Document pKz8nk7nGonY4mDdroe9nBZa

VOLUME 1 LEAD SEPTEMBER, 1931 NUMBER 6 Le a d -s h ea t h e d Ca bl e o n a Ba r g e Re a d y t o Be La id Un d er t h e De t r o it Riv e r t o Fo r m a n In t e r n a t io n a l Te l ep h o n e Lin k Be t w ee n De t r o it a n d Win d s o r , On t a r io Published by the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION Graybar Building < 420 Lexington Avenue New York Air-conditioned Trains the Latest Contribution to Passenger Comfort o l l o w in g in the footsteps of Fthe development of the storage- battery oil-electric locomotive, lead is drawn into the car over coolingcoils and is also mechanically fil tered or washed to remove dirt. It batteries have again proven their is then distributed by means of fans usefulness to railroads in air-condi through ducts running the length of tioned cars. During the summer of the car at the ceiling and is admitted 1929 air-conditioning of railroad to the car through louvres in the cars was first tried experimentally in half deck at intervals. Exhaust fans a Baltimore & Ohio coach. As a re take care of the removal of old air. sult of these experiments, a Balti The mechanism necessary for the more & Ohio diner and a Santa Fe operation of such a system, includ diner are both now equipped with ing refrigerant compressor, pumps, air-conditioning apparatus and have fans, etc., is supplied with electric been in regular service for some time. Early this summer the Bal timore & Ohio's crack New York- There is cool, clean air within an air-conditioned diner when stifling heat prevails outside motive power derived on certain cars from axle-driven generators in combination with a storage-battery Washington train, the Columbian, was entirely and in certain other instances from gas engine driven equipped with air-conditioning equipment, including generators in combination with strong batteries and chair cars, observation and lounge cars and individ axle-driven generators. ual seat coaches, as well as diner, and has been Except in one installation, the storage-batteries operated with this equipment since May 24. The ever- supply the energy for operating a portion of the increasing patronage enjoyed by this train is a testi air-conditioning equipment when the car is at rest monial to the added comfort its passengers enjoy. or operating below about twenty miles per hour and This air-conditioning equipment provides circu where such car is equipped only with axle generators lating clean air at controlled temperatures and hu as the primary source of electric power. If all of the midities. At present in cold weather cars may be air-conditioning equipment is supplied with energy heated, but the new method provides for cooling in from the storage-battery while the car is at rest or hot weather. It permits of keeping all windows operating below about twenty miles per hour, the tightly closed at all times, thus prohibiting the en size of the battery already on the car for lighting trance of dust, cinders and noise into the car. Air purposes is increased. [2] IA 2 5145 Cities Service Building Uses Lead Paint and Waterproofing HE Cities Service Building is another of the long Tline of great structures whose steel skeletons have been protected from rust and corrosion by metaiprotective lead paints. All the structural steel re ceived coats of blue basic lead sulphate or Sublimed Blue Lead paint, which can be counted upon to ex clude moisture and corrosive gases from the steel work effectively. This pigment is a blue basic sulphate of lead made by a sublimation process. Its great basicity is a decided ad vantage as it neutralizes the acidic electro lyte which causes corrosion. Even after the oil film has failed, allowing moisture to pen etrate to the metal, this lead paint, because of its chemical quality, reacts in such a man ner as to give an extended protection against rust. This paint has a very pleasing bluegray color and. due to the method of manu facture, it is extremely fine and has unusual hiding power. In painting exposed steel work, such as bridges and tanks, the importance of using lead paints, the best protectors, has long been recognized, for inferior paints only mean an excessive amount of repainting will be required or the steel will rust and corrode. It is just as important to use lead paint on the steel frames of buildings even though they will ultimately be encased in masonry and concrete, for in this case it is impossible to repaint if necessary at a later date, and porous stone or concrete is no assurance that moisture and gases will be excluded from the frame work. The towering Cities Service Building will use lead as a protector in another way. All slop sink closets and shower baths will have a floor lining of bitu minous coated sheet lead, extending six inches up the walls, and installed in the manner described in the May, 1931, issue of Lead , pages 4 and 5. This practice is almost standard for waterproofing shower baths, but the slop sink closets of the Cities Service Building present an interesting de velopment. Mop trucks will be used for cleaning the floors. These are wheeled trucks about 2 ft. by 4 ft. on w'hich are two open tanks, one for clean and one for dirty water. Over the dirty water tank is a mop wringer. The clean water tank is filled from a wall fixture in the slop sink room, the floors mopped and the mop wrung out into the dirty water tank. The Starting the steel work for the new Cities Service Building, New York, and, at the left, the sky scraper as it will appear when completed truck is wheeled back to the closet when cleaning is finished and the tanks emptied through outlets under the tanks directly onto the floor. The water runs out through a floor drain as in a shower stall, which ex plains the absolute necessity for a lead lin ing under the floor. These closets average about 4 ft. by 6 ft. and occur on each floor of the building. They also contain wall slop sinks. Sheet lead has certain distinct advantages for waterproofing. It is extremely permanent and unaffected by moisture if installed correctly, is easily shaped to the desired form and will dress down evenlv without springing up. A Suggestion for Users of Molten Lead and Its Alloys AT the Dominion Coal Company mine at Spring / \ Hill, Nova Scotia, molten lead had to be used a mile from the mouth of the mine. No fire could be used underground. J. H. Mann, master mechanic, had a box constructed, 14 in. square and lined with blocks of J-M 83 per cent Magnesia two inches thick. The lead was melted in the shop and the con tainer of molten lead placed in the box for transport underground. This lead was still fluid three hours later. "The Power Specialist'' suggests that this idea mav be of use to many who pour much lead and solder. [31 LIA25146 Lead in Canadian Communication Systems EAD has always been one of the basic metals L in telephone plant construction. It contributes largely to the composition of solder with which thousands of intricate switchboard connections are established to produce the flow of voices from tele phone to Central and on to the receiving instrument. Lead is particularly useful in the plates of telephone storage-batteries which retain the power that at any moment may be called into use to speed your voice through local or long distance talking channels. Lead forms the protective sheathing of hundreds of thousands of cable-encased telephone circuit miles of wire. Those cables may be stretched on pole lines overhead; may burrow through long miles of con duit beneath city streets, or lie dormant in the bed of a river. Regardless of their position, telephone cables of lead are the sleeve of an animated arm with its hundreds of tingling arteries through w'hich Lead-covered cable goes under Canadian city streets there courses the communication lifeblood of nations. Truly, lead and its alloys are modern conveyors of rio are under way and are consuming large quanti ties of lead-sheathed cable. Most important among communication. these are the long distance cables now operating be With the current progress that is leading up to the tween Toronto and Kitchener and between Toronto completion, before the end of this year, and London, which are scheduled for of the Trans-Canada Telephone System future extension west to Windsor; a of all-Canadian voice-paths, linking Toronto-Hamilton cable now operating Halifax, Nova Scotia, with Vancouver, over the lake-shore route; a second cable British Columbia, lead is continuing to now being completed between the same play a major role in important parts of cities and running inland through the various links that will soon form a chain new repeater station at Hornby, and a of telephone channels from coast to coast long cable stretch from Hamilton, On across the neighboring Dominion. tario, to Buffalo, New York. This latter From Montreal to DeBeaujeu in the cable is the result of co-operative effort Province of Quebec, for example, there between the Bell of Canada and the New is lead cable stretching 44 miles between York Telephone Company, and is mak the Montreal Toll Centre and the De- ing splendid progress toward comple Reaujeu repeater station. Again, between tion. Toronto and Oshawa, Ontario, a similar Entrance cables, where the groups of cable conveys certain of the Trans- circuit wires are brought into the tele Canada circuit wires over a dis phone central offices or other tance of 34 miles. In each of equipment centres, are always of these parts of the all-Canadian lead or of an alloy in which lead System in Ontario and Quebec, is a component part. where the Bell Telephone Com On December 31 last, the Bell pany of Canada had prepared the Telephone Company of Canada central loops of the Dominion had in service 3,108,905 miles of wide network, some of the cable wire, of which 2.127,201 miles-- is underground, and the remain 70 per cent--were in underground der is of aerial construction. Several other cable projects by the Bell Telephone Company of Canada in the Province of Onta- Over a mile and a quarter oi leadcovered telephone cable serves the occupants of the new Canadian Bank of Commerce Building, Toronto and submarine cables. There is lead even in the mod est, black telephone instrument that is such a necessity at home [4] L IA25147 and in your office or other place of business today. than make up in increased efficiency for the time lost Lead again appears in the soldered connections in the first sponging. within the compact bell and battery box that your telephone installer This waterproof sandpaper is a garnet paper which is superior to ordinary sandpaper and has a longer has been careful to useful life. It is obtainable in a number of degrees keep as much out of fineness. The Minnesota Mining and Manufactur of sight as possible. ing Company of St. Paul are producers of Wetordry Probably it is more difficult to list Garnet Paper, and it may be obtained from prac tically all stores where interior decorators' and indus modern appliances trial finishers' supplies are sold. without lead con tent today than it is to tabulate the everyday things we Solder, an Indispensable use in which lead is prominent. Alloy Certainly lead is a leader among the score or more met OLDER, modern "Black Magic,'' has an influ S ence on almost every industry. Public utilities, radios, automobiles, tin cans require vast quantities als that contribute of this useful lead alloy. Solder compositions vary, to the modern effi depending upon the use, running from as much as ciency of telephone 95 per cent lead, through well-known wiping solder service; and the containing from 58 to 62 per cent lead, and ordinary f greater the distance over which your telephone con half-and-half solder, to the lowest melting solder, the versation passes, the larger the amount of lead at eutectic containing 37 per cent lead and 63 per cent your command among the thousands of dollars worth tin. The picture below shows that solder is even of equipment that is brought into personal use when indispensable to one of our newest industries, avia you talk over local or long distance lines. tion. I Waterproof Sandpaper Elimi{ nates Dust Hazard for Painters j i ? | | i L UBBING down painted surfaces preparatory to R repainting has always been both an unpleasant and unhealthy occupation because of the dust which is raised. There is now no necessity for this situation to exist as waterproof sandpaper is on the market which makes it possible to rub down a surface that has been wetted and from which no dust will arise. No longer is there any reason for a painter to take the risk and suffer the discomfort of dry sandpaper ing. and it is up to the master painter to see that his workmen are not subjected to this hazard. Wet rubbing down is a simple procedure. The surface to be sandpapered is first gone over with a wet sponge which is followed by rubbing with the waterproof sandpaper while it is still thoroughly wet, and then the finished surface is sponged off. The addi tional time involved is slight and is well worth the added factor of safety and comfort, which will more Some last-minute soldering on the Pangborn-Herndon round-tbe-uwld plane before its take-o/f [5] LIA 25148 Lead Favored on American Bankers Insurance Building HE ornamental leadwork of Europe is greatly Tprized and for a number of centuries has been one of the most highly developed of the building arts. That there is no lack of such exquisite work in America is evidenced by a number of fine buildings, among them being the American Bankers Insurance Company Building in Chicago, designed by Childs & Smith, architects. Although such leadwork is of much more recent development here, it has a firm footing based on the use of this traditional metal abroad. Leading architects have found a chance in this country to do something new with an old and tried material by adapting it to modern buildings, as well as continuing its old uses where feasible. The hard lead spandrels illustrated here are an excellent example of this situation. Their design is admirably suited to the material, the soft, but well- defined modeling of the design being readily appar ent. Yet the metal which has had its greatest orna mental development abroad for leader-heads, cast ings and work of that type is adapted to our modern tall buildings in a new use--spandrels. As opposed to this is the traditional use of lead for ornamental grilles and delicate tracery of all sorts. Thus the beautiful grille over the entrance to this same building is wrought of lead. This shows how well lead is suited to use for all types of open grilles over radiators, ventilators and other openings where a dignified metal that will blend with other materials is desired. The grille over the entrance to the American Bank ers Insurance Company Building was made by the Linden Company of Chicago, and the hard lead spandrels installed by the Harry G. Knisely Com pany of the same city. Lead Foil to Protect the Delicate Flavor of Tea a r t in Gil l e t & Co mp a n y of Baltimore have caused a great deal of amusement among other im M been importers of tea for more than 100 porters, who called them "Gill's Sausages," after the years. They are famous for their He-No, House ofheads of the firm. But "Gill's Sausages" proved their Lords, and other fine teas. This firm was the first to worth and were soon widely known. put up tea in small packages of a pound, half pound The tea is wrapped in lead foil .0015 in. thick, and quarter pound sizes more than half a century which is in turn enveloped in the outer paper wrap ago. These packages, similar to those pictured here, per. Says Martin Gillet & Company: "When the designers of the package were working it out they took their cue from the Chinese and Japanese, who shipped all their tea across the ocean in chests lined with heavy lead foil, as they had discovered this was the most practical method of keeping the dampness and varying flavors of the ship's hold from affecting their tea. We have found that lead foil as a liner in a tea package is practically perfect as it keeps out moisture, protects the tea from sunlight, and will not give it the slightest trace of taste or smell which would affect the tea adversely." This clearly sets forth the reasons for the wide use of lead foil as a protection for that most deli cate of commodities, tea. The same reasons apply to its general use as a wrapper for tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, gum and other products that are easily affected bv light and moisture. The destructive action of light on foodstuffs and other articles is frequently overlooked nowadays with the advent of several varieties of transparent or translucent wrappings. Lead foil is an ideal metal protective agent on ac count of its softness and consequent pliability, its low cost and its remarkably high resistance to cor rosion and the passage of light rays. Lead foil is commonly tinned on one or both sides to provide added metallic lustre and to prevent direct contact between lead and the material wrapped. To make the foil thin slabs of lead and tin are rolled in juxtapo sition and gradually reduced to foil thickness, which may be as low as .001 of an inch and less. The foil described in this article is manufactured by the Standard Rolling Mills, Brooklyn, New York. 7 hese tea packages are lined usith lead foil as a protection for the tea. One package is torn open, revealing the protective foil lining Lead Resists Corrosives Used in Rayon Plants HE Skenandoa Rayon Corporation of Utica, New TYork, in common with other rayon companies, is a large user of lead and lead-lined equipment. Corrosive chemicals, notably sulphuric acid, which must be handled in the manufacture of this com paratively new product, require this resistant metal. In the accompanying photograph some of the lead Lead-covered pot spinning machine and hard lead pipe and valves in a rayon plant equipment is well illustrated. The spinning machines are entirely covered with lead and most of the pipe and valves in the picture are made of antimonial lead. All of this lead work was installed by O. G. Kelley & Co., of Everett, Mass., and New York. Rayon is artificial silk made from cellulose de rived from wood pulp or cotton linter. Most of it is manufactured by the viscose process, which is used by the Skenandoa Rayon Corporation. The wood pulp or linter is soaked in caustic soda solution forming soda-cellulose. This compound is reduced to fine particles, aged at a constant temperature, and treated with carbon bisulphide. Water-soluble cellu lose xanthate is thus formed and dissolved in water, giving "viscose." This is the material that is pumped to the lead-covered spinning machines, where it emerges through platinum spinnerets containing small holes into a precipitating bath of sulphuric acid. Here the thin streams of "viscose" solution are converted into fine fibres. These filaments are then washed and twisted into skeins of rayon yarn. / LTAZ5150 Lead Covered Anti-Vibra tion Pads for Laundry Machinery and tenants must be closely guarded. The company uses Korfund pads, a cork composition, under the legs of its machines as vibration insulation. As water, particularly water that is slightly acid or alkaline, such as waste water from washing ma chines, may have a deleterious effect on Korfund. the pads must be protected when used under wash ing machines or any apparatus that is a source of water or other liquors. In such cases the Troy Laundry Machinery Company uses Korfund mats completely sheathed in envelopes of 4 lb. lead. The seams of the lead envelope are burned so that they are absolutely water-tight. If the machines must be bolted down, they are bolted right through the mats, holes being provided in the mats and lined with lead so that moisture cannot reach the cork from this source. Lead-covered Korfund washers are used Washing machines in a large new hospital AUNDRY machinery, in common with other kinds L of machinery, sets up vibration when it is in operation. V ibration not only has a harmful effect on machines and the structures in which they are installed, but if the building is not devoted exclu sively to machinery, vibration transmitted from the machines may be extremely annoying to other occu pants of the building. The Troy Laundry Machinery Company has rec ognized this difficulty and taken adequate steps to insulate its installations against the transmission of vibration. It is particularly important in this case, as much of the machinery is installed in hotels and other types of buildings where the comfort of guests Method of installing washing machines on lead-covered Korfund pads A washing machine installation in a hotel. The wet floor shows the necessity for lead-encased anti-vibration pads on the bolts and the bolts surrounded with rubber hose where they pass through the concrete founda tions, so that no vibration is transmitted through them. When the lead is in direct contact with the concrete, it is advisable to coat the lead with asphaltum to preclude the possibility of lime corro sion. A typical installation is illustrated in the accompanying sketch. Among the many buildings in which the Troy Laundry Machinery Company has made this type of installation recently are the Lord Baltimore Hotel in Baltimore, the Adelphia Hotel in Philadelphia, and the Aetna Life Insurance Company building in Hartford. L IA 2515 1