Document pByk5bxmqx5M3X4XeoRd0JM9d

i ib h W M * i i i ili> . i <iw4lh*' wA lh l Mi l * t * * i iiil lWiMS! HiMtii,.i WinwaftW *l tm w i iw. U iw .ii .. . m u m,,, 1,1 I -- . .........................wm -- i b LIA15786 jffiflWifMnfflrifni- ; *1 Mffbflti iriSWi ii LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, INC,. n b w rem ir.m atf.fl rmira -w a x mums k w * 0. f. ML*haal &UWr. Plastic* P**l*a 4 ProPlaa Ob* of th# bO*t arrltlng pba#*a of th* ftatutlc tochnoleglcal grorth this cvRti7 bu oq>*rl*nc#d aloe* tb* *ad of World War 21 h* ba tb* ir|Wi and (rwtb of ayntbstlc batarlala -- plastlca as thy *r* bor* tvsnnrly c*H*d. 0*rtaialy, tb** malarial# bar* eostrlbutad web to tb* *oonf,l* and t*chaologlcl advan*# aad* la this country la tb* past d*cad*. W*, la tb* plastic* Industry, Ilk* to think that oar Industry ha* Just mmrgti treb tb* infancy stag* -- that it 1* atlll a vigorously growing child with tb* world at It* f*t. True, w* har* b**n d**lt * rabor of setbacks; latraca^otltloa haa h*eob* a flare* thing, tot you still eaa't oooaldar aa a satur* industry: Thar* la till *o aucb to b* laaroad about plastics la g*nsral, *o many n*w typo* of polywara to b* discovered, *o aany nr ways to upgrade present plastlca hare yet to ba triad, *o basgr Manufacturing and prone* ring technique* baa* yat to ba p*rf*ctd or inrectsd. lot'* tak* a look and ** bow thl* "woador* child baa grots (flgur* l). la yoa oaa ** by tbas* flgura* for tb* production of *ystbtlc plastic* and redn bstarlala, th* growth ha* b*n pbaaoosnal. Back In 1922, tb* total production wasn't quit* six Billion pound* -- th* Industry was producing only two bajor product* -- phaodlle (or *B*k*lit*B) and callaloa* nitrat*. Tbs derelop--nt of th* vinyls la 1927 rtartad tbs push toward tb* discovery of other plasties -- ure*-fora*ld*hyd*, acrylics, oaUalos* acstat*, nylon, bslsndns, Saran -- until tb* total prodnctlon aaountad to soo# 428 rilllon pound* la 1941. tb* war yssrs saw tb* dsrslopbsnt of aaa of tb* irgwrtant plastlca of today -- polyethylene, polyastsr, and fluoro carbons -- *11 for tb# war affort. Production hit a high of 818 HVHnn pounds la 194$. tb* first billion pound nark was bad* la 1947, and th* growth haa b*a alightly bora than tsrrlfle *r*r slno*. Xa 1962, th* total production of plastic* 1* **tlb*t*d to b* 7.8 pound* -- th* lncr*** over 1961 1* alaort *qu*l th* total production for tha y*ar 1947. Tb* industry la expectsd to show a growth of at l*a*t 10 la 1963 to a total production of bor* than 8.$ billion pounds. (It sight lat*r**t yon to know that en a ralatad *ol* basis this would b* equivalent to 48.7 Billion ton* of laadt) A total production of 10 billion pounds should b* reached by 1969. Oonsxssptlnn ha* paosd this production vary cloasly, rangli* frob about 93d ta *lo*t VX or osar, la *ob* oaaaa, bscsan of irports. (figure 2), Pressntsd at th* 35th annual bseting of th* lead Industrie* Association, Inc., Drak* Betel, Chicago, 111., April 29-hay 1, 1963 sar W^Wll!SIW'JIUSBbbB!WSIIIS*WbSgSI^P^bS*b. b WI.UPI sti wifc f LIA15787 0. T. Lead la Plastics -- Wat th# future Bold* WAT AJB rUSTZCST Zb this brief introduction, Z haw been throwing out a variety of Um such as polyethylene, polyeater, aerylle, ate. Slnca Z will be using these terms mere and acre throughout this talk, Z think Z ahruld dlgraaa bar* a little and give abort explanation of Just tost tha Important plasties art, Ware ara they wad, sod idgr they ara important (Mgur* J). Bara is another chart that tells Wat tha various types of plastlca are and la Wat voluaes they ara being produced. Z have projected tha figures to 1965 to show you Wleh anas ara considered to hate tha greatest growth potential. As you oan see, polyethylene -- e nr baby with a fantastic growth reoord -- loads the list. This is the plastic that you are all familiar with, as it is used to asks fils, houseware#, wire and cable Insulation, toys, detergent and bleach bottles, and pipe. ext are tha vinyls, very verestlls materials, end the family of most interest to you. Tou are familiar with thaa because of their use in floor tile, Tpllanoe and building wire insulation, wall covering, synthetic leather, etc. OenertUy, vinyls are divided into two group# -- plasticised end unplasticisad (rigid). Because they ere naturally hard, rigid naterlals, vinyls have to be oral;minded with plasticisers to Increese their workability end inpart flexibility and other deeirehls properties. Tha unplasticisad vlnyla produce strung, rigid aaterials that are today attracting much attention. The third aejor group caaprlse* the styrenes. This family consists of a amber of pclyeere, copolymare, and terpolysere, all designed to handle specific jobs. General-purpe** polystyrene is a cocoon material for toys, decorative jewelry boooso, housewares, well tile, end refrig*rated food containers. The eopolymere are used for 77 end radio housings, and the terpolymer based on styrene-acrylocitrilabutadleaa is e cremnnly usad plastic in appliances and autoabcli.es (generally metal Used, so that moat people don't even know it'a a plastic). These three types of plastics you are familiar with because they are ecamon household items. As you can see, there are a variety of other ones that, even though used in lesser amounts, are equally iaportant. Of particular interest aret ftianollcs -- versatile liquid resins that are usad to make moldings (tbs familiar "Bakelite*) Wan ooBblned with fillers such as wood flour, chopped fabrics, asbestos, and glass fibers; sdhsalves; paper and cloth lasdnatioos (*Toradea* mad Kicarta'1); and glass fabric moldings (reinforced plastics) for rocket* and art sails*. Alkrda -- liquid resins for use In ooatinga and molding electrical paste. Balmains and urea formaldehydes -- similarly usad in costings; molding electrical pert*, knobs and handles; dlnoerware; sdbaslvea; and "Poadee" countertops. Poly*stars -- liquid resins for castings or for u m with glass fabric* to oake reinforced plastic boats, car bodies, luggage, and buildup oeqponaut*. Polypropylene -- akin to polyethylene, but having m improved properties. Seed in appliance and automotive parts, housewares, medical supplies, and perns. wmmmmmtrn f LIA15 78 8 ipm .*< ' , 1 . ms w am n > iw m'pu ' iw i. ---- - i-,affitili'ifcBftMiiBhMrr:...........s'nils ft. in'i r a 0. ?. KUfeaol -y- Laed 1b Flastlos -- tfoat the Future Bolds | Prethanet -- bard, abrasive coatings such * those found on bowlirg plan. Ora- than* foaa la paining Minor revolutions la th* furniture and building fields. Acrylica -- elsar plastics uaad for housings, signs, abaat goods, contact lenses, ooetlnge, hair spray*, and industrial parta. raadllar as "laclts* and Tlarlgla*. * About 200 Million pounds la 1965. Celiulosic* -- elaar plastics derived frcai cellulose Material (ootton or mod). Fasdliar use* include playing cards, steering ttoele, telephone housings, eyeglass fraaaa, pans, pane11a, and tool handles. About 170 Million poinds of thaaa Matarlals Mill ba produced 1m 1965. Epoxlaa. sillcones- Phthalstaa -- liquid raslns for postings, rud- foread plastics, alactrleal and electronic insulation, the opcodes produce partic ularly strong adhesive# for bonding all types of auterlala. ltrlons. acetal*, fluorocarbons, end polycarbonates -- engineering plsstlos having soes properties approaching those of natal*. Thee* Materials are finding ne* In a variety of applications that were one# the exclusive property of brass. Bine, or alisrimsa. 1965 production of these Materials Is expected to be four tine# the 1962 figure*. Bow that Z have oventolnad you ulth all thee* facta and figures about plastics, Z ea sure that saiqr of you feel that you are In the wrong business. Don't be dis heartened, because Z haven't told you the laportant half of the story yet -- tbs part store you are needed by the plastics Industry. As you nay have noticed In ay discussions of the various types of plasties, a tutor of different Materials -- paper, glass, cotton -- play a very Important tola In their us*. In fact, the list of Materials that are needed by the plastic* Industry i is More lopressive than any listing of plastics. UhyT Because, there Is hardly s plastic on the Market that Is mrth anything In its 100JC pur* fora. For strength, they need to be reinforced with paper, glass, and cloth. Because sany of thM will degrade in the presence of light and/or heat, they need stabilisers and ultraviolet llit absorbers. Others are too rigid, and they need plasticisers to loosen then up bit. And they all use pigaant*. Other ingredient* used in plastics range tvm powdered swtals to waxes and lubricants, solvents, and H ana retardant additives. And thee* are not the only areas there plastics are used in conjunction with other Materials. Today, plastics are giving More ocBom-plac* Materials a new lease on life. Coatings and lsei nations of fils on awtala have put a motor of steel pro ducer* right Into the plasties processing business. The plywood Industry, working very closely with a motor of plastic* producers. Is eoslng up with low-price, quality product* that are attracting such interest in the construction field. In addition, there's an awful lot of steel and other Metal* going into the Machinery, Bolds, and dies that are used to Manufacture both the raw wterlal and the finlsbed plastls product. Frankly, the plastics industry needs people such as you. Tour products are being used by the industry in a variety of ways -- as stabilisers for vinyls, as catalysts, plgseuts, and filler*. Just to naae a few. As Z will point out in dis cussions of those various usee, there are s c ms irqrtant areas wbar* you're golj^ te 1 ewe mm '.MIIJUOT H -M*JJ|l(ii m f: I li IlM iill I III , .................. ... ... ....... ..- ......... m t 1 - r.iiri rm'if'lfifiri r fii fffiwtfrifitntfla mmmmmummmmmm LIA15789 0. T. Michael toad la Plutlea -- tfeat the Future Bolds set mm etiff on^etitlon frw other non-plastic Materials. This fast-growing plastics industry can be pretty fickle, and It's going to btqr the products that eta do a better job sore cheaply. Dp to now, such of the research has beta dooe by the plastics producer. Much More can be acooopliahed la the raeearoh labs of oaqpanlM supplying Materials to the plastics Industry. WSS LEAD XS 058) 01 FU3TXC8 A variety of leed ocspounds as veil as scaw fonts of metallln load are wed la plastics. In decreasing order, these leed appl losttow ii 1. Stabilisers 2. Fluents 3. Catalyst# A. fillers gTABTIJZEB The largest use for leed le as stebUlser ocayowda la polyvinyl chloride sad other chlorine-containing polyaere eucb as *Saren* (polyrinyiideoe chloride). Ctader exposure to heat end/or light, these plastics tend to release hydrogen chloride leaving a vaak epot in the polyaer chain susceptible to attack by oxygen. This attack causes degradation aai snbrittlecent of the product. The addition of certain caepounds, such as laed carbonate or sulfate, la concentrations of 3 to Uf will prevent such breakdowns under nonal usage. Tbs incorporation of stabilisers is necessary to nest the roqulrwenta of an application as well as those posed by processing and storage. CXiring prooeeeiag, a vinyl resin May be heated to rather high tecperaturea several tines: it has to be first cocpounded with plasticisers, plgnerrte, fillers, etc., before It eaa be Molded, extruded, or calendered -- processei *fcieh have to bo porforMed under high heat conditions. The exact Mechanise of the etabilisirg effect is not exactly knew. It Is thought that the stabiliser absorbs any wall anounta of hydrogen chloride foned and prevents the develoinact of an acid condition in the resin -- efclch would cause further degradation. In the case of ultraviolet attack, a Material la needed to block out or absorb the U7 rays. To qualify as a stabiliser, a Material Most easily absorb the HC1 without detracting from the water resistance of the ooapounds. Vinyl stabilisers can be divided Into five Mala {mpei 1 Load celts or soaps 2 Bariw, eahdw, sine, and oaloiw salt# or eoapo 3/ Organo-tln ocopouads V Organic (epoxies and phosphites) 5) Mixed stabilisers At the present tlae, lead oenpounda ooopriee about 35f of the total wnmt of etabills ere used. They are lowest in ooet and have Maty good properties. Tbs other r ; BMP III JWWI ISW.LWI J l.J JlLli.JiJipi .1 o 0. f. Kteheel * Lead In Rtlei -- Uhet the Future Bold# type* generally are mo t * expensive; town?, for a mnber of spplloatlone, stabiliser oost la not a najor factor and they do bocom very eocpetltlve with tho load aatorlala. The load stablllaara offar good all-around proparti**} they ara boat la alaetrleal propartla* and vary effective la blocking out ultraviolet light. Dlsedreatages ara that they cannot be used wtere optical clarity la essential, or tfeare ii Mda-*ta< w< ng presents a problem. this problem of aul-fida-ataining, you will find, la baconing iacraaalagly im portant. Mary of tha up-and-oooiag vinyl application* are la eenssmar area* vfcar* plastic* have "to waar their bast dress." Staining from industrial ff*a, sulfurbaavy water, or other aourcaa, such as fungicide# or bacterloatata added to tha vinyl compounds, cannot b* tolerated. Used alone, the berlw, caddtm, celeltm, and tine aatorlals do not giv* all the propartla* that ara obtained with tha laad stablllaara. Therefor#, quit* a technology ha* bean developed in regard to tha us* of ccaplax formulation* of thee* asatarials. For axaspla, B*-Cd give* aatiafactory electrical and clarity properties) Ba-Od-Zn 1* good for sulfida stain reaistanca, and Zn-Cs is FOA-approved for food pecVegti^g use*. The Ba-Cd noeyilesea are tb# west widely used. More expensive are the organo-tln*. They are considerad bast for rigid and dear viiyl product*. The organics are net generally used alone, but in coexjunction with other stabiliaar*. In the organic group are the epoxldltad oils and ester* which offer acme heat and light stability. Tb* phosphite stabiliser* ainUiia color developneot and inhibit cloud formation. As applications for plastics bacon# nor* and nor* varied, there Is a trend toward developing natarlal* tailored for specific applications. Therefore, nixed staMliter systems are becocicg increasingly ocaaeon. For exs^xla, a ccnplst* stabilisation systas nay often contain a barlia cocpound, a cadiim ccepound, a sine compound, a phosphite, an anti-oxidant, an epoxy, and an ultraviolat eheorber. The nost widely used laad stabiliaar* are lead carbonate, lead silicate, lead sulfata, and a aUlcate-eulfat* cooplex. Next ara tb* dibasic lead phthalat* and phoaphit*. Other lead atabiliaars are chlcrosillcat* ocaplexee, fatty acid salts, salicylate, and naleate. Their particular forma and propartla# are listed In this chart. 1raUXreJ rS*T1ABTT.TTBt )></ l**d carbonate Trlbasic lead sulfate Good, all-around; low ooat U1U gas at high tperatur*e Rlgh heat stability; works well with nost plasticisers; disperses easy in powder nix ing operations Elactrioal, plasticised earn trueloo*, sen* rigid ttoare processing ti iratarea are not too high Electrical, plasticised and rigid extrusions and moldlrge mm -TR*-?-* mmmmmmmm LI A 15 791 0. T. XUhMl Ia mI In Pl&ftici Uhat the Future Bold* LEAD STABU TWa Bade land ailicataaulfata Elbaale phthalate Mbwlt lead phoephite Lead orthoeilicatealltoa gel Lead chloro- raoreeriss Low apeclfle gravity, food electrical propertiea, good nolrture repelleocy, difficult to disperea In powder nixing Oood light futarn, excellent hMt etabllity Ultraviolet eereaeing, anti oxidant, good haat ct-ahlUalng, good diapcralee propartlM Clraa good traneluceoey, abeorbe axodatM Low coat, good alaetrleala Electrical inert atl on Ttlgti ti.nratTrri alaotrloal lnaulation, opaque fUa and khacting, m foai Flaetieola, organoaola, painta. Tranalneaet filn, cheating and upholatezj atook Electrical lnaulation tapM Lead chloroelllcaf LMd ealicjrlate LMd lUinU Low apeclfle gravity, good alaetrleala Ultraviolet light etebiliaer, prevent# derelopoent of blue color (baesuaa of iron lapuritiM) in eabeatoe-fULed foiaulatlooa Lubricating propartlM LMd ealte of nixed fattjr add* Tetrebaslc lMd funeral# Lubricant, haat and light atablllxing HMt atahillair^ Trlbaelc lead aeleete High haat atabillalng, Vf anrawilng Hire lnaulation Dead with otbar atabiliaara in floor tila Coatablliaar for aXtnadad calendared, and aoldad producta Phonograph raoorda, ooatabillaar In lnaulation Hactrical grade plaatlcola, photograph raoorda, high taiparatura lnaulation HMt atabla ocapounda, tranalneaet atook p u p wtu u mmi p ill m.m ................................- ' m i fI aten y mrnzgmmmmmgm PIBPMHPWPI LIA 15792 f i 0. T. Itlcfaaal .7. teed In nasties -- What th* future Bold* Tcu can im froB this brief description of th# various types of lead stabllitr* available to th* vinyl people that slsctrieal insulation promb !* th biggest aarkst, with phonograph rooortU second, and floor coverlids, 111* and sheet, and protective coatings running * do** third. X have broken down th* PTC k m into tboa* area* of internet with an afctwpt to fir* ># Ida* of th* nount of load going into aaeh aa* (Plgura 5). this fata been * pretty hard thing to do. Ky discussions with th* various Benufadurer* of vinyl eagwunds brought out seas rather conflicting infomatlon in Biqy araas of DM. The saount of l**d stablllMrs being used in a particular application depends on tdroa you're talking to. One coepany aay* they don't u* any, idiil* another say* they us* quit* a bit. About th* only area, idler# there was any agriiant, ms in th* wire insulation fiald. Lead *tabiUx*r* ar* very isportant her* b*can** of their vary daalrahl* elec trical properties. Besides flexible insulations and tapes, they are finding use in rigid vinyl conduit and nolrted and extruded electrical devices. All 1965 figure* in Figure 5 are based on present usage and an anticipated rate of growth. At tbs present tine, they are believed to be reliable estiaates based on today's trends and th* growth of th# national econcny. However, if you listen to th* polyethylene poople, vinyl is in for sen* stiff ccnpetltlon, particularly in electrical wire In sulation. They point to th* fact that the present price of vinyl resin (about 1A# per pound) is about th* lowest it can get. This resin price reflects *n electrical insulation cacpound price of about IS# per pound. Th# aost that could happen in the next few year* would be a drop of about 2# per pound for cc^ound. At 16#, the price of a cubic inch of vinyl ccopound would be 0.7#. How, polyethy lene, vftich currently costs 21.5 to 25.5# per pound, could easily drop to 13 - 15#. At these prices, a cubic inch of polyethylene would cost about 0.5# -- a lost lesa than th* vinyl. Of course, there ere *00* areas where conventional polyethylene will never replace vinyl such aa in building wire tere flaaa retardanc* Is a factor. But these saa* people point out that a new forts of polyethylene -- cross-llnksd polyethylene -- has received UL approval and cakes a very good building wire. At an expected future price of IS.5# per pound, it would still cost lsss on a veil-- basis than the lowst possibly priced vinyl. Scoe authorities predict that even a such higher-priced crose-llnked polyethylene will reduce th* vinyl building wire usage at least a third by 1965. i This price picture not only ooncems th* vinyl Insulation bu*ln***,bat quite a bit of th* other areas tdiere vinyl is now th* leader. Thst is on* reason ky th* vinyl producer* have recently concentrated their research and developaant on e higher-priced engineering version -- the rigid vinyls. At th* present tins, rigid viryl is causing quite a bit of exciteoent in th* industry ss it is expected to really pave the way for th* us* of all plastics in the construction field. These rigid vinyl eaterlals ar* being used for such applications as pipe, building penal*, gutter* and dovnspounts, atom window* and doors, aiding, weathei'-etrlpplig, noo- breakable windows and skylights, and roofing. At th* present tine, about AO --< 1T< pound* of rigid vinyl ar# being produced. By 1965, the voluo# could rang* aiqrtfcere fran 100 to 300 Billion pounds, and go up to 500 -nnw pounds by 1967. Sine* th* rigid* ar* being aised at a nuahar of outdoor or high heat appli cations, nuch waphasis is being placed on the proper us* of stabHiter*. Rigid vinyl pipe, which anounta to alaost 20 Billion pounds, is finding astch u*e in bo b- m^tam #M'H g h im, m*ij- . w1 j.iJBiiAMip, m J* *L 0. T. lead la Plastic* -- What tha future Hold* potable application* *uoh a* conduit and drain we*t* pip* where lead stabiliser* ar of value. At the present tin*, the** application* eotprls* about 2C of the total rigid vinyl pip* produced. Keverthdsss, th*r* mc j to b* a hesitancy oa tb* part of vinyl producer* to u* any lead at all la pip* compound* for they fear tb* possibility that a* the narket grows there will b* tb* danger of lead-at M 11 i*d pip* accidently being ued for potabl* wster. Several producer*, however, don't believe that this i* really a problem. They point out that alaost 75? of th* rigid vinyl pipe produced In Europe contain* lead -- a fact that leada than to believe that It 1* aafe to tie* potable water pipe stabilised with lead in thi* oountry. They're willing to produce euch etabillaed Materials, but they're not going wt and secure approval to do *o. It' going to be up to you people to make the push to ward investigating thi* application in thi* country, and eecurii^ neoeesary approval. Tou're going to have to exhibit sen* acre leadership, too, if you want to capture a sizable part of th* market for rigid PTC going into outdoor application*. It 1* thi* area that Bakes the future for rigid* *o attractive. At th* precast tin*, th* thinking 1* that lead can only be u*ed in the Manufacture of opaque. Industrialtype products where there are no problem* of toxicity and eulflde staining. There fore, you'll find that Ba-Cd la dadoing the lion's share of the Market. Ba-Cd ayattca have to include a phosphite stabiliser, an ultraviolet absorber, end aa epcjgr to be really effective, but they do produce highly stable products (both clear and opaque). There are leads today that produce suitable translucent product* with both beet end li#rt stability equal to or better than th* Ba-Cd aysteo*. If yw can beat this problea of color control end rulfid* staining, you will find urillMltert opportunities in this new and ewtnwg field. Of course, this big "if" is just as applicable to th* other vinyl application*, floor til* was once a big user of laad stabilisers. Th* switch to light-colored, high-style vinyl flooring has caused e trend sway frtn lead during th* pest few year*. Th* sain objection here is that the sulfur in rubber shoe heel* can*-- Staining which pretty nuch restricts lead's use to dark-colored flooring. Zt 1* estimated that lee* than 10? of ell type* of flooring now use* lead. Th* Market say open up again with the developeent and increased us* of other Material* for ho* h*l* and *ol*s -- laid stabilised vinyl blng cos such Material. Tom, which at on* tine looked particularly praxising for lead (th* stabiliser help* to prcaote tb* forging reaction), 1* also Moving into high-style arses such a* outer-wear clothing. Th* best estlaatlon is that about only 5? of th* vinyl tom today uses lead (*eversl year* ago, lead was alnoat exclusively used); however, there i* no reason why th* usage couldn't increase in th* next few year*. Th* sulfurstaining problea can be easily eliminated through the use of *tain-r**i*tnt skin*. Ccepetltion her* 1* frea th* Ba-Cd and Ba-Cd-Zn qystoa*. Vinyl protective coatings offer a particularly good Market. On th* industrial id*, lead-stabilised pastisols are finding such good cbnical-reaietant application* aa lining tank* and coating electroplating rack*, fluidised bed ooetlng -- an lacreasing popular method consisting of applying dry powdered coating* on metal -- will boost th* us* of vinyl*. Her* again, laad stabiliser* can be used, but tha cholo* depend* upon th* application -- nary of th* fluidised bed ooetlng application* ladud* *uch non-lead usages as food-handling equipment, decorative furniture, outdoor building oosqwnente, and diahwaaher and refrigerator ocopooect*. m WP!W""1PS9& iiJalikM. LIA 15 794 0. ?. Klobeal Lead In Plastic# -- Hhst ths future Bolds riEKBra With tbs present trend to hlgh-etyls, decorator odors, it is pretty hard to predict vhst's goIn* to hsppsn in the field of plastics coloring. However, tboro has boon rsportsd a trsnd back to tbs yellow* and ortngss aftsr a cosgil* of years of tbs grssns (brooae and pistachio, for example). Ibis should certainly help tbs csuss for s o m of tbs load ec^ounds ussd as pigments in plasties. With lead pipssntation, of eourse.we ars faead with tbs old prohiss of ertlfldsstainlng -- a problas, pigment poopls bass run into in arsas otbsr than plasties. Bsrsrthslsss, several load pigasnts ars widely ussd in applications ifeere this is not a factor. Ths sort coBsaonly ussd load pigasnts ars chroos yellows and oranges (bade lead ehroMts and load chromates) and molybdate orange (a coprecipitated datura of load chromate, lead sulfata, and load molybdate). Both of tbass ars ussd In tbs visyls because of their compatibility with lead stabilisers. Other plastics for thick they are suitable Include Dost of ths tbsnosets --- phenolic, malsnlne, urea, pol^* ester, slkyd, polyurethane, and epoxy. Use in otbsr plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene is nr<ta<i -- the pigaierts can bo very inccspctlble in cartain applications of thoso resins. Molybdate orsngs is oonaldsrsd to bo unique anong tbs inorganic | il see it e as It possesses good brightness and high coloring strength. It is often ussd dtb rad pigments to produce relatively low-cost, bright red colors. Tbs fhrnma orange pig ments ars particularly suacsptlbls to sulfide-staining, and therefore, they are being replaced by blends of chrome yellow and molybdate orange. Competition, la these areas, is from ths embalm sulfide yellows, yellow tltaniuB pi^snts, ceramic yellows (antimony, titsnlim rhrnms oxide), and tbs cmbrltss mercury and cmmd.ua sulfo-oalanida oranges. White lead is chiefly ussd in the vinyls to give stabilisation, in addition to coloring. This material la a good, whits pigment with moderate tinctorial strength. However, most of the ttfiito pliant ussd In other plastics is titanium dioxide; some sine oxide and sine sulfide are ussd for specific applications. An interesting group of lead pigments are ths light-stable, synthetic pearlemcents. About 300 to 400 tons of lead are used a year for psarlescaot pigmentation, ths majority of which is in conjunction with plastics material*. They can be dis persed in plastic-bass lacquers or enamels for application on both plastic and nonplastic substrates. They ars mixed with castlrg resins, such as polymstsrs and acrylics, to produce attractive sheeting, Jewelry, buttons, compacts, and knife handles. Because of their high host stability, they are easily incorporated into molding ind extruding ooepounds -- polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, cellulose aostats, acrylic, and vinyl -- to prodree a wide range of attractive products. So bs of those synthetic nacroous pigments can be compounded and ussd to glvu am interesting play of colors in plastics. In ths form of thin, platelike crystals o that behave like conventional pearl plgaentt, these materials have twin Inherent colore -- one being observed by reflected light while ths other la seen by transmit ted light. Incorporated in transparent plastic film or sheet, they produos inter esting optical affects such as rad when viewed in one light and greee when viewed la another. vsm "P" P'iHWiJjpJl'iB i . eUhHlWWe r iVir-alMiiNr'niiffti i i" 0. T. Michael -10- Lead la nasties -- What the future Bolds cmissrs AID ODEDO icara A number of sleet oMrio polymers, nuly polysulfide rubber, neoprene, cfcloroeulfonated polyethylene and urethane, srs cured with the aid of lead oxides or or ganic salt*. In seas c u n , loed Is used because It alone will give the degree of ours needed for noet applications. Ulth other elastaaers, tbs Use of laod curing agents produce material* haring other ixprovad properties, such as moisture redstaaoo. Polpaulflde rubber* are cured almost exclusively with lead dioxide, and c o o mbs approximately 200,000 pounds of this material each pear. The lead aaterlal la the only ocoeon chadcal that provides the type and degree of eroea-lijdclag required for euch polpsulfide uees as non-hardening caulking mete-iels and baiting. The poly- eulfldea are important oeterlals to plastics processing, too, as they are widely used for welrlrvg plastic noIds and dies. Ths 19&2 production of polpsulfide jobbers anouated to 7*0 nilliens pound*] It is expected to reach 9.0 by 196$. like polyailflde, neoprene rubbers can be vulcanised bp Betallic oxides end organic salts. It has been found, however, that litharge or red leed gives products haring much laproved aolsture resistance. lJban cored with non-lead cheolcals, neoprene swells 209C on ao^orure to water. Cured with litharge, the Dwelling Is la the range of 0.UC. A red leed cured aaterlal Is capable of withstanding lntendttent sea water 1 mureIon and Intense sunlight for pears without asp lose of tough o ness or ooft seal 1 ng properties. Present production of neoprene amounts to about 270 Billion pounds per pear. Losing out to acme of the newer Baterlala in mazy ap plications, it isn't expected to show such of a production growth over the next flee pears -- only about 10 Billlnn pounds Increase bp 1967. liajor applications Includei tire and tire products, wire and cable jacketing, aechaniral goods, adhesives, and aboe heals. ChloroMilfoBsted polyethylene, better knots as 'Hypalon,* la frequently cured with tribsaic lead naleate or tetrsbaslc lead furaarate to arrive at the MgMp stable properties for tfcieh it is noted: resistance to oxidation bp sunlight, weather, chaiicals, high temperatures or otoae. Having unllaited coloring ability, as well as high resistance to abrasion and compression set, it la e good aaterlal for cable Jacketing, seals and gaskets, floor tile, calendering rolls, aboe heels, corrosion-resistant hose, roofing, and coatings. Production in 1962 aaounted to some 13 million pounds. Sq m predict e bright future with close to 80 ** pounds being produced by 1967. METALLIC LEAD PZLLERS Maap of the plaatios can take advantage of Betallic lead's unique properties to produce som rather Interesting and unusual products. In spite of the higher ' density, leed powders blend acre easily with liquid plasties than other aetals do, and a greeter voltsse percentage can be introduced into the formulations, for a given vlacoeitp starting with the seas liquid resin baas, a greater voltne of lead o can be incorporated than with other netale euch as iron, copper, or alueinua. Elastics can asks great use of the radiation shielding properties of leal. Per aatMg'le, lead-loaded vinyl sheet la e aost convenient asttrial for X-rep aprona, gloves* end radiation suite. Lead-filled epoxies, polyethylene*, silicones, urethanes. wpergm iJUpUJJuu mm 11A 15 796 o. . Wnhaai -u- Laed la PlMtlM -- What tha Tatar* Bald* and polyester* represent good Material* for foraulatlng shielding naterisls. Cast lead-filled radiation shields ar* nor* *oonacieal than Machined or fabricated struc ture*, or ether structure* aurfaetd with load. At an axsspl*, a ocoblnetlon radia tion shield raeantljr developed by th* XSC us** powdered l*ad dxsd with paraffin polyethylene uaxs*. Th* l*ad partiel** dietiibutal homogeneously throughout th* aax Matrix block th* propagation of (uej and X-ray*. Bwtron* ar* absorbed by th* light sterna of th* organic sat*rial. Th* *ixtur* 1* aaslly east Ilk* Mtal at a low t*Mp*r*tur* of 260*?. It ask** llttl* dlff*r*oc* If alwsmtal laad la la th* for* of a Basal**, Monolithic ahlald or distributed a* a finely divided powder la a plastic aatrlx -- vdiat Is important la th* nuabar of load atons la tha path of tha gaoae radiation. Lead-filled *111coo* rubber* produe* flexible radiation ahlalda suitable for aarrle* at tqp*ratnr axtraaa* of -90* to *600*f. Another big ar** 1* th* us* of laad/plastlo or Ised/rubber Mixture* for aolaa control. Galana (l*ad sulfld*)-loed#d urethanes and lsad-vinyl ocoblnatlons ar* very effective In soaking up sound. They ar* applied dlr*etly to *urfae*a that would otherwise radiate nola*. 1 believe you bar* witnessed th* excellent d--an tratlorj of th*** acoustical Materials at th* exhibit* put on by your 1*sodattow. These Materials ar* specified on certain naval Installation*, In helicopter* and Jet aircraft, and for oor*ring noisy pipe* and Machinery. Leaded plastic curtain* are very *ff*etiv* flexible sound barrier*, and troweling oopound* reduo* vibration In partitions, ductwork, netal panels, and Machinery Banters. it th* present tine, there are about ten suppliers of lead-loeded rlryl or rubber sheet Materials, fonr Manufacturers of leaded vinyl or rubber coated fabrles, and an additional four Msnafacturers of lead-filled casting or troweling ccopouai* based on either epcogr, urethane, or silicon* Materlala. Another epplicatlon of lead-filled plastic* 1* la th* production of dens* cast product* useful a* ballast* or In --all flytheel* <hr* ims * Must be concentrated on th* outside periphery. Leaded epoxy can be used In such th* mm* way as *1 imirem nr Iron filled for* eolations for Baking precision dies used by both th* plastics end noo-pXastles In dustrie*. Lead povder of very tc*ll particle else Is nixed with th* resin and oast Into a block frea which dies are foraed by sculpting, grinding, and polishing by hand. Th* lead particle! act a* chip-breaker* within th* plastic and prevent goug ing by abrasive*. In final polishing, th* lead aaear* out to a wirror-lik* turftot, which 1* essential for good reproduction fron th* dl*. However, *uch lead-based die* ar* pretty unique ltmu free plastic* tooling standpoint. They produe* tools that are heavy; heat transfer 1* poor ocepared to th* us* of other Metals; and they can only be used for low voltes* production because of their lower strength, ilradn, iron or steel filled epoxies nak* such better tooling Material* for M*t ap plications. Th* on* major advantage of using lead -- softer surface* -- can be aeoooplisbed by varying th* epoxy formulation when using other Metals. A* you can see, all these application* for Metallic laad filler* ar* uniqu*. In tew ease*, competition fron other Metal* or Materials 1* high. I wouldn't etteegd to girt forth with any Idea* on th* future In any of these areas, but X trould *ay that If you want to capture your deserved share of the** Market*, you'ra going to have to continue your fin* prcMotional programs to oonvino* th* plastio# people that there's a need and a future for lead-filled product*. **" s^mwnwMnRrnNtee IMIWIII.i LIJMWiiPWppppWIIWppiiPPWipW^ LIA 15 797 *iiThwrtw -linifcii aim* 0. V. Hleheel -02- * 8CKS BUS-SOT THZHSDD ABOUT US FVTOHX Lead In nasties -- What tbs Future Bolds Throughout this paper, I have triad to be as raallatle M la poaalbla deplet- L't idiat tha future of tha plastic industry holds for load. Zfl oartaln arats, Z have had to present ecoewhat of a pessimistic picture -- such as tha future of vinyl |1i ! for electrical insulation. As Z said than, there is a food possibility that other plastic nterials could capture such of the insulation business away frcsi the vinyls. Uhethar or not it will happen is anyone's guess. The toy thirds are happeniaf today in the plastics industry it isn't hard for one astarial to baccma obsolete overnight. On the mq i basis, new devslopeente in an older plastics family could easily put this material back on top -- and nmr dew Infants involving both old and new plastics are happenl!* everyday. Generally epeaking, it's obvious that as sore and wore plastics sore Into ooonser itsen, lead is going to take a beating, and It is other type# of applications -- Industrial and defense -- where leed because of ease of its unique properties can aid plastics in capturing nore of the aurket. It la In thla reals that X would like to do eooe blue-sky thinking about possibilities of developing new leed/plastio material*. I nay be way-off-baee with these ideas,but I hope they dll provide seas food for thought. One real hot phase of the plasties industry is that of reinforced plastics. In 1962, it was artlasted that over 280 million pounds of rdnforcsd plastics were pro duced; predictions put 1963 sales at 300 Billion pounds. Total ecosu^ition oould easily juap to $00 Billion pounds fay 1965. Of these weight figures, you can roughly satinets that ACS is glass. How, as far as I know, there are no leed glass fibers being used for reinforced plastics. Fcr css thing, th specific gravity is higher, softening point is lower, end tensile strength is less than that of the cc--only used borosilieate glass. But, lead glass does offer the distinct advantages of s o m radiation absorption, as well as desirable electrical properties. Rises properties could very well sake lead glass fiber reinforced plastics Important products in cer tain industrial and defense areas. At the present tins, the strengtb-to-welgbt properties are what Bake reinforced plasties so attractive, and that is why Boat applications are as structural materials in boats, rockets, care, construction, pipe, aircraft, and electrical apparatus. Z can foresee future use in nwerous areas ttiare the designer is willing to sacrifice scoe strength properties for, say, Z-rey shielding or increased dielectric constant. Who knows? Perhaps, norm research on lead glasses will produce raz*e of products that could offer s timber of additional ^vantage*. Along this saae line is the possibility of producing leed oeramie fibers for reinforcing plasties. One caepany has already developed siroonia fibers that pro mise to bacons important reinforcente for rocket needs*. In the future, these saae fibers are expected to invede industrial reinforced plestlce where tbsir fcigbtaoperature properties can be used to advantage. It's possible that sane of tbs lead cerenics could produce comparable or better materials. a A third Interesting possibility Is the development of s lead polynsr. At the present tine, there le euch activity In the field of Detaino or Inorganic polyaere. Zt la generally acknowledged that the Russians are way ahead of ua In this field. -UM,m W.JH..' itBJCTwins^|i-wiwmji.M>iwj!jiiw.s|^^peiJjij|^jipjji^|yiiiii.aippj,u|}P!ii||jy|Li|i4ijs^j IPWPIf*!? LIA 15 798 0. T. -13- Lead in PIMilan -- What the fixture Bolds and that their inorganic polymer developments hem enabled thorn to perform seme off thir nor* spectacular apnea feats. The purpoM behind thin work la Vo c o m up with practical piratic Mtarlala i having lncraaaad higb-tamperature stability over today'a organic polymers. Two | basic types of metallic pclyaara currently being iirrastlgated era: 1) thrift *<4 j ham no carton-carbon bond* In their backbone, but tare them in their aide chains) and 2) tbone which oontaia no carbon-carbon boada whataoarar. (Figure 6). These, of eour*e, differ fro* tha oonraniional plartlca which ham carbon-oajboc bonds la their backbone. The flrat claaalflcatloc la not particularly naw, aa tha aninrmaa fall late this category. Mach of the work being done by both us and tha is alaad at developing similar polymers idiere either part of, or all of, tha silicon atoaa era replaced with other elementa. Other work la datotad to producing polymers baaed on elements eloaaly related to anion* and cay-gen la ebandcal functioning. So far, attaopta to cake practical, non-carbon polymers ham not been aaecaaa fUl. While thermally atahle at teeperaturaa considered for reamarclal *hlgb- tm^ermture" organic polymers, tbaaa aateriala, baaed on such aa bom* nitride and phoaphonltrlllc chloride, generally lack rMlatanoa to nolatnra ant QXii(Ut4Ma As you can aaa by soma of the typaa of polymers already developed, tha flald la wide open for oetals. Altai raw, boron, tin, arsenic, berylllua, and ehrcmii* are raprasanted In trk currently being dona, and, aa far aa 1 know, load hasn't bsan oonalderad aa a possibility at all, Tou won't know idtat kind of a polymer It could produce until it's been triad] vn cmrsmma Tha plastics narkat la oartalnly a good one for the producers of noo-plastls aterial* to latch onto. Zt has had a tmandoua growth that shows no signs of leraling off for tha next 10 to 20 years. In fact, with the demlopaant of now and Uproved plastica, tha overall growth of tho Industry could reach quits fantastic proportions. Overall, Z wuld aay that tha future for lead in plastics la good, ` present trends Indicate ita growth will not be aa great aa it should be. Ibis la due mainly to tha fact that laadad plastics are being isplaoed by other In tdtlch lead compounds are not naadad. I muld also soy that you have a good opportunity to develop now usee for lead, particularly in soma of tha higher v o Iu d s plartlca that are not using your materials at tha present time. In tha next tan year*, naw markets for plastics are not going to Juat happen aa has been tha case ao many tlaes In tha past. They're going to be painstakingly developed by pla*tic* producer*. Tha markets for lead sad lead mate rials In plastics will ham to be developed In a ainllar, ooeesntrated fashion. 1 uiwn''in maiwmyamjiiaiw.i'iyin in pag,uimiiuiij|(w<,iam ujj 11.JiJ'i h i m .y^pvprmgmaria , ir 5 I LI A 15799 ma  ' " LIA15800 LIA15801 ------- ... ... - -------------------- --i ]"] | n ------mi- -- ----1 [p~n~fTrr nnrr~iTTrnnr~ OCTsgwpnow or mm ak p u u d WABnizga (in ft/ur-- in Bllllona of voaaU) } Tbtal Tlayl Total PTC 9 Kin Coating taoords aigtd Plpa A Shapaa Floor Cevarlmga Film A Shaat Poaa Protactin CoatInga Otter Total Load StabUlaar application! of Tlnrl 196a 1965 1535 1700-1900 1120 1350-1550 176 203 6a 80 66 100-300 330 250 250 350 18 35 50 100 282 232 OonauyttoB of Load Stab111tara 12*2 12*2 8.30 1.00 0.50 2.20 1.25 0.0$ 0.60 5.00 18.90 9.50 1.20 3.60 2.00 1.20 0.10 1.20 5.00 23.80 mmmrnemmf r me i i i m m pm im ji m mw i i |i i m