Document pBwGXpM7R3530k11eZR0Vd4bd

APPENDIX F RESPIRATORY PROTECTION OSHA 29 CFR 1910,134 PLAINTIFFS | EXHIBIT SPI-141 (af Permissible Praaice (1) In the control of those occupational diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors, the primary objective shall be to prevent atmospheric contamination. This shall be accomplished as far as feasible by accepted engineering control measures ( for example, enclosure or confinement of the operation, general or local ventilation, and substitution of less toxic materials). When effective engineering controls are not feasible, or while they are being instituted, appropriate respirators shall be used pursuant to the following requirements. (2) Respirators shall be provided by the employer when such equipment is necessary to protea the health of the employee. The employer shall provide the respirators which are applicable and suitable for the purpose intended. The employer shall be responsible for the establishment and maintenance of a respiratory proteaion program which shall include the requirement outlined in paragraph (b) of this section. (3) The employee shall use the provided respiratory protection in accordance with instruaions and training received. (b) Requirements for a Minimal Acceptable Program (T) Written standard operating procedures governing the selection and use of respirators shall be established. (2) Respirators shall be seleaed on the basis of hazards to which the worker is exposed. (3) The user shall be instruaed and trained in the proper use of respirators and their limitations. (4) Respirators shall be regularly cleaned and disinfected. Those used by more than one worker shall be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after each use. (5) Respirators shall be stored in a convenient, clean, and sanitary location. (6) Respirators used routinely shall be inspected during cleaning. Worn or deteriorated parts shall be inspected during cleaning. Worn or deteriorated parts shall be replaced. Respirators for emergency use such as self-contained devices shall be thoroughly inspected at least once a month and after each use. si? a/n G OOJ90 AIGRM (7) Appropnate surveillance of work area conditions and degree of employee exposure or stress shall be maintained. (8) There shall be regular inspection and evaluation to determine the continued effectiveness of the program. (9) Persons should not be assigned to tasks requiring use of respirators unless it has been determined that they are physically able to perform the work and use the equipment. The local physician shall determine what health and physical conditions are pertinent. The respirator user's medical status should be reviewed periodically (for instance, annually). (10) Approved or accepted respirators shall be used when they are available. The respirator furnished shall provide adequate respiratory protection against the particular hazard for which it is desiened m accordance with standards established by competent authorities. The U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture are recognized as such authorities. Although respirators listed" by the U.S. Department of Agriculture continue to be acceptable for protection against certain specified pesticides, the U.S. Department of the Interior, is the agency now responsible for testing and approving pesticide respirators. (c) Additional Guidelines Selection of Respirators Proper selection of respirators shall be made according to the guidance American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection Z88.21969. (Note; this ANSI Standard has now been updated to Z88.2-1988) Air Quality (1) Compressed air. compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration shall be of high purity. Oxygen shall meet the requirements of the United States Pharmacopoeia for medical or breathing oxygen. Breathing air shall meet at least Grade D breathing air as described in Compressed Gas Association Commodity Specification G7.1-1966. Compressed oxygen shall not be used in supplied-air respirators or in open circuit self-contained breathing apparatus that have previously used compressed air. Oxygen must never be used with air line respirators. (2) Breathing air may be supplied to respirators from cylinders or air compressors. (i) Cylinders shall be tested and maintained as prescribed in the Shipping Container Specification Regulations of the Department of Transportation (49 CFR Pan 178). *5176 U/7) G00191 we U/I7) AKRM (ii) The compressor for supplying air shall be equipped with necessary safety and standby devices. A breathing air-cvpe compressor shall be used. Compressors shall be constructed and situated so as to avoid entry of contaminated air into the system and suitable in-line air purifying sorbent beds and filters will be installed to further assure breathing air quality. A receiver of sufficient capacity to enable the respirator wearer to escape from a contaminated atmosphere in event of compressor failure, and alarms to indicate compressor failure and overheating shall be installed in the system. If an oil-lubncated compressor is used, it shall have a high-temperature or carbon monoxide alarm, or both. If only a high-temperature alarm is used, the air from the compressor shall frequently be tested for carbon monoxide to insure that it meets the specifications in paragraph (d)( 1) of this section. (3) Air line couplings shall be incompatible with outlets for other gas systems to prevent inadvertent servicing of air line respirators with nonrespirable gases or oxygen. \ (4) Breathing gas containers shall be marked in accordance with American National Standard Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Container* Identify the Material Contained, Z48.1-1954; Federal Speafication Bl A103a June 21,1968, Air Compressed for Breathing Purposes; or Interim Federal Specification GG-B00675b, April 27,1965, Breathing Apparatus. Self-Contained. Use of Respirators (1) Standard procedures shall be developed for respirator use. These should include all information and guidance necessary for their proper selection, use. and care. Possible emergency and routine uses of respiratory protection should be anticipated and planned for. (2) The correct respirator shall be specified for each job. The respirator type is usually specified in the work procedures by a qualified individual supervising the respiratory protection program. The individual issuing them shall be adequately instructed to insure that the correct respirator is issued. (3) Written procedures shall be prepared covering safe use of respirators in dangerous atmospheres that might be encountered in normal operations or in emergencies. Personnel shall be familiar with these procedures and the available respirators. (i) In areas where the wearer, with failure of the respirator, could be overcome by a toxic or oxygen-deficient atmosphere, at least one additional man shall be present. Communications (visual, voice, or signal line) shall be maintained between both or all individuals present. Planning shall be such that one individual will be unaffected by any likely incident and have the proper rescue equipment to be able to assist the other(s) in case of emergency. G 00192 .517* tl/17) (ii) When self-containedbreathing apparatus or hose masks with blowers are used in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health, standby men must be present with suitable rescue equipment. (iii) Persons using air line respirators in atmospheres immediately hazardous to life or health shall be equipped with safety harnesses and safety lines for lifting or removing persons from hazardous atmospheres or other equivalent provisions for the rescue of persons from hazardous atmospheres shall be used. A standby man or men with suitable self-contained breathing apparatus shall be at the nearest fresh air base for emergency rescue. (4) Respiratory protection is no better than the respirator in use. even though it is worn consaentiously. Frequent random inspections shall be conducted by a qualified individual to assure that respirators are properly selected, used, cleaned, and maintained. (5) For safe use of any respirator, it is essential that the user be properly instructed in its selection, use, and maintenance. Both supervisors and * workers shall be so instructed by competent persons. Training shall providp the employees an opportunity to handle the respirator, have it fitted i properly, test its face-to-facepiece seal, wear it m normal air for a long familiarity period, and, finally, to wear it in a test atmosphere. (i) Every respirator wearer shall receive fitting instructions including demonstrations and practice in how the respirators should be worn, how to adjust it, and how to determine if it fits properly. Resptrators shall not be worn when conditions prevent a good face"seal, buch conditions may be a growth of beard, sideburns, a skull cap that projects under the facepiece, or temple pi":es on glasses. In addition, the absence of one or both dentures can seriously affect the fit of a facepiece. The worker's diligence in observing these factors shall be evaluated by periodic check." To assure proper protection, the facepiece fit shall be checked by the wearer each time he puts on the respirator. This may be done by following the manufacturers facepiece fitting instructions. (ii) Providing respiratory protection for individuals wearing corrective glasses is a serious problem. A proper seal cannot be established if the temple bars of eye glasses extend through the sealing edge of the full facepiece. Wearing of contact lenses in contaminated atmospheres with a respirators is not allowed. Systems have been developed for mounting corrective lenses as part of the facepiece. The facepiece and lenses shall be fitted by qualified individuals to provide good vision, comfort, and gas-tight seal. (iii) If corrective spectacles or goggles are required, they shall be worn so as not to affect the fit of the facepiece. Proper selection of equipment will minimize or avoid this problem. G00i93 H78 (1/171 AJGRM Maintenance and Care of Respirators (1) A program for maintenance and care of respirators shall be adjusted to the type of plant, working conditions, and hazards involved, and shall include the following basic services: (i) Inspection for defects (including a leak check), (ii) Cleaning and disinfecting, (iii) Repair, (iv) Storage Equipment shall be properly maintained to retain its original effectiveness. (2) All respirators shall be inspected routinely before and after each use. A respirator that is not jutinely used but is kept ready for emergency use shall be inspected after each use and at least monthly to assure that it is in }. satisfactory working condition, * (i) Self-contained breathing apparatus shall be inspected monthly. Air and oxygen cylinders shall be fully charged according to the manufacturer's instructions. It shall be determined that the regulator and warning devices function properly. (ii) Respirator inspection shall include a check of the tightness of connections and the condition of the facepiece, headbands, valves, connecting tubes, and canisters. Rubber or elastomer parts shall be inspected for pliability and signs of deterioration. (iii) A record shall be kept of inspection dates and findings for respirators maintained for emergency use. (3) Routinely used respirators shall be collected, cleaned, and disinfected as frequently as necessary to insure that proper protection is provided for the wearer, ftespirators maintained for emergency use shall be cleaned and disinfected after each use. (4) Replacement or repairs shall be done only by experienced persons with parts designed for the respirator. No attempt shall be made to replace components or make adjustments or repairs beyond the manufacturer's recommendations. (5) After inspection, cleaning, and necessary repair, respirators shall be stored to protea against dust, sunlight, heat, extreme cold, excessive moisture, or damaging chemicals. Respirators placed at stations and work areas for emergency use should be quickly accessible at all times and should be stored in compartments built for this purpose. The compartments should be clearly marked. Routinely used respirators may be placed in plastic bags. Storage should not be in a place that might subjea the respirator to physical damage. G 00T94 AKRM APPENDIX G BACK INJURY INFORMATION \ 31 7 11/97) G OOl^b Comparison of Different Approaches for the Prevention of Low Back Pain Stover Hoffman Snook ..ocrry Mutual insurance Company, riookinton. Massachusetts Three mamf approaches have been used iu reduce the problem , breakthruugh to occur, emphasis should be placed un applying f inw pack pain: training and education, job design (ergo* ihc knowledge that u already available. Snoot. SJia Cotagaraan at ormcs). and iob placement Uelectionl. Training is the oldest and most common approach. Teaching the m-nrker to lift with a straight Oiffwwt iporsaches tar th* Pmcnuan of Uw Sack hdn. Ago. M. Hyo- 173-v 71:19M. 1 hack and Dent cnees n one of the oldest rvpei of training found i industry. Unfortunately. it has been difficult in prove the ffectivenets of this approach in reducing compensable low back pun. More effective results have come from training the worker Introduction i strength and physical funesi and in training management on Ltmr hack pain kiwi w problem--it tvas one of tlx* nuair >w 10 respond to low back pam when it dues occur. The training ' practitioners m treating low back pain is also important since .nanv long-term disability cases result from inappropriate treat* concerns of nemardino Itairuzzmi. tlie founder uf uccupanxul medicine. Imck in the late IGOQs."' Low hack pain al.so aillioed tlie antnert Eijyptians of 5000 wan ai>o.'-'' Autlu>rnx*s nosv tent and/ur the prolonged use of ineffective treatment. licee that low hack pain trusted Ixrfoee hunnas storxl up on their The ergonomic approach of designing the job to fit the capa lund less and that many four-lotgjed animals currently suffer from bilities of the worker has received greater attention in recent this pmhleni.1'' cars Unnecessary benuinc. twisting, and reaching are risk fie* srs to hr avoided m good jub design. Criteria for determining scessive mads have been developed fnr use in evaluating and aratgmng ioos. Studies have shown that good job design cmn educe up to one-third of compensable luw hack pun. The use f ergonomic principles m tnb design can reduce the probability uf innul and recurring episodes, allow thr worker with mudermtr trmptomi 10 stay on thr tub longer, and- permit the disabled rocker to return to the fob sooner. Thr third approach to controlling luw hack pain it joh place mens, or itit selection of ihc worker > fit thr jnb. Thu appmach rs paniculariv useful for yin that are difficult to design or control urh as firefighters, police, and ctmat omstrues ion and delivery pennons. The use of medical enema m job placement can dentify up in 10 perrent of yuung eurkrrs susceptiMe to low The 'ixviftc cause of lots- h-ick pam is unknown' Thenare mam- hs-potlx-scs. hut fete obteiinv tlatx Civen tlx- limited kncRS'ledae that exists about loss- luck patn, it is duuhiful ssix-tlx-r ilte deawder can he totally presented as the* pic.xni time. I lots- cs-er, tlx-re a link* dcxitx ilut the disability and compen-auon from km- hark pam an lx* sufaunicrily reduced h> cuntrulLihklesvLv'*-'*' Mam- dUTs.Ts.mt prcsnvtse lechrocpii-x Irtsv heen used in at* templing to reduce (hr problem of lou- luck pain m industry. Tlx-se nvhniipn?* can he grsxjped into three generai appntichcv I) training aixl odtieatton, 2) jul> dcsgyi (crgfaxtmti'x L and 1) inb placersx-su (sek-cnonl. The purptne trf thet paper it to resx-sv the tlinv general approaches arxi hi rsmporv tltrm in tlxtr ef(s.vtt\vix*vs in reducing km- lack pom. '"irk pam. Studies cm strength tenting uadicate that thr ptsksa* ilisy uf a muKulinktltiai ilivirder is up to three times greeter Training and Education -Isen tnh lifting requirements jnprunch nr rsrresi thr worker's Trjwtnag aixl i\Jsx"Jlni is tlx* nkk-x atxi mmi cumnainlv used sivTsrsrir strength capability. apprsos-h fsr rvshxwg km- Ixxk patn in industry Training pro 11 u n metsided that there is nu wnspir wduiam In luw hack gram Iljsv lx*en (limit'd toa-ard workers, iiuatgenxmt. and am ansi that all three apftrsarhrt are nrceasarr fur the best prxiaxaxTk sslsi m*a km- luck pam. nossihlr Cnnintl uf the disonirr. Ilnwrver. some sppnacHn are r effective ilian ushers and stands! tw uimadrrrd lni m am Training the Worker gram u> miner low bask pain. Althiajgh knowledge alatut XUsw usli< [v-rweiixH ik-yuonxmo lusv n-|ix-jih irxvl etki- * hack pam o Imsiaesi. rmaigli is alreaslr kmtwn ui adraguairly v jtssi Jtxl training to sMtlkt ysnfili nvs-s m prigxT nxsIasK and isnind the problem. Instead itf vsnitig fa a aayr medical s. m k |xisxktrev Trjnung uk- Idling Ius Ixvn a |tati uf saliTr m mo tc 'sot a m? j mch t< m> moMamn wood i* am G 00196 73 pri +!rtm- nT* .rulieurv u < user 'O wars More rvce-ni wars Ixisv .in imrrMii e-mpixtsis *! Mfentni anl inno* training .me) mi me ie-e <t txxk wHiils -- Training m Sala Lifting sown) Mintn> lt dxiwn ilut ismute-lv one half .if .ill iimr'e'nsjl'ie low Iwk fxun is isxn.uii.il wiili manual lilting isles '"1 Cniv<i|iiemt!v. there has ls.ni .1 man ir effort m nulusirv in mm workers to lift en/e'tv The original e'twevpt of snfelv liftme .1111 kmi? iroin tlx* ilmr axjinrid the worker tn maintain j uraielw Ivu k. ix.-iHlme il's` inecs 10 lower ills' tuelv. ansi ills'll lifting "till the les muscles Ailelit tonal principles of -a/e lifting w even mallv aeleled. including holding the < kiteit doss' 10 the htxlv: 'li"v. smooth lifting without tcrking; turning with the feet 1 restend of rwistmg the trunk: ami the correct ptHitioning of the feet. Chin, arms and hands1'-'"1 Unfortunately, there ls not always consistencv m the content of various safe lifting programs'ltl'' Two studies hasv reported a 64 and '0 percent reduction tn low hack disability as a result of training workers m the principle's nf safe lifting.1Unfortunately, these studies were neither con trolled nor of sufficiently long duration. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). the value of training programs m safe lifting is open to question because there have been no controlled studies showing a consequent drop m manual handling accident rate or hack mturv rate.1 JP* On ihe other hand, ses-rral studies ii.-ne rmorrnl hi- ^ m suen training Two vudies at the University nf Michigan investigated me biomechanical aspects of lifting with straight hnck/hent knees versus lifting with hem hack/straight knees. One study concluded dm straight hack/bent knees should he rec ommended onlv for small, compact objects diat can he lifted lienveen the knees and close to the hodv.1-11 Tlie other studs' could find no clear hiomechantcal rationale for deciding lienveen the rtvo lifting postures.1 *' Strength and Fitness Training fsercises to increase strength and fitness haw been a part of jiiv hack ;iu:ti treatment programs for many wars. hut ontv rerent iv haw strength and fitness progrants been advocated in niiustn' to reduce or prevent the oases of low hack pain. Several studies have indicated a positive role for strength and litness I raining in reducing the oases nf low hack patn.IJ'*r,Three(Xher siudics have demons rated the effects of muscle strengthening exercises m recownng foam low hack pain.15**'0' Hnwwr, not til investigation', of strength and fitness have demoaMrattd re ductions mi low Ixick pam1"'*41 vltlii men ihere are conflicting data mi the effusiveness of strength and Imiess training. tlK' posinw evulesici* a|spcTirs in ouiweigh the negative cvxJeixv. Tlie nxya convincing mviiIv was lonvluvsvil hv C.idv and his assticiates vvlx> used a live component sole in vi-jliuie die Illness erf 1.642 fitvfightcYC'live live II Hiipihlent\ eie 11 endurance wnrk meuMired (in wans) at die emi ..1 jo iniiiiuis if ln.*ao rate controllev esvrvive. 2) total i>>nietru strength . >1 w-levlevl movie grotijis, S)nial of spine liesiluIhv iiKsivurtineiitv. 1) diastolic hl< *1 pressure vluring eierviv* 11 1 iiean ran. ni W4) Ixxtis |xr iiiuhiic: anil 4) heart rale after M.iitiUrdircvl htcwle eserviv. Tlie lireliglttcn were placed into ilirw gri ii(k 1 iiHM lit. nuckllc* fit. anil least lit) and an mm ires! '<>r 1 Mintx-osihle low liavk pain fur a [XTml of lour u-trs Ap|ir. miii.iielv * |x-rcein ol die lexist In group cx|xriencevt low Ixxk pain i oinparnl to S percent of tlx- niukllc fit group and less dun I |X'rietu lor tlx' must lit group. Tlsx mwflig-jtors were* aLvj idle to show reduced iimipeavatxm out for the hiin In indt- vnliuls ti insycorn Intkil ihai *iinsw-n huhs. irxt i imlmunm^, are prisynuw o< Hack inmnes . Back Schools Tlie li.u k x Im m is to inemtvt lo i-dmaic the vsnrker in all ,i\|i.ii rf I tack care n r\-.resc-nts j mm |i ns .re . 1 imprell'nsnv :t|ipn ci ti 10 hack care anil tncliuXs die prim ms mpiis ol si/e Idling, strcngih. anil phvstotl litness Most tuck ilmts uxlude divus sions on aiutnmv and plivsnilogv of the Inwir liaik. Ixxh me dlames, pinturo. [ilivsKaJ litness. .ud iiutnimi xmx' Ixxk winks will al.xi offer atlvice mi stress marugenic-ni. coping "nil 11.1m relxxation. drug use and ahuv, ttrst aid ami acute carv. ct>kIc'miologv'. anivities of ilaiiv living, and nx-aiitmal gunluxe Jvrfi simulation or actual vwus to (he work puce can ai.sn ix* a |rjn of the Ixick Ktxxil. Tlie original concept of the back school was to educate patients who were already suffering (or had recenitv suffered) from low hack pain; i.c., it was a form of treatment, a more recent use of the hack school is to educate workers m mdusirv nn how to prevent or reduce kw back pain. Tlie curriculum is similar, hut the stuiA-ms aa* difTerent in that thev mav nix haw e-speneixei' low hack pain. There have nnlv been nvo controlled studies of the effective ness of a low hack school used as a treatment for patients. Tlie first study investigated the effect of the Swedish bacl| school on acute losv hack pam patients from the Volvo Conipahr m Cote- horg. Sweden.1 ''Two hundred seventeen pat tents were random assigned to one of three types of treatment: hack sdxiol. phvstca. therapv'. or placebo (treatment wuh shoo waves of the lowest possible intensify).tThe authors condudivf 'hn n-uw tWvrwu IS superior tg 'hn piwm imi phvsiml ihm-inv m the amount of time required for return to work/hod that the hack school is superior to the placebo in the time required for pain relief. TI. second study investigated the effect of the .Swedish hack school on chronic low back patients from an orthopaedic center m England.1"' Seventy-eight patterns were randomly assigned tv. the hack school or an exercise onlv group Patients in hoth grovips improved m pam and functional disability owr the first ms weeks. However, patients in the exetrt.se-onlv group reverted to thetr original levels of disability at 16 weeks, while hack school patients continued to improve. Preliminary results have been reported for a controlled study of the effectiveness of a low back school as a preventive technique for workers.1 *> Tlie program was modeled after the Swedish hack school and given to 3.424 employees of the IWx'tng Company in Everett. Wtisluntnon- \Thcrr was no significant diffcrimce.jruhe inculenee of low hack nain Ixawwn the 11:11k xhml muiIciils and a similar size control group..The hack m.Imi>I aim appenrul to haw little effect on lom work uavs. Hie iiiial results of this Mudv luw never Ixvn puhltshed. Other sHitlies Iww hew re[xirted for prcsvntiw npes of luck sclxnls in industry. Ixit iliev have urn Ixvn nmirnllevl sunlies. lor ev.iniple. the Southern I'mciIii ('.oniptin used till* Califtimu Ikxk Selmil is :t preivtiiive program for VJ.OtX) workers; thev report a 22 percent reiliitlion in low Ixick ease's and a 13 pere'ent reelin'!ion in lost work il.ivs after tven wars.11"1 1'1`C hulusiriev used the Atlanta llatk Sell hi1 :k a presvnnve pmgraiii fur 2.UU0 workers aiul repooed Ixsvwen TO and 90 percent redueauxi in the number of tinurtes anil the nisi of iniunes after two years.'TIk' S|iiite' l-.eUxaiini Ui'iitcr ni llallas repooed a 10 percent reduiiuxi m losi work iLtvs lor the' war following Ivaek sclunls eonelueinl m eight uulusiries ` It Ls difficult 10 assess tlx* results of then: stixlies. Iimvsvr. Iw e'ausc of tlie Ixk of iimtrnl gnxips. 74 G00197 AAft W0 MTC VOL 2 V0.) - hUUICM W Training Management he iiv - * inimni! jnd iiIui'Hh m ui rwt.mii nr rcslixe kw luck mi hi imiiiMn- has nvn jlirmsi i-uliruixlv directed toward ilnr -irki-r I'muilv mirmnani is iIk.* ininins of management. As ill :vii f iiixia a iv ikmlsfirl ivIkiIx-t luw liaik f v:ml i*Jil lx.1 iili Mriii -ii.ii H rin.- firi-vni nnx- 'seiofxtarv pri.-vi.inkm" n . i-i nniirm- 11 11 n .ivd lx- ni.inaet.iiH.iH it> preix-tu inmr results r . -lie v-iti i nvitnliii I Irnui ln Ivifk pain ilini ikx-s incur w -i-miiii if-.- .iiMii.im! will lilversarv 'iiu.iiiimi, liitg-.itiiui. npii.iii/.ini ni. inti !.u W ui follow-up aixl lonccm. Maitageitxiit mu -irtivni mini- ..f rlii'a- miuhimmis lx- iriinini* loremcn. hiivnivin. mil managers m i|iprcipri.iii- rupmui in Intv luck jni : laia friuii iIh- Vt'nx-rhaeuscr (i imparts- indicate lint workers mill li.itk ninirn.d wini an- mf titwk minx- dun mi nwmilis haw iK- j SO ix-rtt-Mi | nviiiilnv * *f cix-r returning in productive -liplimiifiii fnr ninrt- mail nm- war i altsenci". the pnvuhihtV m nnlv 2*1 [X-rci-ttt. fur mure ilian nvn war t alisence. till- posnhiliiv ni returning i.s almost nil.1-" Hosen prescms similar .na mes. ' Another nudv concludes that, with the passage of time llrxt mc miurv. patients increasingly elaborate and exaggerate -heir vniptnms luii are less imlv depressed hv their predica ment.E'en if :he phtsical disability remains constant. the pa int \ nsvcholoeical posture and tlx- likelihood of returning to ork change These studies emphasize the importance of pro vidmc mndihed. alternative, or part-time work as a means of - hunting the worker to ihe wh as quickie as possible.1 4*' Nalemson reviews ihe evidence suggesting the Ix-netiis of early . ctum to -.viirk.'**' FiizJcr and IWrger deserthe a program at American lliltrite here management wits irmx-d in tlx- posmw acceptance of low k pam '-'i-1 An atmosplx-rc 'vas created where workers were nuraged io report all episodes of low back pam (even minor mivxJes) m the company clinic. Immediate and conservative in>usc imrmcm was provided lx- the companv nurse, including .inter education Attempts <vere made to keep the worker on he .oh often whIi mndihed dunes (hat wx-re consistent with the irit-r i .i:r<::i;i m if rn.-cesi.in-, referrnLs were made to the cominv donor nnerc treatment and progress wx*re doselv mom-ircxl. O cr j ihri-v war period, workers compensation costs for ni'- -uck claims "ere -".meed from over J200.000 per vear to si ilun (20 000 |x-r war--.i tenfold decrease. Although tins was ii a controlled itudv. the results arc cenainiv impressive. aming the Practitioner mirnnv medical nersonnel dxxild he trained in the Ixixrfit.s )f each- inietvention, coiiservansv treatment, patient foilow-up, id 4i plaix-mcm techniques. Ikxh pitvxiciam and nurses shsxjld familiarw nil rm-ni liicraturv thai olxcctiwlv imitates srarirxjs rx-s nf iri-.iiiiieni for low hick pain.11*-4'**' Medical pervmix-l imild aim lx- f.iimliar wnli tlx- [ih\MCal ds.in.HHis of mix, jx-rrn'iu in i:h- ...iiipam m order m ades)ii:iielv place miureil "icrs .iiul mu ctnplmix-s I'hti- ii 1111!i- I. inxit-ui on Inxv lixv link pain slwisilil lxit-iviiiil ni irc.iisxl Di.igmiMie iriis-na anil treatnxist regtinnis c. ureal I\ ami mg pliiNiiuas aixl mas even \*arr amsMtg patients '"'I! 'rented hi 11n- xmie piis-Miian.`-`l Tlx- great i-arxiv of irettt- ' and ihcit n-i.iiiM- taik i>t Mini'll Itti irustratixl main phi' ami niiii-nis alike Hie must tni|iKiitlv niesl xHlrlX of .ii'jaiit.hi nn iuiihi.il iair .inning p.iliiitls with hxi li.uk is lailuri- m rm-nv an Jtkx|uaie inplaaUHi ni ilx- |Xolsli-ni, Milling in fniiiins lor mure ihagixraic n'is'**'' 'Ifiesel and his xistiraics lu\r tWTiixxi a eandaolized anonnch to tlx- dtagnims and irvamx-nt trf Uiw hai-g pam.1 **' Tins anpruacti seas used hi- ilx* autlsors at the IkHnmac lilectnc I'txwr Gampartv in monitor the nxtne and treatment for emplexees x-ith low hack pain If there was anv disagreenxm Ix-rxxxn ilic luitMirs (svlxi \\s-re iinlvrrxihi \urgnms) and ilx- iri-atmg ptn'ieuii iin!aner '\ns eoniaoixl for hth discuxsion Lisuallv. an agrevniem was reached Ixi'sxxn the phiMeuas. if m. arn*lx-r I'tusiiuii w-.is cniisiiltesl for an iixliTXixk.nl i ifunion Hie nunilxr of low luck patients iltxriiiss-sl 29 ps-m-nt ilx- iirst ix-ar and ss permit die second vear: ctavs hru from work tlcxTeascxJ SI percent the lira sx-ar aixl H>) penxm the sect md war Uxv Ix&V surgs-n- unryxxl hH ixiixnt ilx- iirsi sx-ar and Th percent ilie vcihxI sxnr Job Design (Ergonomics) The ergonomic appmadt of designing ihe ioh 10 fit tlx- capabil ities of the worker has recetsxxJ greater attention in recent wars, ^latwttcs haw hew compiled that indicate the relationship of certain sab activities and postures to the incidence of compens able low back pam. These activities and postures include manual handling tasks, ccnain bodv movements, cxccxsisc loads, pro longed sitting, vibration, and failing. Manual Handling Tasks More than half of all compensable Uxv hack pam has heen related to the manual handling of ohtens.lifting has heen implicated in 3? to 49 percent of the cases; pushing. 9 to 16 percent pultinR. 6 to 9 percent: and earning. 5 to H percent. Kodesignm* lohs to reduce or eliminate the amount of manual lundling lias been recommended hi- ergonomists in an attempt to reduce tub related low hack pain, henson renewed six industrul examples of ergonomic task redesign that resulted in tlx: reduced incidence and cost of compensable low back pain.1'1' Working primary with static loads. Westgaard and Aaras demonstrated a reduotor of work-rebted masculoskelcial illnesses through improved workplace design*"-'4* A 33 percent reduction m long-term sick lease followed implementation of ergonomic improvements in the workplace. } * . Body Movements Excessive bending, twisting, and readitng letsx- lxx-n related to the onset of compensable low back pain in industry Twisting has been repttried in 9 to IH percent of low luck pain; bending m 12 to 14 percrni.,,*m Twtsting the trunk often results from cnmxled or cramped workplaces xiiere there ts nm enough rixmi to turn the feet. Ilending is necessary wlxm lifting from the lloor. Ki-jcluttg is rei|uirixl when handling huikv ohxxiv Swx-dtsh studies have reported that ilx- ilistanix- Ixiween ilxobxxs and tlx- IxxJv was found to inlluence the stress on ilxIvxk much rtxtre ilun tlx- itxslxtd used m lift.* Excessive Loads vix-rjl soxtiei lusx- reheeil tlx- luixlling of Iteasv lotxls to .in itXTV.i-xxl itxiikixx- 14 lux Iv.xk |Uin and iliv-ihilitv Unit fmind .ilunM tsi hv as inviih Imv lxnk disablin' m tlx- lii-.n' t ciipatn ms as lx- did tit tlx- light ixxxiputxxtv'4' IU-rgi|mM l llnuii aixl Ltrsmi IihiixI tlut nuiHtal workers lui) sigmlxtintlv lunger ixihsIs uf dixibtlitv during ivmh ilx- initial ii'isisli- ni Imv h.nk pam and during rivurnng iinxxk-s ilun iklxe luiikiii'*' (Judin jihI lhirk oHH'ltukxl that the iiwxkixe "i Imv h.Hk pain is mi ri-.iMil wlxit tlx* lilting Itud is greater ilun \S |xxiixL> '"' Hxxixiiunxal. pltvsH>k^.-xal. |vhv!m ^iIiishiiI. aixl i-|niki)i" WO iC VOI ; VO ; UJUICM IM G 00198 75 U uxal I fxivoVasv Ixx-n a-*xl H ik-n-rimmix! na>MM' k cxks `***"* TIh-m- iriicra lusc rxvn umsI to ikivkv varxius itmlxxb> lor cs-muiing manual lundlmg eeJo. ok filling strength mint!, iub -en-fitv index. psychophysical tallies. .mil NIOSII guide- Ihx-s 1 Udlxxls basest ii(xm liningtuinif.il .uni psvcho physical ifiima luvc ixvn fxinmibrlv cfftxnw m relating low vu k pain 10 extessiix- loads' " ' 1 lorrm .uni Ink ,i\% i.iio min iiulo ill.# iho lxJ simple index i\ ilie ivrooni.iKC <x iho ri>uuiion itipable of [Xfiormmg tlw.* umim stressful ,tv|xxi oi .t Ji ivi'oil ofxhi ottlicr pmihophiMi.il sirengili or ixxncinc sirt-ngtli 1V*1 ''look used this t\-)X- ol index lused u|xxi ismxIxi- physical sirengill ami emK'ludcd Ironi .1 studs-o< 191 ea.sci ik low haolc pain ilvai (ho proper iIomkh ik manual hamJlInK tasks ail reduce up lu one-third of industrial tat muiriox" " Additional Risk Factors Additional risk factors include proloiiKcd sitting. vilintiixi. and falls. Magorn > sunw of JJ16 individuals unhealed iltat ton much or ioo little sitting w related to a higher incidence of low hack pain."*'1 Nac+iemvso reponed tlut intradi.scnl pressure durmc uning is significantly higher than during standing.1*1 I'rvmmvr :nd his issociaies present evidence tlut implicates vihration as : significant factor m low hack pain."1" Truck drtyers. who are emosed 10 both prolonged sitting and vibration, have a higher incidence of acute hemuted lumbar mtemenchral dtscs.,", Finallv. dips and falls have been cited in 7 to 13 percent of compcnsaPle low back pain.'*'"-,M Those additional rLsk factors arc important considerations in gixxl nab design. Thus far, Iiowwct, no inicrss-mion studies have been reponed. Job Placement (Selection) Although mb design mav be applicable to many manufacturing operations, there are oilier |obs tlut are diflicult to design and control, eg., firefighting, police work, and certain construction and dciiverv operations. Tltcse jobs require greater dependence upon prcplacement testing and selection of workers. Selection techniques that have been used or suggested for identifying indiviouals susceptible to future low hack pain can be grouped into medical dominations, strength and fitness testing, and 10b rating programs. Medical Examinations The preplacement medical examination has been used in many industries, especially since the enactmens of workers' compen sation laws. However, there are various opinions in the medical literature regarding the effectiveness of prcplacement medical examinations in presenting health and safety problems in in dustrySome investigators believe the medical examination should lx- used only for older workers; odx-rs Ix-licve it six add be used only for haaarduus skK."''u"> Tmi studies were unable to demonstrate the effectiveness of prcplacement medical ex aminations m identifnng worker* wlxi are susceptible to low h.uk pain '1' **' Turking wiih I,SOU eaM.'s ul industrial low luck flam over a 30-vear period. Howe estimates thar with careful lustorv taking and iluirough examination, arouixl 7 or H percent of vixtng in dividuals prone to future hack problems might lx` isJentiltcd.'*' Tlic identilicatxm rate would lx: stgmlicantlv higlKT in applicants in oilier age gfiKips wliere tlic hiidmgs nf disease are m*in frequent .ind iixire'kwxxis. Mam-JuilHiriiics fix-1 dial ilx- mcxln-jl lustorv is ihe most imponant port of ihe medical exam mat 11 xi in nJci*i/nng xsrtuers win arc sersrept k de to future kiw itxk paia"*' Knowing dot tlic worker has had previous low I-rock pain is signiiK'int Ixx-.iurw ilx- 1'nkuiniin . x nxlimul , 1 viik p.nn is lour iinx-s grixier .iner me min.i! et i'^ xlc ' ,, ivxT. the worker is vmxxinK^ reliui.ini in reie.ii pnxhms , hack pain during a prepUemeiu exjiiuiuixm Routine t-ravs of ilkr lumiur spme navx* nttc-n Ixx-n p.in . .1 tU- pa-placenietit mcxitcai exammaiMin altlmugh rcxvtx isiocsice m .lii.lli's lll.it llle mull Held ilix-s not iiishm|iv rrnii.iiion t-si-s,,r, nr me reused cost itiseiii .nl\-.iiiies h.iix- Ixvti nuile m ux , soring tlic 'i/e ul tlx- spiri.il i-.uui In- tiitrivxirxl Ihis m nnnWl tet'hmqtie was iim.xI hi show ilut ptments mill sinn*nm.un dis. lestims hail liunivtr spm.il 1:11 i:ils iIlii iti- si|>tuhc.m<l\ nx,r lurrnw tlun asvmptunutic subwcis' A more rvxvnt stmlv re 1rated ilutt coal miners with distillling low b:xk pain also lu,| narrower varuU.`''" Otlwr imrsticnnrs 1hiwi.sxt. luxe ihh vet been able to reproduce these results.' Strength and Fitness Testing Si.Ax.-raI studies Itaw ik.imxistr.ited ihe rel.iiiixvsJup Ixouvn strengilvtitnoLX and the- incidence of low buck fxun. (u j series of four studies. Cluflin and Ins ,issx iates imr-sog-.ited isonictrii stremith testing as a technique for velixting uorken for sta-nui x. tohs.'*''Sforkers wea- tested from laruxis milusiries teg . electronics, steci, aluminum, rubber) and nxxumred for nieuumcidcnt.x. Tlicse studies arc consistent in finding ihat iIk prooabilitv of a musculoskeletal disorder is up to ihrcii times greater when 10b lifting rtx|uircments approach or cxceei tlK- "orker s isometric strength capabilin-. `several attempts Itaxv liecn made io Ucvvlop dt-rumic lifting tests, since d>riamic lifting represents a btiter simulation uf the acrual lifting Qsk.inMi Sophisticated machinery for tt-Ming dv namic .grength has also been introduced hv ses-eral manuunur era. Unfortunately, there have been no studies sliowing me ef fectiveness of dynamic strength testing as a prepbcvment techmqi for reducing the incidence and/or severity nf musculoskcleta: disorders. In a Danish srudv of 449 men and 479 women. Ilienng-Sorensen was able to shosv that rr- - who experienced low hack pain for the first nmc had lower 1. .nciric endurance of the back muscles when measured up to one \xrar before the episode.""1 In addi tion. these men also had greater anterior spinal (lesion (livpermobilin-). The results for wxwnen wx-rc noi the same, suggiwung a passible se.x diiTervncv. Iliering-Soreascn enndudes ili-.ii gsxxi isometric endunneg uf tlic luck muscles scents 10 present lirsitime cspencnce of low hack pain in men. Job rating programs Job rating programs are structured attempts 10 evaluate the r >h xs well as ilx- wiirker and ilicn to oixam a gixxl match Ixiwvxit ihe nvti. It represents an extension of ma ixtlv scrixmng 1x11 ilxinappropriate applicant, hut finding suitable work fur people of varying alulhkA liki rating ixngnnis lx-gan ilurmg 'S'ix-IiI Tar II when miln.irx- .Lssignuieuis mill i-ao ing rei|iiiieineiii' wi-ri- Ix-mg lillesl with niillnxis nl iKsv nxTuiis with v-.imng ia|xilnlitn*s .mil wltoti wixiKii, luiiMlu-jpfxxl workers. .iikI olik-r svorki-rs Ixx;;hi hi work ill iMiiim- lam tries Job rating i-ttorts lonunueil at ter tlic war iviien suiuiiile work wxs Ix-mg sought lor dts.iblexl seterans. One 1 if the pii xiixTN 1 it p 41 rating programs as I lam 11.in u In isorkisl in lx ah l-ain^x- aixl ilx-1 'mini m.iii-n K< n I iksvl< nxxl a pki rating program lor ihe (.mailian mil serviiv. i-.illnl t.l ! IllvMI* ('.'i-geiXTal |knsK|ix*. U-iij^xt exiniiiiix-. I. Unver ex ireniitics. 11-lxnnng. I- nxsigla, M tiKiiiaiitv. I' |x-rs< aulllvt',*',*'' 78 G 00199 tffl iwo arc vOt 1 *0 J u**cm 1 "Wi' s Njiraul (nirxil it iIk- Amg Ivas advt xtuxI ihx- use nf 'i l.lir.MI* fur pl.xintc -aikT imrki-rx I1 4k.'****' 71tc (IKBi x-nt h f 1 ruing priymm lux Ixxn <kxx-i<yxxl hs- tlk* (imtniv of t Ikrnartliixi in (.ilifnmia '"Tlii.x png;ruit. c.illod ilte Medical uXiriN I'ri ixxt. wjx ikxvii xxJ hi rcN*K* to new federal sl.HMHMl.ml Ihelns Ml >t !"Xrt . OtvtivnxBial N-tfiSV and Health III 19~b. ViH.-IIIIIiul HiHuliilit.llNiil Ml at PJ^.I) and increasing . . ih1111\ riir<-mt-nt mu iinruers iimipcnMllHiii elainex :i s mu MiriiriMiu* -ii.it mi mmli lime -itxl clftin Ilis gtme mm ui. vi. ii .piinni hi )t4i rating prugrtinx TIicm.- prngrtim ap)x-ar nruvule .*mi:ilili' mli irm:iih hi retarding worker ci|Xihilutex mil hHi niiuirinicuiv li n Minirising. IxnvexxT. lieu not a single 'ilv iiiulil lx- f* Mint I that ni'x-onx'lv evaluated ilk: effectiveness :tnv of ihc iH rmne pn igrancs in reducing llie incidence. . eritv nr cum of irtuvniimkcletal inturies m flic workplace. "!h-sc prngrams nave gtxxj ptscntol. Ixit tlw remain itnprttcen `i rexpect in inmrv reduction P~commendations renewed dan indicate ilwi primary proxfinun of low hack -run t preventing the onset of svmpionix) t.s hew achtox-d through .yinc ergonomic design of the workplace. Studies have sliown good ioP design ran reduce up to one-third of compensable ( back pain. In addition, ergonomics has the advantage of being more permanent engineering solution to the problem; it re2 cs the worker s exposure to die risk factors of low hack pam reduces the medical and legal prolilems of selecting the sorkcr for me ioh f.xs well as finding replacements for absent vurkers). Good job design also places less a'liance upon the kcr's willingness io follow cstahlislied training procedures, is lifting properlv. ength texting is an effective selection iccltnique but should oe used for ohs that are difTicuit to design or control, i ngth testing can also be used on a temporary basis until die is redesigned. Strength testing should new he used as a jhsiiiuie for good mb design. -lining me 'worker m strength and func\s also appears to he rtive m preventing the onset of low hack pam symptoms. ilHivign fimess is difficult io enforce, management can encuurworker participation bv supplying facilities and training proI MS x.-condarv prevention (preventing long-term dixabilrv and high si after low back pain lias occurred} is hea achieved through mg programs, specifically, management should he trained -ipropruite responses to low hack pain, practitioners should r.lined m effective treatment. and patients xlxiuld lx: sent io ck school io learn their res(>kxsilnlit3 in the rvcinvrv process, "nn.mins iImi pl:rv\ .in important rule in sextHMiarv priwvn- s.ii unl\- nm gisxl f> design rexlutx- 'Ik- pn ltxiliiliiv nf ml anil renirrmg i-piMxk-v it will also allow iIk" worker with r-ne m iniunmi in -mi . hi the i<il> lunger .mil |xrmn ilte >k'vl 'AofWi'f t> fi'Uim ti itu.' [4) *8*K*r hire ii no -imple mlimim hi ilte prtf'Usn It me Ivxk pain, -ingie ;n is I'lim e ippr.i.uh mil -*ihi- ihe' problem .ill ,ip 11n-i ire ms i^-un li ir die i nri >1 4 U nv Ivx k (tain I U isvixxr, entiiMi pnvr.ims -IkHtUI eni|<ii.(M/e iltosi- apjinm |g-i ilut five ituilies hair -litmn in Ik- most ellexlive Alilmugh tlge iIhhii Um li.uk nain i> linnuxl. on sigh is already in ulisru.iieiv iiinirnl the prijilnn InMtskl of ii-.uttng lor nor mixlti-al lireikihfi sign to laeur. itnjgttse. -In silt I lx' ixJ . hi .if t| living tlx- kixiw ledge 11 on i\ .ilreath- intui.ihle References I Mawnnutusi. K. l-'nmt dnu//itii ut CkTspaaral Ik-aklt Tudn-fnm an itxentatxxul IX-r^xxtm- I (kxup Stax l ITJfJtt*"M ; l-inix-wsi. It K. Hr I nns-sn <n liw |Ut Pn (If.ltmunn Sin. Ntxx- l.irk I IV'S I 1 NxlnHixti, Al. Totearux a Iksur I'lxJenorxkng itf bm-Itxk hatir A Kcvww n< tin- Mixlnnxx of the ijmxnr Disc Crum Kt-liah is \n i hfSI s Hull. I. l.en-xai. Hnrvil atxJ latmfar -nxrx- Msxlnaim Via Onlxfi -xatxl Snix-t Nn l* t I'Ml S J.ivMxi. SI I V Ituk linn StTW New AiTsrtoefXw Sled I Auural. ISIS 11WI <i Hi nix* Ml.. llatkatlK- a a'leW IXrinr. n ISress. Kairpei. W ( hint). " IW.rgt|utM t'llnun. M . larsxm. I'. Acute lam- llak Pam in InduMir. Acta Ortltnp Stand Suppl. No. 11X3 (ITT?) k Cum, C.. ixarttm, J.CC.. Matr. K. The Prevalence rrf Urn- Hack Pain in Nurses, ini. Nun. key. 19-169 (19721 0 Cads. LI) . IliM+xkf. I) I*. O'Gmncll. HR., es al: letters to tl*e tulunr Autlxjrs Kesfwe. J Oecup. Med 21:720 (1979V 10. Snuuk, 5.H'. Campanellt. fLS.. Ftvd. XJu A Siudr of Rack Iniunn a Pratt and 'dinner Aircraft. Uhemr Murual Inwrancv Company. ReM.an1t Center. I Wpfcinrtev MA (10H0V 11. snnnk. S I I.; Campaixkli. RA.. I Ian. J.V. A Study uf Three ITxsmtnv Approaches io Low Hack imurs- J. Ocrup. Med 21H78 (1778V . 12. Anoemon. G.n.J.. Onengren. R. Nachemaort. a.- Quanunve Studies of hack Loads in lafting. Spine 1178 (1976V 13. Anderson. T.M.: Human Kinena m Strain Prevention. 3r. j. Oeeup. Safety 8;2<8 (19701. 15. Ilimburv. S.. Kinetic Methods of Manual Handling m indusrv. OccupationaJ Safery and Health Senes No. 10. Imemauonal Labour Of fice. Ceneva (1967). 13. National Safety Council: I luman Kinetics... and Lifting. Nattonal Safety News *S (June 1971). 16. Hall, II.V Sr.. "Gean" ta "Dim-* Leaning, an Aodemtc Subtext for Youth. ASSE j. (Octuher 197JV 17. Ring L. Pacts on Hacks--A Simplified Approach to flack Iniury Prerent ion and Control. Institute Press. Logantnlle, GA (1981V IR. Glover. J R.. Prevention of hack Pain. The Lumbar Spine and hack Pain. M. Jayson, Ed. Grime and Stranon. New York (1976 V 19. Miller. ILL. Uend Your Knees! Nat. Safery News 37 (Mar 1977). 20. NIOSM Tork Practices Guide for Manual Lifting. PI HIS (N10S10 l\ih Na Hl-122 IMarett 1981V 21. flrrmn. J.R.. Lifting as an Industrial Hazard Lahrxir Safery Council nf Ontario, Onono IX-partmcrs of Labour, Torino (1971V 22. Ohiin. O.. I ledenrud n.. 1 local. J.: Hack Stmptomj m Nursing Aides m a Geriatric I kitpuai. Scand J Kehahil. Med 8N7 (1976 V 23. Park. K.S.; Qtaflin. U.IVi A lliumechamcal Evaluation uf Two VlethtxiJ of Manual Load Lifting A)IE Trans. 6:103 (1974V 24. Garg A: Hemn. C D.: Stuop or Squat: A Biomechanical and Metabolic Evaluation. AJIE Trans. 11.293 (1979). 23. Cadv. LD. HitchnfT. 1) I1; O'Gmnell, E.R.: rt al: Strength and Htnexs md SulfttxiwtM Ilui k lmurivx m l-'irctiglncrv I. Ocixip Mixl. 21 269 I 1979) 26. Cadv. LI) . Tlxenss. 1* C. Karwasfcv. R.).: Pngtram tie Inm-avng I lealth arxj iSnxiial 1 itm-x- i f liri-tieiHi-rx j. Ocrup Med 27 110 (I'JHS) 27 Kims.*. Ml.. Liw hack I"am m lnduarv. A Piiutxm Paper. J. Omip. AK-d 11 Kil 11909) 2H k/jus. II Nji-k-r. g'. Mi-IMx- A lit-jltuixm uf an 1-jteTt'iM.- lYngram fir Ijiw ILxX Patn. Ain l-jtn iSnxnxan ht:lSA(l9H), 29 Kixxbll, I'll. k-nkim. I At F.st-rver-t hr llat1ot4r A Ihxililr I kind (iHttniikxl Trul I1itxxlx*rj|x' Sx IA4 f lOOtll Mi |jixim'',u. a./jthrixMvt. M lln-malTlK-rjfwtut litw Hark l"am aixl vxatx - mi Am-mpi a PxaluiaBat Man. j. ki-tcgxl. Mtsl 2 37 (I'/TUV 31 IXxJerMvi. OK. IXst-r-M-ti. K.. Malfrkk. K.S I lark Pain and iMimetnr lUk Mum k- Nrvuwth 'k M<rki-fx hi j Ikim-Ui l-jisirv Man J Kelulxi Mt-d ' I2S 11`rst '2 (.nili-llxrg, I One Yi-jr lixxltxxt- >4 lm ILxt l"jiii Aiixhib Male kiftxkx*- ,d (isxxiluxxxi Auixl xtt-S9 Halt kkxl Hull .'I 31111*J**4) 33 IkrV-xxt. M. Mlxih/. A. NatlnnxaA. Mnk-rmai. (1 Vnlutjrr VO htC ,'Cl J VO 2 ua/ICN iM G00200 77 AKRM APPENDIX H WELDING HOOD INFORMATION 176 (1/171 G 00201 SPECIFIC OPERATIONS 0 * 350 cfm/lined ft of hood Hood lengfi * required working space Bench width*24"maximum Duct velocity * fOOO -3000fpm Entry loss*/.78 slot VP +0.25 duct VP GENERAL VENTLAT/ON, where local exhaust cannot he used: Rod, diom 5/32 3/16 1/4 3/8 cfm/wetder* 1000 1300 3500 4500 A For open areas, where welding fume can rise away from the breathing tone: cfmrequired * BOO* tb/hour rod used & For enclosed areas orpositions where fume does not readily escape breathing tone: cfm required 1600 x to/hour rod used *For toxic materials nigher airflows ore necessary and operator may require respiratory protection equipment. OTHER TYPES OF HOODS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Loco/ exhaust: See VS-416J AMUICAN CONFERENCE OF Booth: For design See V$-4tS,VS-604 ` GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS 0*100 cfm/sq ft of face opening -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- WELDING BENCH DATE 1-76 VS-4/6 G 00202 5-5* INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION Flexible duct 3 " Hanot Welding rod Work PORTABLE EXHAUST Plain duct Flange or cone X, inches cfm cfm up to 6 6-9 335 ?S5 250 Jed 9 -12 1335 1000 Face velocity *1500 fpm Duct velocity* 3000fpm minimum Plain duct entry loss * 0.93 duct VP Flange or cone entry loss * 0.25 duct VP GENERAL VENTILATION, where local exhaust cannot be used: Rod, diam cftn/welder A. For open areas, where welding fume can 5/32 3/16 1/4 1000 1500 3500 rise away from the breathing zone: OR cfm required * BOOx tb/hour rod used B. For enclosed areas or positions where fume does not readily escape breathing zone: 3/8 4500 cfm required s 1600x ib/hour rod used For toxic materials higher airflows are necessary and operator may require respiratory protection equipment OTHER TYPES OF HOODS Bench: See VS-4/6 Booth: For design See VS-4/5,VS-04 0*100 cfm/sq ft of face opening "Granite Cutting" VS-909 AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS WELDING BENCH p*te !-7B I VS-4I6J G00203 '*r A " ' ' P .----------------- < 5 (r. 11 w > !i <G 9 * -S./.Gr-//f G 001 89