Document pG1jdpNyLOKO9V6k5byoz95d

TrJ* 'to ~t tt_ i ' n 'V ... * * Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, Ponnsylvc-ni? Abstract of an address on ''Protection of Men and Machines" by Edward A. Tamm, Assistant Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, at sixth annual meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation held at Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Nov. 12. 1941. The war in Europe is entering its third year. While the scream of dive bmobers and the destruction of Panzer divisions nay not constitute an immediate menace to our safety here in America, vicious, subversive forces are at work which threaten our national strength. The FBI is proud to take part in the internal defense of America. I night say the work is not entirely new to us. tfe have dealt with the enemies of American peace and freedom before. I note the thene of the annual meeting of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation is "Defend the Defense Worker." All too many of us in America fail to appreciate how vital to our national preparedness is the welfare of cur factory employees. In ;this regard it is appropriate to explain one phase of the national defense work the FBI is doing. At the request of the Par and Navy Departments, the FBI is engaged in surveying many large industrial plants manufacturing essential defense products. Through this program we hope not only to make it difficult for the saboteur to gain entrance into the plants to carry on his destructive work but also to safeguard against accidents which might cause shutdowns or personal injury to employees. Our sole interest is in safeguarding /merican industry; we are not concerned with legi timate labor activities. Under r.o circumstances does the FBI interfere with the employer-employee relationships. America*s strength in the future vd.ll depend on the uninterrupted flow of goods from her production lines today. Her defense- industries must operate smoothly and efficiently. In these all-out efforts the defense laborer is a key figure. If o laborer loses a week's work because of illness or industrial accidents, production may be slowed down that much. With enough such accidents the saboteur doesn't have to turn a hand - his "work" is being done for him. Of the more than 2,500 important industrial plants which are on the priorities list to be surveyed by the FBI, surveys of 2,022 plants have already been completed. These physical surveys include detailed inspections by our trained Special Agents of the entire plant properties and comprehensive suggestions are made to the plant managements by the FBI. We suggest how a particular plant can be tetter protected against the malicious efforts of the spy or saboteur as well as from the more common industrial accidents. Deficiencies most frequently found pertain to the matter of selecting and investigating personnel, identification of employees, guard protection, exterior me interior illumination, fire-fighting equipment, handling of visitors, fencing of property and screening of windows, and protection of confidential blueprints and records. A3 an example, in one portion equipment consisted chiefly of p,atcr pa The survey disclosed that all but a few only a few inches of water, or had dotbottoms at all. r plant it was found that fire-finhting .5 suspended from the ceiling or the walls, f the pails were either empty, contained jrated to the point that there were no Mr. T&ifln 2 The Federal Bureau of Investigation was designated by the President in 19:9 to serve as a clearinghouse end coordinating agency to handle law enforcement activities in connection with national defense matters. To successfully handle the tremendous incree.se in its work since then, Director John Edgar Hoover has tripled the personnel of the 531. There are today over 2,500 S ;eciai Agents compared to slightly more than SCO when the European Tar started in 1939. The- clerical force of the FBI has grown from 1,400 to more than 4,400 during the same period. The work of the FBI is still increasing and if we are to continue the efficient discharge of our duties, our personnel must be increased additionally. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1941, a total of 63,368 matters per taining to our national defense were received in the 55 FBI field offices. This figure compares with 16,885 such matters in 1940, and 1,651 in 1939. Thirteen now field offices have been opened in cities of strategic national defense importance throughout the United States and its territories since early in 1939* Investigative activity of the FBI resulted in 412 convictions in national defense cases in the fiscal year 1941. However, the success of counterespionage cannot be accurately measured by arrests and convictions as in cases of kidnaping or bank robbery. Combatting espionage is like fighting fire with fire. Spies must be spied upon. Their every movement must be closely observed and their contacts deter mined. Their 7--ays of communication must be uncovered and their sources of informa-' tion must be ascertained. Premature arrests of spies and saboteurs would prove harmful and could easily wipe out months cf hard work and painstaking effort of our Special Agents. For more-than a year'Director Hoover has been planning a comprehensive project in civilian protection. In preparation for this widespread project, the Director sent officials of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to England more than a. year ago. These mc-n studied and observed the protective and preventive measures used by Scotland Yard and other civilian defense agencies in London and nearby cities. Any plan of civilian defense must include everyone because modem conflict is not limited to battles between armies. The innocent civilians and workers in factory toms far inland and av/ay from the battle lines at the front often suffer more than do the uniformed soldiers. Falling bombs do not discriminate and neither must the civilian defense program. If America, were the object of attack all. the industries and resources that contribute to her national defense would be potential targets for enemy aircraft. Foremost or. any dictator's list would be the rich manufacturing districts cf our industrial northeast. You gentlemen car. well imagine the destruction, the human suffering, the economic loss that would result should long-range bombers release their lethal loads from high in the skies over Pittsburgh, Detroit, or Youngstown. That possibility gave rise* to our Civilian Defense Courses for Police; programs that ere of benefit to the Chief of Police of the small town as well as the police executives of our largest cities. I believe you r/ill agree with me that Director Hoover in organising this widespread project had in mind just such a theme as that of your annual meeting - "Defend the Defense >orker." Long the symbol of tolerar.c the- doctrines of dictatorship. But 1 as never before. The spies, caootour Fascism will never succeed while we A nd freedom, democracy is today threatened by enforcement in America is working together .r.d subverters of Naziism, Communism and icons stand united and strong. ' : ' f 0 r\ U ' w Industrial Hygiene Foundstion 4400 Fifth Avenue 'Pittsburgh, Forma* Abstract of first progress report on a study of "Sick Absenteeism in Industry," among i group of members of Industrial Hygiene Four.dr.tion presented by Dr. W. M. Gafafer, Senior Statistician, United States Public Health Service at the Foundation's sixth annual .nesting held at Msllon Institute, Pittsburgh., Uov. 13. 1941. In 1940 a number of member companies of the Industrial Hygiene Found:.tion recognizing the extraordinary part played in the industrial economy by non-occupa-' ticnal sickness end injuries expressed interest in a study of sick absenteeism in cooperation with the Foundation, the American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons, end the United States Public Health Service. This interest culminated in the periodic reporting to the Foundation by 13 companies of pertinent data on sickness and nonindustrial injuries disabling for 3 consecutive calendar days or longer. It is purposed in this progress report to present some of the material yielded by the 6 months' period, January--Tunc, 1941. (Several other companies plan to participate, but have been delayed by emergency conditions). Two monthly report forms are filled in by the participating companies and periodically mailed to the -Foundation. During the latter part of August the data were received by the Public Health Service for coding, transferring to punch cards, machine tabulation, and analysis. Of the 13 participating companies, 8 reported throughout the 6 months while 5 reported from 2 to 5 months. Almost all of the diagnoses made in connection 7/ith the absences that began and terminated during the 6 months' period were reported as having been nrda by the family physician, and ap proximately 95 per cent of these absences terminated by return to work. The 8 companies represented by an average monthly number of 42,884 male and 1,656 female employees yielded 1,899 and 99 beginning absences, respectively, or an average annual male frequency of 89.3 cases per 1,000 and a female frequency of 120.6 cases per 1,000. The male frequency rate (number of cases per thousand) is about 80 per cent of the Public Health Service rates, the difference reflecting prin cipally the respiratory group of diseases. Several of the companies, however, show respiratory rates above the Public Health Service rate. With regard to days lost, the 7 of the 8 companies supplying data on the closing of non-ended cases showed a loss of 51,126 days among the males. Company rates varied from 1.69 to 3*39 days per male per year, the latter rate approximating the median rate of 3.33 days experienced by companies reporting to the Public Health Service for 1935-37. With respect to the reliability of the rates and hence the value of inter company comparisons it is sufficient to state that the rates nay reflect the opera tion of many factors among which are the more or less "artificial" ones such as those originating in the various regulations of a sick benefit plan. It may be safely assumed that the rates as given do not present an overstatement of the sick absenteeism situation as measured in terms of 3 dry or longer absences. (One comppar.y's rate was well above the aver0go for the others and three tines higher than one. An analysis showed that tv;o-th.iras of this company's large total rate was caused by respiratory diseases. Hence the study shows up the main cause of the ab sences and this enables the company in question to take intelligent corrective et'.yr)' Since this report deals only with S day or longer absences the question arises of ho?/ much is lost by. not taking account of the shorter absences. An op crtunity to provide on answer to the question presented itself when the requisite k in C: 0 : Dr. Gafafer 2 were.made available by the 5 year record of one-day absences or longer that occurred among the employees of a public utility company, one that had been operating under a liberal disability pirn for a quarter-century. The analysis of the data showed that although the males experienced annually 9C0 absences per 1,000 males, and the females 1,320 per 1,CC0 females, only 153 absences among the males and 232 absences among the females extended through the eighth day; in other words, only 17 per cent of all recorded absences among the males extended through the eighth day while 13 per cent of all recorded absences among the females extended through the eighth day. Further more, of the total recorded days of disability 45 per cent among the males, and 52 per cent among the females occurred during the first 7 days of disability after onset. (In other words, on the basis of this company's experience, about half of all absences are shorter than seven days). Industry is no?f well aware of the fact that sick absenteeism is one of the most serious bottlenecks in the defar.se program.* This report gives an indication of the :magnitude of the problem in a sample- of member companies of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation. With respect to the large numbers of new employees, night work, -and overtime with its attendant fatigue, sufficient evidence has accumulated which points to an expecte-d substantial increase in the frequency of sick absences. 0nu TABLE 1 . -- Summary o f d a ta from 13 companies r e p o r tin g to th e I n d u s t r ia l Hygiene F oundation, January June, 1941 to 1 X H *H + >> r-4 2 Q. S -r* <0 r-4 H 3 >> O 3 jG 05 -X* <y > m *> 3 CJ 0 w G 0 rH to 0 cn T>1 co > +? 'O 3 Jh OO x: t -. O jQ 3 5Q G H C5 j<3 XI +> r-< > s -I(3 c3 3>O s * 3 0 W *5 x: 3 ag 0 s a 3 <n .c 0 +j s 'G.a to w O on m 3 U . &0 3 3 C M h 0 n ir\ O O m 1ft 5 rS-4 0 to <0 -. c 5 1 tO a * o o 2 -3 T3 o O J >H troH v u * Xi "3 vO r>!> 0 !3h > o3 Cc u 3 o*J ou~s aj u-\ Cm vO >> ^3 n cn H 03 + rt >*H t* O U XJ O --* H '3 0 w r-* 3 +-> < H O " r-4 CJ a. Cm c\> C ' w 1 *--' * CO 4 3 and n o n in d u s tria l in ju r ie s d is a b lin g fo r 8 h a lf o f 1941; experience o f male employees t s ress in kf sic h e t f 1 P0O3 S a O y "3y G3 a. oE o oa P PSJ -a o Cb y e0) P G>O u p 03 3 s P O o y p P 03 ,G p co P sO PG O O 3 p o P P P ~ C-, G y Sp o p o 0 c c> g p H G 3 Cl g P y 00 3 pag T3 y 3 G a. TJ 3 G CO3P o p Eb P 03 p p O oo G p4 g-< o C -- Cb 3 H & a p >> P p 55 5 tGl r; Cb g 3y P C) G v'J <?i CO 3 <0 O cm> cn co 31 0. O CO o S3 o r~4 (4 py ca p gG 3 fib 3 C G p p 01 a ga P ca fib w aj y P oO c G yp *3 G 3 :> cp OG CyO 2 *3 g ^o u 5* p P o :,3 p P 3 -o g 2P 3 P G P 3 o fib c :3 is* <3 '3 P c '.3 G ert P j= fib w CV O co cn co to CN CO n3 o CO UN rH l i P 3 ns > to b- CS to t i LT\ C*- O VO CO f' 0s to cn t i P vO CM CM CN *4 g>CM c^. cn CO CM CO cn p CM 0> C>J CM -<?\0 CN* cn o CN *<f 4 UN P s w CO P V.O O cn cn P CM cn cn rH 1*4 CM CM <r CO p CM o rA P o r-4 p co un cn UN P co co* CN CM CM CM *0 P CM r>o Pi CM CM CO m cn o sO P CO UN cn . 4 4 CM cm PI S' cn p * vO CM P CM CN to C-* cm m C*' UN C-V0 cn UN 8 <JN O CN CM CM vO P cn CM 5} cn CM P o CN O CO CO CN "* # H <n CO o cn p CM ^ iO to tos CM =P 01 o G p 55 tiO ca .S'S p p GO Pfl caun g y ny p O 03 p o 3 C a, tp o o p O P co Go c o p G U3 # # o # y ca > 3 p4 * a 4 4 cm 4 4 4 P u 4 4 1.3 4 'TJ y u c 03 y * to s y S3 p C3 P o p * y H * O TJ G a 3 13 C3 G * M S 03 p p 3 * aO G O 5,3 G 3 y Cm p 03 o P WG l ^4 O o c Qj cy p P T3 M G C G C y 3 3 03 p O 3 >> "3 O C gy fin 'O P cj 53 'a O Og j y y 3 p y '.3 W 3 '-3 P G > P P 5.3 Oh C G 1 G P C G -73 y U P 53 O Cm O s < C G P C3 O 53 O V G c P c y 3. O G P T? t,3 C3 G 'O T 3 G A aG. o P 35 00 w *r4 O rt S P k i> 3 rb <> p <, s o g s in se ur ca d g o f in n group, begin , s e er u g ca on l d oa o r r b y s y a b d TABLE 2 . -- F requency, consecutive calendar CJ) 0 Table' 3.__Frscuency, by cause of cases of sickness and ncr.industriai injuries disab ling for S consecutive calendar days*or longer, beginning during the first half of 1941; experience of male employees in 8 companies reporting throughout the 6 months tc the Industrial r.v; ier.e Foundation compared companies reporting to the United Urates Public Health Service Cause. (Harbors in parentheses are disease title numbers from the Internotional List of Causes of Death, 1339). Annual number sec oer 1.000 Industrial Hygiene Foundation All Unite males males of camales U5PHS all stales^ Lumber of Industr ial Hyr;ien e Four.dat icn All ..White males m** les cases USPHS, all r.r.ics ALL DISABILITIES^...................................... 89.3 nourhcrsTr.iAL injuries (169-195) .................. 9.2 SICXEESS ....................................................................... 80.1 respieatoky diseases ..:...................................... 41.9 Influenza and gripoe (33)...................... ... 24.1 Bronchitis, acuta and chronic (106) ... 3.4 Diseases of the pharynx and tonsils (U5b, 115o)............................... ..................... 4.0 Pneumonia, all forms (107-109) ................ 4.3 Tuberculosis of respiratory system (13) .6 Other respiratory diseases (104,105, 110-114) .............................................................. 5.5 KOKRESPIEATOftY DISEASES...................................... 37.2 Digestive diseases........... ............................... 13.4 Disc'scs of the stomach exceot cancer (117,113) .......................................................... 3.7 Diarrhea and enteritis (120) .................... 1.1 Aoocnaicitis (121) ............................................ 4.2 Hernia (122a) ..................................................... 1.3 Other digestive diseases (115a,U5d, 116, 122b, 123-129).................................... 2.6 Londigestive diseases........................................ 23.8 Diseases of the heart and arteries, and nsnhritis (90-99,102,130-132)------ 3.2 Other zenitourinrry diseases (133-133) 1.9 Neuralgia, neuritis, sciatica (37b)... 1.0 Neurasthenia and the like (part of C4d) 1.0 Other diseases of the nervous system (30- 85, excoot cart of 84d, and 37b)* * 1.0 Rheumatism. acute and chronic (53,59). 3.1 v Diseases of.thejsrgnns of locomotion, cept diseases of the joints (156b).... 2.3 Diseases of the skin (151-153) .................. 1.7 Infectious and D&rasitic.discasost/(l-12 14-24,26-29,51', 52,34-44)............................. ' 3.2 All other diseases (45-57,60-79,23,39,101. 103,154,155,15^-.,157,162)............................. 5.4 37.7 3.5 79.2 41.2 23.7 3.3 4.1 4.0 .5 5.6 37.0 13.3 3.7 1.0 4.1 1.3 2.7 23.7 3.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 .9 2.9 2.3 1.7 3.0 5.6 11-2.9 10.8 102.1 55.7 30.1 6.3 6.5 5.2 .6 7.0 43.6 13.3 3.6 1.0 4.9 1.6 2.7 29.8 4.2 2.2 2.0 .9 1.1 4.1 2.9 2.3 2.3 7.3 1,89 196 1,703 891 513 73 1 , "64 172 1 ,592 828 477 66 12,693 1,213 11,480 6; 260 3,386 709 35 83 729 92 79 534 12 10 70 116 113 782 790 743 4,904 284 267 1,557 79 75 403 VJ2. 20 117 90 33 553 37 36 176 56 53 308 506 476 3,347 69 66 474 41 37 246 21 21 228 21 21 Ui 21 19 128 66 59 462 49 46 325 35 34 255 69 61 114 112 317 ILL-DEFILED ADD UT-aoni CAUSED (20C) 1.0 1.0 2.3 22 21 "Ic 'vcrarc number of males............................... 42 ,534 40,546 226,712 42,834 40,54^ Lumber of companies . . . 3 3 26 3 3 26 .s, ve-nerenj. aiserses. f ur.cricrlly unimportant isability are not included. 2 Except influenza, recnirrtory t U10S13, -.r.; ho venereal diseases. 3 From reference 2. TABLE 4. -- Frequency, by company, of cases of sickness and nonindustrial injuries disabling for 3 consecutive calendar days or longer, beginning during the first half of 1S41, according to broad cause group, sex and color; experience of employees in Comcan.'r letter Total All disabilitics^ 39.3 Annual number of cases oer 1,000 employees Sickness Nonrespi- Nonin- Eespi- Bigos- ratory- dustrial Total ratory tive nendi- injuries diseases -diseases gestive diseases All males 9.2 80.1 41.9 lo . 'i 23.8 Ili-aefined and unknown causes 1.0 Average number of employees 42,334 A & C D E F 0 E Tota 65.3 70*0 73.4 77.1 93.5 127.4 143.4 198.1 87.7 4.4^ 5.8*V 9.5 9.7 10.2 10.8 4.5 15.1 60.9 64,2 63.9 67.4 63.3 116.6 133.9 183.0 8.5 79.2 29.3 32.1 31.9 30.6 47. 6 62.2 67.2 120.3 V.:hite 41.2 13.1 4.4 12.3,, 11.4 16.9 13.8 35.8 IS.? males 13.3 15*8 24.8 19.5 25.4 16.6 39.3 35.9 42.6 23.7 2.7 5,533 2.9 1,332 .2 10,656 - 10,954 2.2 6,316 1.3 4, 663 - 450 .9 2,270 1.0 40,546 Total 63.7 71.6 68.3 74.1 93.8 128.3 143.4 193.0 116,4 3.8 6.1 8.3 3.9 10.3 10.2 4.5 14.6 20.7 59.9 65.5 60.0 65.2 83.5 118.1 138.9 183.4 95.'/ 28.7 33.5 29.3 23.5 47.7 62.4 S7.2 122.3 Neftro and 54.3 12.5 4.6 12.4 10.9 17.0 14.3 35.8 18.2 other male* 14.7 15.9 24.4 18.3 25.8 16.6 40.1 35.9 42.0 25.9 2.8 5,326 3.0 1,324 - 9,919 - 9,991 2.2 6,301 1.3 4,525 - 450 xl 2,210 j8. 2,338 si 3 C D E F K Total 124.5 34.8 127.0 108.9 - 98.7 201.7 120.6 24.9 - 21.5 13.9 28.2 35.6 9.7 99.6 34.8 105.5 90.0 70.5 168.1 110.9 49.3 - 60.3 52.3 _ 56.4 67.2 white Kw.vr rV\ 37.3 - 1C. 8 16.3 - 20. 5 ' * ,ma^ es lv7 12.5 34.8 32.3 20.9 - 14.1 67.3 40.2 162 - 53 2.1 937 - 963 - 15 - 143 - 60 7.3 1, 655 - - 33 - - - 26 73.1 78.1 44.3 15.6 13.0 5.2 775 126.0 11.4 114. 6 57.3 11.5 45.5 - 352 176.5 37.8 133.7 50. *- _ 63.1 25.2 160 193.9 193.9 no t 33,3 33.8 38.8 52 229.5 24. 6 204.9 65. 6 I G.4 114.7 8.2 24-6 T Industrial injuries, venereal diseases, and a fev; numerically unimportant causes dr% i sebility arc not included. $ Italicized rates are based on luos char. 5 cases. $ There was only one Negro female ir. the records and r.o case was reported for her. TABLE 5. a b lin g -- Percentage d is trib u tio n fo r 8 consecutive calendar o f case days o r dur lo n a g ti e o r, n s b , e b gi y n n co in m g pan du y, rin y g i e t ld e he d f i rbsy t s ic h k a ne lf ss of and n o n in d u s tria l in ju r ie s d is 1941 and w ith known d u ra tio n ; e xp e rie n ce o f ina le employees in 7 companies re p o rtin g th ro u g h o u t th e 6 months to the I n d u s t r ia l Hygiene F oundation rn u - Oonpany Jl w hich d id n o t r e p o r t o ve r th e 6 months th e c lo s in g o f "non-ended1* cases is o m itte d . ty Indus t r i u l in ju r ie s , venereal diseases, and a few n u m e ric a lly unim portant causes o f d is a b ility arc n o t included ?*LI 6.-- Annual number of days of disability per employee, by company, yielded by sickness end noninaustrici injuries discblinr; for 3 consecutive calender deys or longer, beginning durinp tie first half of 1941, ucccrdir.f! to sex and color; experience of employees in 7 companies reporting throughout the 6 months to the Industrial Hygiene Foundation. Com ocr'.y 1st ter</ v B At\ Q 2* $ * F Annual number of c ays N u.ri:or of days of nor emoioveo:y -- t.'isabiiitv^ Ail bis- Monin- All dis- Monin abiii- dustrial Sickness abiii- dustriai Si clones s ties*/ iniuries ties?/ iniuriss Ail erl.e 1.69 1.69 2.FI 2.59 2.37 3.27 3-39 .16 1.53 5,294 503 4,736 .09 1.60 1,161 63 1,093 .20 2.01 6,567 607 5,960 2.29 13,967 1,627 12,340 .29 2.5- 15,566 1,590 15,976 .24 3.03 730 54 676 .23 3.11 7,341 639 7,702 Aver?rc number of onclovcec 6,316 1,732 5,935 10,356 10,954 450 4,663 E B * * C1 D4 C4 1.69 1.75 2.14 2.48 2.74 3.27 3.39 White. males .16 1.53 5,294 503 4,736 6,301 .10 1.65 1,150 63 1,087 1,324 .13 1.96 6,192 529 5,663 5,826 .23 2.20 12,182 1,543 10,334 9,919 .27 2.47 13,537 1,357 12,239 9>991 .24 3.03 730 54 676 450 .27 3.12 7,601 613 6,933 4,575 i* e ~ro --.n:. 0 tiier nt ins B .33 33 11 _ 11 58 A 4.67 .97 3.70 375 78 297 162 C 3.34 .60 3.24 1,785 279 1,506 937 u 4.14 .49 3.65 1,979 233 1,746 963 3.33 .36 3.02 24C 26 714 145 Vhite id .talcs. 7 1.19 1.19 456 456 775 ? 4.93 .16 4.77 361 29 832 352 c 6.59 -- 6.5? 170 - 170 57 3 7.75 .63 7.12 615 50 565 160 n 10.08 1.57 3.51 1,230 192 1,C33 246 </ Cor.*);.ny H v/hich did not repjrt over the 6 month the closing of "non--ended cases" is omitted. 4/ For cases not ended June 30, the days of dieability v/cr0 counted tc that date, inclusive, hot ell companies rc-portse coses beginning prior to January 1, 1941. Such cases h~vo bc.vr. omitted ever, if they had been reacted by some co.apcr.its; ho-oce the dry? ir. 1941 accounted for by these c' see are not include? in the t' tie industrial injuries, venereal diec~s<_e, cab of disability avo not included. fvv? numericclly uniinport- at causes C- WHAT THE RESULTS OF A2S! *.;fan in dollars a::d cfnts and suggestions fcr lessening Aiszirrzzzs:.: INDUSTRIAL KYGIZNE FCUND.-.TICN aiu:ual Exiting, ?:~tsuurgh,?a, NCVERER 13/. 1941 a:::rz7 flztchir. The Problem of Absenteeism In considering this problem, many employers and employees may have the same reactions as I have had in the past - namely: 1. What do the available and sorce?/hat complicated published absenteeism figures actually mean? 2. What is actually the cost of absenteeism - if a workman is not paid for the time he is sick, why should his employer be concerned? 3 Is it really worth while to incur the trouble and expense of collecting absenteeism data, and after it is obtained, just what good is it to anyone from a "money" or any other point of view? 1. Absenteeism Statistics The information which has been collected by the U. S. Public Health Service and recently by the Industrial Hygiene Foundation is both con structive and enlightening as to the loss in working time that is being suffered through absenteeism. I believe, however, that the data and resultant statements should be on the basis of an absence of one day and more, and not confined to eight days and over. The St. Joseph Lead Company, of which I am an officer, and which, as you may knew, is the largest miner of lead ores in the United States and one of the larger zinc producers, keeps the data on both a one day and an eight day basis. The shorter period is used because absentee ism of more than eight days is obviously less than for a shorter period, and we are most anxious to have as much information as possible so that corrective steps can bo taken to lessen the time lost. We also express absenteeism, instead of by the number of cases per thousand employees, by the percentage of shifts lost, as this basis, in our opinion, more vividly indicates to our operating men the amount of time lost, and therefore the percentage of lost production and profits. Statistics, just as accounting statements, must be current and easily understandable by the men in charge of production. It is, of course, always interesting to knew why a person died, but from my point of vie?/ I would much rather knew why he is sick, so that steps might be taken to.prevent death. Page No. 2. 2 The Ccst. or the 'dollars ler.ts" Angie of Absenteeism There are attached hereto cor'tain absenteeism figures cf the St. Joseph Lead Company, which shew that. only abcut 6.0;? cf all absenteeism is the result cf accidents while at wcr:-:. The ether comparative percentages nay be interesting for these v/ho wish tc study the situation in detail, but I an only trying to hand!.e the problem from a rather bread point of view, with the thought of enphasizing the "money" loss of absenteeism and to suggest possible rays of lessening this loss. For many years the St. Joseph Lead Company has made a serious effort to lessen the time lost and expense involved through accidents while at work. I might add that we have done so, not because cf any altruistic or paternalistic motive. The dollars saved by this procedure of im proved safety in operations is indicated by the following figures from our Southeast Missouri Division: Back in 1923, about ten cents per hundred dollars of payroll was spent by the Safety Department for its work, and the cost of accidents was $3.51 per hundred dollars of payroll; whereas in 1940, the Company spent 93 cents for safety, and the cost of accidents was 97 cents per hundred dollars of pay roll. The comment might be made that due to the safety expense increasing over nine times, and the accident cost only being cut abcut 70^, the actual saving is merely the difference in total cost, which is $1.71 per hundred dollars of payroll ($3.61 - $1.90). This is, of course, true, but the total saving is fen greater than $1.71 (although this dir ect saving for cnly Southeast Missouri amounts to about $35,000 per year), because it, does not include the hidden indirect costs. These in direct costs are, the extremely adverse effects of an accident cn a man's cwn person and family, the expense of replacing an injured man with the resultant increased cost of supervision, spoilage cf material, lower output, plus the cost of repairing equipment that may have been damaged in an accident. About a year ago, Air. Harrington, Chief cf the Health and Safety Branch, U. S. Bureau of Mines, made the rather startling estimate to me that the indirect costs amount to abcut three times as much as the direct costs, frith a direct cost of 97 cents, or approximately one dollar, the indir ect costs would, therefore, be about $3.00,. and the total cost about $4.00 per one hundred dollars of payroll, frith a payroll of five million dollars, the accident czszs may, therefore, amount to $2C0,CC0 per year. aver, though the time lost threu total absenteeism, we cannot es multiplying the accident percer. operating men know that even ur. nets and, therefore, extra men reasonably normal operations, amount of wages paid these ''ext accidents is the compensation a h accidents is only about of the imnte the total absenteeism less by age by seme fixed amount because all or normal conditions there 7/ilI be sickre carried on the payroll to insure he direct loss of absenteeism is the a'' men,- just as the direct less cf a medical cost. From the tables attached, Page No. 3 it is apparent that in Southeast Missouri, the shifts lest through ab senteeism is 2.33% of the total shifts worked, at the Salmat nine 2,355, and at Josephtown 1.7%. It may, therefore, be reasonably assumed that in our operations possibly 2% extra men are being carried; with a force of 5,000 men, there are possibly 100 extra men whose annual earn ings would approximate $180,000. This figure nay be considered as the "direct'' loss. The "indirect" absenteeism losses are probably first as great as for accidents, especially because a man works efficiently up to the time of an accident, whereas in the case of sickness, a full day's work is probably not done before an employee is forced to lay off or just after he returns. Using the accident indirect cost of three times the direct, the sick and miscellaneous absenteeism in our opera tions might approximate $540,000, which with the direct loss makes a total of $720,000. However, it must be appreciated that no matter what precautions are taken, there will be some sickness and miscellaneous absenteeism, possibly 5055. Therefore, the amount that can reasonably be expected to save is $360,000, or about $70,00 per employee in a force of 5,000. If, therefore, you wish to approximate the absenteeism loss in the United States, or in your own plant, multiply the number of workers by $70,00 per year. 3. Production Lost by Absenteeism In war-time it is essential that absenteeism be reduced to a minimum, because basic commodities cannot be transformed into finished goods without a relatively fixed number of hours of labor, and skilled mechanics are difficult to find. Many times I have heard astonishing estimates of the amount of copper, lead, etc., that we will consume in this country for war and civilian uses, also the amount of kilowatt hours that are to be required for such output. Although I have at times thought that, if the demands are actually as great as indicated, then we may even run short of sea water to float the ships that we are building, - my inner reaction, however, has always been that we could not possibly use the enormous amounts of raw materials because, as already stated, a worker can only consume a definite amount of material and kilowatt hours. 77e can, of course, consume more materials if we can secure more workers, but as a representative from a statistical service stated to me, 'HSfhere is it possible to obtain 40 million more workers which will be needed if the indicated consumption for war and civilian purposes is accomplished?" From purely a practical point cf view, it seems to me that wc should reduce civilian consumption to the extent necessary to meet war-time- necessities, and from an equally practical point of view, chat mere man hours of employment should be secured by decreasing the amcunc cf time lost through absenteeism. A rough approximation cf the production loss can be determined on the following basis: each worker in che United States loses about S days per year - if we can save 50w, or 4. days, we save 32 hours per worker; with about 7 million persons in defense industries, we would save about 200 million hours cf labor, which is sufficient to build ICO destroyers, or about 300 standard cargo ships. Page No. 4, Improved Community Health is lesirabls la connection with reducing absenteeism. because cf sickness, the problem is ever, greater than in the case of accidents, because, in additicn to working conditions and employee attitude, sick absentee ism is affected by the employees' home life, his housing, his food, his ability to get prompt and efficient medical service, and above all, by the general sanitary conditions in the locality in which he lives. The St. Joseph Lead Company has for the past twenty years been seriously interested in the general health of the communities in which its principal operations are located. TJe have approached cur men with the firm realization that the Amer ican workman does not want or expect something for nothing. Fe have frankly stated that many of the school children of today will be our employees cf tomorrow, that we are interested in the general health of the community, and that we have done and will continue to do certain things for business and not philanthropic reasons. We have, for example, given free milk to the school children, we have spent hundreds of thousands of dollars for good water and satisfactory sewerage systems and adequate housing has' been built. The communi ties ana our men appreciate this frankness and realize the soundness of our policy that money invested in improved working and living conditions is worth while from the "dollar and cents" angle as well as from the humanitarian view point. 5. Suggestions as to Methods for Obtaining Tata and Lessening Absenteeism On the assumption that seme companies will be convinced of the desirability cf obtaining information on absenteeism, then I offer to them the following suggestions: when the check-up is undertaker., tell the employees v/hy it is being done, that the information obtained will not affect their personal liberties, and that when the data definitely shews certain conditions to be unfavorable, then the Company will seriously attempt to develop remedies. For example, if it is found that a great deal more time is lost from colds than from accidents, then a company might well consider the desirability of making available protective cold pills cr vitamin capsules or sun lamps. If it would appear from absenteeism figures that an epidemic was starting, workers might bo sent home immediately upon feeling sub-normal, and not be allowed to return without a doctor's permit. It is also suggested that the company's or a recognized local physician should talk to the m.en collectively at certain periods, that these talks should be- stc-acmrc.phicaily reported and then mimeograph copies mailed to the man's heme so that there would bo some discussion or. the part, cf his family - if a man has already heard the doctor's story, he will be disposed to discuss the pamphlet and, in so doing, will improve himself as T.-ell as -'there with the doctor's Page NTc. 5 suggestions. Another constructive method would be fellow our procedure of giving to the men or their families the Metropolitan-Life bulletins cn colds, mcnia, tuberculosis, etc. to penu- But, in considering the problem of absenteeism, it should be defin itely realized that the higher the wages become and the more over time that is worked, then the more time that men will endeavor to take off and magnify a cold or some slight ailment to cover up attendance at a ball game or some equal attraction. Therefore, in the collection of data, and in the issuing of any pamphlets on absenteeism, - companies must not lose their sense of humorl 6. Conclusion I express the definite conviction that just as industry has satis factorily handled problems of production, sales and financing, when the information and facts are available there is no reason 7/hy we cannot readily lessen absenteeism, and therefore reduce the great wastage to employees due to loss of wages, to industry due to loss of earnings, and to our country due to lost production, - then, industry will have once more done its share in forwarding the ideals t and purposes of domocracy. Page No. 6. * ST. JOSEPH LEAS COMPACT -- SOUTHEAST MISSOURI MI MING OPERATIONS APSZNTZZTC" ?J??0?.T ZCZ THIRTY-NINE ::zzk peri CD ENDING 7: r,n $ 4 * Sent. 23, O Reason for Absence Shifts Lost Per Cent Absenteeism Based on 513,142 Expected Shifts of Work % of Total Shifts Lost Losses of 15 or More Shif ts by Individual No. of Enrols. No. of Shifts Lose Industrial Injury 704 .14 5.88 15 423 Non-Industrial Injury 535 .10 4.47 10 314 Influenza, Grippe & Colds 3,002 .59 25.08 9 186 Nasal Fossae 5c Annexia 42 .01 .35 Pharynx and Tonsils 272 .05 2.27 1 15 Penumonia 182 .04 1.52 6 176 Resoiratory Tuberculosis 160 .03 1.34 2 123 Other Respiratory Piseases 82 .02 .69 2 33 Teeth and Guns 124 .02 1.04 Stomach, Except Cancer 525 .10 4.39 5 90 Diarrhea and Enteritis 7 .06 Appendicitis 309 .06 2.58 9 245 Hernia 17 .14 Other Digestive Diseases 54 .01 .45 Heart 367 .07 3.06 6 313 Hem.mcrhoids 87 .02 .73 Other Circulatory Diseases 109 .02 .91 1 30 Ger.itc-Urinary Diseases 107 .02 .90 2 IZc Neuralgia, Neuritis and Sciatica 101 .02 .84 2 150 Other Diseases cf Nervous System 200 .04 1.67 1 > o- Organs of Vision 84 .02 .70 3 69 Ear and Mastoid Process 33 .01 .28 Rheumatic Diseases 136 .03 1.14 1 23 Lumbago, Myositis, Etc. 239 .06 2.41 1 Skin Diseases 52 .01 .43 1 35 Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 167 .03 1.39 1 20 Ill-defined and Unknown Causes 1,389 .27 11.60 11 394 Illness or Death in Family 1,197 .23 10.00 1X DC Miscellaneous Personal Reasons 1.637 .32 13.63 x 3" Total 11,970 2.3? 100.00 03 7 " ~~ This reoert includes payroll men and salaried men who are limited to maximum V* ry provisions of the Fair Labor Standardis Act for thirty-ninei week period betr/ae r> December 29, 1940, to September 27, 2.941, inclusivo. eor.r.e .crrc, Missouri October 21, 1941. Page No. 7. jtctvu ABSENTEE li CC'^^NY __ -'U'i'o ,,T'V'T'IG ,/',~Z?;lTT'"'MS N03''!,K'rDN 'r^TT v'"^v ^TTif-pT T'->T3 CTT' jaltary :, 1911 r0 February ant FPCi.^ MAY 1, 1941 TO SEPTZ.'.EB?. 30, 19/'* Reason for Absence Industrial Injury Non-industrial Injury Influenza, Grippe and Colds Tonsils Nasal Fossae and Annexae Throat, Bronchitis, Etc. Respiratory T.B. Total Respiratory Diseases Teeth and Gums Stomach, except Cancer Diarrhea and Enteritis Appendicitis Heart / Nervous System Lumbago, Myositis, Etc. Discipline Ill-defined & Unknown Causes Illness in Family Miscellaneous Personal Reasons leather - Car Trouble TOTAL Shifts Lost >6 Absenteeism Based on 15,890 Shifts of Ucrlc * of Total Shifts 1 27 6 34 20 0 18 _24 129 0.17* 0.04* 0.21* 0.13* 0.11* 0.15* 0.81* 5.0% 1.0* 6.5% 3.8% 3.5* 4.6* 24.0* 11 13 16 29 33 25 19 17 153 6 70 J2 52A .07* .08* .10* .18* .27* .16* .12* .11* .96* 04* 44* .08* 3.38* 2.0* 2.5* 3.0? 5 #6* 6.0* 4.5* 3.5* 3.0* 29.C* 1.0* 13.0* 2.5* -<Up'J,o'J -3 Page No. 8. 3T. JOSEPH LEA! COM pamy - 'TJ'-r oy suLL7.AR'f C7, r..pr operations, FZrrNSYLVAN diagnosis 1939-1940-194 - :.::nating SZPTEN.BIP. ^CTH p% eccrted A'oser. 03 Of 1 Ear or H CT* i 939 1 ^40 l4.1 --Term .Seo.30 No. Days No. lays No. Lays Cases Lest Cases Lost Cases Lest 7-Day Abssn tees ina.nvs'iene 1941-i-rm.S A '* # T No. i a'.'s Cases lest All respiratory 77 Appendectomy 4 Chronic Appendicitis 3 Digestive Tract 9 Hemorrhoids 1 Liver, Kidney, and Bladder 2 Teeth and Neuralgia 1 Typhoid and Scarlet Fever 1 Back Ailments (included in miscellaneous 1939 & 1940) - Miscellaneous 19 Non-Industrial Accidents _2 420 93 137 4 13 6 72 23 13 1 60 8 69 33 1 -185 30 - 152 JA 375 150 122 2* 36 1 57 20 65 - 55 8 30 4 29 1 - 11 171 17 129 13 706 18 297 71* 2* r, DX 10 1 10 70 2 26 -- - 140 5 132 19 1 13 91 9 56 1 19 177 10 152 243 _2 163 TOTAL 126 1,096 195 1,069 232 1,501 43 892 Average time lost per case 8.70 Lays 5.43 Tays 6.48 Days 20.74 Days Exposure (hours) 740,452 950,471 700,669 700,669 Average number of employeesi 347 437 459 459 Plant accidents (lost time only) 7 / 108 6 / 135 14 / 481 Annual number of cases per 1000 males 363 ) '4 528 124.9 In addition to the above listed cases, the lolloping had not been terminated time lost as of September 30, 1941s Non-industrial accident 1 case 2 days lost Gall Bladder Operation 1 H 82 " u Miscellaneous 1 "9 u 11 with * Includes one case in which former employes reported that he would have to have an appendectomy at his heme (some distance from Josephtown). Subsequent brief corres pondence did not reveal definitely whether or not he had had the operation. He was subsequently dropped from payroll. *< Does net include one fatality. 0n " 1 Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 4400 Fifth. Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. Abstract of "V/hat's New In Industrial Health,,, report of the Founda tion's Medical Committee, by Dr. A.I. Lanza, Chairman, (Assistant Medical Director, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., N.Y.) at sixth annual meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation held at Mellon Insti tute, Pittsburgh, Nov. 12, 1C-1. Tha past year is memorable for the progress that has been made in indus trial hygiene and in the care of the health of the industrial worker. In the defense set up there is the Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services and the Office of Scientific Research and Development, both directly stemming from the Office for Emergency Management. In the former, a sub-committee, entitled the Industrial Health Committee, works in close cooperation with the United States Public Health Service, the National Research Council, and the Azsiy and Navy Departments. Under the Office of Scientific Research and Development, largely centered in the National Research Council, there is also an Industrial Health Committee whose personnel is identical with that of the other sub-committee on industrial heedth* This arrangement provides for adequate attention being given to both the administrative and research phases of industrial health in all types of defense industries* In addition, there is a Section on Indus trial Hygiene in the Bureau of Preventive Medicine of the Medical Department of the Navy and also in the Medical Department of the Army. On the governmental side also, the past year has seen an increase in State Eureausof Industrial EygienG so that at present there are 34 such bureaus, plus the territories of Hawaii and the Philippine Islands, in operation. These bureaus, in cooperation with the Division of Industrial Hygiene of the National Institute of Health, present a co-ordinated and integrated control such as has never before been contemplated in this country. In addition, several correlated activities are repre sented by sub-ccmmittces in the defense health and welfare services, namely nursing, nutrition, and morale. Tho Division of Industrial Hygiene of the United States Public Health Ser vice has appointed an industrial consulting nurse. In cooperation with the National Organization for Public Health Nursing, which has also appointed an industrial nurs ing consultant, a staff education program is being developed which is expected to be available in January next. This program is planned for the use of visiting nurse associations which are in a position to include service to industry among their activities. Nine states have appointed industrial nursing consultants in their Bur eaus of Industrial Hygiene. The Committee on Nutrition in. Industry of tho Board on Food and Nutrition of tho National Research Council was cr sated last Spring as an advisory body to the government on natters pertaining to tho nutritional status of employees in defense industries. To ante the Committee has concentrated mainly on the collection and the evaluation of pertinent material; atternpts to stimulate a nationwide interest in the problem; .and the furnishing to manufact urers and other interested parties, upon ro quest, what advice it is in a position te give concerning the feeding of industrial v/enters. G r\ u't Dr. Lanza - Z As the problem of the nutritional requirements of industrial workers has not been adequately explored, the Committee, as part of its implied duty of collect ing the factual duta upon which any recommended remedial procedures must be based, has undertaken to institute controlled nutritional studies in several large indus trial plants, located in various sections of the country. The Sub-committee on Personal Relations in Industry is especially interest ed in industrial morale. This Committee is setting up n program aimed at both the educational and practical aspects of the subject# To aid in correlating the scatter ed material, an annotated bibliography is being prepared. This vdll make available to industrialists, personnel managers, and industrial physicians a wealth of material which should be helpful for guidance when emotional problems arise. Organized medicine is represented by the Council on Industrial Health cf the American Medical Association and by the Committees on Industrial Health of the State and County Medical Association. Industry is represented by definito programs conducted by the National Association of Manufacturers and by the United States Chamber of Commerce. The Division of Industrial Hygiene of the United States Public Health Ser vice, through its Section on Laboratory Investigations, is conducting researches into a large number of situations and processes relating to industrial health and exposure to occupational hazards in the defense industries* It may bo said that research is keeping pace with administration ir. the general field of industrial health. It is exceedingly encouraging to note that education in industrial hygiene goes on in the technical engineering and medical sides and is being stimulated and developed. Courses in industrial hygiene for both doctors and engineers are being established under university auspices and it is expected that these will be function ing sufficiently to meet future demands. Our Foundation, under the able leadership cf Dr. Meller and Mr. McMahon, has covered quite a 'vide range of activities. I need only refer you to the printed program vrhich speaks for itself and you will hear from individual speakers in detail of what activities are under v/ay and what has been accomplished. uJT7T it tt 0045 Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, ha. Abstract cf report on Tuberculosis in Industry, by Dr. L. U. Gardner, Director, The Saranac (Hi) Laboratory, at sixth annual meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation held at Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Hov. 12, 1941 There is a growing tendency to account for a freshly discovered case of tuberculosis as a product of industrial environment. Our dust-conscious minds seem instinctively to think first of factors that may depress resistance to infection ratner than of a source of contact with the tubercle bacillus. At the Saranac Labo ratory Symposium this year or. Tuberculosis in Industry, I asked nearly 30 experienced observers to report the incidence of tuberculosis in different industrial environ ments and to discuss-the effects of factors that have been alleged to frvor its development. (A full report of the proceedings will be published about the first of the year by the National Tuberculosis Association. Here I can only point out a few of the general conclusions) There has been an even greater decrease in the tuberculosis mortality in industrial groups than in the population rt large. A low standard of living rather than specific environmental factors is responsible for most of the tuberculosis among wage earners. Of the respiratory irritants, including fumes ahd gases as well as dusts, only free silica has a specific influence ujx>n susceptibility to tubercu losis. In exceptional individuals causal relationships between exposure to irri tants and tuberculosis mny be admitted but the effect cf such substances is not such that it influences the incidence of tuberculosis in occupational* groups. The opti mum environment desirable for the cure of tuberculosis is not essential in its prevention. The influence of nutrition, fatigue, extremes of temperature and humi dity and specific intoxication like Lssd were discussed and it ras r.greed that only the first has had ar. appreciable effect. In contrast to the old hand cigar industry, which still accounts for about 75% of the workmen in this trade, a modern tobacco f'etory with adequate hy gienic surroundings produces practically no tuberculosis. The frequence of this infection in non-siliccous dusty trades v.rs nor abnormal but high rates still obtained in foundries, granite cutting and herd rock mining involving exposure to quartz dust. But even under the latter condition, the possibilities of control arc indicated by the low rr.te-s prevailing where mc-diccl programs have ocen m operation over -a sufficient period. // ' * i'F go a F Industrial Hygiene Foundation * 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, ?*. Abstract of finding? from a Foundation-supported research on "Effects cf Arc folding Fumes or. Susceptibility' to Tuberculosis." The investi gation, conducted at the Carcnae (NY) Laboratory, was reported by Dr. L. 0. Gardner, Director, at sixth annual meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation held at .Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Hov. 12, 1941 As an example of an exposure to a pulmonary irritant that has had no significant effects upon superimposed tuberculous infection, I cite an experiment dealing with exposure to arc welding fuses* This we3 undertaken because of the increasing number of men being exposed to such fumes throughout industry. The program was carried on under a grant from the Industrial Hygiene Foundation. During the first months, when the proper sublethal dose of fume was being determined, about 3 per cent of the 200 guinea pigs exposed died of a chemical pneumonia. On reducing the concentration of the fumes the deaths ceased within three or four days; however, many animals killed during the following 9 months have shown microscopic scars resulting from the healed inflammation of the lungs. Half of the original group of 200 guinea pigs placed in the fume chamber had been infected with tubercle bacilli of low virulence a few days previously. Ir. spite of the severe inflammatory reaction resulting from the excessive initial concentration of fumes their tuberculosis healed as effectively as it did in nonexpoced controls. In no animal killed during the following 3 months has there been any evidence of progression of the infection such as has been regularly observed when quart2 dust is inhaled* Another group of guinea pigs has been infected with the same kind of tubercle bacilli and at intervals of 4, 6, and 3 months thereafter small groups of these animals have been exposed daily to sublethal concentrations of welding fumes. Here the purpose was to learn whether the preformed healing tubercles would be reac tivated and caused to spread as has also been the case 7/hen animals are exposed to quarto dust. No suggestion of reactivation has been observed in any animal exposed when its tuberculous foci (area) were 4, 5f or 6 months of age. One final test will be started next month to discover whether there rre chronic effects of exposure to fumes in concentrations too low to produce pneumonia, which alter native susceptibi lity to tuberculosis. Animals kept in the fume chamber for 10 months rill at that time be removed to a normal atmosphere for a week and then infected with the sane kind of tubercle bacilli. From the nature of the scars in the lungs it is not anti cipated that the course of the superimposed tuberculosis will bn any different fro:.; that in unexposed controls. The results thus far observed constitute evidence for the view that severs inflammation of the lungs co-ss not necessarily influence the course of a tu berculous infection. They also indicate that exposure to even excessive concentra tions of arc welding fumes is unlikely to have a bad offset upon either fresh or old tuberculous foci (area) in a -.erker's lungs. Approximately 17.0,000 arc welders arc now enraged in industry. Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pit t.<o urgh, PenneyIvan ic. Summary of findings fro:.: Foundation-supported research on best X-ray procedures for industry--"A Comparison of Stereoscopic Miniature Chest Films Single Roentgenograms on Paper, and Single Roentgenograms on Large Films11 by Eugene ?. Pendergrass, l.r-., S. F;eid "Morrend, Jr., Sc.D, and D. E* Kar.gsnsen, M.S. of University f Pennsylvania, presented by Dr. Pendergrass at sixth annual meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation hold at Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Uov. 12. 1941 Single 14-inch by 17-inch roentgenograms on film and on paper, and stereo scopic 4-inch by 5-inch -and 35--nun photographs of the fluorescent screen image mere iicce during the sur.aer of 1941 by Mr. D. E. Huagensen of patients chosen by Dr. E. P. Pendergrass. Dr. Pendergrass, Dr. barren, and Mr. ilangensen, working with the manu facturers of the equipment used for producing miniature films, chose the techniques for all of the exposures. Several films or pairs of films were made of each patient by each method; those fiins differed considerably in density and contrast. The sub jects chosen by Dr. Pendergrass for this series of tests included a few patients whose chests v?ero normal and .many others whose chest films provided difficult diag nostic problems. After the files were made they were shown by Mr. Haagcnsc-n to 31 roentgeno logists in Philadelphia, 'Unshingtcn, New York, and Cincinnati. Each of these exami ners analysed the films of fro:* 6 to 12 patients and recorded his findings on forms. The examiner started by choosin'* from among the 35- mi films of a particular patient that stereoscopic pair which he liked best; he then noted whether he thought this fill adequate for survey purposes and briefly what he son in the film. He then proceeded to the 4-inch by 5-inch films of the some patient, then to the 14-inch by 17-inch paper, and finally to the largo filus. Finally after he had finished his examination of all of the: fil.is which time permitted him to examine he was asked v/hether he thought that paper roontgcnoc:ra;.:s, stereoscopic 4-inch by 5-inch fills, and stereoscopic 35-~r; filus were satisfactory for surveys involving (1) gross path ology of the chest (2) minimal tuberculosis, (3) silicosis, and (4) industrial surveys. Preliminary analyses of the date show that these roentgenologists believethat the order of merit for survey work of the four methods is: First--l.-inch by 17-inch films; Second--14-ir.ch by 17-inch pc-Mr. Third--stereoscopic 4-inch by 5-inch photographs of tno fluorescent screen l.;r.g. Fourth--stereoscopic 35-am photographs of the fluorescent screen io*cge Purpose Detectinm Gross Pathology of Chest Detectin'* Minimal Tuberculosis Detecting Silicosis For Industrial Surveys Percent A ;ora isinr Method c s Satisfactory 14 x 17 in. Stereoscopic Stcrcoscc :ic ?as<.r 1 Q.r\ 4 x 5 in. 90 35 ran. 63 33 53 20 36 67 21 39 79 24 These results should be cua ifled by the following facts: (1) Many of t ext .inert '"-ore not practiced in the c ? ire tier, of small films. (2) Definite im.pr ."onto in the techniques of producing oth h-inch by 5-inch filus ' nd 35` films b<.;n made since the films used in the o tests v-erc prepared. (3) Limited time as avail:bl to the examiners for oxarai. ation cf the test result:*. It is probable t the results tabulated above would ha e been modified in the direction of more .per. approval of the small films for surv yz if these difficulties had been avoided. / . <, ' h rn i. -- Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. Summary of findings from Foundation-supported research on "Reactions of Living Tissues to Silica Granules as Observed Microscopically in the Rabbit's Far Chanter,11 by Dr. Eliot R. Clark and Darrow E. Haagensen, M.3., Department of Anatomy, University of Pennsylvania, presented by Eugene P. Pendergrass, M.D., of University of Pennsylvania, at sixth annual meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation held at Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Nov. 12, 1941. The study of the reactions of living tissues to silica granules, as observ ed microscopically in double-walled chambers inserted in tho rabbit*s oar, has been extended during the past year to include the effect of a more massive dose of silica than was used previously, and also the effect of a second dose super-imposed on the single one used in earlier studies. With silica of particle size 1 to 3 microns (a micron 1/25,000 of an inch) from material provided us by Dr. L.U. Gardner, (Director, Saranac (NY) Laboratory) a very massive dose was forced into the tissue in a chamber which had been previously subjected to a moderate dose* The chamber was then observed for 10 months. The re sults did not differ materially from those obtained from the smaller single doses* No definite silicotic nodules were formed. The outstanding reaction was the phagocytosis (engulfing) of the silica particles by macrophages {`wandering cells), which remained visible, with their en closed silica, thruout the period of observation, and which showed a definite tenden cy to group together. Seme of the macrophages (wandering cells) merged to form giant cells which, after days or weeks, disintegrated without causing any noticeable reac tion. Evidence has accumulated which suggests that in regions where many silica laden macrophages aro grouped, there is more ready reaction to mild inflammatory irritants than elsewhere. The general conclusions from all these studies is that the presence in the tissuos of largo amounts of fine silica does not of itself lead to the formation of silicotic nodules, but that it may produce a condition which may form the basis for an exaggerated reaction to mild inflammatory irritants. Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. Abstract of a report on 'Employability by Dr. Henry H. Kessler Nodical Director, : Clinic, at sixth annual mooting of-Industri< Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Hov. 12 the Physically Hanideapped," Jersey Rehabilitation Hygiene Foundation held at A large number of persons handicapped by miner disabilities, but possessing great potentialities for functional performance, are being rejected for military ser vice and condemned as undesirable by industry. Thus a vast reservoir of man power is annually lost to the national economy. Failure tc employ these individuals is based not on proof of their incapa city to work, but on a deep-rooted prejudice. The social and economic condemnation of the physically handicapped is rationalized on the false assumption that physical appearance and physical performance go together. However, a man's capacity to work is not the result of his anatomical make-up. Kis native ability, his personality, and his training all contribute to his productivity. Physical defects ere of tro types: static and dynamic. The Iocs of a finger, a stiff joint, the paralysis of one muscle or muscle group, are stationary defects end rarely effect the individual's capacity to work. Tuberculosis, arthritis and similar systemic diseases are dynamic in that they effect the entire body and impair working efficiency. Rejection should be bused on the presence of diseased states and not on static defects, except whore job analysis in a specific vocation indicates 'unusual physical requirements. A disabled person may net only bo normally productive, but may actually excel in a chosen field. The ability of individuals with physical defects to be us fully productive as so-called normal individuals, is due largely to the safety fact The body can accommodate itself to 'unusual demands despite disease, or congenital, or acquired defects. Through self repair, regeneration, adaptation to new conditio ns. substitution of one structure for another, such os the skin for the kidney, the bod may perform efficiently. In this respect the largo reservoir of traits and capacit resemble an iceberg. Less than ICAi of the potential efficiency of the individual i called into play in the routine pursuits of life. Submerged, for use in on umorger. lie OCf' of the physical powers of the individual, The physical defect may even as a stimulus to ovcrccmpcnsation with oxtraoraia y physical activity. Abler ed a complete system of psychology b-seu or. the icon of organ inferiority. Ho stnt ca. that v:e arcequipped with materials that are rarely fully developed, yet with this i perfect development, good performances are turned out, just as our ancestors pro-due groat works with imperfect tools. Employers are reluctant to employ believe their defects make them accident or disprove this false contention. :q physically handicapped because they ;. There is enough data at hand tc h'hot has bean said about the sc-oallcd cver-urnc employee, accidents is much less among those .ysicniiy handicapped rca;, also be applied : audios-show that tho incidence of incustna0 to Tv then unonc those from 20 tc -10. 0 i . .. Dr. Kessler - Because of the powerful psycho-social prejudice on the part of industry and society toward the physically handicapped and the over-age employee, ordinary educa tional methods havo proved futile in finding a place for them in the national economy. This challenge has been met in a limited way by the United States government in 48 states. Agencies have been set up providing assistance to the handicapped by moans of spocial services, including physical restoration, functional training, and place ment. The objective is to reduce or remove the physical defect, provide special shills, and place them in positions consistent with their aptitudes and their limita tions. Only one state -- New Jersey -- has emphasized the objective of physical restoration. This, in my view, is paramount because only by removing the defect can productivity bo increased and psychological prejudice reduced. This policy has been in operation in New Jersey for more than 20 years. The correctness of this principle can be seen in its adoption by the government in its plans for tho rehabilitation of draftees. In this program 200,000 young men with dental defects, eye defects, cardiovascular diseases, musculo-skeletal defects, peroneal diseases, mental and nervous diseases, hernia, defects of ears, defects of feet, defective lungs, and other miscellaneous defects will be salvaged. The army expects to accept virtually all of these 200,000 after they undergo treatment by family physicians or dentists at federal expense. # The lesson is plain. If it is good policy for tho army to salvage un trained youths, it is of equal value to salvage the physically handicapped and over age employee with great potentialities for industrial service. MinrnffTffnr I Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, Pcnna. Abstract of discussion of the "Employability of the Physically Handicapped," by 4. 4. '.'.'alter, Director, Pennsylvania vState Bureau of Rehabilitation, at sixth annual meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation held at Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Uov. 12, 1941. Almost, one-tenth of the people in the United States meet with accidents annually, and trice this number are hone from work at least one week during the year because of illness. As a result of these disabling conditions, there are 4,000,000 persons with permanent physical impairments and the annual increase of new cases is about 300,000. The disabilities of about 67% do not prevent them from making their own employment adjustments. For the others, 260,000, it is necessary to provide special guidance, education and placement in order that they may engage in remunera tive employment. Seventy-five- thousand can be prepared for normal employment, and the rest must be- adjusted through a special environment such as sheltered workshops or occupations that can be carried on in their homes. Through expert counselling .for a suitable job, plus careful vocational preparation, the handicapped become trained reliable workers and are certified as being physically and mentally capable of doing the job. They present a group of more stable employees than the so-c&lled "physically perfect group", as shown by a study in one of our large industries. In order to carry out this experiment the physical examination was waived, and a group of handicapped workers studied with a group of non-handicapped workers. The investigation showed that among the nonhandicapped workers a greater percentage (8 per cent) resigned than of the handi capped workers. Also, that among the former group there was a greater percentage (7.4 per cent) removed from their jobs because they were not suited to the type of work. It showed that of the non-handicapped cases 2 per cent more were laid off, due to lack of work, than among the handicapped. The report of the committee which conducted the study said: "We are of the opinion that there- is no real reason why people possessing certain vocation defects should not be employed by large concerns." If the emphasis is placed on the individual's abilities and he is not placed in a job where his physical handi cap Trill penalize him, he will bo able to compete successfully and stand the pace of modern production just as well as those suffering from no handicaps. A recent review of those persons who were successfully rehabilitated in Pennsylvania for the year 1938-39, showed that more than 853 were, still employed at the time of the review which was one year after placement on the selected job. Think of this saving in Labor turnover with no increased hazard of accident. In not a single instance was a second accident reported. That employers are satisfied is evidenced by the figures showing that about 423 of these people still employed arc employed at an increase in wage. These figures for steadiness of employment, for reduction of labor turnover are without doubt equal to those found in any large industry and form a definite proof that, if correctly adjusted into suitable employ ment, the disabled man makes as satisfactory and as safe a worker as does the physi cally normal. The safety of the disabled was further verified in a study made in Fsnr.syivcr.ia in 1937. Only 175 or 0.63 of the 29,000 handicapped drivers of automobiles ;n that ycar were involved in accidents. On the other hand, 91,000 or 4 1/2ft of the o ther 2,000,000 drivers met with accidents. The nature of the disability often requires the selection of special typ:.: of pro ductive employment and the utilization of small business projects. On the hand there are plenty of examples ,-f me disabled fitting into regular Mr, "alter ----- 2 industrial activities in competition with normal persons. Today more than 10,000 handle?oped persons are employed by the Ford Company and about %% of the employees of the 7'estem Electric Company are physically disabled. A study of 6,097 rehabilitated persons revealed that they were working at 623 diff erent typos of jobs. Higher grade positions demanding ability and experience, a;s v:ell as other types of employments, v/ere being filled by disabled persons. The rapid expansion of production* in the national Defense Program, has increased the demand for workers and employers are now asking specified]^ for qualified disabled persons because they are not apt to be called for military ser vice; because of the need for skilled workmen; and. because of the recognized effici ency of disabled experienced workers by employers. Employers arc requesting rehabilitation departments to establish facilities to prepare disabled persons for specialized' occupations. In one State, a large con cern, which manufactures leather products, is being supplied by the rehabilitation service with workers fitted to meet that employer's job specifications. In an eastern State a plant manufacturing fire control apparatus is in a sinilar manner being supplied with disabled workers, selected in advance by their personnel office, and prepared by the- rehabilitation service to meet the specialized job requirements in that plant. Another employer of machine parts is operating an evening class in his own plant in cooperation with the rehabilitation service to prepare a group of disabled persons for his employment. This plan was made possible by previous placement with this employer of several injured workers, who proved very satisfactory* Several large optical companies are training persons in precision lens grinding. In one city disabled persons have beer, trained in a school of horology, formally one and half years arc required to prepare for water; repairing. This course has been adjusted to prepare in twenty week.-; handicapped persons for employ ment in a 'lent which manufactures aviation instruments. The viewpoint of the employer is outlined in the following statement by H. B. Duffus, Snfnty Engineer of V*ostir.ghcusc Electric and Manufacturing Company: "The- saying, 'IT 13 IIEVER TOO LATE TO ;3ID' has no 'better application than the occasion of the industrial employee who h- s through,. misfortune been deprived of some of his faculties to the extent that he is unable to continue on the jcb or profession that has provided him vith the necorsiti-.-s of life and a few of its pleasures, Because a workman loses an arm, a leg, his herring, or his sight, there is no reason why he should be considered as a loss to industry, Many of these men were machinists } electricians, boiler makers, foremen, pattern makers -- c couplets cross section jf our skilled workmen. In fact, there arc- 93,DC0 ind untrial employees who were perm:no-r.tly disabled ns a result of our 1940 industrial accident roll and several times that number v;hc were permanently disabled because o f accidents and disease outside the oia.nt. "I 'can recall many cases of There is a young fclie- who lost four Four years of training in the Trade 3 into a Junior Draftsman. Tht-rs was t punch press and v/h'ise .ambition aiv/uys a series -.,f special courses, sac TcC_ rehabilitation of industrial workers, ors while working on a milling machine -r.d our Drafting Department developed sc of the girl who lost three fingers been to become an inspector. Through t:.-. necessary training and is nov* a ve r -a b > Mr. Walter 3 efficient end valuable inspector. A woman twenty-one years old had her left hand amputated at the wrist. Further instruction in business, arithmetic, bookkeeping anc accounting nachir.cs qualified her for work in the factory office keeping certain accounts and doing comptometer work as a part of the job," The Pennsylvania Rehabilitation Service was invited by the Engineering Department of the Transformer Division of YTcstinghouse, located at Sharon, Pa., to assist 'he company with the selection of a number of workers for the drafting section. These workers have, been successful because their positions were carefully selected on the basis of personal fitness and adequate preparation. In addition, the sur mounting of difficulties in overcoming a physical handicap has built up character in the employees, a valuable factor for vocational efficiency. As stated by r. Dunn, Assistant Engineering Manager: "These young people are doing important work and doing it well; they have helped to meet the need for skilled draftsmen due to defense production; they have quickly adapted thonselves to the work. One of the young men made the highest grade in aptitude test3 in a group of 96 of our drafting appren tices." History is replete with cases to whoa adversity in the form of a. handicap was a challenge to fight and who turned misfortune into a blessing. Economically the investment by society to fit the handicapped for employment is sound. In fact, in one study it was found that for every dollar spent for rehabilitation, 47.00 was returned to society. Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. Abstract of address, "Protection of_Civilians and Industry in V'artime," by Or. George Baehr, Chief Medical Officer, U.S. Office of Civilian Defease, at sixth annual meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation, held at Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Nov. 13, 1941. The United States Director of the Office of Civilian Defense, Mayor F.H. LaGuardia urges the industrial physicians of the country to cooperate in the develop ment of plans of the Medical Division of the Office of Civilian Defense for the establishment of medical protective services in States along both seaboards and in vulnerable industrial centers in the interior. In all localities in these "target areas" of the country, an Emergency Medical Service is being organized with an out standing physician as local Chief of Emergency Medical Service. One of the essential responsibilities of the Emergency Medical Service is the organization of an Eaergoncy Medical Field Unit in ovary hospital in the "target areas", which must be ready to respond promptly at the call of the Control Center in the event of a local disaster caused by sabotage or accident or by sudden and un heralded bombing. In response to an appropriate alarm, Emergency Field Units v.*ill be despatched from hospitals in the area to set up casualty stations and advanced first aid posts close to the 3itcs of disaster. Another essential part of the plan of the Office of Civilian Defense calls for the organization and training of First Aid Detachments in every industrial plant, large business establishments and government departments in the country. Some indus trial plants have already organized such detachments for the protection of their em ployees in cooperation with the American Red Cross. It is important that similar First Aid Detachments be organized in each wing of every large industrial plant so that prompt first aid can be rendered to employees in the event of an accident or other disaster. Under the direction of the plant physician, the members of the de tachment should be thoroughly trained in first aid procedures and first aid drills should be held periodically thereafter. Each detachment should be in charge of a leader who has taken the advanced and instructor's courses in first aid of the Amer ican Red Cross and has been qualified as. an instructor. He and other qualified in structors should then proceed to extend first aid training to other employees. It is the object of the Office of Civilian Defense to spread first aid training widely throughout the civil population until ultimately there is someone trained in first aid in every vicinity and if possible in every house. Industrial physicians must be prepared to play .an important role in this undertaking. Of all physicians, they are among the best equipped by training and experience to assume a large share of tho leadership in Civilian Defense not only in their own industry but in the communities in which they live. The Office of Civilian Defense calls upon you to serve as loaders in your localities in the organization and operation of tho civilian protection services which will form an important part of our national defease. n\ I ; . . Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Filth Avenue Pittsburgh, Penna. Abstract of report of Membership Committee presented by C. 2. Ralston, Chairman (Safety Director* Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.) at sixth annual meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation held at Delian Institute, Pittsburgh, Nov, 13. 1941. Twelve companies have affiliated with the Foundation thus for this year. They are: Corhart Refractories Company Kasel-Atins Glass Company International Business Uachir.es Company Merest- & Company Minmisburg Paper Company Michigan Mutukl Liability Company . Neville Company Pittsburgh Clay Pot Company Plnskon Company Pyrene Manufacturing Company Standard Lime and Stone Company Toledo Edison Company Two of the above are old members who dropped out in lean years but renewed their memberships during 1941. Four companies resigned. Meanwhile General Motors Corporation has just advised us of its desire to affiliate, starting January. 1, 1942. It will be impossible to make a ^ull report on membership work until the end of the year. A campaign for new menbers is now in progress and we have reason to be optimistic about its results. The campaign lias been necessarily held up by the procedures involved in etoiging the Foundation's name. This change was advocated by the Membership Committee, as well ae many other persons interested in the Founda tion, at the meeting here one year ago. (After circulating the membership, and after the due processes of the law, the change from Air Hygiene Foundation to Industrial Hygiene. Foundation became official only recently} Increasing industrial activity tends to increase health hazards--and at a ^ir.e when this nation sorely needs maximum manpower. Therefore, the work of the Foundation is more important now than ever before. It helps companies keep precau tions apace with production, which is the only way wo can offset the increases in sick absences and occupational disease which inevitably accompany increase in indus trial activity. In endeavoring to fulfill this important function -- keeping precautions in stop with production -- the Foundation is performing more and more field work for its member conphnies. During the past year our industrial hygienist, Mr. F. S. Mnllatte, covered approximately 25,0CO males in making plant surveys and "trouble shooting" where new processes were being installed, or new materials introduced with questionable health effects. Survey work was performed in seven states. In August, the Staff Hygienist flew 2,700 miles in throe days covering emergency 'work in plants scattered from Oklahoma to How Jersey. During midsummer, three hygienists were kept busy on f meeting the- demand for survey work. Three companies rr? now utilising this survey service on a year-eround basis. Several other member companies are seriously considering a similar arrangement, which has many advantages. r.r\ 'J Hr, Ralston -- 2 3 Another membership service developed during the year, and which promises to prove highly valuable to members, is the consultation on exhaust ventilation systems. Companies planning to install such systems should submit their plans to the Foundation for a double check. This service becomes possible through the engi neering study which the Foundation is supportion at University of Pennsylvania. In closing, let me call attention to the importance of the Foundation's research on industrial health. Research doesn't excite uc when we refer to it as one of the benefits companies derive from their membership. But Dr. L. U. Gardner's report yesterday, showing that arc welding fumes do not seen to affect susceptibi lity to tuberculosis, is of immense importance. It is definite word at last on this much discussed subject. This investigation emphatically illustrates the value of the Foundation's research for its members and for all industry -- which is just another reason why all industry should vigorously support Industrial Hygiene Founda tion. If any further argument for the Foundation were needed, Mr. Andrew Fletcher supplied it yesterday when he said -- to approximate the absenteeism loss in your own plant, multiply the number of workmen by ^70 per year. Please bear in mind that this organization was started by industry itself and that it is a real symbol of enlightened industrial management and leadership. hum r - - n -~ ^ 'j - J : t Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Abstract of report on "Industrial Hygiene at ork in the Defence Indus tries" to be presented Thursday, iiovi_12, 1941 at the sixth annual meeting of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation at ..Icllon Institute, Pittsburgh, by :arrer. A. Cock t -:>n,- +v President /.neuaienn Industrial Hygiene Association, Zurich Oener^l Accident ?t Liability Insurance- Company, Chicago. The purpose of industrial hygiene today is to work out methods whereby industry can utilize the optimum material and processes for a given purpose even though such material or process may involve a potential health hazard. By incor porating such protective methods as the industrial hygienist stipulates, these can in practically every case be used without causing injury to the health of workers. Among the several examples of .materials and processes being introduced in the defense industries are the potential hazards presented by the rapidly developing magnesium foundry industry. In addition to the usual dust exposures which must bo controlled in foundry practice, there is the added exposure of sulfur dioxide pro duced when the hot metal is poured into the mold in which sulfur is incorporated to reduce the oxidation of the ncta.1. It is probable that exposure to ammonium 3ilicofluoridc, which may be used to replace part of the sulfur and exposure to carbon di sulfide, used in testing the sulfur content of the sand, are r.ot sufficient to produce any demonstrable injury but these exposures should be checked so that exces sive absorption of those materials can be avoided before poisoning actually results. Carbon tetrachloride has been used in connection r'ith resin core washes particularly where thin sections require smooth finishes. Here it is necessary to guard not only against the exposure to the carbon tetrachloride vapor itsc-lf, but also to make sure that there is no exposure to phosgene into which the carbon tetra chloride is hydrolyzed if this vapor comes in contact with incandescent surfaces ir. core ovens or from freshly poured castings. Phosgene has its purposes as a war gas but it has no place in the foundry. The more extensive use of benzol in many industrial operations where toluol had formerly been employed, is also brought out as a condition which needs to be very carefully checked since demands of the munitions industry have drained the general toluol market. Even toluol may produce its narcotic effect on workers in the airplane industry where such confined areas as the blind end of the fuselage must bo spray-coated. The manufacturer is cautioned aty ir.st becoming so occupied with direct pro duction problems that he overlooks industrial hyyiene. Industrial hygiene is just os much a matter cf efficient production *3 is the provision of properly tempered tools. Another cautions operctions previously innocuous may cause health injury on longer or more continuous exposure incident to increased production schedules. As a case ir. point, fatal poisonings have occurred in an operation involving one of the moderately toxic solvents which had previously been used on shorter schedules without any injury to health. The value of putting industrial hygiene to work in defense industries is this ----- nnn-pcwsr can be kept on an efficient level. C n U ; -r " ' . ' Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, Penna. Abstract of preliminary report on a Foundation-supported study, "An Evaluation of Present Exhaust Ventilation for the Control of Industrial Health Hazards," by Theodore Hatch end Robert H. F'alpole, Jr., Department of Public Health and Preventive .Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, presented by Professor Hatch at sixth annual meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation held at Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Mov. 13, 1941. Two important situations stand out with respect to the present procedures in designing of systems of exhaust ventilation: 1. the design is almost entirely empirical; 2. the performance of systems so designed has not been extensively correlated with the degree of control which is produced. There is need for collec tion and tabulation of design data, the use of which will provide for more exact control of dusts, fumes, vapors and gases. Exhaust ventilation is applied to numberless industrial processes and to many verities of the same process. Eecanse of the variables encountered, it is stated that design problems cannot be reduced to basic engineering re-lo.tionsiiips and that since great factors of safety must be employed power consumption is only of secondary interest. Recognizing the importance of the variable factors involved and the reliance which must be placed upen previous experience, it seems proper to inquire to what extent empirical data, based upon experience, can be translated into more basic data which will have more general application. One may also investigate the possibilities of reducing power consumption 7.*ithout sacrificing efficiency of control. Dust and other contaminants are dispersed into the air by definite forces. The function of an exhaust hood is to establish counter-forces widen will prevent the escape of the contaminant. In a basic engineering approach to the design of exhaust hoods, the forces of dispersion must be recognized and evaluated ar.d related to hood performance. The major objective of the proposed investigation is to estab lish such relationships. It is recognized, hov.-ovc:r, that many problems cannot be solved in this way and, also, that only a few of all the processes requiring venti lation can be studied. A general revision of dosign procedures and the complete elimination of empirical data are not anticipated. The development of a method of investigation will, in itself, be of value. It is hoped, for example, that through the use of such a method, the manufacturers of contaminant-producing equipment will be able to study the characteristics of their own machines and develop standards of ventilation. Such original studios will help to remove the present difficulties encountered in applying ventilation to machines and processes as an after-thought, so to speak. At the outset of this investigation, the recent literature on exhaus ventilation has been collected and a bibliography, arranged by industry or pro cess prepared. The list of references is net complete but sufficiently so to she" that the volume of published material is net great. The importance of exhaust vent tion in the control of industrial health hazards and the cost of installing an operating such equipment ore great enough today to warrant a more complete tro of the subject. The bibliography is attached. t-r ~rri h rn . -- t u \ REFERENCES ON 2X2AU3T VENTILATION 1930-1041 GENERAL Air Dilution in Industrial Ventilation, Parts I, II, IIIt IV. V/.C.L. Heneon. Heat ing ana Ventilating. 1,37, 39-43, Hcv. 1940 -- IX, 37^ 42-45, Dec. 1940 -- III, 53, 40-42, Fsb. 1941 -- IV, 33, 71-74, Mar. 1941. Are V/e Controlling Dust? 5.W. Gurney and D.S. 3eyer. National Safety Nev;s. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Jan. 1935. Are You Buying an Exhaust System, Part I, Fixing Suitable Branch Pressures and Obtain ing workable Pining. F.F. Kravath. Heating and Ventilating. 3j3, 16-i8, Aug. 1939. Characteristics of Cloth Filtors on Coal' Dust-Air Mixtures. A.H. Mumford, A.A. ilaricson, T. Ravese, Trans. A.S.M.E. 52, 271, 231, May 1940. Collection and Reclaiming Silicosis Lusts in Roofing-Coating Industry. Penna. Dept, of Labor and Industry, Safe Practice Bulletin No. 3, 1939. The Control of Industrial Dust; The Problem of Local Exhaust and General Ventilation. J.M. DailaValle. Meehan. Engr., 55_, 621-624, Oct. 1933. Design of Duct V.'oric for Exhaust Systems. *Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., Prev. Eng. Series Bulletin No. 2, Part 5, 1938. Design of Exhaust Hoods. Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., Prev. Eng. Series Bulletin No. 2, Part 4, April 1938. Design of Ezhaust Hoods for Dust Control Systems. T.P. Hatch. Jour. Ind. Hyg. & Tex. 18, No. 9, Nov. 1936. Design of Industrial Exhaust Systems. John L. Alden. Published by Industrial Press, 148 Lafayette St., New York, N.Y. 22C Pages. Determination of Cloth Area for Inchistrial Air Filters. C.E. Williams, Theodore Hatch, Leonard Grcenburg. Heaving, Piping, Air Conditioning, April, 1940. The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust. J.J. Bloomfield; J.M. DaliaVaile. U.8. Pub. Health Bulletin No. 217, April 1335, Dust and Fume Control -- A Practical Approach. H.3. Meller; F.S. Mallette. Occ. Hazards. 2, no. 11, 8-10, 12, 32, Sept. 194*0. Dust Collection Systems. Concrete, Cara-. Mill Ed., 47, 147-149, April 1939. Dust Collection. K.P..A. Davies. Jour. Ind. Heating Vent. Engrs. (British), 5^ 317-336, 1937. Dust Collection. C.A. Synder. National Safety Mews, 37^, 16, 34, March 1933, *Sir.cc this publication has been issued the name of the organization has boon charred to Industrial Hygiene Foundation. n ^ -- ^ l ' > . .. . References on Exhaust Ventilation - 2 Dust Control, Parts I, II, III. F.F. Kravath. Heating and Ventilating. Part I, pp. 38-41, March 1940 -- 3?^ Part II, pp. 39-42, April 1940 -- 37, Part III, pp. 36-38, May 1940. Dust Control Methods in an Asbestos Fabricating Plant. R.T. Page; J.J. Bloomfield. U.S. Public Health Reports. 32, 1713-1727, Mot. 26, 1937. Dust Control, present and future desi.-a considerations. T.F. Hatch. Meehan. Engin eering. 57, 154-156, March 1935. Dust Control System Design, Installation and Operation from the Commonsense Stand ee int. F.F. Kravath* Heat. & Vent., 5S, 28-31, June 1941. Dust, Fume, and Gas Elimination by Proper Prevention. R.A. Brehm. Occup. Hazards, 3, 6-10, 31-32, March 1941. Economical Dust Control v-lth Low Resistance Exhaust Systems. F.F. Kravath. Part I. Analysis of the Problem. Kent, and Vent., 37, 40-42f Oct. 1940. Part II. Hood and Branch Connections. Heat, and Vent. 37, 27-29, Nov. 1940. Part III. Branch Junctions and Changes. Heat, and Vont. 37, 40-41, Dec. 1940* Part IV. Filter Connection and Fan Selection. Heat, and Vent, 38, 33-35, Feb. Part V. Summary - A Sample System. Heat, and Vent. 38, 33, Mar. 1941. Part VI. Plenum Chamber System. Heat, and Vent. 38, 3S-38, April 1941. 1941. Economy In the Design of Exhaust Systems. Hyg. Sect., 1,, 54-59, Oct. 1940. T.F. Hatch. Industrial Medicine, Ind. Effective Exhaust Systems. John M. Kane. National Safety Nows, Aug. 1939. Exhaust Hood, Collectors, and Fans Design to Control Dust. Brick and Clay Record. 98, 51-52, Feb. 1941. Exhaust Ventilation -- Suction Versus Airflow. William N. Witheridge. Occup. Hazards. 2j No. 11, p. 21-22, 31, Sept. 1940. Factors to Consider in Designing Dust Removal Systems* C.C. Hermann* Abrasives, 13, 14-16, 60, Sept, 1937. Fan Selection 6c Nomenclature, A.A. Bercstneff. Refrigeration Engineering, 52, 175-179, 1936. The Flov/ of Air, and its Distribution Through Ducts. J.R. Sv.lckl. Part I. Frictionless Flow and Velocity Head, Heat, and Vent., 3, 15-17, Feb.1939. Part II, Flow with Friction-Ducts v.lth Equal Friction. Heat, and Vent., 35, March 1939. Part III. Elbov/s and Miscellaneous Resistances. Heat, and Vent., 56. 51-53, April 1939. Part IV. Duct Layouts. Meat, and Vent., 36., 43-50, May 1939. Parts V and '/I. Fan Lav/s and Fan Selection. Heat, and Vent., 36, 44-45, June 1939; 64-66, July 195S. Fundamental Factors in the Design of Exhaust Systems. T.F. Hatch. Meehan. Engineer ing. Feb. 1936. Fundamentals Relating to the Design and 3noration of Exhaust Systems. T.F. Hatch at -A. American Standards Exhaust Code Committee No. ASA-39, American Standards Asscc., Now York, 1936* n ' ~~ L, ^ . References cn Zxheust Ventilation - 3 Industrial Dust Control Threurh Exhaust Systems. Fayetteville, Pa. 1936. V/.O. Vedder. Cruft Press, Inc.* Industrial lusts and Their Control. 1934. T.F. Hatch. Safety Engineering. j27, 26, June Lov: Velocity Exhaust Systems. T.F. Hatch. Heat. and Vent., 37_, 27-20, Oct. 1040. Hov; To Design Inhaust Hoods for Quartz Fusing Operations. 2.C. Riley and J.M. DaliaValie, Heat, and Vent., 37, 23, April l04C. Methods for Controlling the Dust Hazard. A.D. Brandt, Sc.D. Metal Cleaning & Finishing. 9_t 281-288, April, 1937. Modem Methods of Removing; Dust. F. Prockat. Statib, No. 6, 249-287, June 1938. Operation and Maintenance of Cloth Screen Dust Collectors. V/.F. Horry. Keating, Piping and Air Cond. 5^, 259-304, May, June 1933. Physical Methods for the Elimination of the Dust Hazard in Industry. E.X. Green; H.H. Watson. Lied. Research Council Spec. Report No. 199, 1935. Prevention of Silicosis Through Engineering Control. Bulletin No. 21, Part 2. U.S. Dept, of Labor, 1933. Practical Design of Exhaust and Dlov/er Systems. E.V,'. Favalorc. lishing Co., Inc. Now York, N. Y., 1935. 269 pages. Edwin A. Scott Pub Principles of Exhaust Hoed Design. J.M. DallaVulle. O.S. Public Health Service, 1939. Profits in Air. 194*9. C.G. Conn, Ltd., F.A. Westbrook. Heat, and Vent., 3, 39-40, June Profits in Air-Ford Motor Co. C. Strock Heat, and Vent., 37, 32-38, June 1940. Profits in /dr: Wcodv.-orklng Plants. T,F. Hatch; R.3. Nortfcrup 57, 53-33, Feb. 1940.. Heat, and Vent., Progress in Industrial Sanitation v/ith Special Reference to the Control of Industrial Dust. T.F. Hatch. Am.Jcur.of Pub.Health, 27, 671-679, July 1937. Protecting Plant Manuower-Preventive Measures. Theodore Hat^h. Special Bulletin No. 3, Page 13, U.S. Dept, of Labor, Liv. of Labor Standards. Recent Dust Exhaust Apparatus. F. Prockat. Stcub. No. 6, 249-237, 1937. Removal of Dust and Furies; Nev: Departures. C.Yf. Price. Tines Trade and Eng., 42, No. 883,Factory Welfare Sect. P.X. Feb. 1058. Tho Size and Frequency of Industrial Dust 48, 961, 1933. J. Bloomfield, U.S. Pub Health Reco Studies in the Dc. im of Local Zxhcust Hoods An. Soc. Mech. Enjr. 54, 31-37, July 1932. J.M. DallaValle; T.F. iiatch Cu . - References on Exhaust Ventilation - 4 Tentative Code of Recommended. Practices for Testing and Measuring Air glow in Exhaust Systems. ~J.R. Allan, Chr.T Ina. Hygiene Codes CGmm. Am, Fouadrymens Assoc. A.F.A. Reprint No. 36-27# Velocity Characteristics of Hoods under Suction. J.M. DallaValie. Heating, Piping and Air Cond,, 4^ 270, 1932. When is Dust Control Effective? J.J, Bloomfield. National Safety News. 32...17, Dec. 1932. ABRASIVE WHEELS, GRINDING AND PORTABLE GRINDING Abrasive Wheel Manufacture, Technical Control of Dust. FF. Kravath. Penna. State Dapt* of Labor and Industry* Safe Practice Bulletin No. 13, 1939, Control of Abrasive Dust. F.B* Jacobs. Mill & Factory, 19_, 45-48, July 1936 -- 19^, 50-52, 120, Aug. 1936 -- 19, 56-59, Sept. 1936. Down-Draft Exhaust Aids Finishing Department. Stool. 107, 30, Nov. 11, 1940. Grinding and Sanding Castings Without Dust. Iron Age. 146. 51, Sept. 12, 1940. Portable Hand Grinders. Foundry Safety-Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 3, No. 1, June 1939. Tentative Code: of Recommended Practices for Grinding, Polishing, and Buffing Equip ment Sanitation. J.R. Allan,. Chr., Ind. Hyg. Codes Ccmm. A.F.A. Am. Foundrymen's Assoc. Reprint. 36-28, Dec. 4, 1936. CERAMIC Dust Control in Industry. T.C. Angus. Industrial Welfare. 20, 171-177, May 1928. Dust Hazards and their Control in a Ceramic Industry. T.C. Angus and Donald Stewart, Jour. Ina. Hyg. & Tox. 19_, No. 1, Jan. 1937. Dust Prevention and Elimination. Ceramic Ind. <8, 299-302, April 1937, Elimination of Dust in a Porcelain Plant. A.24. Morris. Ceramic Industry, June 1939. How to Control Dust in Clay Plants. John H. Kane. Brich and Clay Record. 91^, 69-71, Aug. 1937. Plant Engineering for Dust Elimination. A.M. Morris. Proceedings of the Ceramic Section, Div. Safety it Hygiene Ina. Comm, of Ohio, April 18, 19, 20 Redesign. of forking Booths to Reduce Dust Count3. Ceramic Ind. 32, 60, Jan. 1929. Reduce Dust Co'ints to a Minimum with Redesigned Booths. Ceramic Ind. 30, 68-70 April 1928. V'hct's the Best '-'/ay to Remove Duat? Ceramic Ind. 34 , 65- 66, 8, 70, 72, 74, 76, o April 1040. - --- References on Exhaust Ventilation - 5. 'foundry ADC's of Industrial Dust Control* ?.cy P. warren. Occup Hazards and Safety. 1r, 8-10, July 1939 -- 1, 11-13, Aug. 1939 -- 1^ 14-18, Sept. 1959. The -Indication of Dust Control Principles to Foundry Operations. R.R. Meigs. Second New England Regional Foundry Conference, M.X.T. April 8, 1938. Calcimine and Good Housekeeping. Mar. 1936. Frank G. Steinbach. The Foundry Magazine. 64, 22 A Case History of Dust. J.B. Lamenzo. Occup. Hazards and Safety. 1^, No. 7, 19-21, April, 1939. Cleaner Mr for the Foundry. E.O. Jones. National Safety News. Sept. 1934. Dust Collection and Control. American Foundrymen's Assoc., Reprint 35-22. Dust Collection Needs Correct Hood Design. J.G. Liskov;. National Safety News. 42, 52, Aug. 1940. Dust Collection in the Foundry. 191-208, 1955. S.D. Uoxley. Trans. Am. Foundrymen's Assoc. 43, Dust Concentration in Foundries. Theodore Hatch; C.2. Y/iiliams; B.G. Dolin. Xnd. Bulletin. N.Y. State Dept, of Labor, 18, 39-95, Fob. 1939, Dust Control in Foundries. V/.T. Cameron. Proc. 11th All Ohio Safety Congress. 266-272, 1340. Dust Control in the Foundry. C.A. Snyder. Metal Industry. 35, 349-350, July 1937. Dust Control in the Foundry Industry. J.D. Leitch; L.B. Leppard. Mimeographed pam phlet 10 pp. Div. Xnd. Hygiene, Ontario Dept, of Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dust Control; Silicosis Prevention. Verne A. Zimmer. Brass and Aluminum Foundry. No. 40, Not. 9, 1940.-- No. 41, Dec. 7, 1940 -- Feb. 1941. The Dust Hazard in Foundries. L.H. Merritt. Ohio Ind. Comm. Monitor, 1Z, 99-1C2 July 1940 -- Occup. Hazards, 3, No. 11, 13-20, Sept. 1940. The Exhaust of Foundry Shakeouts. John M. Kane. Foundry Safety. Liberty Mutual Ir.s. Co. No. 1, June 1939. Exhaust Requirements for Foundry Dust Control. John M. Kane. Foundry Magazine. 66, 30-32, Jan. 192S. Foundry Dust Control. Foundry Safety. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co. 1,, No. 2, June 1937. Foundry Dust Control Measures. T.F. Hatch. N.Y. State Dept, of Labor, Xnd. Bulletin. 17, 114-113, Mar. 1933. The Foundry Dust Hazard and its Central. M.F. Trice. Jour. American Pub. Health Assoc., 760-710, -j uly iOtO. C- ^ deferences on Exhaust Ventilation - 6. Good Housekeeping in the Foundry* 2.G. Waiter. An. Foundrymen* s Assoc. Good House keeping Conference. Reprint 37-30; 34-36, 1937. Good Housekeeping-at Falk. The Foundry Magazine. Feb., Mar. 1933. Good Housekeeping in a Steel Foundry. 1.2. Turner. Safe Practice Bull. No. 69, Penna. Dept, of Labor and Ind, June 1941 -- Safety Engineering, 82, 11-14, Aug. 1941. Methods of Dust Control. J.D. Leitch. Trans. Am. Fouadryaen* s Assoc. 43, 209-221 1935. No Dust, Batter Health. More Output. A. Van Vlissingen. Fact. Man, & Main. 93, 79-61, Sept. 1940. The Removal of Dust in Foundry Shakeouts of Largo-Steel Castings. Safe Practice Bulletin No. 61, Penna. Stato Dept, of Labor and Ind. 1941. The Removal of Silica Dust from Lar;?e Casting Three Crane Sizo. P.S. Tanner. Occup. Hazards. 2, 8-10, 23, Feb. 1940, Silicosis in the Foundry. Carey P. McCord. National Founders Assoc., 29 S, LaSalle St,, Chicago. Why Not a Dust-Froe Foundry. C,3. Gordy, Fact. Man. & Main. 97^ 79-80, Mar. 1939. Won*t Have Dust. Arthur Van Vlissingen. Fact. Man. & Main. 95^, 83, Sept. 1937, GRAIN Dust Control. C.J, Alger* Am. Miller. 24-25, May 1940. Dust Control in Grain Elevators. U.S, Dept, of Agriculture, 1929. Hyitoa R. Brown; J.O. Reed. Bulletin No. 1373, The Removal of Floating Dust in Grain Elevators. Report of Committee of Under.vritors Laboratories, National Safety Council. 1924. GRANITE CUTTING Control of the Silicosis Hazard in the Hard Rock Industries -- A Laboratory Study cf the Design of Dust Control Systems for Use v.ith Pneumatic Granite Cutting Teels. T.F. Hatch; Philip Drinker; Sarah P. Choate. Jour. Ind. Hyg. & Tox. 12, No. 3, ?. 75, Mar. 1930. Dust Control. I. Exhaust Devices for Hand Pneumatic Tools. and Vent., 37, 41-45, June 1940. Y.hC.L. Hemeon. Heat, Dust Control in the Granito Industry. W.C.L, Homcon. -Heat. andVont., 37^ 41-43, Aug. 1940. Dust Control in the Granite Industry Jc D. Leitch. Jour. Ind. Hyg, n ^ y. % .*5 ~ 1 No. 10, Dec. 1936* References on Exhaust Ventilation - 7. Granite Dust Control, I.* 3anker Exhaust Ventilation# M. Sowditeh, Dir., Mass. Dept, erf Labor and Industries, Div. of Occupational Hygiene, May 1038. Requirements for Sat Control in Stone Cutting. T.F. Hatch; W.3. Harris. N.Y. State lad. Bulletin, IS# 379-081, Dec, 1959. A. Study of Efficiency of Dust Removal Systems in Granite Cutting Plants. U.S. Public Health Reports, 44, 2505-.2522, Oct. 1929. Ventilation in the Granite Industry. Edward C.J, Urban# Jour. Ind. Hyg. & Tox, 21, No. 3, March 1939. Dust Control. II. Exhaust for Surfacing Machines & Abrasive Blasting. W.C.L. Hemeon. Heat, and Vent., 37, 54-53, July 1940. MINING AND 0R3 G0NC3NTRATI0N OPERATIONS Catching the Dust from a Hamper Mill. C.C. Ralston; J.E. Conley# Mines Report on Investigations, 3533, 1941# Dust: Its Hazard, Control and Collection with Especial Reference G. E. Lynch. Min. & Met. 19, 516-520, Doc. 1938. Dust Control in Large Scele Ore Concentrating Operations. Robert Inst. Min. & Met. Engr. T.P* 1225, Mining lech. 4, Sept* 1940* U.S. Bureau of & to Surface Plants. T. Pring* Am. Dust Control at the Kbllinger Milling Plant* P.J. Dunlop. Trans. The Canadian In stitute of Mining and Metallurgy, 42, 164-184, 1939. Dust Control in Mining Operations. J.T. McIntyre. Jour. Chen. Min. 3c Met. Soc. So. Africa, 33, 145-147, Sept. 1937. Ore Concentration end Milling. E.W. Engeimann. Min. & Met. 21, 38-38, Jan. 1940. Solving the Dust Problem. F.W, Ortnan, Jr. Safety Engineering. 75^, 13-16, Apr. 1938. TAKE VENTILATION Health Hazards Ja. Chromium Plating. J.J. Bloomfield; '.Vm. Blum. Public Health Reports 43, 2330, 1928.' Control of Chromic Acid Mists from Plating Tanks. E.C. Riley; F.H, Goldman. Public Health Reports, 52, 172, 1937. Nev: Data for Practical Design of Ventilation for Electroplating. W.P. Battista; Theodore Hatch; Leonard Greeaburg. Heating, Piping and Air Cond., 32, No. 2, pp. Si85, Feb. 1941. Ventilation of Plating Tanks. Allen D. Brandt. Ind. Med., 10, No. 7, July 1941 -- Ind. Kyg, Section, 2, section 3. 0Au - References on Exhaust Ventilation - 8. Fundamental Factors in the Design of Lateral Exhaust &>cd3 for Industrial Tanks, Leslie Silvemaiijr- Jour. lad. Hyg. & Tox. 23, No. 5, May 1941. Safe Operation of Degreasing Tanks using Trichlorethylene. W.B. Harris; C.B. Ford; F.A. Patty; T.F. Hatch. Am. Jour. Pub. Health, 29_, 03, 1939. Trichlorethylene Degreasing Tan-cs and Their Safe Operation. VLB. Harris; C.B. Ford; F.A. Patty; T.F. Hatch. Industrial Bull., N.Y. State Dept, of Labor, 13_, 132-134, Mar. 1939. Ventilation of a Trichlorethylene Degreaser. V/. IT * V.'itheridge; H.T. Walworth. Jour. Ind. Hyg. & Tox. 22^ 175, 1940. Ventilation of Wire Impregnating Tanks Using Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. C.P. Yaglou; F.YL Sands; P. Drinhor. Jour. Ind. Hyg. & Tox. 20, 401, 1938. Essentials of Design for Stoam Exhaust Hoods Based upon Open Tank Tests. T.F. Hatch; W.F. Battista. N.Y. Stato Dept, of Labor Industrial Bulletin, 19, 115, May, June 1940. Industrie! Hygiene Foundation 44C0 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, Ferula Abstsset of report on "A Plan for Protecting Health of Top Executives." by R. Jones, Medical Officer, Bell Telephone Company of Pennsyl vania, at sixth annual nesting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation held at .Mellon Institute*'Pittsburgh, Novi 13. 1941. Our problem in a service organization is not how to get man-power, but on the contrary, to know how well our mar-power will hold up--how well it is going to ?tork. yre are attempting to evaluate the physical potentialities of all our top supervisory employees with all known and tested means that can be brought to the hands of the physician in industry, and by a vxe11-coordinated endeavor, attempting to give to those at the top of industry, a cold, positive appraisal of themselves. At the request of Dr. A. J. Lanza, Chairman of the Foundation's "ledicrl Committee, I an announcing to you the initiation of this endeavor in the following outline. 1. SCOPE OF EXAMINATION: The scope of this examination should cover all knom tests of v*lue used by the physician in his effort to know how well his patient is living. To use the word, health in this work seemed inadequate, because good health is accepted by most of us to mean just a passive freedom froa disease. e, therefore, set up an examination that could be. ms.de as a record so that v/hen com pleted we woulc. be- able to report to tho individual, on each phase of th exac%&tion, in a positive manner, rather than express a negative- opinion such as a state ment that the subject is in ''good health." Then, too, if serious impairments are found, it will alio?.* the bringing into the- case for the examinee, his own physician, so as to me'ce acceptable to him the constructive evaluation of the examination. This examination as directed for the upper supervisory group of the company consists of the following steps and points to be covered2 FIRST STAGE: 1. Urinalysi3, complete with microscopical study of centrifuged sediment. 2. Complete count of the peripheral blood with the differential count of the white blood cells, and henagiebin in percentage (Dare Hemaglobinometer used). 3. Vasserman - Kefcn blood test. 4. Blood chemistry to compute nitrogen in the form of non-protein nitrogen; Creatin; Sugar; and Chlorides in form of Sodium Chloride. 5. Teleoroentgenograa of chest with measurements of heart to age and size, using the Uhgerleider and Clark Standards. 6*- Electrocardiographic Tracing. SECOND STAGS: (Generally one week later.) Physical examination with record of Family History, Past Personal History, Present Personal History (habits); this physical examination is made by the physician with the guidance of the labora tory reports. It is also stipulated that if *ny points in the examination at this stage develop, the examining physician must provide for the further indicated studies, and have them completed before going into t'-u nc-xt succeeding step. This is done carefully and is added to the record in detail on form provided. THIRD STAGE: The exnninin s physician, then being in possession of all the accumulated data, is required to v/ri to a summary as he sees the case, and then pre sent it to another associate of the staff for review and consultation. Following this, an expression of conclusion is agreed upon, and so written into the report, The examinee is now called back for .a resort of his record. CO-iS ' . ' Dr. Jones -- 2 * Tills final report is interesting. It is not being given at all in the negative fashion of assurance to the patient by his friend and advisor - his doctor. It is being given in the positive- manner ns that which his examination has developed in comparison vitfc the accepted averages. No detail of the examination is onitted. Explanation is offered as to methods used in the laboratory for these various exami nations. Every effort is rat'de to gain the interest of the nan, not alone in the result, but in the method, always being careful to give a fair construction to the variables one must expect to find. The final expression is never made in any semblance to a superlative never an excellent, but rather a rating stated as "a reasonable state of health.'' By wry of explaining that expression, we endeavor to confer no guarantee or immunity to disease In reporting positive findings that in our judgment we feel have a definite implication we arc careful to only advise that he see his personal physician for his evaluation and remedial treatment. ?.rc feel that we should not enter into remedial medicine, but should conduct our work on a research basis. Such is the scope of the examination. This study has been made on only approximately one hundred executives, divided among many departments. To overcome any eiabarrassuent when the case warran ted, we determined to bring into the examination the personal physician of the nan under examination for a personal report of the conditions: found, and discussion-of the proper evaluation to be placed on the findings. Then'when finally agreeing1; on the. evaluation, with the employee's consent, taking tka'recommendation, previously agreed upon, to his superior, with the definite recommendation of what to do for the nan, in the interest of the roan alone. I can report of still another phase where from a Company standpoint alone it has been helpful. It so happened among such a snail group of to? men that wc were able to demonstrate to their individual satisfaction several with either bad hearts, or potentially bad, but not one to a degree where it was thought wise to insist that the individual's case bo reviewed by his superior. But with the Superior of this group in conference, this general-over-all picture was made clear, and a recommendation of the Medical Advisor for additional personnel to share the general load was readily agreed to. This was one of the first groups reached and the chief of this department has committed himself to me ns not only being satisfied that it was a wise move--but he relates an increase in what night be termed "production," to justify the expenditure required. Finally this question is asked--v/hat does it mean to the individual to know not only that he is in a reasonable state of health, or how he rates in various tests? My only answer at this time is how the reports have been received. First of all, the top nan takes the examination, is satisfied with the scope, and routine and manner of reporting. He voluntarily expressed his appreciation then to department heads and their staffs. Up to this time I can only report on approximately ICO examinations completed. Not in one case (they have not all been happy reports) have I found a disinterested individual. I have heard only commendation for the Company in instituting the procedure, and my associates and I have been embarrassed by the compliments.