,092 55,773 374,583 0.48 - 0.51 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2917.14.1000 (derived from aromatics) Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2917.14.5000 (derived from other) Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. N. METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE Methyl isobutyl ketone is produced by the following three firms (USEPA 1993i): o Eastman o Shell o Union Carbide Kingsport, TN Deer Park, TX Institute, WV Methyl isobutyl ketone had a 1993 production volume of 150.1 million pounds; an additional 14.8 million pounds were imported 18 DO 130059 CONFIDENT TA( (USDOC-IMP 1994; USITC-SOC 1994b). pounds in 1993 (USDOOEXP 1994). Exports were 30.4 million The current list price for methyl isobutyl ketone varies by geographic region. The list prices are $/pound (tanks, delivered) and are as follows (CMR 1994a): Zone 1 (East) Zone 2 (CA, AZ) Zone 3 (other West ofRockies) $0.51 $0.53 $0.53 As shown above, pricesrangebetween $0.51 and $0.53 per pound (tanks, delivered). Trade statistics are summarized in Table 16. Table 16. Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Methyl laobutyl Ketone Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) 180,918 7,040 34,352 187,95B 0.00 164,273 21,633 37,876 185,906 0.00 150,072 14,790 30,355 164,862 0.51 - 0.53 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2914.13.0000 Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. 0. METHYL METHACRYLATE 1993j) : Three firms produce methyl methacrylate (CMR 1994b; USEPA o Cyro Industries o ICl o Rohm and Haas Fortier, LA Beaumont, TX Memphis, TN Deer Park, TX There were 1,148 million pounds of methyl methacrylate produced in 1993 of which 104.2 million pounds were exported (USDOC-EXP 1994; USITC-SOC 1994b). Imports were 26.9 million pounds in 1993 (USDOC-IMP 1994). Methyl methacrylate sells for $0.71 per pounds (tanks, delivered) (CMR 1994a). Table 17 summarizes various trade statistics. 19 300fo0 DO CONF 1 T dFNTT. Ai Table 17. Methyl Methacrylate Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Methyl Methacrylate Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) 1,102,037 3,161 109,427 1,105,198 0.00 1,207,952 10,200 119,931 1,218,152 0.00 1,148,428 26,880 104,181 1,175,308 0.71 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2916.14.0020 Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USITC-SOC 1993-94. P. NAPHTHALENE The following three firms manufacture naphthalene (CMR 1993e; USEPA 1993k): o Advanced Aromatics Baytown, TX o Allied Signal Ironton, OH o Koppers Follansbee, WV There were 273.6 million pounds of naphthalene produced in 1992 (no production data was published for 1993); imports accounted for another 16.1 million pounds while exports totalled 5.6 million pounds in 1992 (USDOC-EXP 1993; USDOC-IMP 1993; USITC-SOC 1994a,b). Naphthalene's current list price ranges between $0.29 and $0.40 per pound. Three categories of products exist: - domestic, 78 deg., tanks, works - petroleum, 80 deg., tanks, fob $0.29 - 0.30 / pound $0.39 - 0.40 / pound - refined, balls, flake, wholesalers drums, works $0.39 - 0.40 / pound Trade statistics for naphthalene are summarized in Table 18. Q. PHENOL The eleven phenol producers include (USEPA 1994f): o Allied Signal o Aristech o BTL Frankford, PA Haverhill, OH Blue Island, IL 20 DO 130061 CONF x ofnt T A1 Table 18. Naphthalene Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Naphthalene Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) na 15,314 3,261 15,314 0.00 273,585 16,142 5,605 289,728 0.00 na 5,573 4,071 5,573 0.29 - 0.40 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2707.40.0000 Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. o Dakota Gasification o Dow o General Electric o Georgia Gulf o Kalama o Merichem o Shell o Texaco Beulah, ND Freeport, TX Mount Vernon, IN Pasadena, TX Plaquemine, LA Kalama, WA Houston, TX Deer Park, TX El Dorado, KS In 1993, the USITC reported a production volume of 3,405 million pounds for phenol (USITC-SOC 1994b). The 1993 imports and exports were 42.0 and 228.5 million pounds, respectively (USDOC-EXP 1994; USDOC-IMP 1994) . Phenol (synthetic, tanks, freight equalled) sells for $0.28 0.33 per pound (CMR 1994a). Table 19 summarizes the trade statistics. Table 19. Phenol Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbS) 1993 (000 lbs) Phenol Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) 3,597,722 11,539 161,298 3,609,261 0.00 3,886,271 20,804 248,427 3,907,075 0.00 3,405,010 42,049 228,475 3,447,058 0.28 - 0.33 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2907.11.000 (phenol and its salts) Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. 21 D0 130062 CONFTDFNT T At R. PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE Phthalic anhydride is produced by these five companies (USEPA 19931): o Aristech o Exxon o Koppers o Stepan o Sterling Pasadena, TX Baton Rouge, LA Cicero, IL Hillsdale, IL Texas City, TX There were 853.6 million pounds of phthalic anhydride produced in 1993 of which 37.5 million pounds were exported; an additional 63.4 million pounds were imported (USDOC-EXP 1994; USDOC-IMP 1994; USITC-SOC 1994b). Phthalic anhydride is available in flakes or molten form and price varies accordingly: - flake carload, truckload, drums, freight equalled $0.35 - 0.45 / pound - tanks, freight equalled $0.33 - 0.35 / pound The price range used for this report is $0.33 - $0.45 per pound. Trade statistics are summarized in Table 20. Table 20, Phthalic Anhydride Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Phthalic Anhydride Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) 587,141 27,938 77,671 615,078 0.00 898,207 53,060 46,252 951,267 0.00 853,584 63,425 37,549 917,010 0.33 - 0.45 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 2917.35.0000 Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. S. 1,2.4-TRICHLOROBEN2ENE 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene is produced by Standard Chlorine of Delaware (Delaware City, DE), where it is both sold and used as a formulating ingredient. All chlorobenzenes are presently 22 :$oofo3 DO C0WF ^ produced by the catalytic chlorination of benzene# an ortho-, para- directed reaction. Therefore, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene may be produced as a by-product or an impurity in the production of large production chlorobenzenes such as monochlorobenzene, o- dichlorobenzene, and p-dichlorobenzene (USEPA 1993m). According to the 1991 Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) submissions, there are 11 facilities that manufacture or import 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, nine facilities that manufacture 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene, and three facilities that import 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene. The additional producers of 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene are: o Monsanto Co. o Occidental Chemical o PPG Industries (Sauget, IL) which produces it as a by-product; (High Point, NC) which iirports it for on-site use as a formulating ingredient; (Westlake, LA and New Martinsville, WV) which produces it as a by-product and for sale; o Sandoz Agro Inc. (Beaumont, TX) which imports it for on-site use a sa reactant; o Sun Ref. i Mrktg Co. (Marcus Hook, PA) which produces and imports chemicals in which it is an impurity; o Vista Chemical Co. o Virkler Co. (Westlake, LA) which produces it as a by-product; (Charlotte, NC) which produces it for sale and uses it as a formulating ingredient; o Westlake Monomers (Calvert City, KY) which produces it for on-site use as a reactant (USEPA 1993m). No non-CBI production, export, or import information is available for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (USDOC-EXP 1991-93; USDOC-IMP 1991-93; USITC-SOC 1991, 1993, 1994a,b); however, CBI supply data does exist. In 1990, ######### pounds (CBI) of 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene were produced with an additional ######### pounds (CBI) being imported (USEPA 1995). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (pure, tanks, delivered) sells for $1.25 per pound (CMR 1994a). Table 21 summarizes the trade statistics. T. 1994g): 1.1,2-TRICHLQROETHANE 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is produced by two firms (USEPA 23 DO 130064 CONFIDENTIAL o Dow Chemical USA o PPG Industries, Inc. Freeport, TX Lake Charles, LA Table 21. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1990 (000 lbs) 1991 (000 lbs) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) 1,2,4-Trichloroethane Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price (S/lb) CBI CBI na CBI 0.00 na na na 0 0.00 na na na 0 0.00 na na na 0 1.25 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. (na) (basket category 2903.69.1000) Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USEPA 1995; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. It is produced primarily as a co-product of various chlorination processes, such as the manufacture of 1,2dichloroethane and the chlorination of ethane or 1,1-dichloroethane to produce 1,1,1-trichloroethane. 1,1,2-trichloroethane is also produced when co-product sources are inadequate or for balancing feedstocks. The liquid-phase chlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane is an often-used route for synthesizing 1,1,2-trichloroethane (USEPA 1994g). No non-CBI production, export, or import information was available for 1,1,2-trichloroethane (USDOC-EXP 1991-94; USDOC-IMP 1991-94; USEPA 1994g; USITC-SOC 1991, 1993, 1994a,b). Demand for 1,1,2-trichloroethane can be estimated from vinylidene chloride production since the primary use of 1,1,2-trichloroethane is to produce vinylidene chloride and since vinylidene chloride is produced almost exclusively from 1,1,2-trichloroethane. Since the U.S. demand for vinylidene chloride in 1987 was 68, 000 metric tons (149,940 thousand pounds) and was projected to rise to 79,000 metric tons (174,195 thousand pounds) in 1992, the corresponding 1987 demand and 1992 projected demand for 1,1,2-trichloroethane would be 94,000 metric tons (207,270 thousand pounds) and 110,000 metric tons (242,550 thousand pounds), respectively, assuming a 100 percent yield (USEPA 1994g). The list price (tanks, fob, works) is $,0.42 per pound for 1,1,2-trichloroethane (CMR 1994a). The available trade statistics are contained in Table 22. U. 1994h): VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE Vinylidene chloride is produced by two firms (USEPA 24 DO 130060 CONF 1 DFNT I Al o Dow Chemical USA o PPG Industries, Inc. Freeport, TX Lake Charles, LA Table 22. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (ooo n>s) 1992 (OOO lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price ($/lb) na na na 0 0*00 242,550 e na na 242,550 e 0.00 na na na 0 0.42 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. (na) (basket category 2903.19.5000) Sources: CMR 1994a; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USEPA 1994g; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. It is almost exclusively produced from 1,1,2-trichloroethane, primarily by liquid-phase dechlorination in the presence of alkali (USEPA 1994h). No non-CBI production information is available for vinylidene chloride (USEPA I994h; USITC-SOC 1991, 1993, 1994a,b). In 1987, the U.S. demand for vinylidene chloride was 68,000 metric tons (149,940 thousand pounds) and was projected to rise to 79,000 metric tons (174,195 thousand pounds) in 1992. One industry source estimated the 1989 production volume to be 230 million pounds (USEPA 1994h). The list price for vinylidene chloride monomer (bulk, Freeport, TX) is $0.37 per pound (Dow 1994). Published and estimated trade statistics are shown in Table 23. Table 23. Vinylidene Chloride Trade Statistics Chemical Name and Trade Statistics 1991 (000 lb3) 1992 (000 lbs) 1993 (000 lbs) Vinylidene Chloride Production Imports Exports Supply (P+I) Price (S/lb) na 3,293 16,246 3,293 0.00 174,195 e 4,995 19,122 179,190 e 0.00 na 7,234 19,726 7,234 0.37 Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. 3904.50.0000 (vinylidene chloride polymers) Harmonized Tariff Schedule No. (na) (monomer in basket category 2903.29.0000) Sources: CMR 1994a; Dow 1994; USDOC-EXP 1992-94; USDOC-IMP 1992-94; USEPA 1994h; USITC-SOC 1993, 1994a,b. 25 DO 130066 CONFT DFNTIAL III. USES AND MARKET TRENDS A. BIPHENYL Biphenyl is used as a heat transfer agent, a dye carrier for polyesters, a feedstock, especially in the production of alkylbiphenyls, and a citrus fruit wrapping impregnate to reduce spoilage. One common heat transfer fluid, Dowtherm A, is a eutectic mixture containing 26.5% biphenyl and 73.5% diphenyl ether. About 10% of the by-product biphenyl is consumed as technical grade (9395%) material as a textile dye carrier and the rest is used as an alkylation feedstock or purified and used as a heat transfer agent. High purity biphenyl from the dehydrocondensation of benzene is used as a heat transfer agent or alkylated. Alkylated biphenyls are used as heat transfer agents and dielectric fluids in condensers (USEPA 1994a). Biphenyl is listed as an important and commonly found food preservative. The U.S. FDA lists it as a flavor enhancer or adjuvant. The label notation for biphenyl is E230 and the recommended concentration range is 50-70 ppm (USEPA 1994a). The use of biphenyl as a dye carrier in the textile industry has been on the decline because of environmental concerns over the amount of biphenyl released in wastewater effluents by the many plants that dye textiles. Biphenyl in these effluents may be converted to PCBs during chlorination of wastewater (USEPA 1994a). Formerly, biphenyl was chlorinated to form polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) for use as a nonflammable hydraulic fluid and transformer dielectric. Production of PCBs ceased precipitously in 1972 when they were recognized as serious environmental contaminants (USEPA 1994a). No market trend or growth rate data have been located as of yet for biphenyl. B. CARBONYL SULFIDE Carbonyl sulfide's commercial importance is limited. It is not manufactured in large quantities and is used only for small scale-synthesis and experiments. Previous applications included the synthesis of thio organic compounds, such as the herbicide triallate (USEPA 1994b). 26 DO 130067 CONFTDFNTTAl c. CHLORINE Chlorine is one of the top 50 industrial chemicals in the US, ranking 9th and 10th for 1991 and 1992, respectively (C&EN 1993). It is used primarily as a raw material for a wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds. The 1993 estimated end-use pattern for chlorine is (MCP 1993a): Derivative Ethylene dichloride / vinyl chloride monomer Pulp & paper Propylene oxide Chlorinated ethanes Chlorinated methanes Other organic chemicals Inorganic chemicals Water treatment Miscellaneous Percent 35 11 8 5 4 16 11 5 5 Over one third of all chlorine production is used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) via ethylene dichloride (EDC). EDC is an intermediate for vinyl chloride monomer and PVC resins. The second largest application is as a bleach in the pulp and paper industry (MCP 1993a). Chlorine is consumed in the manufacture of propylene oxide (via the chlorohydrin process) which is used in polyurethane products and propylene glycols. It is also used to make phosgene, a raw material for isocyanates (CMR 1992a; MCP 1993a). Numerous organic and inorganic compounds are synthesized utilizing chlorine. Many of the organics find uses as solvents in metal cleaning, dry cleaning, CFC/HCFC production, etc. Chlorine is used in the production of propylene oxide, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene, hypochlorite, epichlorohydrin, 1,1,1- trichloroethane, methylene chloride, ethylene dichloride (solvent and trade), trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, chloroprene, bromine, and numerous other organic coirpounds. Inorganic compounds include titanium oxide and hydrochloric acid (CMR 1992a; MCP 1993a; USEPA 1994c). Chlorine is a slimicide and a sanitizing and disinfecting agent for municipal water supplies and swimming pools. Chlorine is also used as an etching gas in the semiconductor industry. Chlorine is used in sewage treatment and in the pharmaceutical and textile industries (USEPA 19994c). Mature end-uses and increasing environmental regulation will 27 no 13068 CONFTDFNTTAl continue to impact future chlorine demand by declining consumption in pulp bleaching, CFCs, and chlorinated solvents, and growing demand in polyvinyl chloride intermediates, titanium dioxide, and phosgene. Historically, chlorine grew at a rate of 2.5 percent per year from 1982 through 1991; however, future growth is projected to be about 0.5 percent per year through 1996 (CMR 1992a; MCP 1993a). D. CHLOROBENZENE Chlorobenzene (also known as monochlorobenzene) is used in a range of products. The 1993 estimated end-use pattern for chlorobenzene is (CMR 1993a): Derivative Nitrochlorobenzenes Solvents Diphenyl oxide and phenylphenols Polysulfone polymers Miscellaneous Percent 50 23 22 4 1 Chlorobenzene is used largely in the production of nitrochlorobenzene, which, in turn, is used in the manufacture of dyes and pigments, rubber processing chemicals, antioxidants, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. It is also used as a solvent in herbicide formulations and other agricultural products, in isocyanate processing, and in degreasing (CMR 1993a; MCP 1990; USEPA 1993a). In the past, large amounts of chlorobenzene were used to manufacture phenol, aniline, and DDT. However, these uses have essentially disappeared due to the adoption of new processes and the phase-out of DDT (USEPA 1993a). Historically, chlorobenzene grew at a rate of minus 1 percent per year from 1983 through 1992; however, future growth is projected to be about 2 percent per year through 1995, but a potential fall off late in the decade (CMR 1993a; MCP 1993a). E. CHLOROPRENE Used almost entirely in the production of polychloroprene (i.e., neoprene) synthetic rubbers, chloroprene's only other use of significant volume is the manufacture of 2,3-dichloro-l,3-butadiene which is used as a monomer in chloroprene copolymerizations (USEPA 1993b). 28 DO 130069 CONF T DENT T Al Since chloroprene is used almost entirely in the production of polychloroprene, the 1993 estimated end-use pattern for polychloroprene is (CMR 1994c): Derivative Percent Industrial (belts, hosing, flooring) Mechanical Adhesives Latexes Wire and Cable Cellular rubber Miscellaneous (incl. consumer goods) 33 30 10 10 6 4 7 Polychloroprene, historically, grew at a rate of minus 3 percent per year from 1984 through 1993; however, future growth is projected to range between 0 and 1 percent per year through 1998 (CMR 1994c). F. CRES0L5 (mixed) Specific end-use patterns for the each cresol isomer/mixture have not been identified but are discussed below. However, the estimated 1993 end-use pattern for cresylics (which includes cresols and cresylic acids) is as follows (CMR 1993b): Derivative Exports Antioxidants Phenolic, epoxy, novolac resins Wire and enamel solvent Phosphate esters Intermediate Miscellaneous (incl. cleaning & disinfectant cmpds and ore flotation) Percent 35 20 15 12 5 5 8 ortho-Cresol is primarily used as either a solvent or disinfectant. It is also used as a chemical intermediate for a wide variety of products including 2-methylcyclohexanol, 2methylcyclohexanone, coumarin, and 3-isopropyl-6-methyl phenol (carvacrol). ortho-Cresol is also used in the manufacture of several antioxidants, dyes, and in the formation of epoxy-o-cresol novolac (ECN) resins. ECN resins are sealing materials for integrated circuits (silicon chips). ortho-Cresol is also used as an additive to phenol-formaldehyde resins. Furthermore, the manufacture of certain herbicides and pesticides, including 4- 29 00 130070 ^MC-TnFNTT At chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) , 2-(4-chloro-2- methylphenoxy)-propionic acid (MCPP), .g.-(4-chloro-2- methylphenoxy)-butyric acid (MCPB), and 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (DNCO), is dependent upon ortho-cresol (USEPA 1993c). meta-Cresol, either pure or mixed with para-cresol, is important in the production of contact herbicides such as 0,0- dimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) thionophosphoric acid ( fenitrothion) and 0,O-dimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-methyl thiophenyl)thionophosphoric acid ester (fenthion). meta-Cresol is also used as a precursor to pyrethroid insecticides. Many flavor and fragrance compounds, such as (-)-methanol and musk amberette, are derived from meta-cresol. Furthermore, meta-cresol is used in the manufacture of the explosive, 2,4,6-trinitro-m-cresol (USEPA 1993c). para-Cresol is largely used in the production of antioxidants such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT), 2,6-dicyclopentyl-pcresol, 2,2'-methylene- or 2,2'-thiodiphenols, and Tinuvin 326. Tinuvin 326 is a substituted hydroxyphenyl benzotriazole which is an absorber of UV light and is used in films and coatings. para-Cresol also has many applications in the fragrance and dye industries. para-Cresol carboxylic acid esters and anisaldehyde are used in perfumes (USEPA 1993c). Mixtures of meta- and para-cresol often serve as disinfectants and preservatives. Cresols are added to soaps and disinfectants. They are used as wood preservatives, in ore flotation, and in fiber treatment. meta- and para-Cresol mixtures are used in the manufacture of tricresyl phosphate and diphenyl cresyl phosphate, which are used in flame-retardant plasticizers for polyvinylchloride (PVC) and other plastics, fire-resistant hydraulic fluids, additives for lubricants, and air filters. Cresols are used in paints, textiles, modifying phenolic resins, as solvents for synthetic resin coatings such as wire enamels, metal degreasers, and cutting oils, and as agents to remove carbon deposits from combustion engines (USEPA 1993c). Although growth rates for the individual cresols have not been identified, cresylics, historically, grew at a rate of minus 3 percent per year from 1983 through 1992; however, future growth is projected to range between 0 and minus 1 percent per year through 1997 (CMR 1993b). G. 1993b): DIETHANOLAMINE The 1992 use pattern for ethanolamines is as follows (MCP 30 DO 130071 CONFIDENTIAL Derivative Percent Detergents Gas purification Ethylene amines Corrosion inhibitors & Metal working Miscellaneous (including cement grinding oils, agricultural chemicals, and synthesis) 38 25 14 11 12 Diethanolamine is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of surfactants, personal care products such as creams, lotions, shampoos, soaps and cosmetics, and detergents. Alkanolamine-based surfactants are generally alkanolamides (nonionic surfactants) and alkanolamine salts (anionic surfactants). It is used in adhesives, cleaners, coatings, corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metals in applications such as coolant systems, lubricating oils, metal working fluids, petroleum antifouling and drilling, and electroplating baths. It is used for "sweeting" natural gas and neutralizing acid herbicides. DEA or its derivatives are also used in many facets of textile production (USEPA 1993d). Most end-uses for ethanolamines are mature. Long term growth is expected to be moderate. Over the next five years, growth will probably not exceed 3 percent per year (MCP 1993b). H. ETHYL BENZENE Ethyl benzene is one of the top 50 industrial chemicals in the US, ranking 20th and 18th for 1991 and 1992, respectively (C&EN 1993) . Over 99 percent of ethylbenzene is used captively in the manufacture of styrene, which, in turn, is used to produce a variety of plastic and resin materials, the largest being polystyrene. The remainder is used in other applications, such as a solvent in the paint industry, as an intermediate for dyes, diethylbenzene, acetophenone, and ethyl anthraquinone. Ethylbenzene is a component of gasoline (MCP 1993c; USEPA 1993e). Since styrene derivatives are employed heavily in the construction, packaging, automotive industries and use in the manufacture of consumer goods, ethylbenzene demand is directly related to the gross domestic product. Historically, ethylbenzene grew at a rate of 6.2 percent per year from 1982 through 1991; however, future growth is projected to be about 2.5 percent per year through 1996 (CMR 1992b; MCP 1993c). 31 DO 33007? confidential I. ETHYLENE JOICHLOHIBE Ethylene dichloride (also known as 1,2-dichloroethane) is one of the top 50 industrial chemicals in the US, ranking 15th and 14th for 1991 and 1992, respectively (C&EN 1993) . Its 1992 estimated end-use pattern is as follows (MCP 1993d): Derivative Percent Vinyl chloride monomer Intermediate Miscellaneous 94 5 1 Ethylene dichloride is used mainly for the production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). VCM is used almost exclusively to manufacture polyvinyl chloride (PVC), copolymers of VCM (e.g., VCMvinyl acetate), and chlorinated PVC. As an intermediate, ethylene dichloride derivatives include ethylene diamines and chlorinated solvents such as perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and 1,1,1trichloroethane. Miscellaneous applications include solvents for rubber, resins, fats, oils, and waxes (MCP 1993d; USEPA 1994d). Ethylene dichloride demand is nearly dependent on PVC demand due environmental pressures on the chlorinated solvents sector. While historical growth rates averaged 4.1 percent per year (1982 -1991), future growth through 1996 will average 3.5 percent per year (CMR 1992c; MCP 1993d). J. ETHYLENE GLYCOL Ethylene glycol is one of the top 50 industrial chemicals in the US, ranking 30th in both 1991 and 1992 (C&EN 1993) . The 1992 estimate of ethylene glycol's end-use pattern is as follows (MCP 1993e): Derivative Polyester: Fibers Plastics(films/bottles) Antifreeze Miscellaneous Percent 30 22 38 10 The major end-use for ethylene glycol is in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin, which is used for fibers, films, bottles, and other molded plastics, laminates, and castings. Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze in heating and cooling systems, a de-icing agent on bridges and airport runways, and a solvent in the paints and plastics industry. It is used in hydraulic brake fluids, printer's inks, and inks for stamp pads and ball point pens (MCP 1993e; USEPA 1993f). 32 DO 1 30073 CONFT O^NTlAL- Historically, ethylene glycol grew at a rate of 2 percent per year from 1983 through 1992; however, future growth is projected to be about 2.6 percent per year through 1997 (CMR 1993c; MCP 1993e) . K. HYDROCHLORIC ACID Hydrochloric acid is one of the top 50 industrial chemicals in the US, ranking 25th and 26th for 1991 and 1992, respectively (C&EN 1993). Its 1992 estimated end-use pattern is as follows (MCP 1993f): Derivative Percent Chemical manufacturing Steel pickling Oil & gas well acidizing Food processing Miscellaneous 30 25 20 15 10 HC1 has many uses which include the manufacture of pharmaceutical hydrochlorides, vinyl chloride from acetylene, alkyl chlorides from olefins, and arsenious chloride from arsenious oxide. HC1 is also used in the dissolution of minerals, pickling and etching of metals, regeneration of ion-exchange resins for water treatment, neutralization of alkaline products or waste materials, acidification of brine in chlor-alkali electrolysis, production of tin and tantalum, as an analytical reagent deliming agent for hides, coagulation of latex, pH control, desulfurization agent for petroleum, hydrolyzing starch and proteins in the preparation of various food products, cleaning boilers, and heatexchange equipment, pharmaceutic aid as acidifier, as a gastric acidifier in veterinary medicine, in the chlorination of rubber, as a gaseous flux for babbitting operations, and in isomerization, polymerization, and alkylation reactions (USEPA 1994e). Other uses of HC1 include phosphoric acid production, silica gel production, preparation of dyes and dye intermediates, reclamation of rubber, production of casein plastics, manufacture of paint pigments, and for etching airport runways in preparation for resurfacing with bonded concrete (USEPA 1994e). Overall demand for hydrochloric acid is projected to grow annually by only 1-2 percent for the next five years (MCP 1993f). L- HYDROGEN FLUORIDE The estimate of hydrogen fluoride's (HF) end-use pattern 33 oo 130074 OONFTDFNTTAl is as follows (CMR 1991a): Derivative Percent Fluorocarbons Aluminum manufacture (captive HF) Petroleum alkylation catalysis Stainless steel pickling Uranium chemical production Aluminum manufacture (merchant HF) Miscellaneous (glass etching. herbicides, rare metals, fluoride salts, and specialty fluorides) 58 15 4 4 3 3 13 Hydrogen fluoride is primarily used in the production of fluorocarbons (CFCs), which are being phased out. The hydrogen fluoride consumed by the aluminum industry (18% of production) is used to produce synthetic cryolite, which is used in the reduction of aluminum in electrolysis cells; this process gives off hydrogen fluoride which may be recycled (captive HF). Hydrogen fluoride is also used in the production of branched alkane motor fuels, aerosols, plastics, and refrigerants. In the field of atomic energy, it is used in the production of uranium tetrafluoride from uranium oxide, and it is used in certain types of rocket fuels. Hydrogen fluoride is also used in cleaning cast iron, copper, and brass; removing efflorescence from brick and stone, or sand particles from metallic castings; working over too heavily lighted silks, frosting and etching glass and enamel; polishing crystal glass; decomposing cellulose; enameling and galvanizing iron; and increasing porosity of ceramics. Hydrogen fluoride salts are used as insecticides, to arrest undesirable fermentation in brewing, and in analytical work to determine Si02 (USEPA 1993g). Historically, hydrogen fluoride grew at a rate of minus 0.4 percent per year from 1981 through 1990; however, future growth is projected to range from 0 to 2 percent per year through 1995 (CMR 1991a). M. MALEIC ANHYDRIDE The 1992 estimate of maleic anhydride's end-use pattern is as follows (MCP 1992a): Derivative Percent Unsaturated polyester resins Fumaric & malic acid Lube oil additives Maleic co-polymers Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous 57 10 10 8 5 10 34 DO 130075 CONFIOf N71^ Polyester and alkyd resins (where up to 10 mole percent of maleic anhydride may be substituted for phthalic anhydride in alkyd resins), in particular, are used to make fiberglass reinforced plastics in the construction and electrical industries, in pipeline and marine construction, and in textile finishing. Maleic co-polymers are utilized in coatings, varnishes, and thermoplastics (MCP 1992a; USEPA 1993h). Fumaric acid is produced from maleic anhydride and it is used as a food acidulant and in the production of resin and rosin adducts for paper sizing. Fumaric acid is also used to manufacture malic acid, also a food acidulant. Many surface active agents, ranging from lubricant additives to wetting agents, depend on maleic anhydride (MCP 1992a). Agricultural chemicals that are produced from maleic anhydride include the pesticides captan and malathion, and the growth inhibitor maleic acid hydrazide. Maleic anhydride is also added to drying oils to reduce the drying time and improve the coating qualities of lacquers. Other uses include sulfosuccinic acid esters and alkenyl succinic anhydrides production (USEPA 1993h). While historical growth rates averaged 4.3 percent per year (1982 - 1991) for maleic anhydride, future growth through 1996 will average 3 percent per year (CMR 1992d; MCP 1992a). N. METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is used primarily as a solvent in protective coatings, with a relatively minor amount used in some specialty adhesive and ink formulations. The end-use pattern (1992 estimate) for MIBK was (MCP 1993g): Derivative Protective coatings Intermediate Process solvent Miscellaneous Percent 62 18 13 7 As an intermediate, MIBK is a precursor to various rubber antioxidants and several specialty surfactants. In its role as a process solvent, MIBK is used in the separation and purification certain metal ions, in the extraction and purification of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals, in the manufacturing of insecticides and other pesticides, and in other minor solvent extraction applications. MIBK is also used a denaturant for ethyl 35 DO 130076 C0NF1 DFNTT Al alcohol and as a solvent in textile coatings and leather finishing (MCP 1993g). MIBK, historically, grew at a rate of 4 to 6 percent per year from 1983 through 1992; however, future growth is projected to be minus 3 percent per year through 1997 (CMR 1993d). 0. METHYL METHACRYLATE Methyl methacrylate (MMA), in 1993, had the following end-use pattern (CMR 1994b): Derivative Acrylic plastics and resins Cast and extruded molding powders/resins Surface coatings Impact modifiers Emulsion polymers Mineral-based sheet Higher methacrylates Polyester modifiers Miscellaneous Percent 32 15 24 13 8 3 2 2 1 Acrylic sheeting, made by casting, molding, or extrusion of poly(MMA) or modified polymers, is the largest application for MMA. Methyl methacrylate polymers and copolymers are used in water borne, solvent, and solventless coatings for a variety of both commercial and industrial applications. Solvent and emulsion polymers containing methacrylates are used in adhesives, sealants, leather coatings, paper coatings, inks, floor polishes, and textile finishes. Specialty polymers are used dentistry and leaded radiation shields (MCP 1992b). Growth for MMA is tied to the overall health of the US economy. A prosperous domestic auto industry, coupled with strong demand for housing, should give MMA a 3 to 4 percent annual growth rate through 1998. During the period 1984 - 1993, MMA grew at an annual rate of 2 to 3 percent (CMR 1994b). P. NAPHTHALENE The principal application for naphthalene is the production of phthalic anhydride, which is used to make plasticizers, unsaturated polyester resins, and alkyd resins. The 1993 end-use pattern is estimated as follows (CMR 1993e; MCP 1993h): 36 DO 130077 confidential Derivative Percent Phthalic anhydride Surfactants and dispersants Insecticides Moth repellant Synthetic tanning agents Miscellaneous 65 13 11 6 3 2 Naphthalene is a raw material that is used to produce a number of commercially important chemicals. Phthalic anhydride, an intermediate for PVC plasticizers, resins, and insecticides, is made from naphthalene by catalytic vapor-phase oxidation. Naphthalene is a feedstock for the manufacture of 2-naphthol and naphthalene sulfonic acid, which are used as intermediates in the synthesis of azo dyes. Naphthalene and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates are used as surfactants. Naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensates find use as tanning agents and dispersants for concrete. It is hydrogenated to produce the solvents tetralin and decalin. Diisopropylnaphthalenes are used as solvents for carbonless copy paper. Naphthalene is also used to make chemicals that are used as pesticides, plant growth regulators, polyester/polyamide polymers, lube-oil additives, dispersants, flue gas desulfurization, and wood preservatives. Naphthalene itself is used as a moth repellant (USEPA 1993k). During the ten-year period from 1983 to 1992, naphthalene grew annually at a rate of minus 3 percent; however, it is forecast to grow annually through 1997 at a rate of 2 to 3 percent (CMR 1993e) . Q. FHENQL Phenol is one of the top 50 industrial chemicals in the US, ranking 35th and 34th for 1991 and 1992, respectively (C&EN 1993). Phenol's largest use is as a synthetic intermediate. Its estimated end-use pattern is (CMR 1993f): Derivative Bisphenol A Phenolic resins Caprolactam Aniline Alkylphenols Xylenols Miscellaneous Percent 35 34 15 5 5 5 1 Bisphenol A is used primarily to produce epoxy and polycarbonate resins; a smaller amount is used to make phenoxy, polysulfone, and polyester resins. The largest use for phenolic 38 DO 130078 CONFIDENTIAL resins is for adhesives (plywood), followed by binders for insulation (fiberglass, mineral wool, etc.), impregnating and laminating agents (for plastic and wood laminates), and for molding compounds and foundry resins. Caprolactam is used to make nylon6, molding resin, or film forms. Aniline has numerous uses, such as in- rubber processing compounds, dyes, pesticides, etc. Alkylphenols are used to produce surface active agents, emulsifiers, antioxidants, and lube oil additives. Xylenols are used to manufacture polyphenylene oxide, an engineering plastic (MCP 1992c). Numerous miscellaneous applications include use as a general disinfectant, an additive in germicidal paints and slimicides, a selective solvent for refining lubricating oils, and in numerous medicinal and over-the-counter health and beauty aids (USEPA 1994f). Historically, phenol grew at a rate of 3 to 4 percent per year from 1983 through 1992; however, future growth is projected to remain stable through 1997 with an annual grow rate of 3 to 4 percent (CMR 1993f). R. PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE Phthalic anhydride's estimated end-use pattern for 1992 is (MCP 1993i): Derivative Percent Phthalate plasticizers Unsaturated polyesters Alkyd resins Miscellaneous 53 22 18 7 Phthalate plasticizers are used mainly to compound flexible polyvinyl chloride. Fiberglass-reinforced, unsaturated polyester resins are employed in numerous molding applications. Alkyd resins are a major workhorse in protective coating formulations. Miscellaneous uses include dyes, pigments, and polyester polyols. Phthalic anhydride is also used as a curing agent for epoxy resins that have important coating and structural applications (MCP 1993i; USEPA 19931) . Phthalic anhydride, historically, grew at a rate of 2.8 percent per year from 1982 through 1991; however, future growth is projected to be 2 percent per year through 1996 (CMR 1992e). 39 DO 130079 CONFIDENT TAl s. 1.2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE Tri chlorobenzenes are used as a component in some pesticides, as a dye carrier, in dielectric fluids, in lubricants, as a heat-transfer medium, and as an organic intermediate and solvent used in chemical manufacturing; however, the market for these uses is small and declining. Of the trichlorobenzenes, only 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene are sold in larger than research quantities. Dye carriers are used in the textile industry to achieve complete dye penetration of polyester fibers. They loosen the interpolymer dyes and allow water insoluble dyes to penetrate into the fiber. Trichlorobenzenes are one of the most commonly used dye carriers. 1,2,4-Trichlorcbenzene was one of the most frequently used solvents in a gallium-arsenide wafer fabrication facility employing about 70 workers (USEPA 1993n). No published market trend or growth rate data have been identified for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. T- 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE Primarily important only as a feedstock intermediate in the production of vinylidene chloride and to some extent in the synthesis of tetrachloroethanes, 1,1,2-trichloroethane as a solvent for chlorinated rubbers, electronic components, pharmaceuticals, and other substances which may require high solvency properties. However, 1,1,2-trichloroethane's relatively high toxicity does not permit its general use as a solvent (USEPA 1994g). No end-use pattern has been identified in the literature searched. U. VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE Vinylidene chloride is used to manufacture poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) and its copolymers with vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, and acrylates. These polymers possess outstanding resistance to chemical attack and are efficient gas barriers. They are used for food packaging films (e.g., Saran Wrap), in paints and coatings, and in coatings for controlledreleased fertilizers. Approximately 60 to 80 percent of vinylidene chloride production is used to manufacture PVDC and its copolymers; the rest is converted into 1,1,1-trichloroethane (USEPA 1994h). 40 DO 130080 confidential IV. TESTING COSTS / ECONOMIC ANALYSIS A. TESTING COSTS The estimated test costs for the 21 hazardous air pollutants are based on the tests recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency. These tests and their estimated laboratory costs and burden are presented in Table 24. The cost range reflects the variations in testing protocol and cost differences among laboratories. The specific testing requirements and laboratory costs for each chemical are shown in Table 25. Laboratory costs are estimated to range between 20.1 and 33.1 million dollars. In addition to laboratory costs, expenses associated with the administration of the testing program are incurred by the companies subject to the test rule. These administrative costs are estimated to be 25 percent of the laboratory costs (i.e., 5.0 to 8.3 million dollars) . The total cost of testing, therefore, is the Siam of laboratory and administrative costs, or 25.2 to 41.4 million dollars. To permit consistency of comparison, the total test costs are annualized using a cost of capital of seven percent over a period of 15 years, which is believed to be representative of the chemical industry. Thus, the annualized test costs range from 2.8 to 4.5 million dollars. These specific cost elements are summarized as follows: COST ELEMENT Total Laboratory Costs Total Administrative Costs Total Test Costs Total Annualized Test Costs MINIMUM ($) $20,148,320 $ 5,037,080 $25,185,400 $ 2,765,222 MAXIMUM ($) $33,113,030 $ 8,278,258 $41,391,288 $ 4,544,541 The annualized test costs are then divided by the total supply of the chemical (i.e., domestic production plus imports) to derive the unit test costs. The unit test costs, in turn, are divided by the compound's sales price to determine its price impact. The minimum price impact is estimated by dividing the upper-bound sales price into the minimum unit test costs; whereas, the maximum price impact is estimated by dividing the upper-bound unit test costs by the minimum sales price. These cost elements are summarized in Table 26. 41 "130081 DO CONF I OH NT 161- Table 24. USEPA Recommended Tests and Their Estimated Laboratory Costs <$> and Burden (hours) Protocol Title (Number) Species Route of Date of Administration Estimate Lab Costs ($) Best Estimate Minimum Maximum Lab Burden (hrs) Neurotoxicity Screening Battery (na) ACUTE Rats Rats Aerosol Inhalation 02/01/95 04/27/94 81,550 59,030 SUBCHRONIC Rats Rats Aerosol Inhalation 02/01/95 04/21/94 295,460 182,790 Mouse Sensory Irritation Assay (40 CFR 795.280 (ASTM E 981-84)) Mice Nose cone 12/08/94 8,840 Acute Inhalation Toxicity (with post-exposure testing) (40 CFR 795,. xx) Rats Vapor 11/15/94 Rats Aerosol 11/15/94 57,160 57,580 Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity (40 CFR 798.2450) Rats Aerosol Rats Inhalation 02/01/95 01/11/94 177,930 176,810 Immunotoxicity Screen (40 CFR 798.2450 modified) Rats Dietary Rats Aerosol Rats Vapor 11/10/94 11/14/94 11/14/94 64,220 157,710 157,290 Subchronic Dietary Toxicity (40 CFR 798 .2650) Rats Dietary 08/31/93 88,100 Oncogenicity (40 CFR 798.3300) Mice Mice Aerosol Inhalation 01/31/95 01/10/94 1,018,960 1,017,770 Rats Rats Aerosol Inhalation 01/31/95 01/10/94 1,059,860 1,058,740 61,730 49,160 237,450 147,990 87,980 69,920 358,650 218,750 916 691 5,298 1,768 6, 830 10,990 109 46,830 47,180 68,320 68,820 693 701 134,510 133,590 223,680 222,350 2,401 2,377 47,720 117,850 117,500 81,160 199,480 198,980 563 2,186 2,178 67,400 109,760 846 750,840 749,860 786,510 785,580 1, 300, 460 1,299,040 1, 346,550 1,345,220 14,363 14,339 14,734 14,710 -n 42 Table 24. USEPA Recommended Teats and Their Estimated Laboratory Costs {$} and Burden (hours) (continued) Protocol Title (Number) Species Route of Date of Administration Estimate Lab Costs (?) --------------------------------------------------- Best Estimate Minimum Maximum Lab Burden (hrs) Oncogenicity (40 CFR 798.3300 modified) Female Mice & Male Rats Vapor 02/01/95 1,047,150 775,150 Salmonella typhimurium Reverse Mutation Assay (40 CFR 798.5265) Salmonella typhimurium 08/17/94 5,360 3, 970 Detection of Gene Mutations in Somatic Cells in Culture (40 CFR 798. 5300) CHO/HGPRT 08/16/94 15,190 Mouse Lymphoma 08/16/94 15,190 12,070 12,070 In Vivo Mammalian Bone Marrow Cytogenetics Tests: Chromosomal Analysis (40 CFR 798.5385) Mice Inhalation 08/17/94 24,480 20,410 In Vivo Mammalian Bone Marrow Cytogenetics Tests: Micronucleus Assay (40 CFR 798.5395) Mice Inhalation 08/22/94 24,480 20,410 Developmental Toxicity (40 CFR 798.4900) Mice Dietary 01/10/94 61,070 49,260 Rats Dietary 01/10/94 63,710 51,560 Developmental Toxicity (OPPTS 870.3700) Mice Aerosol Mice Inhalation 01/22/95 08/17/94 84,670 83,480 66,410 65,430 Rats Rats Aerosol Inhalation 01/21/95 04/20/94 83,030 81,840 65,170 64,180 Reproductive Toxicity (OPPTS 870.3800) Rats Rats Aerosol Inhalation 01/22/95 04/20/94 545,230 544,040 419,860 418,880 1,332,630 6,810 18,570 18,570 28,980 28,980 73,900 76,870 104,270 102,850 102,140 100,720 717,250 715,830 14,726 44 144 144 339 339 993 1,010 1, 385 1, 361 1, 315 1,291 7,624 7, 600 43 Table 25. USEPA Recommended Tests and Their Estimated Laboratory Costs for the 21 Hazardous Air Pollutants HAP Compound Neurotoxicity Battery Neurotoxicity Battery ACUTE SUBCHRONIC (na) (na) (Rats/Inhalation) \1 (Rats/Inhalation) \1 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Mouse Sensory Irritation Assay (40 CFR 795.280) (Mice/Nose cone) Minimum Maximum Acute Inhalation Toxicity (40 CFR 795.xx) (Rats/Vapor) \2 Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity (40 CFR 798.2450) (Rats/Inhalation) \3 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Biphenyl Carbonyl Sulfide Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroprene Cresols (mixed) Diethanolamine Ethyl Benzene Ethylene Dichloride Ethylene Glycol Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen Fluoride Maleic Anhydride Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Methacrylate Naphthalene Phenol Phthalic Anhydride 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Vinylidene Chloride 61,730 a 4 9,160 0 49,160 49,160 49,160 61,730 a 49,160 49,160 49,160 0 49,160 49,160 0 49,160 0 0 61,730 a 49,160 49,160 49,160 87,990 a 69, 920 0 237,450 a 147,990 0 69,920 69,920 69,920 147,990 147,990 0 87,980 a 69,920 69,920 237,450 a 147,990 147,990 69, 920 0 69,920 147,990 0 147,990 69,920 0 69,920 147,990 0 147,990 00 00 87,980 a 237,450 a 69, 920 69,920 69,920 147,990 147,990 147,990 358,650 a 218,750 0 218,750 218,750 0 358,650 a 218,750 218,750 218,750 0 218,750 218,750 0 218,750 0 0 358,650 a 218,750 218,750 218,750 6,830 6,830 0 0 6,830 6,830 0 6,830 6,830 6,830 0 6, 830 6, 830 0 6, 830 6,830 0 6,830 6,030 6,830 6,830 10,990 10,990 0 0 10,990 10,990 0 10,990 10, 990 10, 990 0 10, 990 10, 990 0 10,990 10,990 0 10,990 10,990 10,990 10,990 47,180 a 46,830 46,830 46,830 46,830 46,830 47,180 a 46,830 46,830 46,830 46,830 46,830 46, 830 46,B30 46, 830 46,830 46, 830 47,180 a 46,830 46, 830 46, 830 68,820 a 68,320 68,320 68,320 68,320 68,320 68,820 a 68,320 68,320 68,320 68,320 68,320 68,320 68,320 68,320 68,320 68,320 68,820 a 68,320 68,320 68,320 134,510 a 133,590 0 133,590 0 133,590 134,510 a 0 133,590 133,590 0 133,590 0 0 0 0 0 134,510 a 0 133,590 0 223,680 a 222,350 0 222,350 0 222,350 223,680 a 0 222,350 222,350 0 222,350 0 0 0 0 0 223,680 a 0 222,350 0 Notes: \1 Neurotoxicity Battery cost estimates reflect a vapor-phase inhalation route of administration except for those costs labeled with an 'a' which require the route of administration to be inhalation via aerosol and those costs labeled with a 'd' which require the route of administration to be dietary. \2 Acute Inhalation Toxicity cost estimates labeled with an 'a1 require the route of administration to be inhalation via aerosol and the costs reflect this route; all remaining cost estimates require and reflect vapor-phase inhalation. \3 Subchronic Inhalation cost estimates reflect a vapor-phase inhalation route of administration except for those costs labeled with an 'a' which require the route of administration to be inhalation via aerosol. Those estimates labeled with a 'd* require the route of administration to be dietary; for these compounds, the appropriate protocol is 40 CFR 798.2650 and the costs used reflect this protocol. OO 00 oo 44 00 CONFTDFNTT Table 25. USEPA Recommended Tests and Their Estimated Laboratory Costs for the 21 Hazardous Air Pollutants (continued) HAP Compound Immunotoxicity Screen Oncogenicity (40 CFR 795.2450 mod) (Rats/Vapor) \1 (40 CFR 798.3300) (Mice/Inhalation) \2 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Oncogenicity (40 CFR 798.3300) (Rats/Inhalation) Salmonella typhimurium Gene Mutations in Reverse Mutation Assay Somatic Cell Culture (40 CFR 798.5265) (40 CFR 79B. 5300) \2 (na) (na) Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Biphenyl Carbonyl Sulfide Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroprene Cresols (mixed) Diethanolamine Ethyl Benzene Ethylene Dichloride Ethylene Glycol Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen fluoride Maleic Anhydride Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Methacrylate Naphthalene Phenol Phthalic Anhydride 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,2-Trlchloroethane Vinylidene Chloride 117,850 a 117,500 0 117,500 117,500 117,500 117,850 a 117,500 117,500 117,500 0 117,500 117,500 117,500 117,500 117,500 0 117,850 a 117,500 117,500 117,500 199,480 a 198,980 0 0 749,860 0 0 1,299,040 0 198,980 198,980 198,980 0 0 0 0 0 0 199,480 a 198,980 198,980 0 0 0 0 0 0 198,980 0 198,980 0 0 0 0 0 0 198,980 198,980 198,980 749,860 0 0 1,299,040 0 0 198,980 0 199, 480 a 00 00 750,840 a 1,300,460 a 198, 980 198, 980 198, 980 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 785,580 0 0 1,345,220 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 785,580 0 0 1,345,220 0 0 00 00 786,510 a 1,34 6,550 a 00 775,150 m 1,332,630 m 00 0 3, 970 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,810 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,070 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18,570 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: \1 Inmninotoxicity Screen cost estimates labeled with an 'a' utilize a route of administration of Inhalation via aerosol; this route is the preferred Inhalation route of administration for these compounds; all other costs reflect vapor-phase inhalation only. \2 Oncogenicity cost estimates reflect a vapor-phase inhalation route of administration except for those cost estimates labeled with an 'a' which require the route of administration to be inhalation via aerosol. The cost estimate labeled with an 'm' represents a modified protocol requiring male rats and female mice. n o2-T:) O --i =-* aw T) o Zo -1--1i 0in0 45 Table 25. USEPA Recommended Tests and Their Estimated Laboratory Costs for the 21 Hazardous Air Pollutants (continued) HAP Compound In Vivo Mammalian Bone Marrow Cytogenetics (40 CFR 798.5385/5395) (Mice/Inhalation) Minimum Maximum Developmental Toxicity (OPPTS 870.3700) (Mice/Inhalation) \1 Minimum Maximum Developmental Toxicity (OPPTS 870.3700) (Rats/Inhalation) \1 Reproductive Toxicity (OPPTS 870.3800) [Rats/Inhalation) \2 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Total Laboratory Costs (S) Minimum Maximum Laboratory Burden Hours Biphenyl Carbonyl Sulfide Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroprene Cresols (mixed) Diethanolamine Ethyl Benzene Ethylene Dichloride Ethylene Glycol Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen Fluoride Maleic Anhydride Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Methacrylate Naphthalene Phenol Phthalic Anhydride 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Vinylidene Chloride 0 24,480 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24,480 0 0 28, 980 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28,980 0 66,410 a 65, 430 0 0 0 0 66,410 a 65,430 0 0 0 65,430 65,430 0 65, 430 0 0 66,410 a 65,430 65,430 0 104,270 a 102,850 0 0 0 0 104,270 a 102,850 0 0 0 102,850 102,850 0 102,850 0 0 104,270 a 102,850 102,850 0 0 64,180 0 0 0 0 65,170 a 0 64,180 0 0 64,180 0 0 0 0 0 65,170 a 64,180 64,180 0 0 100,720 0 419,860 a 418,880 0 00 0 418,880 00 102,140 a 0 100,720 419,B60 a 418,880 418,880 0 0 100,720 0 0 418, 880 00 0 418,880 0 418,880 0 0 102,140 a 418,880 0 419,860 a 100,720 100,720 0 0 418,880 0 717,250 a 1,091,820 715,830 2,626,350 0 46,830 0 715,830 0 495,070 787,190 353,910 717,250 a 1,150,160 715,830 852,620 715,830 984,960 0 0 715,830 501,900 46,830 1,050,390 0 715,830 715,830 1,969,180 583,210 852,620 715,830 590,040 0 46,830 717,250 a 2,694,340 0 715,830 0 4 97, 920 1,850,020 368,310 1,771,120 4,407,330 68,320 778,320 1,282,790 570,560 1,862,270 1,385,640 1,605,860 789,310 68,320 1,708,710 3,314,070 983,130 1,385,640 994,120 68,320 4,520,270 770,530 3,070,320 566,960 20,620 47,644 693 7,707 13,039 6,048 21,826 14,400 16,707 7,816 693 18,068 35,849 10,471 14,400 10,580 693 51,032 8,091 33,133 5,439 GRAND TOTALS \3 AVERAGE PER COMPOUND \3 20,148,320 33,113,030 876,014 1,439,697 357,045 15,524 dotes: \1 Developmental Toxicity cost estimates reflect a vapor-phase inhalation route of administration except for those costs labeled with an 'a' which require the route of administration to be inhalation via aerosol. Those estimates labeled with a 'd' require the route of administration to be dietary; for these compounds, the appropriate protocol is 40 CFR 798.4900 and the costs used reflect this protocol. \2 Reproductive Toxicity cost estimates reflect a vapor-phase inhalation route of administration except for those costs labeled with an 'a' which require the route of administration to be Inhalation via aerosol. \3 DO O zO n The BRAND TOTALS for total laboratory costs and lab burden hours presented reflect the sum of all compounds costs and hours plus the costs and hours for mixed Cresols are multiplied by a factor of three to account for identical testing requirements on each of the three cresol isomers (i.e., para, meta, and ortho). The AVERAGES, therefore, are based on 23 compounds (21 compounds as presented plus two additional cresol isomers). 46 , 'w' Zo -d 03 T> h'e 26. Summary of Annualized and Unit Teat Coats with Associated Price Impacts for the 21 Hazardous Air Pollutants HAP Compound phenyl rboctjrl Sulfide lorine lorobenzene loroprene esols (mixed] \2 ethanol amine hyl Benzene hylene Dichloride 'tylene Glycol irochloric Acid irogen Fluoride tele Anhydride :hyl Isobutyl Ketone :hyl Methacrylate Dhthalene tool :halic Anhydride l, tf-firicfilaroibenman* l,2-Trichloroethane lylidene Chloride Total Laboratory Cost ($) Minimum Maximum Total Admin. Cost ($) Minimum Maximum Total Test Costs 1$) Minimum Maximum Annualized Test Costs Total Supply (000 lbs) ($) (production + Imports>\1 Unit Test Costs (S/lb) Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Sales Price (S/lb) Minimum Maximum Price Impact (1) Hinimum Maximum 1,091,820 1,771,120 2,626,350 4,407,330 4 6,830 68,320 272,955 656,566 11,708 442,700 1,364,775 2,213,900 1,101,833 3,262,936 5,509,163 17,000 58,538 85,400 149,045 360,449 6,427 243,074 59,247 59,217 c 0.002529 0.004103 604,676 0 0 JA tn 9,376 24,550,689 24,550,689 c 0.000000 0.000000 0.64 0.00 0.11 0.74 0.00 0.13 0.34181 NJL 0.00021 0.64111 NX 0.00031 495,070 787,190 1,061,730 770,320 1,2B2,790 1,711,600 123,768 196,79B 265,433 194,500 320,698 427,920 618,838 983,908 1,327,163 972,900 1,603,408 2,139,600 67,945 100,037 145,715 106,819 176,054 234,917 190,865 154,350 90,619 190,865 c 0.000342 154,350 c 0.000700 90,619 c 0.001608 0.000537 0.001141 0.002592 0.55 1.51 0.66 0.55 1.01 1.37 0.06211 0.03871 0.11741 0.09771 0.07551 0.39281 1,150,160 852,620 984,960 1,862,270 1,305,640 1,605,060 207,540 213,155 246,240 465,560 346,410 401,465 1,437,700 1,065,775 1,231,200 2,327,030 1,732,050 2,007,325 157,052 117,016 135,179 255,584 216,911 216,911 c 0.000720 190,170 9,413,088 9,413,880 c 0.000012 220,393 10,226,039 18,226,039 c 0.000007 0.001178 0.000020 0.000012 0.52 0.16 0.17 0.52 0.16 0.17 0.13991 0.00701 0.00141 0.22661 0.01261 0.00711 501,900 46,830 1,050,390 709,310 68,320 1,708,710 125,475 11,708 262,598 197,320 17,000 427,170 627,375 58,538 1,312,908 996,630 85,400 2,135,808 68,082 6,427 144,159 108,327 9,376 234,509 5,578,217 7,133,480 479,974 5,578,217 c 0.000012 7,133,408 C 0.000001 479,974 c 0.000300 0.000019 0.000001 0.000409 0.20 0.03 0.52 0.24 0.06 0.52 0.00511 0.00161 0.05781 0.00971 0.00401 0.09401 1,969,180 583,210 852,620 3,314,070 983,130 1,385,640 492,295 145,803 213,155 028,518 245,703 346,410 2,461,475 729,013 1,065,77S 4,142,588 1,228,913 1,732,050 270,257 80,042 117,016 454,834 134,928 190,170 374,583 164,862 1,175,308 374,583 c 0.000721 164,062 c 0.000406 1,175,300 c 0.000100 0.001214 0.000010 0.000162 0.40 0.51 0.71 0.51 0.53 0.71 0.14151 0.09161 0.01401 0.25301 0.16051 0.02291 590,040 46, 830 2,694,340 994,120 69,320 4,520,270 147,510 11,708 673,585 240,530 17,000 1,130,060 737,550 50,530 3,367,925 1,242,650 95,400 5,650,330 80,979 6,127 369,780 136,436 9,376 620,377 289,728 3,417,058 917,010 209,720 b 0.000200 3,447,050 c 0.000002 917,010 c 0.000403 0.000471 0.000003 0.000677 497,920 770,530 124,460 1,050,020 3,070,320 462,505 368,310 566,960 92,078 192,633 622,400 963,163 767,580 2,312,525 3,937,900 141,740 460,380 709,700 68,336 253,903 50,518 105,750 421,381 77,811 CUT 242,550 179,190 CUT jk CSX 242,550 b 0.001047 179,190 b 0.000282 car 0.001737 0.000434 0.29 0.28 0.33 1.25 0.42 0.37 0.40 0.33 0.45 0.06991 0.00061 0.09961 0.16211 0.00101 0.20501 1.25 0.42 0.37 <SX 0.21921 0.07621 CSX 0.41361 0.11741 GRAND TOTALS 20,148,320 33,113,030 5,037,000 8,270,250 25,185,400 41,391,290 2,765,222 4,541,541 tee: Total supply data 1s for different years as Indicated by the following key codes: a - supply data is for 1990 />o T 47 b - supply data Is for 1992. c - supply data Is for 1993. 2 The total laboratory costs presented In Table 25 for nixed Cresols Is multiplied by a factor of three In Table 26 to account for Identical testing requirements on each of the three cresol isomers (i.e. para, meta, and ortho}. 48 DO 1 3 0 0 8 S B. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS A preliminary determination of the potential for significant adverse impact can usually be made on the basis of the anticipated unit test costs for each chemical's manufacturers. In this evaluation, if the unit costs of testing a chemical are less than one percent of the sales price of the chemical, then the potential for adverse economic impact due to the proposed test rule is low. Unit test costs greater than one percent of the chemical's sales price may indicate a greater potential for adverse economic impact. Table 27 presents for each HAP compound the supply volume and sale price necessary for a one percent of price impact level. Based on currently available data (as shown in Table 26), it is assumed that only two of the 21 compounds (i.e., carbonyl sulfide and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene) may exhibit a potential for adverse economic impact (since supply data either does not exist or is not publicly available) and will be discussed below. 1. Carbonvl Sulfide Carbonyl sulfide is not produced in large quantities for commercial applications in the United States. It is, however, the most abundant sulfur-bearing compound in the atmosphere, although it is exceeded by hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide in some industrial urban areas. Carbonyl sulfide is believed to originate from microbes, volcanoes, the burning of vegetation, and industrial processes. In industrial processes, carbonyl sulfide occurs as a by-product in the manufacture of carbon disulfide, in many manufactured fuel gases and refinery gases, and in combustion products of sulfur-containing fuels. It also tends to be concentrated in the propane fraction in gas fractionation which requires an amine sweetening process for its removal (Kirk-Othmer 1983). Since no U.S. full-scale commercial production is known to exist, no production data of any kind (i.e., CBI or non-CBI) is available. No trade statistics are available. Furthermore, no sales price data is available for bulk quantities. Therefore, since no actual supply volume or sales price data is obtainable, an estimate of these respective values required to support testing at the one percent of price impact level is difficult to derive. 49 DO 130089 CONFIDENTIAL Table 27. Supply Volumes and Sale Prices Necessary to Support a One Percent Impact Level for Each HAP Compound Price Impact @ 1.00% Supply Vol (000 lbs)\1 Sales Price ($/lb) \2 HAP Compound Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Biphenyl Ca.tbon.yX Sulfide Chlorine 20,249 HA 5, 041 37,980 NA 8, 335 0.2529 HA 0.0000 0.4103 HA 0.0000 Chlorobenzene Chloroprene Cresols (mixed) 12,354 5, 969 10,636 19,422 11,659 35,593 0.0342 0.0700 0.1608 0.0537 0.1141 0.2592 Diethanolamine Ethyl Benzene Ethylene Dichloride 30,356 73,135 79,517 49,151 118,856 129,643 0.0728 0.0012 0.0007 0.1178 0.0020 0.0012 Ethylene Glycol Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen Fluoride 28,701 11,178 27,723 54,164 28,851 45,098 0.0012 0.0001 0.0300 0.0019 0.0001 0.0489 Maleic Anhydride Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Methacrylate 52,992 15,102 16,481 94,757 26,456 26,784 0.0721 0.0486 0.0100 0.1214 0.0818 0.0162 Naphthalene Phenol Phthalic Anhydride 20,245 1, 948 82,173 47,047 3,349 187,993 0.0280 0.0002 0.0403 0.0471 0.0003 0.0677 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Vinylidene Chloride 5,467 60,453 13,662 8,460 100,329 21,030 CBI 0.1047 0.0282 CBI 0.1737 0.0434 Notes: \1 Sales price is fixed as per data in Table 26. \2 Supply volume is fixed as per data in Table 26. Based upon the current recommended testing scheme, Table 2 8 presents the sales price required to support testing at the one percent of sales price impact level for various hypothetical supply volumes of carbonyl sulfide since definitive supply data is unavailable. With the currently available data, no conclusion is possible regarding the likelihood or degree of adverse economic impact of testing on the producers of carbonyl sulfide. 2. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 50 DO 130090 CONFIDENTIAL Trichlorobenzenes are used as a component in some pesticides, as a dye carrier, in dielectric fluids, in lubricants, DO 130091 CONFTDFNTTAl Table 28. Sales Price Required to Support Testing at the One Percent Impact Level for Various Hypothetical supply Volumes Hypothetical Supply Volume (lbs) 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 7,500,000 10,000,000 12,500,000 15,000,000 17,500,000 20,000,000 22,500,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 50,000,000 75,000,000 100,000,000 125,000,000 150,000,000 200,000,000 Sales Price ($/lb) Carbonyl Sulfide 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum 72.0898 48.0599 36.0449 18.0224 120.9753 80.6502 60.4876 30.2438 13.6672 9.1115 6.8336 3.4168 21.1500 14.1000 10.5750 5.2875 12.0150 9.0112 7.2090 4.8060 20.1625 15.1219 12.0975 8.0650 2.2779 1.7084 1.3667 0.9111 3.5250 2.6438 2.1150 1.4100 3.6045 2.8836 2.4030 2.0597 6.0488 4.8390 4.0325 3.4564 0.6834 0.5467 0.4556 0.3905 1.0575 0.8460 0.7050 0.6043 1.8022 1.6020 1.4418 1.2015 3.0244 2.6883 2.4195 2.0163 0.3417 0.3037 0.2733 0.2278 0.5288 0.4700 0.4230 0.3525 0.7209 0.4806 0.3604 0.2884 1.2098 0.8065 0.6049 0.4839 0.1367 0.0911 0.0683 0.0547 0.2115 0.1410 0.1058 0.0846 0.2403 0.1802 0.4033 0.3024 0.0456 0.0342 0.0705 0.0529 as a heat-transfer medium, and as an organic intermediate and solvent used in chemical manufacturing; however, the market for these uses is small and declining. Of the trichlorobenzenes, only 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene are sold in larger than research quantities (USEPA 1993n). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene has no non-CBI production information; however, CBI supply data does exist and, for 1990, production plus imports totalled ######### pounds (CBI) (USEPA 1995). 1,2,4Trichlorobenzene has list price of $1.25 per pound (CMR 1994a). Assuming the sales price remains constant, a supply volume of 5.5 - 8.4 million pounds of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene would be required to support testing at the one percent of price impact level. On the other hand, assuming the supply volume remains constant, a sales price of #### - #### per pound (CBI) would be 52 DO 13009? CONFIDFNTTAl required to support 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene testing at the one percent of price impact level. Based upon the current recommended testing scheme, Table 28 presents the sales price required to support testing at the one percent of sales price impact level for various hypothetical supply volumes (since only CBI supply data is available) of 1,2,4trichlorobenzene . With the currently available public data, no conclusion is possible regarding the likelihood or degree of adverse economic impact of testing on the manufacturers of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. However, utilizing CBI domestic supply data the impact of testing on 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene manufacturers is expected to be ######### (CBI) since the impact is estimated to be #### to #### percent of sales price (CBI). 53 DO 130093 CONFIDENTIAL REFERENCES BOC-CIR. 1993. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Current Industrial Reports: Inorganic Chemicals - 1992 Annual Report (MA28A). Downloaded from the Bureau of the Census' bulletin board system (301-457-2310) on March 22, 1995, (file: MA28A92.TXT 08/16/93). BOC-CIR. 1994. 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U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. U.S. Domestic Exports. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. FT447-Annual 1993 (microfiche). 56 DO 130096 CONFIDFNTI Ai REFERENCES (continued) USDOC-IMP. 1991. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. U.S. Imports for Consumption. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. FT247- Annual 1990. USDOC-IMP. 1992. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. U.S. Imports for Consumption. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. FT247- Annual 1991 (microfiche). USDOC-IMP. 1993. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. U.S. Imports for Consumption. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. FT247- Annual 1992 (microfiche). USDOC-IMP. 1994. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. U.S. Imports for Consumption. 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Syracuse Research Corp. Nov. - Dec. 1993. 57 DO 130097 C0NFIOFNTTAI REFERENCES (continued) USEPA. 1993h. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Exposure Profile: maleic anhydride. Syracuse Research Corp. Nov. - Dec. 1993. USEPA. 1993i. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Exposure Profile: methyl isobutyl ketone. Syracuse Research Corp. Nov. - Dec. 1993. USEPA. 1993j. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Exposure Profile: methyl methacrylate. Syracuse Research Corp. Nov. - Dec. 1993. USEPA. 1993k. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Exposure Profile: naphthalene. Syracuse Research Corp. Nov. Dec. 1993. USEPA. 19931. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Exposure Profile: phthalic anhydride. Syracuse Research Corp. Nov. - Dec. 1993. USEPA. 1993m. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Exposure Profile: 1,2, 4-trichlorobenzene. Syracuse Research Corp. Nov. - Dec. 1993. USEPA. 1994a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 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