Document pBjxbd27BZbmLg8bzqn7RZKM7

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1962 DOC#: NSC088 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: National Safety Council Transactions Vols. 1-27 *] -1c M Kw CHcD* I CAL 35=.- . I J N - 3c.r:Y - L I UM A S S O C IA T E D P P- *,N J r r . ..trie M - : ID L IN G 9 p l a !n t !f p ^ * EXHIBIT fS& C ^W M P -N S C -26 ! t t ) ID G NEWARK PUBLIC LIURMU National Safety Congress Transactions GENERL S SESSIONS : ANNUAL MEETING OF MEMBERS S CONGRESS BANQUET 1 LIST OF EXHIBITORS GENERAL INDEX OF ALL VOLUME; Beginning the Golden Anniversary Year of the NATIONAL SAFETY" COUNCIL 47 5 NORTH MICHIGAN AVtlll/E in;- -1G5 ) I | VOLUME 1 OF THE TRANSACTS. t I of file I 50th NATIONAL SAFETY CO N GRESS } \ CONTENTS I Officers of the National Safety Council 1962-63. -1 | Trustees of the National Safety Council........... 6 I Directors of the National Safety Council 1962-63 7 I AN NUAL M EETING O F MEMBERS I Invocation.................................................... The. Rt. Rev. Mjgr. Thomat J . Filigr.tald 20 f Minutes of the Annual M eeting..................Reported by R . L. Forney, Secretory 20 I: I : The W illiam H . Cameron Aw ard............................. Introduction b y H ow ard Pyle 2.' i Presentation of the W illiam H. Cameron Award R . H . fergujon 22 Acceptance of Award for Chemical Section........................... Dr. E. G . Meiter 2.1 t Address by the Chairman of the Board...................................... W illiam H . Lowe 2i I Annual Address of the President........................... .......................Howard Pyle 2/ : Safety -- W ho Needs I t ................................................. 1 ' THE CONGRESS BANQUET W i l l Stic.' 3. invocation . ........... Ra b b i Irving 1. Rorenboum l Report of Congress Banquet Functions. r f Safety In the Space A g e ........... Hugh L. Dtydcn j EXHIBITORS -- 1962 NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS & EXPOSITION INDEX TO A LL VOLUMES. 1962 NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS Other Volumes in 1962 National Safety Congress Transactions B.itll (. ov ) National Safety Council O FFIC ER S -- 1962-63 Chairman, Board of Directors--W /i.mam II. Lowe, Treasurer, Inlaw, Steel Company, Chicago, Illinois & President and Executive Vice President--Houmiiii P yle, 1'reside!^ National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois \ Vice President for barms--U amky L. Powell, Assistant to Via; President, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, OhU 1'ice Phwident for Cuuns Paukln, Executive Vice Proi* dent, Finance and Property, United Air Lines, Chicago, Illinois' I `ice / '. (</u/ /* li,one.\ | P. W aiini.h, Vice Pn-sidcnl and Gen t rai M:iii:i<:ri, Mamila lm inn Ui\i-.i'ti. I hmddt- ()iltv Rthiiiit) Company, I imisttiii, Texax < I'iiv t\rc\ideni for Industry--C. I'. Si ih.ui.uk, Vice President--Ai| cidcnl Prevention, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, Wis` cousin i | Vice president fot Labor--I.loyu D. Utter, Director, Industria'1 Hcallh and Safety Division, United Automobile Workers, Detroit- Michigan j; i* Vice President for State and Load Safety Oryonbainms--Louts II; Antoine, Resident Vice President, The American Insurance Grotti' St. Louis, Missouri j ' t Vice President for Membership-- John L. Gillis, Vice President Monsanto Chemical Company, Si. Louis, Missouri j Vice Resident for Motor Transport- -Mark Koheson, Vice ProiV dent, Yellow Transit Freight Lines, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri j i Vice President for Production-- Row:kt R. Burton, Executive Vic^ President, Campbell-Mthun, ine, Chicago, Illinois I Vice President for Public Information--Charles W. Ferguson? Senior Editor The Reader's Digest, Pleasantville, New York I f I ) National Safety Council (onc.>,, , Vice President for Research--Nouvin C. Kii.h k , M.D, l l.i.t M. c:J Director, The l ift* A ^m ancr Soiieiy "f ilu I i><i I Stales, New York, New Yoik Vice President for Schools and Collcyes--J>n. Lowt.i.i. 11. i i .m :. Cliarnian, North Central Association of Colleges and Sivuiuluy Schools, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Vice President for Traffic-- Rax M. W im roN , Federal llighw.iv Administrator, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, I* <' Vice President fo r Women--Mrs. Raymond Savric, Ackwouh, luv. . Vice President fur Youth Activities--D o n a u M. I I i m i.u , D im n... ' Health ami Safely Service, National Council, Roy Scouts of /.. i ica, New Brunswick, New jersey i Gmerul Alanuyer--W. (/. Johnson, Um h i.I r.t.m;|M r. .'.'.hi ... Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago II, lit Secretary and Treasurer--1?. L. 1;ohni:v, Sec*''clary anJ National Safely Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chic:.; *- H. Illinois l Asscistant Treasurer--J. D. F ui.fokd, Director, Ticasmy Divi-:. . National Safety Council, 425 North Michig.iu Avenue, Chiv :*>*.< D Illinois \ t 0 0 (M (,(i National f SafetyCouncil j I i 5 V TRUSTEES -- 1962-63 ; : Chairman o f the Trustees--IIowaru Pyle, President, National Safety ! Council, IJ5 N<rth Michigan Avenue, d c a lo 11, Illinois : Vice Chairman o f the Trustees--W m . W hite, Chairman, The Del- ! ware & Hudson Railroad Corporation, New York, New York Members M elvin H. B aker, Chairman, Nalional Gypsum Company, Buffalo, : New York Jt J ohn E. B ick w iiu h , Chairman of the Board, Nalional Distillers and . Chemical Corporation, New York, New York J ames B. B lack, Chairman, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San : Francisco, California S. Ukuce B lack, Honorary Chairman, Liberty Mutual Insurance : Company, Boston, Massachusetts [ E lmer H. Boost, Chairman, Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Com- : pauy, Morris Plains, New Jersey ` W alter F. C ahey, President, Automobile Carriers Michigan Inc., Flint, ' ` W illiam G. C handler, President, Scripps-HowardSupply Company, i New ^fork, New York Lucius C lay, Chairman, Executive Cominillcc, Coiilincnlal Ca I Company, Inc., New York, New York j- M orcaN J. D avis, Chairman, Humble Oil & Refining Company, Houston, Texas J J. Doyle DeW iit , President, The Travelers, Hartford, Connecticut ; I M orse G. D ial, Chairman, Union Carbide Corporation, New York, f New York E. F. nu P ont, Director, Employee Relations Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Delaware Ir F rederic W. E cker, Chairman, Metropolitan Life insurance Coin- ? juny. New York, New York i Calvin Elntukss, Jl, Chairman, Allstate Insurance Company, Sko- ( kic, Illinois f John F. Gordon, President, General MotorsCorporation, Detroit, L Michigan { National Safety Council ) s-?> 00041:7 Bow man Gkay, Chairman, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Com f.:,.. Winston-Salem. North Carolina J a k f L. I I amon, Pallas, Texas E. Kolan Makriman, Brown Brothers llarrininn ami C*anp.:ii>-. New York, New York J. V. Hi-un, Chairman of the Boards, The Cmiineiitai lusmau.c Companies, New York, New York W illiam A. H ewitt, President, Deere & Company, Moline, !Himi.. FttFjDEiuCK R. K aitel, Chairman, American Telephone and TU.^i.ii h Company, New York, New York J ohn R. K imiikki.v, Chairman, Kimberly O ail; Coiporalmu, Wisconsin J oseph L. Lan ilk, President, West Point Manufacturing Company, West Point, Georgia 1 S am L aud, Chairman, Executive Committee, General A in u i.m Transportation Corporation, Chicago, Illinois Gkokce E. Leiciity, President, The Order of Railtoad Tch.gi.*|.|.t. St. Louis, Missouri W illiam II. L owe, Treasurer, Inland Steel Company, (h:'Illinois (Ex-Ofcio) N eil M cE lroy, Chairman, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cm chinati, Ohio Robert S. O klman, Chairman and President, The Nation.d t a 1. Register Company, Dayton, Ohio Robert G. P ace, President, Phelps Dodge Corporation, New Y, ; l New York G. T. PowNall, Secretary, United Stales Rubber Company, X.*v York, New York S hekuunl P resc<ott, Belle Haven, Greenwich, Conncctictn G wilym A. P rice, Chairman, -Westinghouse Electric ( a*rp.s ..in u. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, I2S K\ ul. Michigan Avenue, Chicago II, Illinois ( lix-Ofticio) W alter P. Klutiier, Vice President, Amciican Federation | , apd Congress of Industrial Organizations, Detroit. Miehig.su W. S. S. Rodgers, Former Chairman, Texaco, Inc, New Y,.-;. ... York ) National Safety Council ( T t usit s, t'tmiinin'ilii E dward L. S hea, Former Chairman, Ethyl Corporation, New York] New York j A rthur E. S toddard, President, Union Pacific Railroad Company,j Omaha, Nebraska | D r. J o h n F. T hompson,Honorary Chairman, The International Nickel Company, Inc., NewYork, New York j J uan T . T rippe, President, Pan American World Airways System; New York, New York W m, W hite, Chairman, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corpora tion, New York, New York Roucrt W . W oodruff, Chairman, Finance Committee, The Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, Georgia L eslie B. W orthington, President, United States Steel Corporation. New York, New York It If ) National Safety Council BOARD OF DIRECTO RS -- 1962-63 Chairman of the Board of Directors--W illiam II. I.owe, T rcasm n. Inland Slcel Company, Chicago, Illinois Vice Chairman of the Board o f Directors--Dn. Lowell li. F isher, Chairman, North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Members E dward S. Adams, Director of Safely, Iowa Farm Bureau. D.s Moines, Iowa F rank R. A hlgren, Editor, The Commercial Appeal, Memphis, Tennessee Rodert H. A lbisser, Safety Manager, Merck Chemical Division. Merck & Co., Inc., Railway, New Jersey i F inlay C. A llan, Assistant to the President, United Brotherhood of'Carpenters and Joiners of America, Washington, D. C. H omer A llen, Associate Professor, Physical Education, Pm due University, Lafayette, Indiana I W. ^L A llison, Senior Safety Director, British Columbia Lumber Manufacturers Association, Vancouver, B. C., Canaria Loots H. A ntoine, Resident Vice President, The American Insur ance Group, St. Louis, Missouri Dr. D ewey F. Uahick, President, Detroit Institute of Technology. Detroit, Michigan Curtis Barkes, Executive Vice President, Finance and Piopcii, United Air Lines, Chicago, Illinois F. R. B arnako, Manager of Compensation and Safety, Ilclldch m Steel Company, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania K. R. Dartelsmeyer, Chief Highway Engineer, Illinois Division u( Highways, Springfield, Illinois R ichard O. Bennett, Secretary-Treasurer, The Insurance lnsihme for Highway Safety, Washington, D. C. M rs. P. D. Bevil, Sacramento, California M. F. B iancardi, Manager, Safety Services, Allis-Chalmers Mann factoring Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin W illiam E. B ii.i.in cs, Excctilivc Vice President and Sccici.uy Greater Cleveland Safety Council, Cleveland, Ohio National Safetv Council (Hoard o f Directors, continued)i /. T. Blalock, Vice President, Pacific Indemnity Group, Los An^ gelcs, California ^ C lark D. Bridges, Managing Director, Industrial Medical Associa^ lion, Chicago, Illinois George T. Brown, Deputy Director, Bureau of Labor Standards/. U. S. Department of Labor,Washington, D. C. i' Robert U. B rown, Editor, Editor & Publisher, New York, New York! R ussell I. Brown, President, insurance Institute fo r Highway Safety, Washington, D. C. | K. J. H*/unir, Ch.itiumu <f the lloanl, The Silver Fleet Moto/f Kxtness, Inc., I.niiisvilie, Kentucky Edward W. Bullard, President, E. D. Unllard Company, Sausalitoj; California j; Robert R. Burton, Executive Vice President, CampbeB-Mithun, IncJ Chicago, Illinois I: Bernard R. Caldwell, Director, ih c Traffic Institute, Northwestern?i University, KvansUm, Illinois f; Earl F. Campbell, Managing Director, California Traffic Safety!* Found.ilion, San Francisco, California | A lfiud W. C antwell, National Director Safety Services, The. Amfcrican National Red Cross, Washington, D.C. I? W alter F. Carey, President, AutomobileCarriers lue., Flinty* Michigan \ A llen L. Coud, Director of industrial Safety, Kodak Park Works**S l a^lman Kodak Company, Rmhrstcr, New York I J o h n D. Connors, Assistant to the President, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, Washington/* D. C. I' J ohn M. Convery, Industrial Relations Consultant, National Associ;' ation o Manufacturers,New York, New York 1; O wen Coomt, Executive Vice President, Mississippi Chemical Com[: pany, Yazoo City, Mississippi S anford B. Cousins, Vice President, American Telephone and Tele ; graph Company, New York, New York E rnest G. Cox, Chief, Section of Motor Carrier Safety, Bureau oft Motor Cartiers,Interstate Commerce Commission, Washington^ D. C. \ ) National Safety Council '/j, Ci-n'.UT S tanley W . Cox, Vice President, St. Joseph F ight and P ow er t:\i.i pany, St. Joseph, Missouri B revard C rihfield, Executive Director, The Council of St.u Governments, Chicago, Illinois N eil J . C urry, President, California Cartage Company, Ine., I < Angeles, California E. M. C u sh in g , Vice President, Industrial Relations, Unite ! hi ,i< Rubber Company, New York, New York M. R. Darlington, J r., Managing Director, Auto Industries i I way Safety Committee, Inc., Washington, D. C. 1 J o h n D enson, E ditor, l.os Angeles IK i.il.l l*.\;unM:i, I .. \,, l California I C laude he Sr. P aer, Assistant Director, Program D evelopm ent Di ; vision, American Farm Bureau Federation, Chicago, Illinois \j. D ewey D oksett, General Manager, Association of C.imi.iIm .m i Surety Companies, New York, New York M iss D orothy D owns, Assistant to Director of Engineering, hue ' me*s Mutual Insurance Company, Providence, Rhode Island T. A. D rescher, Milk Industry Foundation, c/o Borden's Farm Pi od I ucts, Division of The Borden Company, New York, New York E. F. DU P ont, Director, Employee Relations Department, F I <( Pont dc Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware H oward E n n es, Director, Office of Coimmmity Services and lli.d i! Education, The Equitable Fife Assurance Society of Ilie I niu.i States, New York, New York H enry W. F alks, Vice President--MniniFictuimi:, id. t 'ioi . r i . Company, Woodland, Maine C harles F erguson, Director, Safely Division, United Mine V/oil.*.- of America, Washington, D. C. C harles W. F erguson, Senior Editor, The Render's Digest. I K., antville, New York R. II. F erguson, Assistant Director of Industrial Relations, K<j.;d !. Steel Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio A. C. F ield, J r., Manager, Publie Affairs. WGN Inc., Cltic.ii,.>. Ill nois D r. I-OWEll B. F isher, Chairman, Noitli Centra) Associali* it .. Colleges and Secondary Schools, University of Illinois. Djl,.,n. Illinois \ : National Safety Council i [ r (to n n i o f D ire cto rs, continued) \ P arker C. F olse, Safety Advisor, Socony Mobil Oil Company, New York, New York B knsgn Form, Vice President, Ford Motor Company, The American f. Road, Dearborn, Michigan i Edward G. Fox, President, Bituminous Coal Operators* Association, j Washington, D. C. i. Wkliiy M. F rantz, President, Eastern Express, Inc., Terre Haute, ^ Indiana : Robert G. F razjer, M.D., Secretary, American Academy of Pedi- : allies, Evanston, Illinois r Mrs. Gr.unuJnr. IF. F kf.si-:, General Personnel Director, New York f Telephone Company, New York, New York A. H. Galloway, President, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, r Winston-Salem, North Carolina ^ John L. Gu.i.is, Vice President, Mon.anio Chemical Company, St. | Louis, Missouri [' Uomutr E. CiocKE, Vice President, Transportation and Safety, The {. Greyhound Corporation, Chicago, Illinois f` GkokckIL. Gokiifj.l, Manager, Safety and Fire Protection, Monsanto j; Chcnljcal Company, St. Louis, Missouri j J. W iiL on Gowdy, Vice President, Northwestern Mutual Insurance Coniji^ny, Seattle, Washington ^ W m . P aul Gray, National Executive Secretary, Future Farm ers}, of America, Office of Education, Department of Health, Educa- lion, and Welfare, Washington, D. C. | C. H unter Green, Vice President and General Manager, Southern j Bell Telephone and Telegraph Companv, Louisville, Kentucky tr Gerard O. Crii-t in , Manager, Hazard Control, Dravo Corporation, j. Pittsburgh, 1Ynnsylvania j |. V. ("KIMM.ni. Consultant, Health, Safety & Plant Protection, i General Electric Company, New York, New York l! J o h n T. Gujmsh, President, Pacific Employers Insurance Company, ! Los Angeles, California fi R. P. H amilton, Superintendent of Safety, St. Louis-San Francisco r Railway Company, St. Louis, Missouri y Du. E arle S. I I annafoud, Safely Engineer, Long Lines Department, * American Telephone & Telegraph Company, New York, New York ! ) V V National Safety Council 000470 i-.v fc :. .. ,, (Hoard of folffiturs. I<;I. V! * iSfci ....... D. F. H aves, Chief, Safely & lure J'ructm u k o i u h , U u u .,t ;.i ; Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, I). C. W illiam U andoli'H H eakst, J r., New Voile Jo u rn al .uni A m in . New York, New York Robert C. H endon, Vice President Operations, KEA r*xpu:>r N York, New York R ussell E. H eston, Director of Engineering, Fanners Muin.il k insurance Company, Grinncll, Iowa Donald M. I I icgins, Director, llcallli ami Safety Sei vice, H atu.u Council, Boy Scouts of America, New Brunswick, New Jen i v \ Rt. R ev. M sgr. George G. H iggins, Director, Department of :A.,i Action, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington. D 1 P aul J. H oover, Vice President, The Halle Bros. Co , Clcvch.ud, (./:* W. G. H o tch k iss, Director--Corporate Per:.omul Sliv'im. t m . t Corporation, Detroit, Michigan lW. L. H uffm an, Vice President and General Manager, .\h.ui.r i ern Bell Telephone Company, Minneapolis. Miimcsot.* i F red H uleen, Corporation Director of Personnel, The Poem,; -. j pany, Seattle, Washington (William S. H ults, Commissioner, Department of Motor Vthul \ State of New York, Albany, New York i D r. H arold K. J ack, Director, Department uf Health, Phy.>ic..l 1 .1 \ cation and Recreation, Temple University, Philadelphia, i'em ; vanta George A. J acoby, Director of Personnel Relations, Gcuci.d 'i . iCorporation, Detroit, Michigan D. B. J enks, President, Missouri Pacific Railroad 0m|...u/i Louis, Missouri Claude A. J essup, President, Virginia Trad ways, Ch.uloii- .ui Virginia Newell U. J ohnson, General Manager, Am erican Mutual li.\;<. l(. Alliance, Chicago, Illinois R udard A. J ones, Director, Small Homes Council, Univcr>iiy ut I linois, Urbana, Illinois Chari.es H. Knii.STAor, Former Chairman of (he Board, S o i.1, k buck and Company, Chicago, Illinois ) National Safety Council ( Board o f Directors, continual) r\ Norvin C. Kieelu, M.D., Cliicf Medical Director, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, New York, New York I rving IL K u n e , President, Kline Chevrolet Sales Corp., Norfolk, Virginia O tto Z. Kt-orscif, Works Manager, Inca Manufacturing Division, I Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corporation, Fort Wayne, Indiana W alter K. Koch, President, Mountain Slates Telephone and Tele- ; graph Company, Denver, Colorado David Kohn, Vice President, Yellow Cab Company of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania T. A. Kbaklovv, Director of Safety, Deere & Company, Moline, Il linois M rs. J c/h n E. K rueger, Milwaukee, Wisconsin F rank E. L adere*, Director of Safety, Nationwide Insurance Compuny,Columbus, Ohio K. S. L ake, Director of Safety, Interstate System, Grand Rapids, ?? Michigan ! i amoureux, Director, Safely ami Health Division (Canada), (/nil f Sltvfworkers of Amcrir.-i, .\K L -0 0 , Toronto, Ontario, C.m:ql EnvvAid IV L andry, Director of Safety and Health, Hiireau of Per sonnel, United Stales Post Office Department, Washington, D. G A rthur IV L a n g u i :, Chairman of the Hoard, McCall Corporation, New York, New York S tanley L earned, President, Phillips Petroleum Company, Rarllcsvillc, Oklahoma .Ivan F. LeGore, Safety Director, Portland Cement Association, Chi cago, Illinois E ucene L. L ehr, Chief, Program Planning & Consultation liranch, Division of Accident Prevention, Public Health Service, Washing ton, D. C. i G. M. L e i u c h , Vice President--Operations. Western Maryland Rail way Company, JVillimorc, Maryland D kuce L oume, Vice President, Deere & Comirany, Moline, Illinois W illiam H. L owe. Treasurer, Inland Steel Company, Chicago, Il linois ) National Safety Council 000471 ( n , , /;|j| F orst E. Lowery, Manager, Grenier Minneapolis Safely (.`owe.if Minneapolis, Minnesota W. G. M a c in t o s h , Manager, l-.n/jinriiiiig I>c|ai inn ut. 11 11 *-1 ' cident and indemnity Company, Ncv York, New Voi I: A lex A, M ai.kski, Program Servire, Associate Director, Ih*; * hil. of America, New York, New York H. G. M angelsdouf, Standard Oil Company (N . J.), New Yml New York M iss M arion E. M artin, Commissioner of Labor and lndn.i* State of Maine, Augusta, Maine S tanley A. M ate, Director, Training Activities, National Kith \ i sociation of America, Washington, D. C. H arry O. M athew s, Vice President, Transportation am! DimmI-h ^ tion Division, Armour and Company, Chicago, Illinois |J . II. T yi.kk M cConnell, Secretary and M m ilx i o i I cm. ^ < >., notice, H ercules Pow der Company, YVilmin:;iin, IM -n v .i. ^G. E. McCorison, Chairman of the Board. Thihnnny Pulp and l p<. j Company, Kaukauna, Wisconsin ^Brooks M cCormick, E xecutive Vice P n sid m i, h u r i . ll., | vester Company, Chicago, Illinois y E. C. McF adden, Vice President, Texas employers* iusui.m ^ \ sociation, Dallas, Texas H. S. McFarland, Director of Personnel Services. Genei.d M..; .< I Corporation, Detroit, Michigan Dr. *Ross A. McFarland, Professor of Environmental Heald. .... Safety, Division of Environmental Jlcahh Sciences, H a n .od N Iof Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts W illiam H. McGauchey, Vice President, American Moto , t. ... poraliott, Detroit, Michigan 1*\ C. M i.knlk, Vice President --( leih i ai Manager, M'-m * Pi. Bonns, lite., Oakland, California I. W. M illard, Pompano Beach, Florida N or man C. M in d r u m , Director, National J-H S o w .. t . , Jnc., Cliicago, Illinois W alter E. M ontgomery, S a f e l y D ii c c to r , Q u e b e c A sIk s u .^ Association, Montreal, Quebec, Can.id.i ) ') National Safety Council ( Hoard of Directors, continued) T homas C. Morrill, Vice President, Stale Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, Bloomington, Illinois A. W. Motley, Director, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. De partment of Labor, Washington, D. C. E dward C. M yers, Vice President and Assistant to President, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A rthur J. N aq u in , Safety Counselor, New Orleans Public Service, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana A mos E. N eyhart, Director, Institute of Public Safety, The Penn sylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania J . E. N ichols, Director of Safety, Reynolds Metals Company, Rich mond, Virginia Roiikrt A. Oi.EN, Executive Vice President, Gar Wood Industries, Inc., Wayne, Michigan Geo. P. O'Rourke, Sr., Chairman of the Board, O'Rourke Con struction Company, Dallas, Texas R. N. P ahcji, Safety Consultant, American Gas Association, New York, New York M rs. Louis L. P erlman, Wilmette, Illinois i R ichard J . P eters, Editor, New York World-Telegram & Sun, New York, New York (r M. 1. Pm:, Vice President, America bore Loyalty Group, New York, N e w Ytik F letcher N. P latt, Manager, Traffic Safety and Highway Im provement Department, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan M. C. M. P ollard, Director of Safety, National Gypsum Company, Buffalo, New York H arry L. P owell, Assistant to Vice President, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio H owako P yle, President, National Safely Council, 425 North Michi gan Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois J. S. Q ueener, Manager, Safety and Fire Protection Division, E. 1. du Pont dc Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware R ev. S heldon Ra iin , Executive Director, Department of Social Welfare, National Council of Churches, New York, New York M jss M ji.drlt) R i ll, Assistant National Adviser, Future Homemakers of America, Office of Education, Department of Health, Education,! and Welfare. Washington, D. C f ) National Safety Council `'(i*-*&**. ' \ J* 0004711 ' ' .t s m W. T homas R ice, President, Atlantic Coast Line Raiho.ul Com pany, Jacksonville, Florida M rs. J ean R indlaub, Vice President, Hatten, Barton, Dmr.iiuc A Osborn, Inc., New York, New York M ark Robeson. Vice President, Yellow Transit Freight Lines. Itw , Kansas City, Missouri Dr. O. P reston Robinson, Editor & General Manager, IJesu cl 1 7 : - . Publishing Company, Salt I.abc City, Utah H. I. Romnes, President, Western Electric Company, Hew York. New York J ack J . R osedrough, General Manager, Farm Durcau Mutual In surance Company of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana i Robert T. Ross, Manager, Employe Programs Department, Ivid Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan J ames A. R yder, Chairman, Board of Directors, Ryder System, Inc, Miami, Florida M rs. Raymond S ayre, Ackworth, Iowa C. F. Schlueter, Vice President--Accident Prevention, Employer; Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, Wisconsin E. W eldon Sch um a ch er, President, American Optical Company, Soiithbridgc, Massachusetts ! A. J. Seil w AMIT.s, Ilcail of Depat Uncut of Agriirultmal Engin. i.t n.g. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota S. MJ S harp, Vice President, Southwestern Electric Power O n : pany> Shreveport, Louisiana Gordon ,11. S h een e, Head, Trafiic Center Program, Continuing Fdu cation Service, Highway Trahie Safely Center, Michigan St.no University, East Lansing, Michigan P. L. S iem ili.er, General Vice President, International Association of Machinists, Chicago, Illinois J. R. S im i'i.ot, J. R. Siuiplot Company, Boise, Idaho R euuen D. S ivekson, Manager, Department of Manufacture. C ham ber of Commerce of the United Stales, Washington, D. C. V. J. S kutt, President, Mutual of Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska D o n a u ). Si.urz, Managing Director, Tiafhc Safely Asoc-i.tttc.n i.i Detroit, Detroit, Michigan ) National Safety Council (Ho,ini of D iw torx, amliniti'd) Routini U. S nodgrass, President, Atlas lrjjiancc Company, ine., At lanta, Georgia S. F. S pence, Director, Safety and Loss-Prevention, American Cy.iiKimiii Company, Wayne, New Jersey H erman ]. S poereh, Vice President, Industrial Relations, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, Youngstown, Ohio K. E. Stai.ey, Vice President, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan George If. Steel, Safety Director, Ralston Purina Company, Si. Louis, Missouri G. S n w ' A u r , Adicvillv, N m l h ta to lin ; I A rthur 1L Stoudako, President, Union Pacific Railroad Company, Omaha, Nebraska Much B. S wi-.lny, Jr., Program Director, Junior Achievement In-jJ evaporated, New York, New York Radui M arc H. T anenbaum , Director, Department of InierreJigious Affairs,) American Jewish Committee, New York, New York E dward W . T a n QUary, Staff Engineer, Farm Equipment Research and Engineering Center, International Harvester Company, Hins* dale, Hanois Colonel W . L. T uuds, Laguna Beach, California H untington M. T urner, Vice President, Chemical Bank New York Trust Company, New York, New York Mrs. E. A rthur U nderwood, Vancouver, Washington Lloyd 13. Utter,- Director, Industrial Health and Safety Division; United Automobile Workers, l3clroit, Michigan M rs. Bernice T. V an der V ries; Member, Chicago Transit Board* Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago, Illinois : Donald G. V aughan, Assistant Vice President, Engineering Dc partment. The Aetna Casualty and Surety Company, Hartfon! Connecticut Dr. P reston A. W ade, Professor of Clinical Surgery, Cornell Uni versity Medical School, New York, New York J. P. W arner, Vice President and General Manager, Manufacturini Division, Humble Oil & Refining Company. Houston, Texas ) National Safety Council c-...// .i--r Miss M ary M. W eeks, Program SpccialiM, Health and S.ifrtx I .{ cation, Girl Scouts of the United States oi America, New Yml New York Mark D. W entz, Jit,, Safety Director, Cit-Cou Oil Corporation. Lake Charles, Louisiana H unter P. W harton, General Secretary-Treasurer, International Union of Operating Engineers, Washington, D. C. George M. W heatley, M.D., Third Vice President and Medical Di rector, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York, New York R ex M. W h itto n , Federal Highway Administrator, U. S. merit of Commerce, Washington, I). C. T. H . W ilkenson, Director of Safely, Department of the /lim y . Washington, D. C. Allah M. W ilson, Vice President, The Advertising Council, Inc, Washington, D. C. W. B. Wood, Director, Agricultural Extension Service, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio i E. C^ark WoomvARf), Corporate Director of Safety, A. O. Smith Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Dr. j j C W right, Secretary, Committee for Advancement o f Sclio; I Administration, American Association of School Administrator;, Washington, D. C. Dk. D: W illaku Z a u n , Dean, School of Education, Temple Uni versity, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania C ecil G. Z aun, Supervisor, Safely and Diivir lnsliuctuiu St-vih.n, Los Angeles City Board of Fihumion, Los Angeles. (nltiomi.i 0 0 0 .;? 4 1962 National Safety Congress of gelling an unexpected mouthful of cor rosive or toxic chemical, some chemicals like henezenc have a cumulative toxicity from the vapors alone. Q. 'W hat arc some of the mpmlnut pre cautions in handling glassware? A. l)is|osc of cracked or damaged glass ware, protect the hands when assembling or fabricating glassware. Q. What helps prevent electrical shock? A. Insure equipment is in good repair and always grounded. Q. What is danger of storing solvents in an ordinary refrigerator? A. If solvent vapors escape and h/f die refrigerator, the spark from its operation may cause it to explode. Such refrigerators can be explosion-proofed by removing the i t Solutions of w ater so lfiij} beryllium; nor- sources of ignition, such as the light bu^lb l | | V'. mal salts, such as h jc ^ iu rn sulphate, .mil cmiliols.' JM fcf (rMhlnornd*e, and the nitral<SR&-'?d1 "atidi'c" in- O. What is an important way to learn 0 . ^ ; ; ; reaction and are charac|cr;2c() b ,, ; the hazardous individual characteristics ay,Uy to dissotvc |argc amo,lnls of be ch.iu.oals and their reactions? f j p .- lium hydroxide. However, these water sol- .\. i becking available literature ^iv.uble salts arc not liydrolizctl to tlie same beginning to work. Jr'- extent as other corrcsiionding salts, such as Q. Why is a shield placed the reaction? front of A. To prevent injury in case of fUs^ lU aluminum and iron. The exact reason for this unexpected behavior of the beryllium ion ppf has not been defined. splash, or explosion. The film tuny he purchased from tlifc' Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc^ 1825 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Washington,1 9, D. C , /o r $100. U may be previewed for*' Fluorine gas reacts with beryllium at room temperature. Chlorine, bromine, iodine, hydro gen sulphate and nitrogen peroxide gases 7 react with beryllium mclnl at elevated temffi peratures. $10, which will apply against the purdias^ of the him if the order is received with' 30 days ylicdual Aspects c Recognition of the acme type of medical problems, encountered in the chemical and Chemical industries ,1 'ijig valuable in th proper evaluation of (be .s..pecific problems..! On tlie Olher-Lhniul, there are articles wherein the use of simplifying assumption-, possibly in an at tempi to rapidly liu.tli/c jh< pinbitni, lias lot to condiuious (hat aw i..i compatible with (be current <pid< mini.git .*1. experimental, and medical evidence Wiibm all (lie background of confusion there doeexist a definite orderly pattern of facts The author of this report on the cunciii status of the beryllium associated diseasedoes not intend to imply that this report will finalize the specific problem, il is Ids intent to apply knowledge gained hiring 20 years of experience in the bcrj'llimii industry against the evidences and thereby reach some tenable conclusion, valid within the evi dences currently at hand. NATURE AND INCIDENCE OF BERYLLIUM ASSOCIATED DISEASES By JO H N F. Z IE L IN S K I. M.D. Medical Director, The Brush Beryllium Co., Cleveland, Ohio j jjthermal refining of beryllium and bcryllia JiSf&y from ore has existed in literature since 19.13. The opinions of sundry observers that Che i acute reactions, involving either the skin aad/or the respiratory tract, were due en-:,-Jiit/lircly to acid mists and acidic anions, were ' jc.IMp bolilcreil by ail official report in 191.1, cuta- | Bating from the United Stales l'tiblic Health {Service, to the effect that beryllium, j>cr se, is not toxic. The basic error in litis simplify ing assumption arose out of the fact that the Beryllium Associated Diseases: Acute Types The eventual conclusions drawn by the author are based on the evidences of !>olli the dermal and the respiratory adverse re actions manifested among 'me h<T>lliitni workers. It i4, llic n io i -, i-ssrulial lhat at least brief descriptions of all llic*c re.iclimn bo presented in order to substantiate the ultimate conclusions. Contact Dermatitis Certain physical and chemical idiaiaclcristics of beryllium arc presented, as they, under current evidences, are apparently sig nificant in the potential toxicity expression and incidence of beryllium associated diseases. Beryllium is classified as an amphoteric element but is principally a metal in its characteristics. Like aluminum, it demon strates a spurious nnhilily because of its pre ferential strong af filthy in chemically combine with oxjgcn, ahnosl instantaneously the element. Intra-crystalline separation Mj' pure beryllium is said to begin at 700*C] (1290F) and become rapid at lOOQ'Ci (1830*1*). It is the only light metal with a hifV inciting point 1285C 10"C (234S*F ' 18F). Its boiling point li.is an extrapolate^? val,ue of. '2.5c0in7.cC' (/4. c5f4i0'*i rFi). .It is interesting; to note that the melting point for the oxifcg] of beryllium lias rc|x>rlcd values of 2510*Cf to 2560C (455U*F to -1640"F) and a boiliagf l>oiiit of 4260C (7?00*F). F highly insoluble compounds did not evoke -adverse acute responses in various experi-fnenlal animals. Unfortunately, this asser tion retarded the eventual full recognition t i the role of the beryllium ion in the chronic phase of the beryllium associated (Esuscs. Recognition that the beryllium ton can exas toxicity in the human being, predomtntly in the form of the chronic respiratory ^disability, did not attain acceptance imiil jjIW , This recognition came 'out of an Causation is undue and/or prolonged con tact with the soluble salts of iKrryUitun. Causal frequency and severity are definitely a function of the type of salt. The mo>i reactive salt as to frequency ami severity, m the author's experiences, is i'cryilium fluoride. Ammonium beryllium fluoride reacts less in frequency and severity. Kcryflumt sulphate and beryllium chloride salts show a much lower frequency anti severity rate. The g io ss pathological expressions arc inihicnccd by the radical. forming a protective him o( beryllium oxide. 'Dus hard film o f oxide n.ielie^ maxiimim thickness of in'* centimeters (lOOA^tti 11.01 micron) ill Uvo hours and is \cry rosixlant to further corrosion under standard kinetic energies. The excellent corrosion resistance is attributed to (be fart that (be volume of oxide formed is greater than the volume of (lie metal consumed in (lie formation of the oxide. Above 815C (1500F) tins film is disrupted by the effect of elevated temperalure causing intra-crystalline separation in . -- o.-.rta.fT in further oxidation of Clicmicallv, beryllium is ipiitc closely I lalcil to alumimmi and its complete separa-f linn from Ibis element is difficult. Beryllium metals reacts readily with it plmric acid and hydrochloric acids. Dili nil ric attacks the inctal slowly, but concc Irated nitric lias but little effect. Bolluf water mid alkalies react with the evofu(faj'| of hydrogen. The hydroxide, Be(0HK amphoteric. The bcryllates, unlike the a(unij| nates, arc fairly easily hydrolizcd at boilinfjj temperatures. I,epidemic-like onset of respiratory abnormal!vliej among employees of a fluorescent lamp *anufacturcr. fri/i.This larter recognition of a new occupaJtliocnl disease entity, of major medical and ` importance, stimulated a great deal of arch into the epidemiological, medical, I experimental aspects of beryllium nssofctated diseases. Literature on these aspects i f pew steadily. The lists include observations human and experimental evidences. In both categories, there arc data that arc prov- Contact dermatitis has noi b u n mcii in workers handling pure beryllium hydmxid-. pure beryllium oxide, and the present.day vacuum cast beryllium metal. Prior to I95U. the so-caJJciJ "high purity" metal contained anywhere from 0.5 to 2 per cent of un reduced soluble beryllium fluoride salt with in the structure of the metal mass, and as high as 5 per cent in the "technical" grade of metal. A dermatitis identical to that caused |,y beryllium fluoride was seen among cm- * 000175 iVCil \ :iilionn! Safety Cotnjrcss ph-ycis engaged in reworking this |;iuni metal. I liis iact offers a lc*^ioaf explanation for (he very early reports of acute dermal aml/or respiratory adverse reactions in people working with this metal outside of the basic refineries. Illcryic" J)c>utalttsix All tlie eases in the experience of the author have occurred within >tx to fifteen days alter initial exposure to the fumes, mists, and/or dusts of beryllium fluoride. The frequency of attack' is approximately l per cent of the population so exposed. This syndrome expresses itself in the rather sudden onset of intense iullainmalion of the skiu with vao'itig degrees of pufiiucss, usually only on the normally exposed areas of the face ami neck, with superijnj>ose<l discrete and conlluciU lesions, Hat, elevated, and/or blistered in type. ` Uilaleral pufiiucss of the eyelids in harying degrees is a constant feature. Inflammation of the conjunctiva, if present, is minima) on contrast. Itching is an intense subjective symptom. Attempts lo re-enter the employee into the fluoric phase of chemical pr<dnctnn, after total remission of the described syn drome invariably roidled in rc^UTenre. This necessitated a pcruiaunit transfer to another chemical or miscellaneous operation, without inrthcr ill (Tied, if ait oppdrUntily existed. I ' . are raised firin.I, relatively dense, with ItiUt > Cases <locunicnlcd l>cfore , |)licntion, or no inflammatlionn., Tmhe hmunltkv oof the lesion V in 1950, of current industrial extends r.illicr deeply, is well d*e-fri.--ned., ,,w.aittl,t JEs v! ?trols, were (loiniinnilu ^f .'i"" xtciuis raiiici ante. Stu'dy|ie's'"oVfeexxccisiseeddssppeecct-K?f"&^ [? A* ty- pical ease "o"fITMth."e1insfid.'.i.*o<=ust'yp`feicucsantyhpe, mefnibsrofui.sncrcssliisotwannc th. e tlesion ,to l,ie_ dominantly *?:> generally described in the following manner. a foreign foreign liody Irorly type of Jr^ea;ocntioonf b--cuentll-sw. ii1t.htRi .i -cU-o.ms:upa!lla"lyin3ao,rfrce,taa-".,;'p.c.r.'.oy,.grneseswiveemnpolon. y-pe"reo.d.w.u..co..tu.i.vl...el.. considerable ecui ra . lMj sman g r z ^ l . cough, croupy in character, and aggravated several spceiiuci ^ discerned in the zonal twhen the afflicted was in the supine jKisilion. i.sileocmtioanlabehtwadeenbeen < ^ cellular deslrtic- This subjective symptom was invariably as- lion and the fibrou,Ls c]ai ' j, f i ' jocintcd with a symmetrically progressive *1 .. f i 'i turning type of pain under the breast bone, Respiratory Aspects....h..u..i.n..c..d..i.a..tc or '^rwlf'^gUniore or less constant, plus shortness of Occupational Disease Potential y b..r..e.a.t.h.....t.h..a..t was markedly aggravated on The acute respiratory occupational disease? ffcystcal exertion. (Kitential ranges in expression fro m r h in itis * ^ Dne to the iiilr.om , ,, i lo a pneum onitis, i.e., iidlam m alion of described sym ptom s ^1* '* *J?r ?,s*c,,cc f the membraiiccs ranging from the nose down t o able to o h iiin ' .u / C un to the lung tissues, depending o n the degfce,jHKjand developed tho J y J,roI * r pliysical rest duration, and compound type o f exposure general lassitude ( sfcialc^ s>,,11P,0,s of .be for, of mists, fum es, a n d /o r dusts * $ 1 * appethe ,,.,,; ' S,C"' W? k".CSS !"1 '< tlie soluble compounds of beryllium. Tk*!K lively "tl'ife rrcesslti,|,g afmfl-ic'tVecdl.,! i."nd*i0v5ids-uaOl l'wjeaesIluoride compounds arc dominantly causal, Q u o te d to have a definitely increased rest, ra -'though all tlie soluble compounds uliilied .^tory ra.e w...,...f.i .d.i.n...i.n.i.s..U..e..d. chest expansion. the basic industry have been incriminate(I|Relatively mild exertion would* rcadHy' bi at one lime or another. tJi .lrfuaccet shortness of hbrea,t!h, and ,a ,r,,enfl_e_x,,_s_p_a_s I I,C trad.CO-I,,.,,,chilis pbase necessitate ?, ^ cIIioscihc cxaminalion of ,|lc chest |,,,, ,cr period of temporary complete remonl , ;*",'M rcvcal f' l,e .lo medium abnormal rales, U ' :tors. This induslrttl 5,'?st no*,ccahle m the lower lung fields, i&hem'uui industries ; T filtration, followed h>^discrcte nnd/or con- - nifcnf nodules. 'lir-thciLen^cs of recovery ihc icsolution of these abnormal shadows to ibe individual's normal would be rather stow, from four to six weeks in tlie severe cases, but would be complete prior to Ihc subsi dence of the subjective symptom*. Complete recovery periods ranged from lour lo iwchc weeks. The fulminating !y|>c was basically simi lar except that Ibe Intcucy period bet ween the known massive exposure incident and (lie onset of subjective and objective symp toms would be very brief, as little as six hours. The chest x-ray ill such eases would invariably show the advanced stages, as de scribed for the insidious type, in a period ns short us 72 hours ailcr the exposure. The complete recovery period in the fulminating cases, though more dramatic in character, was unexpectedly short by comparison, usually being complete in alxiut four weeks. In the series of 9J eases of acute beryl lium chemical pucumoiiopathy documented in ihc prc-1950 experiences of Iwo basic re fineries til Ohio, there were ten fatalities, six coming to autopsy. The pathological re ports were essentially negative, except for die lung disease and for acme cor pulmonale, i.e., acute dilation of the right or pulmonary side of the heart. The dominant ahuunua) cellular feature of tlie htugs was pronounced iutraalvcolar interstitial cdvma, i.e., involve miralory complication was usually tlie re- e , ^ S,0!lj,ll^.,1,P aI,l,0TM,al '"`Is were prac- ment of the framework of tlu: air sacs, with Chetitteal Ulcer sult of relatively bigl, levels of exposure 'jlenlical to those I,card during an varying degrees of organi/aiiou. This lesion is usually the result of neg lected superficial cuts or scratches contami nated with the fluoric compounds of beryl lium. The sulphate c/>mpoum} can also he causal but incidence and severity arc of lesser degree, it is an open lesion of the skin presenting a sloughing, irregular sur face and scanty' lion scions discharge The edges are well defined and slightly elevate!, showing inflammation with peripheral exten sion of varying degree. Pain is proim'iicut when the lesion is present over points of flexion, extension, or bony structure. (r/iYrnfim/ (Ti'umdomu This lesion is usually the result of an implant of hc<) Ilium sulphate salt under the skin surface. The Ic-iou grossly re sembles a soft "corn." ft is well defined ........*.,,nh healing surface that oecasion- over a prolonged period of time. Modem ' i " Uck of "Slbma. The heart beat rale would dust rial Itvgicnc practices in the berylliud a * markedly accelerated. The temperature iiidiislry during the ppaasstt 1in0 lioo 1it2* years h*vt. noraiat or very slightly elevated except practically wiped out tlie incidence of na presence of a secondary inferiinn^Ti1" phyaryngitis and trac-h-e-o----h--r-o-n--c-h--itis. :>JfeQlcd cases' in ,|.e ^ , , 7 were essentially within normal O f major concern to all involved is ^jSffenils - uic rcMiifatovv disease potential of acttr.Rj-. beiyllium chemical imcmuonopalby. 11is la i-B i^ ["l|K" 1rV " 1Crc-'so of gumma ................. I'ully such eases have been documcntM a ? * ' klood ,iad 'wen noted m most cases. The l,eim` either ,,( a fulutiu.iling or an insidioo K * " )` r;'>,s usually ,lul not show any a,, I>pc." Uasieallv they are r.nc and the simffi'J'fc,al'lc diaiigcs until from seven t< disease, being mflucmred by lime-dosage fan^otty-ciglit days after the initial onset of tors. The fulminating tyy,p.^e w,..a.sw u__s_u_al_ly A * S M**Jcc4ivc syiuptoms. These change fu relatively brief e x p o su r e s to overwh.el.m Ke`nsneeadse.with tlie slagc ami severity of the mg levels of adverse cxx)iKm>ssurrcc.. with a lively short latent period before express A lypical carc would first shmv a difluse, >f the lung tissue iuviul.vemenl The insidi ijpnmctrical bilateral hazmess. The very tvpe was the result of continual exposure It. [fcild cascs did not shmv pmgression heyoml relatively high levels over a relatively lotg Tt aspcct. The progressive rase would dien ' -f 1 'ikuw irregulr patelies >f sofl-appearmg in The pathologist remarked on the non- specificity of (lie reaction and its similarity to the reaction disccnic! in fatal eases tine lo phosgene or the oxides of nitrogen, lie further indicated a similarity lo the reaction seen with virus prtcmmuilis nr with the pneumonitis associated with scvvic kidney function block. Ii is his opinion that Ihc acute piictmionnpalhy is that of a them cal pncu/iutuihs or pri i-broochjoin ah colitis. The epidemiological, experimental and clinical evidences indicated I) the dose* response curve in the acute type of occupa tional disease potentials associated with the soluble m m jK nm ds o f heij-d iu iu is the nsu.d sigmoid seen with other tosic maiiiials, and 2) (tic dj*e rcspou*e base hue is hlfemit, I<it11 m fieijueiu'y and scveiiK. fa <h(h*reut impounds of beryllium Ibis ditto niial > ) ) 902 National S afety Cany ress associated with the known and predictable differences in the physico-chemical character istics of the involved compound. From all these evidences it is reasonable to postulate that the acute types of disease are basically the result of (he chemical activity of the involved compound, modified in its action by its bond with beryllium, and not due to the beryllium ion alone. Chronic Types Dermal Aspects: Latent or "Chronic" Occupational Disease Potentials Dermal Granuloma This type of disease potential was highly publicized through fluorescent lamp breakage and implant incidents. AH the evidences in dicate that only the very slowly ^oluble com pounds of beryllium, principally certain forms of the oxide, evoke the granular unit lesion ascribed to the beryllium ion. The gross skin lesion, limileaWo the area of implant, resembles a keloid or soft "corn," It usually reaches maximum expression within 4 months after an implant incident. The abnormal tissue exprcssiori[jisthat of a localized foreign body reaction, with a dif fuse. somewhat loosely arranges* distribution of the granular unit lesions. Father simple surgical excision effects a cure. | The incidence pf the skin granuloma in the basic industry has been mticp lower than one would expect. In fact, it is the excep tion instead of the rule. This' may be ex plained. at lens! in part, hy the fact that the industrial implant injuries receive medi cal attention. There arc. however, relatively large numbers of permanent skin implant cases where the granulomatous reaction has not occurred. Atopic Dennatosis There are two cases diagnosed as recur rent eczcma-like dermatosis at sites of pre viously prolonged irritation hy the soluble salts of beryllium. A polysensitization factor is ascribed. Respiratory Aspect Probably no other disease entity having an exogenous inorganic factor has provoked as much controvcry as that associated with the beryllium ion. The term "berylliosis" was coined hy * r* `(inn ill experimental "acute poisoning" in animals. With the subsequent recognition of the "chronic or delayed" form of reaction in humans, the term was simply expanded to identify the two classes of pulmonary dis ease as either "acute berylliosis" or "chronic berylliosis." This simplification unfortunately engen dered confusion because it did not indicate the different abnormal tissue response in the two entities and, furthermore, fostered an erroneous interpretation that a time element is the sole point of difference. VauOrdstrand and I arc in agreement that the term "acute beryllium chemical pucinuonopathy" is probably Hie most basi cally descriptive, from an epidemiological and clinical viewpoint, when discussing the acute type of pulmonary reaction. The term "berylliosis" has gradually become accept^!, in literature and law, to describe the syn drome associated with somewhat more speci fic, chronic abnormal tissue changes in the lung parenchyma along with variable second ary systemic alterations. Berylliosis A satisfactory definition for this disease entity is currently virtually impossible. There are observers who prefer to classify the entity as a systemic disease or intoxication, the lung manifestations being only a part of the entire syndrome. They postulate their opinion on the existence in an appreciable number of cases of associated specific type of abnormal tissue reaction in oilier organs. However, there has heel no documented case showing clinical evidence of "systemic beryl liosis" without the lungs being the critical ! organ involved. From the evidence in litera- ! lure it can reasonably he asserted that beryl liosis may he considered a systemic reaction, induced by the beryllium ion, but consistently having its primary and major expression oi disease in the lungs. All current ejmlcnnological evidences in dicate tliat the major causation in (he exist ing cases was beryllium oxide having certain physico-chemical characteristics. A refined experimental study, now in progress, sup ports this philosophy. 1 i Subject Symptoms and Objective Pindingt j The subjective symptoms in chronic beryl- j lium-associnted pulmonary disease arc non- j '.fwvi/ir. The most pmmiiu-nl is that ol I ) " i k 0 00 -1 7 i C7lanital Ituim titr, shortness oi breath severe eases, at non productive, occurs of eases. A varying ucjfrcc of weight loss has been determined in more than half of the eases. Subjective symptoms occurring in the minority include fatigue, chest pains, loss of appetite and weakness in descending order of frequency. Any or all of these sub jective symptoms may be present, ranging in intensity from a very minor order to a very profound state. Objective findings arc relatively sparse, with less than half of the cases demonstrat ing abnormal breath sounds on stclhoscopic examination. blueness of nail beds and/or mucous membranes is noted in about 40 per cent of the cases, with clubbing of the fingers and/or toes in about 30 per cent. Liver enlargement has been delected in 5 per cent and spleen enlargement in 3 per cent. 1 Clinical Laboratory Routine blood studies arc usually within accepted normal limits. The red corpuscle sedimentation rate is commonly increased. A relative increase in red cell count, without t increase in the white count nor appreciable alteration in the differential, lias been noted < in the more severe eases. A relative increase ' in the gamma globulin fraction of the blood i scrum has frequently been reported. ' Standard urinalysis is lion-informative. Increased excretion of calcium in the urine lias been reported to have been noted in an appreciable number of cases. Kxtensivc studies on active and inactive beryllium V workers, both with and without evidences T of the disease, have shown the constant Y elimination of beryllium l>ody burden via the ;* urinary tract, without any correlation to the T degree of cxjxwurc nor to the presence or * absence of the specific disease. \ Respiratory Functional /Ibnormalitirs i3-* Only about 6 per cent of the total docu-Vmented cases of berylliosis have had any r,j significant studies on the associated respiraJy.toiy physiological changes. The only con\;.. stint findings, in all the cases studied, were those of a) decreased vjtal capacity, b) VJ, decreased A-a Oi gradient, pnd c) decreased sj, diffusive capacity for oxygen. These were 'ft followed, in order of decreasing frequency, f ' *>j finding-, o f a ) de c r e a s e d r e s tin g o x j g r n saturation^' increased physiological d .-l space, c) ;tJ4cased maximal breathing c.i hjKtty.; dlj if ia suggesting obstructive cm piiysciuammc) polycythemia. The results indicated that the chronic pulmonary lesions associated with beryllium caused an "aivcular-rapiliary block" sjudromc of rather profound degree. Kiuliological Patterns The x-ray changes seen in berjlhosts cases were initially considered to fail into three distinctive stages. The first stage is described as a diffuse, hue, uniform, distinctly particulate granula rity. 'Die second stage was characterized a* diffuse, reticular pattern siipcriin|*>scd on the initial granularity. The third stage was characterized by the presence of uniformly distributed undula tions. At a later date, ;t fourth stage, that of consolidation, was described. This concept that there arc stages of (be disease has been questioned by some observ ers. They believe that although a prog res sion pattern may exist, there are other evidences that these various x-ray changes represent types of disease rather than stages. With the i>ossiblc exception of the finely granular pattern, there is untiling in tin other varieties that can he considered palhog numonic, i.c., peculiar to the specific pnilibm Complications Except for the development of cor pul monale, complications of berylliosis have been few. The occurrence of 1u:tl nt m < tioiial lung tissue collapse in abmi IS per cent of eases and of kidney stones in about 10 per cent is considered a primary m.un fcslatioii of the disease. The clinical eu deuces in two geographical areas do owl fully support the relationship of kidney stones as a directly associated problem, ns postulated by one group of observers. The complication of cor pulmonale is pnh ably of greater clinical significance than Hie primary disease entity itself. 'Hie evident <-> indicate that this complication is prolmhh the prime cause of fatality in the cases Unlike silir.isis the *e<ui trut .d tub, i ) ) 1902 \atiunal Safety Congress m io sis iti beryllium cases has heen corres pondingly rare, particularly since ninny of such cases had been institutionalized in sanatoria for the treatment of tuberculosis as a result of misdiagnosis. There arc six documented cases, reported as having this complication. Lung cancer has been similarly rare. The current ease registry report indicates one ease among the chronic disease group and two eases in the acute disease group. There arc no recorded eases of bone tumors in the case registry. Extreme anxiety and reactive depressive slates tvcrc rather common ju the earliest and most severely afflicted eases. These were associated with the very gloomy prognosis that existed in those days. Complications associated with the fisc of steroid drugs, as a hcncficiating therapeutic agent, have been rare, occurring as stomach irritation, transient elevation of urinary sugar excretion level and psychological dis turbances. Therapy and Prognosis ; Prior to the advent of ACTH and tne ad renal steroids, the treatment of berylliosis was limited to the use of oxygciu plus various supportive drugs. Sulfonamides; pen icillin and cylochromc-C were tried without success. Experimental systematic use oC\ var ious beryllium chelating agents was similarly ineffective. Except for the very mild and apparently stabilized eases, the prognosis was, at the very best, very guarded. In cipient death from pulmonary or cardiac insufficiency, or at best, permanent major physical disability was the usual course. The current medical evidences indicate that the routine therapeutic use of adrenal steroid drugs arc of definite hcnfit. In some cases the clinical improvement has been very dramatic. Some clinicians indicate eases showing l>olli "complete" clinical and roent genological reversions to normal. Whether this effect is jicnnanciU or merely a transient phenomenon is currently an equivocal ques tion. A symmetrically improved prognostic attitude is currently the general rule. Diagnosis The diagnosis is originally a reasonably presumptive one when an individual, having known of reasonably possible exposure to ' 1 1 ' ... .-- ,i;prcr n l t r n l i o n in the ^ r-- 00017 ( Chemical Industries 7 lung x-ray pattern, accompanied by a vary ing degree of evidences of capillary-alveolar block, i c , interference with diffusion of oxygen through the air sac membranes, ft is a reasonably probable one when the x-ray abnormality is that of a diffuse, bilateral hue granularity. It becomes a rather firmly documented one only when the other entities causing capillary-alveolar block are ruled out. Generally, the majority of these entities offer little, if any, problem. In some in stances, it is necessary to resort to abnormal tissue identification by biopsy. response had occurred due to cxpi levels above 100 inicrograms of l content in one cubic meter of assumed the 100 nncrogmm dosage sibly being the iniuiiual toxic dose most reactive compounds in use. Ilium `"'They as pos for the The first recommendation was intended for the prevention of any acute type of occupational respiratory disease. The first comprehensive survey on occupational opera tional levels of beryllium exposure were conducted by the A .li.C at Ihe Lorain, Ohio, beryllium refinery in 1947 and 1948. were potentially 'expired <^i a continual basis, tho consultants decided to apply a safety factor of 10. Thc.rCfbmutciidcd target of 0.01 inicrograms tvas established. At first sight this seems to represent a I ; 20(1 ratio on comparison will) the recommended inplant target of 2.0 inicrograms. The lime factor of 40 hours/wcek in-plaul exposure versus 164 hours/wcek outdoor exposure* minces this ratio to approximately I : 5(1 This ratio is actually not as morbid in it* connotation as it may appear at first sight. Such ratios in outdoor to workroom recom Positive chemical or spcctrographic assay for beryllium in body fltiicl or tissue pro vides incontestable evidence of significant ex During this environmental survey, it was noted that there were no recorded eases of any type among employees in a specific area mended maximum allowable concentrations exist for oilier jioiciitiaUy loxic eleiuetiis or compounds. A ratio of 1 : 91Ml exists for posure to the element. However, the mere of the refinery. All the air |o!lnfion data inorganic arsenic, fluorides and 111*', 1 : 70 presence of the element in body fluids or. showed results below 25 micrograms/M4. for lead, I : 67 for hydrogen sulfide, I : .1.1 tissues does not, in itself, indicate the exist-- This observation fostered the initially re for manganese, and l : .10 (or mercury. cncc of a specific disease process. commended target of 25 inicrograms/* peak t value, without a time factor. t differential / diagnosis . Having absolutely no data that could he Any chronic diffuse pulmonary disease '. used as the target for the prevention of the must be considered in the differential diag chronic type of occupational respiratory re- nosis of berylliosis. The granular type of ; sponse, they resorted to nu "educated" guess. reaction, on x-ray, must be differentiated, They made the assumption (hat beryllium from rheumatic pneumonitis, erythema: E. was probably as loxic as the heavy metats, nodosa, lupus and vims pneumonitis. The lead and mercury. They then reasoned that nodular type, from other pneumoconioses' .an atoin-for-alom extrapolation was logical. sarcoidosis, miliary tuberculosis, mycoses, ; uking the atomic weights of 200 for mer miliary carcinomatosis, malignant lywpbomv cury and 207 for lead, they divided them hy pulmonary adenomatosis, alveolar proteinosis,.] t9, the atomic weight of 1>cry)tiuiit. They chronic interstitial fibrosing pneumonitis^ Nrounded out the results to the "whole" mmi- (Hamman-Rich), etc. /.ber 25. This constituted the comparative These recommendations governing l*er> Ilinni ivliiM-iy o|H-ralioiis became rlirclive in lOP/, ilascd on data and ex|#citniccs galhcicd during the passage of lime, modifications have been made ill these original recommen dations, involving both the concentration and Ihe time factors. The following brief comlciid describes the current A.K.C. rccomuiciHlations, issued in 1957. / aPlant--1l'righted elrerages 1. The daily weighted average in-plan at mospheric Itcryilutiit concentration should not exceed 2.0 tnicrogrnins/M'. 2. This daily weighted average is com The major diagnostic problem has bctijV Mmic weight factor. They then divided this puted on a quarterly experience basis. that associated with sarcoidosis. The x-ray changes and the histopathologi ca.1l1 patntverin in. tVh..Ve- fai,,rlyJ rIe-c--e--n-t-l-y d-e--s-c-r-i-b-e--d fanner's lung" are currently considered: not distinguishable from berylliosis. Industrial Hygiene Aspects The prevention of undue exposure of rei\ pirahlc beryllium to both workers and ihe*| general public is the prime function of the* industrial hygiene engineer. What constitutes an undue level of Insure has never been unequivocally deter mined. In 1949, two consultants for tfijj United States Atomic Energy Commissi*] were requested to make specific recommapS dations for adequate industrial hygienic^ controls of beryllium air pollution. l|J Having some evidences that bolli acute}] and chronic types of iexpiratory orcupafiomli; L ia5*pr 25 into the previously assumed jk minimal toxic dose of 100 inicrograms, yidd- of 4 inicrograms. A fter more .. if,na-cat.o.i.cr. *o,,tfrhesyafred. iley.c.id_a_ned.di to apply came up an additional with the rcc- tf ommended target level, on a daily weighted average basis, of 2 muvogtams of her) ilium bl-cunlciil per cubic meter of air. The iuird recommendation is intended to Ufrevent the occurrence of the chronic type piof beryllium-associated respiratory disease in jjlhegeneral public living within the air |hi|Iu- jjjion influence of the beryllium producing or wing plant. Extensive air sampling was con tacted in J948 and 194V in such an area of fluence where non-occupational exposure "cues of the chronic disease had previously mured. The weighted average of the rejobs was 01 microgram ben Ilium per cubic jnder of air. Reasoning that the residents 3. A daily weighted average exceeding 2.0 inicrograms/M* hut not in excess of 541 inicrograms/MJ will not be iwnmtlcd t> exist for a period exceeding 60 days without A.K.C. s|K'cific approval. 4. A daily weighted average <weeding 541 inicrograms/M* calls for immediate concclivc action on the o|>craltiii in question. Vjiuj/c lixp o sto v r I. Any single-air sample in excess ol 25 inicrograms/M\ within an operating aiea. hut less than 100 inicrograms/M\ must he reconfirmed uithitt 10 da> of the incident. If the condition is static, corrective action must be taken to reduce the level to below 25 mcrogrnms/.^|^ 2 Concentration? above 25 in ic r o u r.u it? /M \ but less than lA) micrcgra:::?/M'. wif! not be permitted to exist for a period exceeding 00 davs without A l i C . -pvitic approval ) W62 National Safety Congress 000478 Cltemicttl industries 3. If the single sample concentration ex The monograph data further indicates an exposure time extrapolated to 3. L * the early results in a cutjjcnt experimental ceeds 100 micrograins/M*, the finding must "acute disease" attack rate in the Lorain, hours. probe suggest that this* feature could well he be reconfirmed in 10 days. If the condition Ohio, beryllium refinery from 1910 to 1948 Tlic ease registry data indicate^chronic the function of varying physico-chemical is static, the operation in question is halted among 1850 personnel of 7.1 per cent in 1613 case total incidence of 395. It ikS uti&ftetf^1xbaractc.ustics of the hcry^llmi compound in and corrective measures taken to reduce the male employees, 5.9 per cent in 237 female that 28 of these had prior incidence of the volved in the cxposiirt~rhs factor could level below 25 mierograms/M*. employees, with an averaged attack rate of acute type. The refinery ease group con also give a reasimablr explanation for (! 0.9 per cent. These rather symmetrical in* tributed 8 of tlic.sc. This would indicate that varying dcgsccs of morbidity. Out-VUmt cideticc data give support to the existence 2Dout of the residual 35 cases diagnosed as ). I n the neighborhood of the piani han of a standard sigmoid dose-response curve in "acute" iu industries other than beryllium Summation dling beryllium compounds, the average at the acute type of disease. However, lliei the breathing zone level should not exceed attack rale for the chronic type, in tlie^ refining had lapsed into the chronic type. 1. The acute types of bcryllium-assmiaivd 0 01 niicrogrmns/M1, calculated on a monthly same group shows an incidence of 18 easel,.', This would represent a 57 per cent incidence. diseases arc apparently not specific. This is in sharp contrast to the 4 per cent basis. with a 0.6 per cent incidence it the males, y iucidcncc in the Lorain refinery experience, 2. Berylliosis, as experienced in the human, 2. A monthly average concentration in 29 per cent in the females, with a general/ 8 out of 169 acute cases. expresses itself primarily as a diffuse dis excess of 0.01 micrograms/M* hut not ex incidence of 0.9 |icr cent. J? The ratio of I : 5 prevalence in the female)/ There are possibly two reasonable expinnations (or such a marked discrepancy, hirst, ease of the lungs. 3. Other vital organs may show varying ceeding 0.05 micrograins/M' calls fur cor rective procedures. Such concentrations will not be permitted to exist for more than 60 is symmetrically paralleled by the case in-'^ cidcncc of 15 females and 3 males in the v the medical diagnosis could have l>ecii wrong degrees of primary type of involvement. days without A.E.C. specific approval. iion-occupational group associated with ltejt.BG in any given number of eases. The second 4. The clinical syndrome is non-specific, 3. Monthly average concentration in excess specific refinery, it is readily apparent (hatlW possibility is rather provocative. It embraces a dose-response curve will not apply. Dr.s'Jjfe; ' the philosophy that if the diagnosis of beryl and is (hat associated with "capillary alveo lar block." of 0.05 mtcrograrns/M* calls for cessation of operations until corrective measured arc taken to reduce the level lo at least 0.01 Liehen, currently doing an epidemiological*51 lium associated respiratory disease was study in the area of the major beryllium9 theoretically correct, the medical observer producer, has indicated an occupational in-- was actually seeing, not the acute type as 5. The chest loculgcnograiii is non specific for the purpose of establishing a micrograins/MJ. ' eidence of 0.5 jtcr cent and also has notedjf. p described in this treatise, but rather an firm diagnosis. Incidence: Statistical Reports a predilection for incidence in the female.'/ aprupt onset of the chronic ty|>c of 6. T he hislopathulogicnl expression of A hcrylliiiin-associatcd disease ease registry is sponsored by the United States Atomic The medical director for a lluoresceut phoj-i., beryllium-associated respiratory disease. This phor producer, whose experience has pro-**; 5 would be analogous to the insidious and duced the largest single group of chronicV fulminating classification applied to the acute granulomatosis offers a more reliable diag nosis criterion, hut is not uniquely specific. 7. The detection of beryllium in body aEnndergeyvalCuoamtemtihsesiosntaitnistiocradlerdattoa cgoeont edrisattaelde cases, indicates an over-all incidence of'* $* beryllium chemical pncunionopat hy. fluids or tissue is irrefutable evidence of throughout the United States. The registry approximately I per cent. The predilection^ i? The case distribution by sex is 200 male exposure but, in itself, not diagnostic. has been managed by Dr. Harriet L. Hardy, currently associated with the Medical De for female attack in the latter group wouMV I / , and 195 female. The case distribution by not be apparent because the labor force was;-/ type of industry is listed as 236 or 56.2 per predominantly female. The monograph dalaV- fi- 8. Epidemiological evidence indicate that fierylliosis presents certain features dial arc partment, Occupational Medical Sirvice, indicates an 83 per cent incidence in lltcrt1^ cent in the fluorescent phosphor production indicative or suggestive of host-sensitivity. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam bridge, Massachusetts. The first published female among the 46 iion-occupational cases!-' or use, 74 or 17.6 per cent in metallurgy and These evidences include: metal working, 46 or 11 per cent in the non- reports on the data came out in 1901 in a The author of this report has observed^ occupatioual group, 36 or 8.6 per cent in a) a relatively low incidence, approxi monograph entitled "Toxicity of Beryllium another rather unexpected feature in the 2 * beryllium refining, 25 or 6 per cent in cera mately I per cent, in three geographi Compounds," authored by Drs. Tepper and definite, probable or possible chronic casejtv. mics, and 3 or 0.7 per cent in toxicological cal areas where the exposure numbers Hardy and Mr. Chamberlin. Some altera on The Brush Ucryllium Company roster.-.? tions in these data have been presented by I'uzzled by the absence of any evidence of-' research. The total of 420 is not in agree were adequate for comparative studies. Dr. Harriet Hardy in her article culillcd, chronic case disease incidence in long-term. Kg* mtoetanlt iwncitihdetnhcee ttoalbal!e.ofT3h9e5relisisteda ifnoothtneobteasiinc 1) a remarkable absence of a dose- "Beryllium Case Registry Progress Report: employees, a complete study of the exposure 1962," in the "Archives of Environmental time factor was made oil all employees. reference to the indicated total of 420 to the rcspousc curve that would have to he present if the problem were simply Health" issue of September, 1962. 'Hns study indicated, in the eases of chronic-^ effect that "25 exposed in more than one that of an element or compound in The data hi the monograph on the inci disease, a minimum of 56 hours exposure to? mdustry". toxication or poisoning. dence of the "acute" type of respiratory beryllium associated disease indicates a total a maximum of 1054 Itours exposure, allj prior to (he adoption of modern ittdtisiruL; . The ease registry data on the age-onset factor is neither informative nor provoca c) a prefemilial incidence in the female sex. of 249 cases. Case incidence distribution by hygiene technology. . Two eases occurred in personnel wlio*l tive. The data on ethnic and racial incidence It not informative nor provocative. d) a time-exposure factor as delected in the type of industry is documented as 214, or 899 per cent in beryllium refining, 18, job assignments were in non-producuoi! the study of eases generated in a or 8.4 per cent in metallurgy or metal work areas, but who had need o r occasion to There is considerable comment in litera- refinery, and ing, 13, or 5.2 per cent in fluorescent phos in or travel through high-level exPosurte R .t tnre regarding the rather unusual labile c) the reports of s|M)ntnncons reversions. phor use or production, 3, or 1.2 per cent areas. Although both were long-term latency or "incubation" period between last Only the latter evidence could he equivocal in ceramics, and I, or 0.4 per cent in toxico ployecs, the study on their occupational ac known exposure ami the overt clinical mani on the basis that such instances "ere logical research. tivities elicited the fact that their high-Ievd^l festation of the chronic disease. Analyses of erroneous diagnoses. ) OFFICERS OF THE CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 , < tienerat Oniinittin--E. R. W allace, Senior Safely Engr., Industrial Safely Dept Prevention Sec., Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. / hv Chairman in Chanje o f Proyram--G. R. C u m m in o s, Mead, Safety and Hygient Dept., lili Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Imi. Membership Committee--1`". C. G augusii (Chairman), Dir. of Safely, Shciwin-Will.. .,-i Co., Chicago, 111.; G. G. Fleming, Dir. of Safely, Celanesc Corp. of America, Cliarlotle, N. C. ! Statistics Analysis mid Safety Awards Committee--T. J. L anigan (Chairman). Safety 1 Specialist, Safety & Security Defense Systems Dept., General Electric Co., Syracuse, N. Y.; F. E. Macaolev, Safely Snpvr., Wyandotte Clicmical Corp., Wyandotte, Mich.; C. M. Olson, Snpvr. Health & Safety, Eastern Chemical lliv., Hooker Chemical Corp, Niagara Falls, N. Y.; M. A. S nell, Super, of Technical Services, Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co., Ifart foul, Conn. $O f-lhe-Job-Com m itlee--M. K hikorian (Chairman), safely Engr., Reynolds Metals Co, j :; Riclimonil. V a.; J. B. Rlack, Safety Ofliccr, National Institutes of Health, Plant Safety / fi'EJimhbt . TTBIIr.|ACanDnch.M,w..RSCc'lht_he_ems:dicaa,ilrMC*oa.,.u;M;Wind.lanL*d., TM<iisc*ihia. i.e, Mgr.. Properly Conservation, Midland Div.' Secretary--J. I. I'kaiii. io s, Suprvg. Safety Dir., National Distillers and Chemical Coi*', New York. N. Y. Committee--*E. G. M kitku, Ph.D. (C hairm an), Dir,, Industrial Hygiene Services, fr* Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Milwaukee, W is.; *11. II. Fau'cett, Consulting Engr., I /.uhuratory and Pilot Plani Sub-Section--W. S. Wood (Chairman), Safety Engr., Resati Research Laboratory, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. ; *C. A. II ltiekt, Safety and Development Div., Sun Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Pa.; E. L. Stout (Chairman-Elect)^ ^4; Supvr., Ethyl Corp., Baton Rouge, La. L;(. Safety Engr., Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. M. ; L. C. Wnatj (Secretary), Safety Dir., G eneral OfViecs Research Center, Monsanto Chemical 'Rcmityiting Committee--*H. II. E awcktt (Chairman), Consulting Engr., Research Lah- St. Louis, Mo. j { . . .Vi'ivslctter ( ummif/ce--H. W. Kapi'I', Jk. (Chairman), Suprvg. Chemical Engr., fe^oratory, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.; M\. G. M rm it, Dir., Industrial ^ Hygient Services, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Milwaukee, Wis.; *A. H. Ritikk. k;ASafely Engr., Hercules Research Center, Wilmington, Del. nccring & Loss Control Div., The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.; A. R CitkisriAN, Corporate Safely Kgr, American Viscose Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.; J. Jjy cRijranA 11)11/ Pl<mniu<) Committee--*S. E. SfUNCK (Chairman), Dir., Safely and Loss Rom ine, Safety Dir., Research & Development Dept., Phillips Petroleum Co., Barilo- Prevention, American Cyanamid Co., Wayne, N. J .; *(. L. Gokiiku., Mgr., Safety ft ville, Okla. f % }: Fire Protection, Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. Hngineerinfl Committee--H. A. Voi.ri (Chairman), Safety Dir., Callery Chemical V ^Jivisory Committee_H Ai , .. . . . Muskogee, OI;la.; *A. !.. Curii. Diri of Industrial Safety, Kodak Park Works, Eastn; s *J. E. Nicuoi s Dir o f Safi* i> ' . ? ' " i c rc *< a"d Co., Inc Rahway. N J Kodak Co.. Riel,ester, N. Y. ; A. ,L. H lkskman, Chief Safety l'..,r,, Lockheed f t * \v, ' SafC' >> Rc," ol,ls Mc,als - Kichmnnd. Va. pulsion, Redlands, Calif. ; E. L evens, M^r., Safely, American Potash and Chemai; vHtnufacturinq Chemists' sissn., Inc. Representative--!*. G. Stephenson, Secretary, Safely Corp., Los Angeles, Calif. I ; jr Ij 1; and Fire Protection Committee, Manufacturing Chemists' Assn., Inc.r Washington, D. C. I'ubtic Kdations Committee--A. P. O st i (Chairman), Safely Engr., Charles Pfiier &Cl' m' Representative--J. T. S ieih.kcki, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y. ; P. C. L ama, Safety Aditi., Lever Bros. Co., New York, N. Y. ; $ ' mV'Past General Chairmen Technical Publications Committee--R. M. Nkahy (Chairman), Safety Codes Dept., Unia si Carbide Corp.. New York, N. Y. ; P. J. McDonough, Mgr. of Loss Prevention, Che' )!' cals Div., Olin Mathiesoii Chemical Corp., New York, N. Y. ; D. T. S mith, SufWcl1. Protection Div., Employee Relations Dept., Chambers Works, E. I. du Pont de Nemovt; & Co., Penns Grove, N. J. ' " Health Committee--J. A. Houghton* (Chairman), Supvr. Industrial Chemical Sema; &;<; Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston. Mass.; E. L. Alpaugh. Industrial Hygiarist International Harvester Co.. Chicago. 111.: R. E. H aw kinson", Industrial Hygiene Ka*** Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Milwaukee. W is.; D. J. K im an*, M.D., Medical Dir^ Texas Div., The Dow* Chemical Co., Freeport, Texas. '-'of '. >?m / ':Pl| 7'f.iiMiM./ . lidr Cmiuif/<v--(. L. IY.a/ h i . (Chairman). Dir. for Safety, (J. S. Army W ami Evaluation Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.; *J. R. Boj.i.man, Safety Die.' The Proctor : Gamble Co., Ivorydale Technical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; *E. J- M eyers. Asst. Mgr., Safety & Fire Protection Div., E. I. du Pont de Nemours &G* tnr Wilmincton. Del. *-* 7 <) ) '} OFFICERS OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 General C/huViimw--*Rodekt A. W endell, Chief, Safety Branch, U. S. Army figM; Division, South Atlantic, Atlanta, Georgia ;v;i # Vice-General Chairman-- II. Dm;, Mgr., Accident & Fire Prevention ;jfc National Association of Mutual Casually Companies, Chicago 6, Illinois General Secretary-- *Konr:(tr .1. Mass man. Safety Engineer, Massman ConstrudionCfl Kansas City, Mo. fjjjijjjl elssistaut General Secretary--i i u p A. HonNsnv, JK., Product Cine Manager, Mine ! Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Divisions--Building--*(.uaiii i s vV. 1Ii>iiiii:n , J k. (Chairman), Director of Safety tig, Minneapolis, Minn.; P atrick Voi.t'E (Engineering Vice-Chairman), Safety Dittih John A. Volpc Constr. Co.,tine., Malden, Mass.; fjo iirt D. Bonham (EnguM First Vice-Chairman), Supervising Engineer, Joyce & Co., Chicago, III.; wg| Bryson, Safety Director, Tidewater Construction Co., Norfolk, V a.; H arold F. II, Director, Education, W elfare & Safety, International Hod Carriers & Coni Laborers Union, Washington! li. C .; W. R. Fitz, Insurance & Safety Manager*^ Rust Engineering Co,, Pittsfiurgh, Pa.; Roiiemt H agohan, Assistant Manager,'m dent Prevention Department,! New York, N. Y .; W arrf.n C. H argreaves, Penn & Safety Director, Fruin-Colnon Contracting Co., St. Louis, M o.; Robert J. Haie*(I Engineering Superintendent, "j Conlmcni.il Casualty Co., Chicago, HI.; AULTMtiW ^ m Mui.lenuore, Assistant Superintendent, Engineering Division, The American Insnfl* Group, Newark, N. J.; J. emote Roiiinson, Executive Secretary, Missouri Mixed Concrete Association,'Jefferson City, Mo.; Richard E. Schholder, Liititt Insurance Co., Wakefield, M ass.; Donald B. W ilcox, Professor of Industrial fig necring, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. H eavy--*Eari. W. W ueei.ek f'C/imViniifiJ, Safety Engineer, Department of Navy,'Sa|R of Yards & Docks, Yards & Docks Annex, Washington, D. C .; G eorge E. Atof&v iierriiip Vicc-Chainmin), Safety Engineer, United Engineers and Construct*'!* Philadelphia, Pa.; tJosi:i*n I*'. IIuntman (engineering Virsi Vicc-Chairman)/Etta Construction Socialist, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, River Forest, Ilk; Sam Bobu Safely Supervisor, Contracting Division, Dravo Corp., Neville Island, Pittsburgh,!^ Caklyi.e F. Bunn, Chief, Safety Branch, U. S. Army Engineer District, Kansas^ Kansas City, Mo.; C. M. Caiiiil. Safety Engineer, Massman Construction Co, KM City, Mo.; R. J. Dougherty, Director of Safety, Stearns-Rogcr Manufacturing Denver, Colo.; Nlii. E. Gauiieh, Division Safety Engineer, U. S. Army Enpifi Division, North Central, Chicago, I I I ; E ugene C. G u n n , Chief, S a fe ty BnwcV Army Engineer Division, Missouri River, Omaha, Nebraska; J ames D. HoliuM Blaw-Knox Co, Pittshurgh, Pa.; K enneth A. H yde, Safety Director, C. F. & Co., Alhambra, Calif.; C i.ayton C. K ili'atkick, Safely Engineer, MacLeaft&sj Co., Inc., New York, N. Y .; T. J. L askowski, Project Safety Engineer, On*DB Constructors, Oroville, Calif.; Howard S. L atham , Bureau Safely Engineer, B*i| of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.; E ric L. P edley, Pedlcy-Knowlcs & Co., San Frsdv Calif.; W illiam T. Rogers, Safety Director, Ebasco Services fnc., New York/KJs A......... * M..,- ;iikI Training Deni, 'flic Associated General ) HUI)! i `i tractors o f A m erica. Inc. W ashington, I). C . W ^ ki i tixn, C hief, S a fe ty Hrartei^, | C ( J . S. A rm y Engineer District, St. Paul, ft J: J erome I. W illiam s, Director'ojf "C Safety, M orrison-K m ulscn Co., Inc., lloisc, Ida ww' Uifihteny--E lliott R. M ak'HN (C hairm an), S a fe ly D irector, H endrickson tiros., Inc., V. Valley Stream , N. Y .; Roy D. W oodworth (E n g in eerin g F ie c -C h a im u m ), S n|tcm *ns', ^ C o n s tru c tio n Service, Liberty M utual Insurance Co., Ilusin, M ass.; 1 F iun I. Ihm *' gSj.(Enginccrhiif F irst y ic c C Ita in n a n ), M gr., S a fe ty E n g r. Dept., M arsh X M el.cuitan, l*?Inc., Chicago, Illinois; W . D. JIrunic, S a fe ty D irector, D. \V. W itik rlm au Co.. In c , ^Syracuse, N ew Y o rk ; HuMr.it F. C lark, S a fe ty O lliccr, D epartm ent of Com m erce, ijllureati of Public Roads, W ashington, I). C .; W m . S. D errick, Engineer, Georgia g^Stale Highw ay Dept., A tlanta, G a .; F rank R. D wyer, Supervisor, S tan d ard Accident 5 ) Insurance Co., D etroit, M ich.; J. D. H odges, A ssistan t S ecretary, A ssociated G eneral SfC ontractors of Iow a, Des Moines, Iow a; A rthur C. L ong, S afety Kugincer, R n m n Root, Inc., H ouston, T e x a s; D ean O. L undahl, M gr., Engineering D epartm ent, ^(`Standard A ccident Insurance Co., D etro it, M ic h ig a n ; D ai.e R. M eoskeh, D ale M edsker Associates, A tlanta, G a .; Robert O . N im m o , S a fe ty C oordinator, P e te r Kiewif Sons* ^Company, O m aha, N eb rask a ; Roy II. O is o n , S a fe ty E ngin eerin g C onsultant, M ichigan (^Mutual Liability C o , Lansing, M ic h .; A mmon S ctiiu.hr, I'a iln c r, Pickett X S e in e m , Ki/AIItgan, M tingan Building--J o h n J. R iley (C hairm an), Lalmr Director, National Assoc, of llnmr ^Builders, Washington, I). C .; tRoiiKitT L. Moore (E ngineering Vicc-C Vnio man) Supt. %'tf Engineers, Lttml>criucns Mutual Casualty Co., Cliicngo, III.; Louis J. Siren, Safety Director, Dale JJclIamah Homes, AJbunjucnjnc, N. ftL; Meriilkt K. \\ i s ii unu. Chief Safety Engineer, Argonaut Underwriters Inc., Menlo Park, Calif. ally-- T. S. McK osky (C hairm an), Supervisor o f Erection Safety, llctbidicm Steel ECfc, llctliiclieiu. Pa.; S am F ite, Jr. (E ngineering V ice-C hairm an), Safely Engineer, jKoppers Co., Inc., Engr. & Constr. Division, Pittsburgh, Pa.; fftlAitTiN F. M u l h a ii. ^(Engineering F irst Vice-C hairm an), Manager, Safety Engineering Dept., Fred S. Junes & Company, Chicago, III.; J . R oi.and C arr, Editor, Engineering News-Record, 3(Gicago, III.; It. E arl F ui.lilove, Chairman, Hoard of Governors, (biilding Trades ^Employers* Assn.; New York, N. Y.; C harles J. H art, Research Engineer, National I*Electrical Contractors Assn., Inc., Washington, D. C .; F rank T. IIoijsi:, Sales Pm* z^Biotion Manager, Hucyrus-Erie Co., South Milwaukee, W is.; E. F. J unes, Manager, ^Erection Labor & Safety, Combustion Engineering Inc., Windsor, Conn.; f. .1. K ki.i.ly, J&Safcty Snpervisnr, M. W. Kcllog Co., New York, N. Y .; W aruii: W. K in *;, Chief, JfrSafety llrancb, U. S. Army Engineer Division, North Pacific, Portland, Oregon; a&Cari. C. I-AVLRv, Safely Engineer, Ibnislon (amtratling Co., HoiiM**ii, 'IVxas; IIi.nmy " ST. Perez, Editor, Constmctioii Methods ft: Equipment, New York, N. Y .; D;an W. Ward, John 1*. Ileaslcy Cousirnehnn Co., Dallas Texas; V ictor K. W hitt.house, ^Director of Safety, International 11rod it*ihood *>f rit:*l Winkers, Wa-bington, lo . C.; Everett W itzkl, Eastern District Mgr., F. I >. Ibdlard Co., W eapon, Comudi- .fnt pHfts Coordinator-- Konoi.i'il J. JIe iii.ly, Supervising ( onslruelion E n g in e ri, Tiai'clcrs urancc Co., H a r tfo r d , Conn. bw Com m ittee-- I Ianiei. W. L en a iia n (C hairm an), Project Engineer, I.ibcily gajfotuaf Insurance Company, Atlanta, G a.; C hahi.es W. Mukden, J k. ; E aiii. W. ^ W beeiek; E lliot R. M a r t in ; T. S. M cKo s k y ; J o h n J. R iley w hip Cummi7/cr--G fn i: W asherman (C hairm an), Manager. Cost. Dept., Wcxlcr raCoostniction Co., Inc., Newton Highlands. M a ss .; C harle s W . Ioiuu:n , I k : F are |W. WtiEti.tR; E i.i.iot K M a r t i n ; J o h n J R i i i .v ; T . S M c K osky FHCERS OF THE INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 ASSOCIATIONS COMMITTEE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 .. i''`/'resid en t f o r I n d u x ir y a n d Chairman--Clyjji-: F. Schujolk, Vice President, Atd$l dent Prevention, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, \Yis. ' HiiViMuH .SVe/toMi--J . S. Q l i x n i u ( C h a irm a n ~ E l e c l) t Manager, Safely & Lire P r o t j ^ lion Div., E. L du Pont dc Nemours and Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. -I'iSS I P :. ^C ldr/ium -John 1 iMaiHifiuiiiicrs, M , Conv ik y , Industrial New York, N. Y. K elalinns (.unsullanl, i. J<oiikkt I Lv .oi-ia n , A ssistant M anager, Accident jnj^ntioii of C asualty am i S urely Com panies, New Y ork, N. \ . Natittua) A w n iation of I 'n v u itio u D ipt.. Avo- 'utinmm Committees--G. L. Gokbkll, Manager, CUcmk.il Co., St. Louis, Mo. rcre/ary--Roy G. Be.ysox, Manager, Industrial cago, 1)1. Safely & Fire Dept., National Protection, Mons A Safety Council,1 I OMMiTTEE CHAIRMEN K.wiriti/ionr--J o h n Convert, Employee Relations Division, National Association of facturers, New York, N. Y. i( Indio Visual /lids--W. E. Stuffing, Dir ctor of Safety, Carrier Corp., Syracuse,'] H Program--R. H. Albisser, Safe! y Manager, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahwayf-J untests and Awards--R H artman, Ass.'taut Manager, Safely Department, Bed Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. recit/ire--Clyde F. Schleute* {calth --Annk Kxoiei:, R.N., Pabst Brewing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 'rtdu.ttiittl Safety Training--E. S. H annaioku, Safely Engr., Long Lines Dept., Am `rdephone it Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. \ft\ hitniejl Sff/cgnardtng--T. H. Bullard, Safety ConsuUant, Willow Grove,' pjj& Wummifuig--Roy P. H amilton, Superintendent of Safety, St. Louis-San Fraud* way Co.. St. Louis, Mo. A Yin7w liturgy--D. I*. H.wi.s, Chief, Safety and Fire Protection Branch, U.S'A Encigy Commission, Washington. D. C ' *** Off-The-fob Safety--John E. S m it h , Safety Director, Spencer Chemical { burgh, Kau. Research Projects--S. F. S rlxce, Director, Safety and Loss Prevention, Ameria| mid Co., New York. N. Y. ^ Standards--A. L. Cork, Director, Safety A' Fire Protection, Eastman Kodak ( ester, N. Y. : 5 T e c h n i c a l Pufe/iVa/ionr--R. L. Moore, Assistant Secretary, Lumbermens Mutual.- (Vi A* American Motorists Insurance Co, Chicago, III ' 2* ^.Kiciann, U ln o ; | i j h ;rsoN D. K i i t i i , M anaging Dir., A m erican M etal Stam ping RAssn., Cleveland, O h io ; Frank I.aimirlr, Dir. o f S afety , N ationw ide Insurance t o , YtCoftnmhus, O hio; I. N iai. Mjori:, Secy., C re a le r C hicago M old A ssii., ( hicago. III ; jlpMuW . I.. T um is ( re t.) . L aguna Beach, ( alii. R e g io n --S anto J . Baiica, Asst. D irecto r, C an M a n u fa c tu re rs Institute, ''^Washington, I). C .; J oski'ii II. Colquitt, Secy., N ational Assn, of R e frig era te d tthouses, W ashington, D. C .; I'. W. Lo:;an, Dir. o f Assn. A ctivities, L iberty Mu (Insurance Co., A tlanta, G a .; J ames P . L ow, M anager, A>su. Service Dept m!er of Commerce o f the U. S., W ashington, I). ( \ ; J o h n Mo h a y , Asm . F.xn- ft National Imlcpcndciit Meal Packers Association, W ashington, I). At m mi talSTACJiEH, Asst. Gvecn. M gr., N ational Assn,. of Beddintg, M__f0g..,, W ashington, D. ; W1UaA SSmmiitthh, SSaaffMelyv hDiirr., iEr.a.-ste--rn.. rG~as S-t F-u(e.l| AAssssoocciiaattee:s, "M ount Hope, W\ Vu ; V Wu ,K"`N..D..t.i.i.. Chiefr, S a fe ly llraii.li, U. S A rm y Knghincer Division, S outh At. Atlanta, Ga. iyjfcfresentalivc- p A hi. R. S ii m i, D ir e c to r , A s s o c ia tio n s I )je i io n 000481 ) : ri !& . PLAN NOW TO ATTEND m M THE 1963 NATIONALSAFETY CONGRESSI #; INDUSTRIAL H Y G I E ^ By HENRY F. SMYTH, JR. _ Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, p a 0 u j 4 8 :- Culminating the Golden Anniversary Year of Safety and Beginning the Second Half-Century of Safety t!V bo you oltcn see i>i] iijiliisiria) In nnin-,1 c n r d the cliccts of lead poisoning aimmy ji.sjk llyuonurrlaiiwl.orIkll tphleacUe?nilTeihleSytalaersc thmeirle viseroyne m iners and m etallurgical w o rk ers. ,'2:for about 40,0(H) employed persons, and (here \u eaily example of the preventive cthwts OCTOBER 28-3!, 1963 CONRAD HILTON HOTEL, CHICAGO PI5&re even fewer in Ihc rest of ihc world. Wc we call industrial hygiene can l*c fo u n d in ifave more corporation presidents th;m we Pliny's description o f in d u strial o p eratio n s You will want to attend the 1963| lave industrial hygienists. An industrial hy*gcmst need not lie conspicuous when he is during the first century a fte r t'h risi. lie relates that workers refining m ercury pul C o n g r e s s w h i c h s t a r t s t h e s e c o n d f i l t f i * DXwork. There might have been one timin' bladders m et the face to avoid breathing y e a r s o f t h e o r g a n i z e d s a f e t y m o w - ? jj$b)ob in your shop hist wet-k wilhoiil your the dn.sJ. AgrieuJa, describing fh<* mining m e n t . T h e C o n g r e s s is a lw a y s a b if* him. But whether youVc sent him industry o f the (if le n t hun d red s, re lated dial w e e k , a w o r t h w h i l e w e e k f o r s a f e t y K not, it is likely that yon will live longer simie women in (he (.arp alh ian m ountains p e o p le . B u t th is 1 9 6 3 C o n gress k ' M l * more useful if an industrial hygienist f a looked over your shop, mafic r<c*in- had as many as seven husbands during their lifetime, (he men dying o f lung diseases e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t t o y o u a n d t h s j Jwendations to mimagcmcnt aixml yimr wuk- from die d u o they Im athvd in the m in e s'" o th e r 1 0 ,0 0 0 s a fe ty p e o p le w h o a tte n d .| conditions, convinced them, ami seen l ie described m achines w hich w ere .some B e c a u s e m a n y o f t h e p r o g r a m s , r a e e t - t iftitm; his recommendations were carried mil. tim es used fo r forcing fre sh a ir dow n into in g s a n d d is c u s s io n s w ill fo c u s o n (h e., JpTherc is sonic disagreement about the the mines to control tem perature and humid ity, and to rcduec die hrealhing of dust. n e x t f i f t y y e a r s o f s a f e l y , i t s p r o b l e m ! , ' ; ? ^Kioe "industrial hygiene1* and the proleswjionat title "industrial hygienist.** On this The first com preheusicc li valise on occu its c h a lle n g e s. ; ,A, ' J nfcnung's program Floyd Van Ann's ic- pational diseases w as w ritten in )7lH) by A t t h e ' 6 3 C o n g r e s s y o u w i l l m e e t TM M k s rc titled occupational health, ;d- Ucrnardmi Bama/zmi, a physician of M o dem, in Italy. H e paints a rath er dark o th er sa fety p e o p le , w ith th e sem es *6ough tus own title is industrial hygicnisi. y k f remarks arc titled industrial hygiene, picture of the health of workers, as follows: p r o b l e m s a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a s y o o r - p the department in whirl) I work is idn- Various mid miiiiiridd is the Iwovcst of ittiwuiwji by i'* rt;*tn w orkers s e l f . Y o u w i l l e x c h a n g e v i e w s * n 4 j iW as chemical hygiene. Don Fowler is fmui l he evidls mot limle* that they i d e a s o n a c c i d e n t p r e v e n t i o n , h e a l l l v 'ping to talk al>ont industrial health, hut IHiiAii'; It the profit th a t ttiey g et Is fatal Injury to t fic ir ft'offft. Tlmt cio|> h y g i e n e , a n d f i r e p r e v e n t i o n . . . a t ' ijfc own title is industrial hygienist. An iota wider variety of names might have germhiute.s mostly, I think, from ft*o taujH'S. The ftrat mid m ust potent Is s a f e t y in in d u s tr y , tr a ffic , sch o o l, d j ired--environmental hygiene, or environ- the lintmfnl etwnneter of the mteil;>ts timt the)' (inrnli**, for these em it no x i h o m e a n d o n t h e f a r m . Y o u w i l l see femul sanitation would he considered appro- ous vapors am) very fine partielca In t h e l a r g e s t o f a l l s a f e t y e q u i p m m C j .|mtc by some people. imical to tnihian brings am t Induce (twtieutftr (ttscases; (tie second cause e x h i b i t s a t t h e C o n g r e s s , a n o p p o f $ ^ AHof these names mean the same thing, 1 scribe lo cciiaii* violent aiul tcreguiar motions find iinimturnl (ostuies of t u n i t y f o r y o u t o m a k e w e l l - i n f o n n e l ,, _Atap.ro..m.o. tion of eJJicicnt. useful work with the body, by reason of which the nalhikI tructuie of (to- vim t mnriiltte is b u y i n g d e c i s i o n s f o r y o u r c o m p a a r .g > w ia > ly b a r m lu i m aY e h W ''` st. itiipairt'd tlmt .Hortwua iltsvjiHrs g r a d T h i s f o u r - d a y e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g t * B r a ^ k^ I i n s . T__W_.. is some precedent for the ually <tev**h*p tiuri-from p l a n n e d a n d p r e s e n t e d b y t h e N a l i w a t g ^f apidrijutowsahradkinhgealothf, hwishilaectitvhieties<uga*i*dt-r tAimltieur oduibsclrusss*nfgmcianrelrise,rhlerewa lriistec*s: ulticli m en S a f e t y C o u n c i l , c a n b e y o u r n o [^diiimst works at hygiene. W<- Itould Hot a.sjoHiir timt udiois t h o u g h t - p r o v o k i n g , m o s t w a r t h w h i S it seems to me that disability m diMMM- in Ilio mm*`S iioivadays ai' tcally Im-11 i- tr*-tf.d. fc UoukU th`y aio s a f e t y e x p e r i e n c e i n 1 9 6 3 . . . a n B E M l lvt been caused by occupation rw r voli pi|!Tl-l a*ith <rii!tln*N arai noni bdwMt l*y HwUatdo food, they fum i' up s p i r a t i o n f o r t h e e x c i t i n g , c h a l l e n g i n g (oe mankind became sufficiently social for iato Ute UWddtUcd poti ntr lookhig fi1* y e a r s a h e a d f o r e v e r y o n e i n s a f e t y V. ,} Aidvision of labor, for socialization I'on Kiottdiy a th (cdute of Ha m>o nf Ilio iMiib'iu utld boia uso of tfinir slay M a k e p l a n s early to attend t h a ' j j the paleolithic makers of llinl arrow tw ttww t\it d ark ptm:rs. VVtmtevor nudai tltoy mine, ihey tul(' <t''<l(ul ; jullered from silicosis half a million tlst-asos wtitot tMf *(U-n tiun k al *c*i y Congress and bring all the other (MM i ago. Wc know that some industrial i.-Miotty, i*V'ii a il p |i o s I il K (t*l n*nut pic in your organization who twj te were recognized ;v long time ago. .-ol;dlo r*moty l* tut> pi vhoi th-t ; tlmHnh il tcouiif floom io he a uoc.sfloti safety responsibilities. A* tog in the fourth Century before (htM, tloUior H CIMI Uo i'ulistfir' rl 1 pioli* thdy h> tmiutslor modlcal alt - niot ift|pocr.Ucs, the father of medicine, dis <(l)ihtiIs ptofong Itioir Uvo- 1. Ili' hl(\o Oo ; t'JOL Sational S afety ( Htnjiew Although Kamaz/imA book is piun.mv ;iJ>Dn| tlic recognition and treatment o li tases caused by the occupations, scattered through ii an* descriptions of actions taken to prceout disease, swell as: turning the face away from a source of dust or va|>or, wear ing a mask of bladder or glass to reduce inhalation of dust, working only jdmrff shifts in but or particularly dusty locations, pmvmoii of fans to blow cool clean air over the workers, and provision of dean clothing to reduce the lead exposure of painters. It is not dear whether these precautions which arc among those now recommended hy indii,'frial hygienists, were devised hy workers trying to increase their own comfort and ``afely, or hy supervisors frying, to obtain greater production. In any event,,it is only recently that industrial hygiene has been the full-time concern of specifically desig nated and trained people. Today the requirements of industry bring an adult worker for one-fourth of his life into a substantially constant environment, where hour after hour and day -after day he performs the same task, often with the possibility of contacting and absorbing the chemicals with which he works. H r handles not only the traditional dangerous .materials of the medieval artisan, but also m^ity newly created materials. Some, lie uses yu quantitics which would have been incredible a few centuries ago; the total number of indus trial workers today would have hecii in credible then, too. It might be thought that lite industrializa tion of trades would have increased the frequency of injuries from chemicals hut such is not the ease, largely because of the bo|y of principles and experience known as industrial hygiene. The assembly id woila r> into factories where large groups handle the same materials for long periods can actually lie beneficial to health, compared to condi tions in the shops of the artisans. i>rollcms are created but others arc solved. Workers using |K)lcnlialiy dangerous chemicals air now accessible to careful medical Im-i v:ui*u for the detection of adverse response at stages where the effects are still reversible. Supervision is available fin ni-urucliun in s.ifc walking methods. )uM.lkui<ns aie planned for safe operation and. wlmi no other means will serve, protective equip ment is provided ami maintained l>3` experts. ............................. ... 1 ...... ..... I. less :k ! likely N he injured than was liis ancien^t;` ! . Io the wvvourrkcer. The new laws impUnuutc! fore-runner in similar occupations. --But i.h*tJij| the alreadyj a|greed upon responsibilities The situation o today does not justify compU'''Vj!i ^;;eJmrmpnlolnyveirr nue*erded n specialist to help him cciicy. Much remains to he done. In pir*.1 'V-discharge his responsibilities; goveimm-nial lteniar, agricultural workers, maintenance and repair men have not benefitted in fW* v agencies needed specialists to guide some ^employers and to monitor all. Jims arose portion to (hose iti factories. Methods / communicating what is known have iioi be devised in reach these wqukcrs. linpfQlt^i incuts in the health of workers are almost': proportional to the size of the groups' which they labor. v^. p A-fhe need which the industrial hygienist tills. /S'-*The name "industrial hygiene'* was sulliVocntly well-known early in this century for S' ihe American Public Health Association to establish an Industrial Hygiene Section in 1914, for the U.S. Public Health Service The thing which was not done in 1 use it ns part of (lie name of a division /.ini's time, or until very recently, is*- it 1915, and for the Journal of Industrial identify and measure each possibly injiiriou^j jvTIygicne to be founded in 1919. Industrial ronlaininaul and stress in the working l^ftogienists had a sufficient sense of common virnmnent. With measurement 1 become*, ^interest and unique purpose to establish the possible to compare exposures in difftref [^American Conference: of Governmental lu- shops doing similar work, and to inainbia l$?4bstrial Hygienists in 1938, and (lie Amcri- useful records of experience. By comparator [jfipa Industrial Hygiene Association in 19.19. ............... : Labor (.tatjet ^ jogicrust is one member of the gurtlT"WfioSC jninl eh tu ls aie r*pirrd for the maintenance of occupational health Oilier* of lhr group an: the physician, llu muse and the winker himself. Kaclt h.i-* his unique responsibilities, and one carni.i pcrf)iin the functions of another. The in dustrial hygienist studies the work opera- lions and processes; lie knows all of Ihc materiats am! rtptipmctit used, the products and byproducts, and their possibilities for injury to health. He measures the magnitude of the cxjKjsure of workers, >r of the public, to possibly harmful substances or mtlucuce*, or to nuisances. He is particularly attentive to : 1. Vapors, gases, uiisls or dusts in (he atmosphere--both those which may he in jurious and those which arc only unpleasant. of present measurements with recorded pci ieuce, or with the cottchtsious of rese <oi new substances and situations, (he m trial hygienist tries to anticipate and. prevent harmful conditions, lie appliesC Imls to jtotciitially injurious situations^ fidcr to prevent the occurrence of injto or of discomfort sufficient to reduce wort* ciiiciency. '^ f '( he accumulation of experience (ret * >f measurements of .substances and tit in Work places, related to the presences absence of ellects oil health) has veril our conv iction, that any substance or | can he safely utilize! in industry, i f . use is sufficiently important to be worth! cost of protecting the workers. TJiisT basic viewpoint of industrial hygiene; anything can he safely used. The COSIx volved may he that of equipment, such1 for ventilation, nr it may be that of t* created productivity, perhaps because of t inefficiency of operation through remoter tenis, or when burdened vri clothing, masks, or respirators. - a* The demand for persons trained l^jli industrial hygienists arose because 9 passage of workmen's compensation These laws could newer have freed WfSC or enforced if people liad nut begun, the sedI reitlered attitudes of the jungk^jf^ men of pood n il) had no] Income ronap^A m all walks o| life. It had to becomeA&3 vplcd that (he employer has a rcspindUtijft to see that the Work he pays for a*f ** dour in icaMinahle comlrl, without. jgTUe inemlrcrs of these organizations now ^jftganl themselves as consiituling a profestfrion. Like the older professions, they arc 'taking various steps to assert (heir profesTJMral status. Through technical committees jtfey are collecting, organizing and pohltshfhg for themselves the facts which they ftoilizc ill llicir activities. Through a cciti1*" 118 lionid they arc confcrriii(f icro^uiliun colleagues of dcnumslrnlcri compulriirr. |'?fciing thereby to discourage the artiviliis H it incompetent pretenders. They arc taking rpf to set the standards for the education their successors. IJyOne distinction belw'Ccn a craft or trade jiad a profession is that (he practitioners of [^profession feel that their work is devoted 4Wpart to some high purpose in the public ptitercsl. The lawyer feels that his profesi^oo works for justice, the journalist for ['truth, the physician fur individual health, ijphislrial hygiene is one of several ikmijidical profcssiniis which work together for JoUic bcallli; it concent rales on llic iml fPjftgnilicatil area of occupational health, on 'decontrol of (lie industrial eiiviiouuu-ut to A m efficient and healthful work. Industrial J^gicnc has recently !ccn defined as the 'it'xace and art devoted to the recognition, (Illation, and control of those eimromiuu- . pjltol factors or stresses, arising in or from mftc work place, which may cause, sickness, mefaired health and well-being, or significant jpfccwnforl ami inefficiency among wankers among the citizens rd the nummmiiv 2. Temperature, humidity and air move ment. 3. Noise--both audible mid supersonicand vibration. 4. Radiations such as short radio waves, heat, light, ultra violet, x-rays, and those from nuclear decay. 'J'lic industrial hygienist likewise considers the less measurable conditions of the work itself, such a s : 1. 1`hysiological stresses from physical eveitiou and abnormal ixisfurcs. 2. r.syrbdogca| stresses frm monotony or letisiou. The industrial hygienist may analyze Mood, urine, expired air, fingernails, hair, ami like biological materials, when this will assist in determining the amounts of substances which the worker meets in the working eiiviion uwnt as an index of the need for runtrol, nr of the success of miiiiols already ikituted. Similar tests which may he done !< determine the stale of health of the individ ual worker are the responsibility the pin sickui. The hygienist interprets (lie i(-suits of Ids examinations in terms of the ability of the working environment, or of the working methods, to reduce efficiency, to impair health nr to create nuisances. The data with which In* r,mpares his results to judge uluthci mlcrahlc or undesirable conditions exist are the accumulated and recorded experiences it industrial hygienists, occupational physi- i i . n i . a n . I r r < f ' r - | i v r , l i - r c h i In- m- . l i . t ) ****: '! 0 0 0 4 8 - 1 tOu> Rational S a fe ly Comjt', t.ubur C onfetti sciences, ligures relating to tlic coincntra- modifications in layout which will allow con with the invisible, hut harmful, fo rced x-ray and the newer nuclear dcgencral in j u r y , I,ut the foni a more trol of possible hazards t< health more crolions of substances that may lie inhaled at nomirallv than would he possible in a both monitoring and control. Still awmiciK3t:ST^atna^gi lce dof .pfearcsoton.ra.s.l....k..u..m...v.l-cIdgge. ofc'V :arrower .<Ij work without effect arc known as threshold limits. already constructed shop. In regard to toxic substances rerprired in hygienist may practice the toxicological as pects, the effects of foreign substances on the body--ordinarily divided into toxicology, I liavc tried to give you some idea of what industrial hygiene is, and what the I am not certain that industrial hygienists Ilie operalinn, the recommendation will con- have sufficient agreement concerning their physiology, pathology, biochemistry and the industrial hygienist hies to control the haz rist of suggesting smite way in which the { objectives to offer a sound guide to those amount of substance reaching the worker j like. ards and stresses of industrial operations hike everyone else in modern civilization, the who decide upon threshold limit values. 1 can he reduced, without reducing the output t Different organizations may find it neces industrial hygienist is me of a team, and <f(iotcd an official definition of indnslrial hy of the shop. This might he as simple as sary or practical to utilize different combi this team's success is related to the degree giene to the effect that it is devoted In fire furnishing a rover for a vat of volatile control of factors that may cause impaired nitayt,iodnespeonfditnhgesoen .tshpeecpiaolsisstisblwe ihthaiznaradsspoefcitahle to which its members work together. health among workers. I wonder if this solvent, to re4d-wu,,cvev vig.o..r..s...i.n....th- e -a-ir,Iowtr*pirlol*- ,T viditig a bland hand cleaner so that Ihc'c , industrial operations being carried out. The Reference* implies the full WHO definition of health as worker can wash without using a harmful `profession regards a man whose experience 1. A gricola. G. Do H e M etallica. Trun*l<il*l (lie state of complete physical, mental and and expensive solvent. It might he as com-;-j has been almost entirely confined to one bISySOI.I. C. a n d L II. H o o v er. D over. N. Y.. social well-being, not merely ' the absence of disease or infirmity? I*'m ihcrtiioic, does plf.v ;ts insinuation of local exhaust venlila- V< lion to remove vapors or dusts at tlicir >> aspect of industrial hygiene as being even bit as qualified, as distinguished, as the man " tt'Uimzzliil B. Dl.vw.fr.- o t IVorkcifl TY-,,s industrial hygiene aim to protect every single source, before they can he breathed. As a | whose experience has been in the compre A S k 'S . & . i ; i . r i ! i ! : ! : , " g" v "l working jersoii, no mailer how susceptible last resort, efficiency of work may have lO'S hensive practice of industrial hygiene. The 3. Ibid p. 1. he may he? Or does it aim to prevail injury he threatened by recommending respirator*.: latter may he personalty familiar with a to US per cent of the working population, and protective clothing. relying upon pre-employment examination :*; wider variety of |ossibly injurious factors ` r l r a ^ S i ? " "~ by the occupational physician to keep the I have been speaking as if industrial S per cent of most susceptible persons out gieuc is practiced by a single man whoi;'2'J ol the working area? Until we bate agree knows all the answers himself. In somtj ment on this |K)iut, we will have uncertainty organizations this is the case. A single) person is engaged in the comprehenstt$ INDUSTRIAL HEALTH ASPECTS OF among those trying to decide oiv'safc ex- jHisurc value. I practice of industrial hygiene. He may liawfr been originally trained as a chemist, a |di>'sr-^r LEAD COMPOUNDS I myself think that industrial hygiene aims cist, an engineer or even as n biologist; tali! to control c.\)M>sure to the extent dial`almost tic is sufficiently cxfurrienccd in other are}! By D ON G. FO W L E R no workman can suffer discomfort or ad to handle all the parts of most any situatiafy Director of H ealth and Safety, Lead Industries Association, Inc., New Y ork, N. Y. verse effect, and that effects in the most himself--he identifies suspicious substances^ i f ? suscepiilde develop so slowly that they will or stresses; he measures environmental con-i Kf^ Many years ago and up until the early he detected by the alert occn|>atioiial physi (lions; lie plans ami recommends confrtlfi .vlfwenlies ill (his country, the use of lead was proceed to a philosophy of <ifrd for hu cian before they are irreversible. The degree of control the rest of the world expects is measures; he monitors their continued so^-u Jgcilra hazardous in industry and poisonings man exposure in industry which should apply generally. essfiil operation. At times he encounters j^gwere the rule. Tlicy were cx|cclrl. Such ilhtNirated by a possibly true story one hears minions which he n ;di/s could he liandMl* j | B no longer the case. I am proud I he T o r n ofittiy from various sources The foreign pioduc- better by others, and then he secures sperirfr ' `A member of the profession which had a tion engineer was being shown through an Ihranse lcal cxi>ls everywhere and in American storage battery plant. It was ized consultation. great deal to do with the reversal of this In other organizations, indnslrial liygiotf PsTjitiiatioii. /hit we industrial hygienists were all biological organisms of which we have knowledge, its control in tin* human system cool, scrupulously clean, without a trace' of is handled hy a group. One man, wbo sj#' oot alone in our efforts at reversing the lead consists firs! in the recognition in pianlit. visible dust, windows sparkled, and work men were dressed in absolutely clean white cialwes in the acoustical aspects of industri** ftffiwboning trend, for this job was a good the manner of what is normal or usual and. coveralls, caps and gloves. The visitor looked hygiene, will he measuring noise level^s distribution in octave bands, and may/ ^example of cooperation hy industrial pltysii&ns, toxicologists and hygienists. Perhaps following this, the m c a su irtn ciii cpiauritativcly of flic additional body burden imposed .nobtohuitnginliakme aizt eamt ehnot.meH, efosraaidftehre-alhl,ad"mseaekn recommending - control measures. Ar** key effort was that of toxicology, and hy the particular exposure. Generally, toxi ing lead batteries is not a lea parly." man may practice the air pollution a primarily concerned with monitoring .are proceed further we will understand cologists work with small experimental ani r|!cr the reason for saying so. mals such as rats, guinea pigs ami rabbitv The industrial hygienist should report his cruitrolhug the air borne wastes of lilt fcpuc to time limits, it will not he possible This is necessary because they must over- conclusions directly to management. At that reach the surrounding areas. "'Cover in a complete manner all of the cxjHJsc in order to determine toxic ranges times, Ins recommendations for new installa tions or changes in working procedures to may concentrate on the chemical recognizing and measuring gases, vapor* nous lead-using industries and the various from harmless to harmful Ideally, of course, iffol methods required to prevent undue toxicologists should be able to work with reduce unhealthy stresses will he feasible dusts in the environment. An enginccnj without undue expense or reduction in pro specialist may he primarily concerned*, exposure. Therefore, we will discuss human beings since the effect id the material under investigation always must be related ductivity. In the most desirable situation, illumination, with heat and with venittanr his assignment lias been the study of bluc- kwk of our knowledge of the effect of 4 on the human system with special to a human and it is well known that no ex ........,.f n nrw work to control exposure to substances. A i IcraiCC to indnslrial Fvimtinf' ! *.... .pefrtimental animal approximates sufhcimilv ) OFFICERS OF THE LABOR CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 tee 'resident for Labor-- L loyd I). U n ited A u to m o b ile, A irc ra ft a n d C I O , D etro it, M ich . U r i tu , D irec to r, In d u strial H e a lth & A g ric u ltu ra l Im p lem en t W o rk e rs o f S a f e l y D ivision,.' A m e ric a, A F L -5 ' . i i bar Conference Chairman-- H u n t e r 1* . W u a i u o n . O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s , A F L - C I O , W a s h i n g t o n , L>. C . P re sid e n t, In tern a tio n al U n io n ofr l.ahor Conference Vice Chairman-- V i c t o r W i i i t k i i o u s l , S a f e t y D i r e c t o r , B ro th e rh o o d o f E le ctric al W o rk e rs , A F L - C I O , W a s h in g to n , D . C . 1u lc rn a iio n a )^ ' hot Confetcnee Secretary-- S a f e t y C o u n c i l , C h i c a g o , 111. M . W ilkins, M a n a g e r , l . a h o r D e p a r t m c u l , N a tio n a l .J Labor Conference Representatives to N.S.C. Hoard of Directors-- G e o r o e T . B r o w R , ^ D e p u ty D ire c to r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta n d a rd s , U . S . D e p a rtm e n t o f L a lro r, W ash in g to n ,! I). C . ; in g in n , C i i a r i .e s F e r g u s o n , S a f e l y D i r e c t o r , U n i t e d M i n e W o r k e r s o f D . C . ; F i n l a y C . A i .i . i n , 2 n d t C c u c r a l V i c e P r e s i d e n t , U n i t e d A m e ric a , W asb-^ B r o t h e r h o o d of C a rp e n te rs a n d Jo in e rs o f A m erica^ A F L - C I O , W a sh in g to n , D . C . ; H unter P .jr W h a r t o n , P re s id e n t, In te rn a tio n a l U jiio n o f O p e ra tin g E n g in e e rs, A F L - C I O , W ashed in g to n , D . C ; and C ongress recto r, S a f e ty J o h n D . C o n n o r s , A ssista n t to P re sid e n t, A m e ric a n o f In d u stria l O rg a n iz a tio n s,-W a s h in g to n , D . C .; R . F e d e ra tio n of L ab o rs J. L a m o u k e u x , D F - j T a n d H e a lt h D iv is io n , N a tio n a l O ffice, C a n a d a . U n ite d S te e lw o rk e rs r fg A m e r i c a . A F L - C K ) , C L C , T o r o n t o , O ji|., C a n a d a . Representing State Labor Departments on Labor Conference Lxccattve Committee-- C m k 2 k n i k R . T n K . v i c o t / f i i t , C o m m r . , A r k a n s a s D e p a r t m e n t o f J - n b o r , U t l i e R o c k , Ark."-:* { hoirnttn of l.ahor ( onferenie Standing ( tonmiUres: . L v i i r d . v te m atiu iia l A sso c iatio n o f M a c h in ists, L o d g e N o . 55, Jo liet, i i i o m a s A . U llt.O N , I**, I I I . ; Congress Troijram^ D . w S a i n , C h a i r m a n , H e a l t h a n d S a f e l y C o m m itte e , U n i t e d A u t o m o b i l e , A ir c r a f t znfc A g ricu ltu ra l lixecutnr-- H neers, A F L - C Im p le m en t W o rk e rs unter P. W harton I O , W ash in g to n , D . o f A m e ric a , L o ca l 599, . P re sid e n t. In tern a tio n al C . ; Lire S afety-- E i a v a r i * A F L - C I O , F lin t, M id tii U n i o n o f O p e r a t i n g Engird 11. H a g g e r t y , S a f e t y R c ^ rcscn ialiv c, In te rn a tio n a l A s s o c ia tio n Metnbership-- C o - C h a i r m e n : J o h n D . o f F i r e F ig h te r s , A F L - C K ) , C in c in n a ti, OhkL C o n n o r s . A s s is ta n t to th e P r e s i d e n t , A m ericas^ F e d e ra tio n o f L a b o r a n d C o n g re ss o f In d u stria l O rg a n iz a tio n s, W a sh in g to n , D. C K l an O m ob M ic I. te d pen ile, h .; L a m o u r e u x , D ire c to r, S a f e ly a m i S te e lw o rk e rs o f A m e ric a, A F L - C I O ; Oempatiiniat Health --F . A . V a n A ir c r a f t a m i A g icu h m . I I m p L m e n Off-the-Job-- J . G e o r g e E i c i h i o k n , H ea lth , CLC, A it a , t W o rk G ran d D iv is io n , N a t i o n a l O ffic e , Canadi,' T o r o n t o , O n t . , C a n a d a ; Notninaib^f^ I n d u s t r i a l H y g i e n i s t , U n i t e d AutSK, e r s o f A m erica. A F L - C I O , D etro it" L o d g e R e p r e s e n ta tiv e , Inlcm atinnli V - m k i a t i o n o f M a c h i n i s t s , A F L - C I O , C h i c a g o , I I I . ; / V u m m n y - M o n t i -: P . W h a i h O ^ P re sid e n t, In te rn a tio n a l U n io n o f O p e ra tin g E n g in e e rs, A F L - C I O , rublicativus-- G o r d o n C o l e , E d i t o r , " T h e M a c h i n i s t , " W a s h i n g t o n , W ash in g to n , D. C .; D. Gfj C o - C h a i r m e n : B rooks P a y n e , I n t c n i a i i b u u l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o n a t o m i c e n e r g y , lot tional B r o th e rh o o d o f E le c tric a l W o r k e r s , A F L - C I O , W a s h in g to n , D . C ; S w is h e r , V ic e P re s id e n t, A F L -C IO . Iin n e r, C o lo ; O il, C h e m ic a l a n d A to m ic W o r k e r s I n te r n a tio n a l U rn Safety Training-Si anlly I. B utcher, D i r e c t o r , T i am ) S ta te S a f e ty S ta n d a rd s , B ui c a n o f L a b o r S ta n d a rd s , U . S. D e p a rtm e n t of W a s h i n g t o n . D . C. ; S t a t e l.ahor D e p a r t m e n t s -- \n u u IC K u m I ' I L , S p e c i a l K e p n live, S a f e t y a n d C o m p e n s a tio n , b a n te d U n h h e r, C o rk , L in o le u m a n d P lastic W o r k e n ^ ) I 000485 ) OFFICERS OF THE MARINE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 t.Viierat Chairman-- C ai*t. K. 1- M a c m v, A snI. M g*-. ,, p era , io n . f, a Ine., N e w Y o r k , N . Y . # S I P 000431. ".*1 Cluiininiii, l.iismt Cullimillrr fu r (.'uriio Shi/> ami l miri. /'i.tfiii.vinii Gnui/< C a u . I; H. S m ith , Mgr., S afety Dept., Uniteti States New .Y ork, N..Y . i- f 'Vice General Chairman (G ulf Area) -- K i i l i m r R A i i i f | W $ ' V c s ? ' l ' . y k c s U h i S S C ol N e w O rle a n s , I.a. i i i f ) L i f e General Chairmen ( Pacific Area) -- L a u r en c e. C . F o w l (Chairman), P r c * . , G d i f o r *f,f ) ' n i a S h i p p i n g C o . , S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f . ; S ta n ley P ow ell, J r , P r e s . , M a t s o n N a v i . 'iV v aciii'S v j. S a i l c a t i o n C o . , S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f . ; lions, A m e r ic a n P r e s id e n t L in e s , C ' a i t . T . C . ( * o n \ v k i .i ., F ra n c is c o , C a lif. V ice L ie s., S h in O p era Ceculive General Chairman-!). L , . U O . a h a n . D ir.. ... C hum s ,.. D iv .. *, . I.tb l-.n g , c i* c 5. uu^ .. r-__ n __ i.... ill.: U . S. S teel C o rp ., C lev e lan d , O h io Vice General Chairman ((real /.tikes Area) | o iin L. I I o r io n , A ss|. M g r., M a r i n e D c o l . . . C level.-m rl C l if f s I r o n C o .. C l e v e l a n d . O h i o ' secretar, - ) ' llKAmusn M iiaiu.1, Dir.. l*.,Wic Uela.mns, American Merchant M a r i Vite Cedrai thnirm cn (lutami / | - / c r ^ - F . A M rati.N n, Vice l'res. A L . M e r i t - .lusli.itilc, ,Ine., vNew vYorik, mN. vi . '^ 9 * '* l,n8 Barge Lines, lutici, IH.; W m. C. MoNkal, Od Transitori (.<. New I r a n s , L a . I liilvt . Mut ins Newslette AV. I). l.iNiisAY, Dir. n i c .lf ,.lt, if.iiie.l Si ties l i n e s N e tfu l `P&scnger ami C a rg o Vessels- Vice General ( hainnan -S ydney JIi.a c V i ce I'res*., York, N. Y. * * Y > f l 1` A m erican E x p o r t L in e s, N e w Y o rk , N . Y. ` . ., * ............ i ' / n lirman, Nominating Committee Y V . L . D ull, K x e c . V u e i c s . , m e r e . -- N e w Y o rk , N . Y. 1 I m ^v hh isory Committee (Past General Chairmen)-- R . W . Derry (Chairman), A s s t . ^ ~ " " "* " Area Cargo Ship Discussion Group --Uohmt S now (Chairman). M a r i n e D e p t . , I s t h m i a n L i n e s , I n r . , N e w Y o r k , N . Y . ; K o i i k k t C o e ( I `ire Chairnman). S a f e l y D i r . , A m erican K x p o rl L in e s, N e w Y o rk , N . Y . Chairmen--Gulf-- Ca \t . J . H . 1 ' R ucker, M g r . , *' " A cc id e n t D ir., P rcv . D iv , L y k cs P ros. W a te rm a n S . S. C o rp ., m s liip L in e s, In c., N e w O r - S a n F ra n cisco , C a lif. V i c e P r e s . , S u n S h i p b u i l d i n g & D r y d o c k C o . , C h e s t e r , P a . ; R e a r A h m . C.kohce W a U v : &Great Lakes W . S a f e ty tu lc ita k c S. c u m * ! : , E x e c . V i c e P r e s . , F a r r e l l L i n e s , N e w Y o r k , N . Y .; L e ig h K. S anford, ShipS M , b u i l d e r s C o u n c i l o f A m e r i c a , P e l h a m M a n o r , N . Y . ; L o u i s J L P a t e , C o n s u l t a n t , N a t l ^ E-V land, C * . J . M I , C a r g o B u r e a u , S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f . ; R ear A r m . R ohekf C . L e e , C h a i r m a n , M o o i * ; # M c C o r m a c k L i n e s , N e w Y o r k , N . Y . ; V u e A h m . E dw ard C . H o l d en , J h., U S N I , f a j 9 * -- m E c k e r i -, D ep t., anning S u p t . o f O p e r a t i o n s , S t e a m s h i p D i v . , M . O h io ; ai t c ntosh M a r i n e I n s p e c t i o n C leveland, O h io S. Co., Cleveland, O h io ; J ohn A . H a n n a C o. A g en ts, C lcv cO fficer, 9 th C o a s t G u a r d D is k , P e l . , Y'i c e - P i c s . , I n t e r n a t i o n a l C a r g o ( e a r D u r e a i i , I n c ., N e w Y o r k , N . Y . AJministratiie Consultant-- H a u o i .d M. W ic k , J>oil Washington, Long Islam!, N. Y. I ice C Y n . r u / Chairman (Safety o f L ife at Sea) -- A iim . K. J . R oland, U . S . C . G . , Cooh^j n u m fan t, U . S . C o ast G u ard , W ash in g to n , D . C. 3? . Ini v L o W to Vice General Chairman--Cai*t. A. M. McComh, J h., U . S . C . G . , Chief, It-jj| tcrn a lio n a ! M a ritim e S a fe ty C o o rd in a tin g S ta ff, U . S . C o a s t G u a rd , W a s h in g to n , D. C j 01 ce General Ciwirinen (Atlantic Area) -- J o h n I I . R aker. yard s t p . , N e w Y o r k , N . Y . ; H . C. I f o e w o o n , \ / i c v G ra v e L i n e , N e w Y o r k , N . Y . ; C . L . Movi e , V i c e P r e s . , A s s t , l o T i c s . , T o d d bfup'ljj P res, an d O p eratin g T r a n s p o r t a i im i, S u n O il Co,,* P h i l u i c l p h i a , P a . ; W . N . D a monte. V i c e P r s , a n d M g r . , M a r i n e D c p l . , S i n c l a i r R e - J f fin in g C o ., N e w Y o rk , N . Y .; C .J. M e u .en peck , M a r i n e M g r . , E a s t e r n w a t e r O i l C o . , N e w Y o r k , N . Y . ; J . V . C . M alcolmson, V i c e P r e s , a n d G e n . M g r i l M a r i n e D c p t . , T e x a c o I n c . , N e w Y o r k , N . Y . ; D o u g l a s M a n s e l l , G e n . M g r . , No t Y ork H xec. Y a r d s , B e th le h e m S te e l C o ., S h ip b u ild in g D iv ., V ic e P re s., L u c k e n b a c h S . S. C o , N e w Y o rk , H oboken, N . N . Y . ; C harles R . J . T a u *5 S cott, G t * 5 M g r . , M a r i n e T r a n s p . D e p t . , S o c o n y M o b i l O i l C o , N e w Y o r k , N . Y . ; J . A ndiejU ^J .A sst ( en . M g r . , M a r i n e D iv ., H u m b l e O i l & R e f i n i n g C o , H o u s t o n , T e x . -s t Great Lakes Safety Discussion Group-- R o m . V.. K r a t z e r t (Chairman), M g r . , V e s s e l P c r - kt `. ; s o u n d & -T- S e rv ice s, C o lu m b ia T rau sp . D iv ., O g lc b a y N o rto n C o ., C le v e la n d , O h io t-TiRili/ii/H-- V ic e General Chairman-- C . A . C ulver, M a r i n e S a f e l y F n g r . , T h e A t l a n t i c I '^- R e f in in g C o ., P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . . ' l l|j;vd*rislafd O i m Y u i r n --Atlantic-- C.a it . W m . ( . A nderson, Lj.', D iv ., T h e A t l a n t i c R e f i n i n g C o . , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . ; A . M g r . of O perations, M a r i n e E . F ischer, M g r . , G u l f - F a s t Coast O p e r a tio n s , S o c o n y M o b il O il C o ., iic n n m o iit, T e x . ; i f . 5 . D r e w m i i i , M g r , I tfi- f t l i . O p e r a t i o n s , M a r i n e D e p t . , G u l f O i l C o r p . , N e w Y o r k , N . Y . \yttlonlic Area-- ta n ker .Safety Discussion (ttfup- - R o i i l r i It. D a v i d s o n (( hair man). S o u D i v . , T k tOe ifl f C o . , R e f i n e r y , M a r c u s H o o k , P a . ; E . D i k t c h l i : (V ice Chairman), K e y s t o n e S h i p - " ping C o ., P h i l a d c i p l u a , P a . | t o n and Towing Vessels-- Vice General Chairman-- H r a x i o n i f ^ A m e r i c a n W a t e r w a y s O p e r a t o r s , In c., W n s h in g lo n , I). C . It. C a k k , P i c s , T h e | ! ' J n u i o n l Chairmen-- K o r e k t S j-k C a, A sh lan d , K y . ; G . A . L. G ray, P etf.k k i n , M g r., R iv er O p e ra tio n s, A s h la n d O il & J r , P i c s ., D i x i e C a r r i e r s , H a r v e y , L a . R efu tin g ) ) .V/iiphmh/iw;-- Vice General Chairmen--H enry Z. C arter, Pres., Avondale Shipyards Inc., New Orleans, La.; F. M. Hoou, Pres, Shipbuilders Council of America, Wash ington, D. C. (*". 101/ G u m m it ie r s - - i h a in n e n , .S a fe ty /\/iiY. f u r l\c> iu lo liin t\. .s h ip f u Rear Aim. O scar C. Ku iin k e , i.Tiicf* Office of Merchant Marine Saictv. C. Guard, Washington, I). C.; R ear Arm. II.hiim C. Snt:eni\m t, U .S.t'.li. Washington, D. C. Hi l '*a**i (|\<t.). Chairmen--Aliantic--W ainw rk.ht D aw son, Safety Engr., llctltlelicm Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.; R. B. C happell, J r., Indus!. Relations Mgr., Electric Boat Piv., General Dynamics Corp., Groton, Conn.; R. D. D autkkicii, Indust. Relations Mgr., Maryland S. B. & D. IX Co., Baltimore, Md.; J ohn M. T eciiton, Safety Dir., Sun S. B. & D. D. Co., Chester, l*a.; H erman J. N ordstrom, Asst. Plant Protection Engr., Newport News S. B. & IX D. Co., Newport News, Va.; J o h n S. S m ith , J r., Chief Safety Engr., Todd Shipyards Corp., New York, N. Y. t/iui, C r o n i'--C a it . J. II. Chi:n W S C f , w , , , tutine (ti iairman, Conuniltee for Safety--National Defense Iransport -Y ut. \ im. Roy A. C ano. U.S.N., CouiinaiultT, Military Sea Trausp, Service, Washington, D C. Gulf--J ames O 'D onnell, Dir. of Safety, Avondale Shipyards, Inc., New Orleans, La.; A. M. P ki.iiam, Safety Dept., Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp., Pascagoula, Miss.; I. C. * Y ates, Dir. of Safety, Alabama Orydorfc Jfc Shipbuilding Co., Mobile, Ala. , Tnmspiirtatitm Ctuumittee, M S T S --.Iliontic Area--Kkar Aum. I I aiiky IIui.i., USN Pacific Area--Keak Aum. Josi:rn W. Williams, USN Stevedoring--J Yev General OnuYuiwn--A nuhkw D. W arwick, Pres., T. Hogan & Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y. -( `\ it . J ack M. Seymouh, USN Par tinst Area--t '.UT. Jm ix K. Kn viti h, USN . i.i.vit/iiHl Chairmen--Atlantic--R. W. Nettkmstrom, Chief, Maritime Safety Services, . Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. Dept, of Labor, Washington, D. C. f\ (/( .Vid . Iii'ii--Cait. Uen 1L Stm iun, ). Gulf--O. P. Vh.i.arruiiia, Claim Agent & Safety M gr, T. Smith & Son, New Orleans, La.;*^j huirman, Nanmal tefense Transportation Rcadiness ( M*i. M. I. !.inii<m \ n, Muiiii**, diuin., Wasliuglou, IX C. Pacific--J. Rorert S nyder, Dir., Accident Prevention Bureau, Pacific Maritime Assn., ,*'i f San Francisco, Calif. ; Robert P. A i.den, Safely & Wage Adm., Castle & Cooke, Inc, Honolulu, Hawaii ' | ''AiritH1 U. Y. Naval Shipyards Safety Cumntittce--Cait. 1. T. Kiukuak, I ir. uf Safi iy. jj Office of Indust. Retalio*, U. S. Navy Dcpl., Washington, IX C. , -1/-5,w!j Chairman, Program Coiwi7/'r --J ohn S. S m it h , J r., Chief Safety Engr., Todd Shipyard.**] {1*3 Representative-- L. W. DtmoN, National Safety Cuuucil, Chicago. !U. Corp., New York,, N. Y. - W .u f ( fminnan, Membership ( onnnittee--!. A. t erina. Vice Pres., National Cargo Bureau, ! j New York, N. Y. Cluiinmm, Statistics mid Contest (ommittec--R. Coe, Safclv Dir., American E*i*or( Line* New York, N. Y. ( lutinnan, Ship Safety Achievement Awards Committer--( a it . J ones F. Devlin, Vice Pres., United Slates Lines, New York, N. Y. . Chairman, .wards Committee (first Papers)-- Bruno J. A iic.k n h , Pres., Marine fndcxjj Mtircau, New York, N. Y. & Choi, man. linginccritia and Minimum Standards Committee--( a it . C. 1*. MuRfHtJvj U.S.C.G., Asst. Chief, Office of Merchant Marine Safe!}*, U. S. (rn.-i.sf Guard, Wad^jJ Sngton, 1). C. Chairman, Paster Committer--Cart. R. N. Lk P ace, Safety Dir., Farrell Lines, York, N. Y. Chairman, Public Relations Committee--F r a n k Bkavnako, Dir., Public Relations, Mi 'rowing & Transp. Co., New York, N. Y. ,; X dpt Mofitime Associations Committee--R alph L. C asey (l hoinoon), Pres., American chant Marine Institute, New York, N. Y .; C aul E. M c D owell ( Vice CAairjuM^ ' *'* Vice Pres.. Am. Inst, of Marine Underwriters, New York, N. Y. * ^ life a O U -'f7 /i ) 962 National S afety Congress the men. The word also implies, "turn up the hearing aid," because men arc unsure of themselves and need the therapeutic treat ment of a supervisor who will listen. The business world is a pretty grim place, and lurking in every shop and factory is the prospect of an accident, an injury, a catastrophy and death. These are the times that try men's souls, both on and oil the job V But if you will help develop quality peoplt, f it follows that you will help develop a qtol-i ' ity product. The quality product we Jit!} stressing today is safety attitudes, so that ,'d the world will be a better place to wotl'U and live. Safety is not a fad--safely is IK*, ^ a fancy; but . . . safely is an attitude !( OFFICERS OF THE METALS SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 Cenerai Chairman--J am es G. C ui.len, Supvr., Safety Section Employee Services Dept., Ford Motor Co. First y tee Chairman--J. W. T ysse, Mgr. of Safely, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio ; Second Vice Chairman--C. E. W ilson, Safety Engr., Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, f'a. Third Vice Chairman--G. L undie, Asst. Dir., Safely & I'lant I'rot., Inland Steel Co., least Chicago, Iod. : t j Secretary--W. T. M cL ean, Gen. Supvr. of Safety & Sanitation, United Stales Steel Corp., Gary Steel Works, Gary, Jnd. .if %Newsletter Editor--1). L. J ohnson, Supvr., Safety ! Assn., Casualty Insurance Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Engr., I'cunsylvauiu Manufacturers ' l l ;iCt-Edilor--L ee D. T racy, Safety Engr., Dravo Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. L Congress Program Committee--W. D. W illiam s (Chairman), Asst. Supvr. of Safety. I ,s Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., East Chicago, Ind. ; H . D. H ickey, Supvr. of Safety, I Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna Plant, Buffalo, N. Y. ; J. D. L akeau, Supvr., lull. V , Safety Section, Steel Division, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich.; Emv. M anukv, Supt., ; Ind. Relations, Cleveland District, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio; R. A. Mc- Rae, Safety Engr., The Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp., Pueblo, Colo.; W. K. RouitN. 1 f Supvr., Corporate Safety, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. ; G. F. i Grace, Sales Mgr., Industrial Chain Div.; Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp., Tonnawanda, N. Y. w 00048 m. Technical Publications Committee--G. L. H ughes (Chairman), Safety Director, Phoenix '. Steel Corp., Phoeuixvillc, Pa.; D. N. llAttn, Div. Safety Coordinator, Union Carbide . Metals Co., Div. of Union Carbide Corp., Niagara Falls, N. Y .; D. W. IIkown, Safely i ; Eng., United Slates Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.; J. S. C h a pm a n , Mgr. of Safety, t*,; Armco Steel Corp., Middletown, Ohio; M. W. Gray, Safely Director, Wcirloii Steel Co., Weirton, W. Va.; T. W. W ilson, Asst. Supt., Safety Republic Steel Corp., ltuffal District, Buffalo, N. Y .; J. B. A nderson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio; -j ( E J. Langland, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorsc, Mich. jV; iitmbershif* Committee--R. I. Keichle (Chairman), Supvr.,. of Safely, The Youngstown $ Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio; M. C. C u n n in g h a m , District Safety Supvr., 1 Southern District, Republic Steel Corp., Gadsden, Ala. *pi-the-)ob Committee--R. F. Sciiroeder (Chairman) (Steel Service Center Committee) ; * ?. J* D* H oltzapple (Past General Chairman); W. R. G illiland (Past General Chair- lu . mon); W. R. UonuN (Congress Program Committee) 1 - P'TjI T W <vlr Education Committee--L. C. P arker (Chairman), S afety Cjty Steel Co., G ran ite City, Ht.; H . W . G ii.ufho, W o rk s Safety Director, Granile A dm in, Joncs & ) 4 Laughlin Steel Corp, Aliquippa Works, Aliquippa, Pa.; W. A. GorrKR, Supvr. of Safety Sc Security, The Babcock & Wilcox Co., Boiler Div, Barberton, Ohio; P. N. Lund- ' QuisT, Safety Director, Acme Steel Co., Chicago, III.; W. P. S aunders, Safety Di rector, Uuivcrsd-Cyrlups Steel Corp., Brhlgcville, Pa. Foundry [industry Committee--J. P atlyek (Chairman), Personnel Supvr., Last Chicago Works, Blaw-Knox Co., East Chicago, Ind.; J. M ason, Staff Representative, Grede Foundry, Milwaukee, W is.; K. S. H edges, Safety Director, General Motors Corp, Detroit, Mich.; J. M. E a k in , Dir. of Safety & Insurance, The Cooper-Bessemer Corp, Grove City. Pa.; H. J. W eheh, Director of Safety, Hygiene and Air Poll. Control, American Foundrymen's Society, Dcs Plaines, III.; G. W. D avis, Employment Mgr, Sharon Works, National Malleable Steel Castings Co., Sharon, Pa.; W. R. Ethridge, M gr, Industrial Rcl, Aetna Standard Div, Blaw-Knox Co, Elwood City, Pa.; John Sprowls, Safely Supvr, Caterpillar Tractor Co, Peoria, III. Steel Industry Committee--C. P. VomiES (Chairman), Coordination of Safety, Jones it Laughlin Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, P a.; R ay W illett, Safety Director, Jessup Steel Co, Washington, Pa. ; B ekl E liIis, Supvr. of Safety, Sheffield Div. Armco Steel Corp, Kansas City, Mo.; A ndrew) T. I 'ociiiiieu, Safely Director, Allegheny Liidlum Steel Corp, Lecchburg, Pa.; F red1 TKOUDAUGit, Safety Supervisor, Keystone Steel & Wire Co, Peoria, III.; Jo h n J anoIis, Jones St Laughlin Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, P a .George H. Reilly, Mgr, Safely, National Tube Div, United States Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa.; E. G. T routman, Works Su|>vr, Safety Crucible Steel Company of America, Midland, Pa. 1 . H Non-Ferrous industry Committee--B. D. K en t (Chairman), Safety Manager, Aluminum J Company of America, Davenport Works, Davenport, Iowa ; A. D. A isiiton, Dir. of I Safety Sc Occup. Health, jpansteel Metallurgical Corp, North Chicago, III.; R. C Beckstead, D ir, Dept, of Safety fit Tech. Empl, American Smelting & Refining Co,,^ Salt Lake City, Utah; H oward H ood, Supt, Safety & Security. Ormet Corp, Hannibal, Ohio; T. T. P inker, Keunccott Copper Corp, Utah Copper Div, Utah Smelter, Magna,.j Utah; H arry M. Donaldson, M g r, Ind. Hygiene Sc Safety, The Brush Beryllium Co, y Elmore Div, Elmore, Ohio. . . "-h Fabricating Industry Committee--E. W. E ngerer (Chairman), Management Representative 5 Pittsburgh District, Bethlehem Steel Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; E arl Bratton, Public Rtla- | lions D ir, Steel Plate Assn, Chicago, III. ; J. F. C iiocole, General Erection Manager, * Chicago Bridge & Iron Co, Chicago, 111. ^ t Steel Service Center Committee-- R. F. Schroeder (Chairman), Manager, Safety Div,.^ Joseph T. Ryerson & Sons, Inc, Chicago, III.; A rthur J. M atten, Manager of Pet-iJj.1 sonnel, U. S. Steel Corp, Chicago, III.; G. J. M itchell, Supt. of fnd. Relations, Re-, public Steel Corp, Warehouse Div, Youngstown, Ohio. f Coiilrri and Awards Cumiuittn-- S teven Collins (Chairman), Safety D ir, Midwest Sled q Div, National Steel Corp, Portage, Ind.; J. C. D akes, Management's Representative Bctldcham Steel Co, Chicago, III. ":j! . IVest Coast Committee--P. P. P ei.ton, J r. (Coordinator), Bethlehem Steel Co, Padicij]?, Coast Div, San Francisco, Calif. ' Members at Large--H omer K. L amine (Chairman), Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Oakland, Calif.; Georce N ueiiniierger, Dir. of Safety, Kaiser Steel Corp, FonU Calif.; H arry Schwartz, Prpsident, Washington Pipe & Steel Co, Seattle, Wash. San Francisco Area--Roy E. M attison, Federated Metals Div, American Smelting 4 I - r,i!f , *a > Norhwcsi //m r--R. V. Mii.i.ican (Cliiurntntt), UytJro-Ahmmmm Cluimcal Cup. \U M Works, Spokane, Wash.; li. S. J amak, lethlclam Steel f ., Pacific i oasi Pie., Si-aule, Waslt, f.uS .tufii'h'S ./#<I KlovtN S. WvNknor fi 1u thh h<ut Sfeci Co* Pa* li: f -.il Pie., Los Angeles, A. C. 1*a/i:k, Harvey Altmnmim Co., T onvm c, Calif. Soli Lukr City sirnt-- T. P inui: Ixciwccoil Copper C.rp, Utah Copper fin . I fiali Smetter, Magna, Utah. <mf .li/ri-torv {oH im iihi--* 1). P. Math: ((/.uVm.mJ. Works Safely \lm<i Safely /t Welfare Pepi., Jones /t i.ntighUn Sieri C>rp., Pittsburgh. I ';.; *\V. U. (im i- Mgr.,* Safely is: Svrnrily, Alnmiimm Company of Amene;, l*in>lmrgh. Pa. : A. U. W iiisman, Kelircil; *K. 1. Pisi.k. Stipi, of tu). K-)., Cim alo Pistiict. Republic Steel (oi'p., Chicago, 111.; P. Hoi'iZAnri:, Mgr. of Safely V 'I raining, l!l,u\ Kinr, l'n., Pittsburgh, l`, r ; *1. I. Ki.tmiwhi. Snpl., Imi. Uvl. Siali, The Colora! |*(nl X flou Corp., ItnfTnh), N. V.; *K. M. llnurK, hVlrrit; *M. O. Cii4ix. Mgr., Ila/ar| C..uli*l, Pravo Curp., Pittsburgh, Pa. ; *}. j. N'oi.ax, Safely li!;im ri, Sieri i. Hclhlchcni, Pa. ; `li. S. StMrsox. Mgi\, Safety, Caterpillar Tra |r C**, Peoria, Ul ; il. JIom.aKU, Super, ni Safely, The Yoiing*amvu Sheet X rubi- t'i... I\a>i Chicago. Imi.. *1. L. HimxcK. Dir., Safety & Plani Prot., lutami Slccl C., Casi Chicago, lini.; M*. K Okukcimam, Safety Kng., Rustless l>iv., Arme* Sire! t ocp., Ralumorc, Mil. ; <t*. M Ai.i.kn, Keltretl; M. V. Com.ins. R rlim l; *K. II. . W t. Dir. *i l,| KM. Republic S lid t *orp., i lev clami, i Hii ; Mi. , I tir. ) Sa it le, 1*. S. So I i tip , Pittsburgh, Pa. ; *!'. \Y. Kici.si;), K iiiin i; 'I I . li. Ili.xsti.. \ra*lia. t ahi. Sfii/I' Ri/*nwufii/iYc~ K. Iv. Ku il. Xalioiial S a ld e Council, < hicagn, III. Past Cimerai Chairman U ) ) 962 National Safety Cowjrt\u lltc application of sprinkling water applied to road surfaces to eliminate erosion and scouring of the surface by excessive amounts of water applied on grades is most impor tant as is elimination of holes in level road surfaces caused by ponding of excessive water. Failure to clean up spill on main haulage roads is of course inexcusable, and in this connection t is suggested that 'masinmii as ibis material is usually smalt, that a jeep equipped with a dozer blade would be a very effective unit to eliminate this hazard. Safety is one of the first considerations in planning an open pit mining opciatiou and begins with the original design of (he pit. The choice of safe bench heights and bank slopes is one of lire most important considerations in the early planning stages to adapt them to the physical conditions of the ground encountered. Naturally the Ijighcr the bench which can he used safely; the lower the pit development cost will be. f fow- cvcr, physical weaknesses in the ore and waste are not always apparent at the start of the operation and dangerous falls of ground and slides may require reductions in botlt bench height and bank slopes to pro* vide safe working conditions. Haulage road grades are likewise an itn* |x>rlai>t consideration to sale operations. Ex cessive grades, above 8 per cent, result not only in higher truck maintenance costs but arc a definite accident hazard. Ucrtns placed on the crest side of ramps arc helpful in nmiiimziiig accidents as is the use of left bnml traflic on all pit roads so that down grade traffic is on the bank side of the road and in ease o f brake failure the con veyance can be nm into the bank, Berm* arc likewise maintained to warn (he driver and check the truck in backing into the dump position. Good supervision with strict attention paid to preventive maintenance go a long way in eliminating accidents in open pit operations. DEVELOPMENTS AN D ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL'SAFETY AND HYGIENE AT BRADEN 1COPPER COMPANY By STA N LEY M. JA R R E T T Director of Safety and Industrial Hygiene Department Braden Copper Co., Rancagua, Chile Braden Copper Company is a subsidiary I the KctmecoU Copper Corporation, and it is located in Chile. The property is situ ated on the western slope o f the Andes mountains approximately 90 miles S.E. of Santiago, the capital of Chile, and it is vompesed of several outlying camps which extend from Sewell--at an elevation of 7,200 ce!, (he highest camp--to Kancagua, n town in the central valley. Sewell is the site of the mine and con centrator; the smelter is located in Oaletoncs; the hydro-electric plants arc n Coya and Fangal; (he mill tailings arc transported by a 36-mile flume line to Parrn. In Ran eara are located the general offices, foun dries, shops and storage yards. Sewell, Calctoncs, Coya and Rancagua are linked by a 15 rnilc narrow gauge Diesel-electric rail- Tftc climate in ccnlmJ Chile is generally mild without excessive variations in tem perature; however, snowfalls in Sewell dur ing the winter months range from 20 to 45; feel, while the other camps--at a lower elevation--arc seldom affected. The property is located in an area where its topography and climatic conditions pre sent operational hazards as difficult as those found anywhere in the world. The mine produces approximately 37,000 tons of ore per day. It is rated the largest underground ccippcr-prodiicing mine in ll* world. All ore is won through a system of; progressive block-caving. The ore is dropped;,, to tlic haulage level through numerous ore-'ft passes from the caving areas, a vertical distance ranging from 600 to 1,500 feet:. From here it is transported by electric train' to the concentrator. The (wo hj'dro-cieclnf oo(M:;o .ntht%bY plants produce an average of 55,(M)Q with the necessary anjM rity to pro* watts. Total payroll averages approxinwiSy f ' ihotc and carry out the many yijascs of an 7,000 employees. nmjulimis and far-reaching program, which Accidents which injure workers, d e f a W y f o l l o w i n g objectives-:--*--I machinery, burn plants to masses of twisted 1. Consolidate and improve upon the seal* Steel, constitute a formidable impediment to the prosperity of any enterprise. Our com; party considers that the prevention of itulus* (rial accidents is a vital objective of modemday management. The majority of accidents can be pic. vented by proper supervision, adequate train ing, and--principally--by the sincere desire on the part of management to instigate methods for accident prevention. t Braden lias always had a safety program. / The need lor preventing industrial accidents { was recognized and accepted together with ; the first ton of ore produced more than : ,,57 years ago. tercel efforts in accident prevention and industrial hygiene, 2. Preparation of comprehensive accident rates and analyses, based on internationally accepted standards, to serve as tools ton ai d the planning and execution of the campaign. 3. Preparation and consolidation of safely rules with authority to control their com pliance. 4. Training and orientation of supervisors and workers in safe practices, with s|*erial emphasis on new men. 5. Furnish and control |>ersoiial protective equipment to workers exposed, and instigate Prior to 1916, however, the safely climi ' was relegated to a service department, and the personnel entrusted with these activities lacked a most important toot : delegated au thority to instigate measures necessary for a program of machinery safeguarding. 6. Held control of personnel ami of work ing conditions, in order to cliuiinatc accidents or industrial hygiene hazards, with recom mendations and follow-up procedures. the success of the program. When support 7. FJiuun.Uiou of occupational disease haz was afforded, (lie safety personnel lacked ards, and engineering and medical control the technical training to recommend proper control measures. The application of safety rules was fre quently resisted by (be ojHrators wilfi (be claim (hut production had priority over of all personnel involved. I'u this original plan we later incorporated the lire conliul organization and the In'* prevention engineering section^, with the pm pose of further cou-olidatiiig all tv!ufd safety. Supervisors were not conditioned to activities. accept their responsibility in the prevention of accidents, and only sporadic efforts were made to act upon safety directives. To convince (he personnel of their sin cerity, management look the initiative to pul their shop in order. To accomplish Ibis, Such lukewarm support to the safely cam several measures were taken tending to pio- paign, and ineffective safety assistance to the vidc the men will) safer and more hygienic operating departments, prevailed for many working environments. After this ground years. During this time the plant's ojcrn- work was completed, we placed ourselves in tions experienced an average of 350 h*t- a more favorable position to solicit the co lime accidents per year, with approximately operation of cvcoono to on* campaign. 15 fatalities, and frequency rates well above the national averages. The following is the safety setup at Braden, both in regards to its position In the latter part of 19-15, the General within (be overall organization, as well as Manager of Braden issued a statement of its internal structure. policy, expressing that "the prevention of industrial accidents must be on essential part of the fob, and it must be the responsibility of oil levels of supervision throughout the plant'' The safety department was reorganized and placed in an autonomous position under management, and in an advisory capacity to all departments of the company. It was S o m e im p o rta n t asp ects o f o n r p r o g ra m a rc : Accident Statistics. A proper accident re porting system requires that each industrial iiijtiry be thoroughly investigated by the man's supervisor, let (bis maimer we are assured of two things: (a ) the supervisor will instigate corrective measures to prevent a repetition, (h) no "ofT-tlic-job" injuries 1062 N ational S a fe ly C onyicss o o :i i y ,, . Iniln\tt r nil! be accepted as industrial accidents through improper control. There is a tendency for accident statisti cal systems to pinpoint "unsafe acts** and '`unsafe conditions/' however our method tends to analyze accident trends to be used as gtiidcj>os{s for improving performance of men. machines am) equipment. Our accident analyses arc simple: they indicate tvhy, ichcre, when, how and to whom the hulk of the accidents arc occurring. In this maimer they provide a quick and up to date guide for directing our safety campaign with a minimum of lime, effort and expense. To attain the highest degree of adequate job placement, close control of every pros pcecltivce employee is of paramount', import- ancc his ment; his best ords cont iny the riot* as wt*i ......... . j including the companies he has worked feu, the kind of work lie lias done, his specialties, etc. This is necessary fur a final appraisal of the man's fitness and proper joh place ment. * O u r s ta tis tic s in d ic a t e th a t i n e x p e r i e n c e is the g re a te s t S o u rce o f T h e r e f o r e e v e r y effort in d u stria l a ccid en ts. is m a d e t o w a r d Ib e will he conditioned to accept their rcspotlsifjilfCy^ in accident prevention. W--c u..t.ilize means of steel fire doors and concr heads, etc. safety meetings, on-the-joh talks, posters and bulletin services, pamphlets, handouts films,. radio broadcasts, etc. The interest of the workers is motivated hy incentive systems, such as inter-sectional safety contests, awards for good safety performance, public com petitions, etc. Our lire control organization r u i . . . , In principal phases: fire control and fire fighting. Through fire control we strive to minimize or eliminate fire hazards through constant inspection and recommendation of remedial measures; pro|>er storage, trans portation and utilization of flammable mate The entire promotional program is cen rials; constant training of workers and the tered around the genuine interest of protect general public to instigate fire-control con ing workers against accidents and occupa- . sciousness, etc. Our fire-fighting facilities tional diseases, and to make a sincere en- consist of appropriate alarm systems at all dcavor to maintain the best possible working * condition*'. Tv .secure cooperation we en* courage active participation of both super- : company vamps; industrial fire brigades pro vided with all necessary equipment; auto- ;iut| |,(,rei(t,|c extinguishing systems. visors and workers. - , ami (lie .-iccuralc control o water source The fire control organization at Braden is >j|M ami piping layouts. i---- 1 ..,,,1, h, trt nrrvmtion engineering-Ql The program outlined lias given excellent results, anti the measures described have brought about considerable savings and ni x' ptovciucuts. such as those derived from the i redaction of lire instirtttirc premtums, guar should operate with the assurance of effec- ,`^i antiee of rontimicd operations, heller prolcc- live safeguarding of lives, materials and /J lioit of employees and their families, and installations. '** Our property is spread over a wide areV-jft with 20,000 people housed in various Braden.yj communities. Diversified operations involve j a vai n ly of hazards, and our main concent $ is the adequate protection o f industrial aud.` improved safely altitudes on the part of Ihe fi, workers. With ils many' diversified processes, which k include mining, milling, smelling and fotiii' dries, llradcn has problems of industrial j, hygiene which arc typical to such operations. and reemployment cost. ;! , . . A " ^ cUlwia,lly '""tinlied M il si.u-m ventilation was nlmihioeffr-* J:n*sh air idrawn through the various levels to the production areas, and distributed to the working places by a scries of fans ranging in capacity iruin 175,000 to 50,000 c.f ni. All production areas have independent fresh air supply, and re-circulation of contaminated air is not permitted. Other refinements arc auxiliary blowers for dead-end drifts, stevl ventilation doors and air regulators, and the driving of numerous ventilation adits and chimneys. Due to these improvi-mriils an average <t 500 c.t.in. of fresh air per man per niiiiuic is now provided, which greatly exceeds the legal requirements. Dust mums well hclott the maximum aliov\able mueemrations are Miaintained throughout the mine. Ventilation maps arc kept up to dale. I li<j indicate velocities and direction of air cur rents, dust and ventilation control >t;uioii\ localiuu of tans, lire lid ventilation dum>, re luge cliaiiihcrs, emergency routes ot exit, and fire-fighting equipment. Ily utilizing cuiivciilional color codes, these maps arc a valuable asset in periccUug the ventilation system, and determining what improvements will he neecssary as new winking* arc ad vanced. early h i d o r J j ' i u n t i o i i o f o f s a f e ly o r ie n ta l io n all n e w im i i b y m e a n s co u rses, c o u n sellin g , o n - t h e - j o h ( r a i n i n g a n d c o n s t a n t c o n t r o l <>1 t h e i r ,s a.f e t y .p e r f o r m a,n c e . S a ffeettyv rruu llee ss aa rrcc dd eessii gg nn ee dd mf o ir tmh ee piriol )ew o f' the workers, atul their compliance tiu is nfollll.oo.ww.. eerdl .frrongl, hy of --.Mhe,n .safetysuinpseprevcistoorr. with the assistance of the safety inspector Ollier controls which guard against acci dents and loss of production have been established. Personnel assigned to transpor tation arc subjected to special safety train ing and required to pass annual physical checkups. This regulation comprises all loco motive engineers, cranemen, crane hitchers, Uoistmen, drivers of motorized equipment, etc. Critical installations and equipment, such as pressure vessels, generators, boilers, cranes, shaft installations, cables, etc. are maintained under close control through peri' odic inspections and recommendations hy our Loss Prevention Engineering Section Our principal goal is to create a safety of the pcr>onncf, so that they non-industrial installations. The underground workings, where an uit-.j^ counntrolled ftire can have catastropuhic. cwc`wr-+Jt" sequences, have been suitably protected. Ef-Jl) *. e i * n ft >;" JM-ns ( s envh. l.ght-flashi^- ' lc M n c s) l Hw "'`' ' T J n l Z r i i :" '<l ord<;r|y evaruatton of underground per-| sound m the event of an emergency. "Mine hire Procedures** have been dcvd-i| oped, and practice fire drills arc held twke^ yearly, in order to determine the effective-J; ness of alarm system*, familiarity of per. sound with escape routes, isolation of thtjj area, supervisor leadership in emergencia/ etc. Under test conditions nearly 700 root scattered throughout 400 miles of working!' are evacuated in less than 30 minutes. * l-ire control measures introduced in oqrg mine comprise numerous features, such asi fireproofing of offices and storages, instalU-j lion of concrete and steel sets in main adio1 carrying p o w e r f i n e s , c o n s t r u c t i o n of umkf-Jj round s.ib e l t e r s , s c c t i o n n l i z i n g t hlie mine I ' The safety department, as already menI:'twnonwiiie'idl, has --an -ad*e- quat' el*y staffed industri-il Tkjiieuc section, fu11l1l1/y equipad ,t rci(.,.,.J. l-tcrviccs to departments having problems filling under (his specialty. Our mine is comparatively dry. Willi ji wort than 400 miles of underground work- Jngs, the mining of 37,000 tons of ore per ' day hy the block-caving method, phis (he Trilling and blasting of about 3,(KM) shots ' daily, produce dust problems which are as |:6ffiririt to combat as those found in any ^wting operation in the world. Trior to 1945, our mine workers slmwed Emptying stages of lung fibrosis after rela- IS.BTdy short periods of c.\|osiire. .Studies g^vndiicled by the medical department indi cted (tut the average exposure for an Underground worker to show definite x-ray ,*ridcnce of silicosis was approximately 7 years. At that time (here were approx inlely 1,400 men working underground. A ktor turnover of 200 men per y e a r w a s taridiw cd, w ith a w r v h ig h c o m p e n s a tio n ftt addition to coiittoitcd mechanical venti l`altlliuoln1,' tIhbee ffoolllloowwiinngg mmeeaassuurree.*') wneerree iinMi- ' tiuUistt'iaf environments ; 1. 100 per cent wet drifting was ctUoicvJ in all underground operations. 2. All blasting uf development heading* and undercutting operations is regulated to the end ot the shiit. This method allow* sulVicicul lime tor the ventilation to clear the attnippitele ut dust ami gases beline the oncoming shift. J. ll'utcr foyycrs arc placed iu all devel opment headings and undercutting opera tions. Water is turned on prior to blaMing. In addition to reducing dust cimccnlraiimtN, these logger> also dilute harmful gases fruiti explosives, allowing men tu return to the working surface with a safer environment and a mininmiii of delay. I. hi all mm king oprr.*lims the iniitl.pilcs are thoroughly wet down to avoid hist li'pci'ion. 5. Sii eniioii' ihmUi ^ rumiti w/ L m hi.-l, IVhJ Xaiioiuit Safety Congress iiutmic- does not generally permit (lie cxuse oi dust respirators. However, in i->nl:itc<l <a<(s wiierc dust concentrations wnri.iut ilu-ir iim*, approv(il-l\|n: respirators arc provided and their use enforced. I'radcn ore contains approximately 33 per a n t free silica. Early in 1946 we collected ompositc samples of the nirhornc dust from both umlcrgrcmml mining operations and the crushing plant. Samples were forwarded to the Industrial Hygiene Foundation of Amer ica, and the United States I'libiic Health Service. These institutions were requested to sepamte the samples into two-size frac tions, analyzing the minus 5-nitcroti portion jut free silica by the .v-my diffraction method. Since 1946 lust samples are taken at 2miimtc intervals per hour m t^iahlislutt control (Hunts through ail active production areas. Dust counts are reported in "particles oi free silica under 5 microns (ter cubic foot of air," cm an 8-hour basis. In addition, a total of 86 control stations were cstahiisjicd throughout the mine, where dust samples and airflow' readings arc taken periodically for control purposes. Results are reported to the mine department with recommenda tions for maintaining dust concentrations within permissible limits. Regular surveys are conducted by technicians who are prop erly trained in modem sampling techniques, micro-projection and dust counting. Due to water shortage, it is necessary to crush dry our total tonnages. To control the dust hazard at the crushing plant, four wet-type Utah dust collectors of 35,000 c.f.m. capacity each, and one 25,000 c.f.m. nirimublcr type lust collector, have been in stalled. These units require approximately 360 gallons of water per minute. In order to minimize water consumption, the sludge from these collectors is run into a settling tank, which permits clarified water to be re circulated through (he system. The quantity of dust collected carries sufficient copper to pay fr their power consumption. Monthly surveys comprise the checking of air veloci ties, pressures and temperatures of all branch lines at established control points, and in this manner we determine the efficiency of these dust collecting systems. All crushers, conveyors, elevators and other dusf-producing processes are enclosed, and lust counts are maintained below the m.icimum allowable limits. ' ' **-*;.* o v l r n d s technical assistance to all departments for the elimination of health hazards. Surveys arc continually conducted to assure that ail control measures provided for the elimina* Ituti of health hazards nre adequately main tained. Exhaust systems have been installed on all dust or fume-producing processes, such as arc welding, grinding, cleaning of castings, spray painting, sand blasting, re agent mixing, etc. This section assists in the design and control of proper maintenance of air conditioning systems, temperature control, illumination, and general ventilation of industrial and non-industrial installations throughout the property. Modern techniques arc being constantly introduced for the elimination of occupa tional diseases. With the aid of or medical staff and the cooperation of all departments, silicosis and other health hazards have been practically eradicated from our operations. Since year 1947 we have won the InterAmerican Safety Couticirs "Safety Plaque" for 15 consecutive years, for attaining the lowest frequency of accidents among all large-scale participating mining companies throughout Latin America. Since May 28, 1958, to December II, 1961, all departments of the company completed three years and four months, xvith over 56 miUioti man-hours o f exposure and a pro duction o f nearly 40 million tons o f ore mined and processed without a fatotity. During the past five years the total plant has operated with a frequency rate of ap proximately 5.00 per million man-hours of c\'(*osurc. The cost of compensations has decreased by about 80 per cent in the 10-year period 1951-1961. When an enterprise attains low accident nod fatality frequencies, accompanied by con sistent reductions in the cost and the severity <>f industrial accidents, t is indicative of good safety performance, and that no "ju;p gling o f statistics" is either utilized or neces sary. . t*. Such records, which rank among the best in the metal mining world, indicate that . accidents can be prevented if there exists;'; the right climate for their elimination. To.i bring about this cVnnatc certain favorable^ factors were necessary. The most important and effective of these.?-: factors has been the acceptance by our nwn~t/, tutrinml o f their responsibility in accident^ ) 000 ''.;):; t\ . . ..Hi/ industt v prevention, and their sustained supp* invcsligalion of accidents, lire-control, it' the safety program. They have tak( spcctfim technique-, ventilation, iinst control, initiative, and made it known--in im t fttej>'^>^trninenialii>ii, safety in d o c t r i n a ti o n of tain terms--throughout all ranks iifjpBUpv*'*"workers, conduction of inccuugs. report writ* organization. They have applied the same tug. etc. When these m ui return to their executive ahility to the prevention of acci original departments, the) naliirallv exert a dents which they exercise in securing effi strong influence in behalf of safety and cient production, and the elimination of industrial hygiene, and Iwcuinc the necc-sai y waste and obsolescence. multipliers of (he safely d io rl among their In the Safety program, management has fellow supervisors and workers. taken the lend and set the pace for everyone in flic plant. They rely upon department heads, and these in turn rely upon section su|>crvfSors (by assigning responsibility and authority) to carry out the policy set forth by top management. They are generous in their praise for good performance; however every man in the organization is made to ice! that safety is a policy, not a convenience. We avail ourselves of all |msmIIc modern lechmeal information that can he utilized in the improvement of working environment'. We arc members of the National and Inter American Safety councils, the Industrial Hy giene I'uiiudutioii ol America, (he National p'irc Protection Association; we subscribe to numerous periodicals and have formed a largo safely and fccluuruf library hi ibis This is not the final solution. Safety's maimer we are constantly striving to intro worst enemy is complacency, and we exer duce new tcchiiuitics, c4{iiiputcttl or teaming cise a helpful and pcrsevcranl drive to keep aids loour safely program. supervisors and workers continually on their We realize that m defense ever built was toes. Communications play an important impregnable against a well-pJ;nmcd oilcnsin-. part in our safely program--each and every aiul our entire resources arc geared to this man must be reached by personal contact. end. Our industrial workers require more We discuss their problems and their jobs; guidance and more technical know-how than we resort to every possible opportunity to the unskilled worker of ten years ago. The motivate their thinking in creating a safety rapid technological advances in industry re consciousness and a desire to work safely. quire men of liighci* mentality and Itcilcr- Communications cannot be achieved with out a third requirement: adequately selected and trained supervisors. Our supervisors arc condiihmcd attiiudcs. To develop safer in dustrial supervisors and workers we have instituted a constant training program ca trained in the basic fundamentals of organiz ing, directing, coordinating, planning, cmitrotting, counseling, etc., so as to prepare them to become capable of properly utilizing the basic resources of management. We firmly believe that tbc front-line supervisor pable <d satisfying the ever-increasing de mands of industry. Our training facilities are also extended to include hscal and suiii(iseal institutions, managers and technicians from private companies, iiniversi/ics. techni cal and public schools, etc. is the hey-man for getting things done. He As a result of this policy. oin safety pi**- stands before bis work group as a represent gram has had favorable u sp rtis' in the held ative of management, and transmits direc of indu-lital and public relations. ImimImi tives to cacli one of his men by word and mure, by pioneering in the held of salely. deed. It is not only a matter of what a we--ill Some rcspecis--havc become a lan supervisor knows, hut vhat lie is able (o unto ourselves. I he very organizations and impart to his men that really counts in nlliciais assigned to control the compliance safety as well as in production. He is ulti of safety and industrial hygiene codes and mately responsible for the uffiiinb* mid regulations, often request mn assistance and Performance o f the workers. No one is con ri sidered for promotion unless he has demon strated a good safety performance. ,i A Our company has adopted a policy of se lecting supervisors from flic piajor depart; merits for advanccil safety .training, for periods ranging from four to six mouths. These men arc taught accident statistics. took to us for counsel and guidance At Jhadeu, accident'* and crnpultoitaj di * cases have been givnllv redneed through proper application of a few basic principles of human engineering, the citoperaiion id the employees, and the honest desire of ihc management to make indusln a safe r pja, c to work and to live OFFICERS OF THE MINING SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 icnrral Chairman-- Ei>\varo C. L eonard, Inland Steel Co., Ishpcming, Mich. lutirman lllcct & Secretary-- J. A. Cooke, Palcoubridgc Nickel Mines Ltd.. Falcoubridge, Onl., Canada. Vcioik/ I'ici' i'/niirmdii--Jliiuuiu A. Wlnpj.l, The Anaconda Co., Bureau of Safely, Butte, Mont. Third Kitc-C/iiiirumii--A. D. A nnanu, T ^ uicsscc Copper Co., Copper if iff. Tcmi. Xavstctlcr Editor--A ulen D. Look, U. S. Bureau of Afines, Dnhilii, Minn. Assistant Newsletter Editors--Northeastern District, F. D. W oleben, Oliver Iron Mining Div., H. S. Steel Corp., Nibbing, Minu.j,- Southeastern District, H. F . T hompson, Amertcan Zinc Co., Mascot, Teun.; Western District, W . L y n n H art, American Smelting and Refining Co., Wallace, Idaho; Southwestern District, R. L . J ohnston, Chino Mines Div., KcmicrttU Copper Corp, Hurley, N. At.; Eastern Canada District, M. H. Phaser, Acci dent Prevention Association id Oniaii, North May, Out., Canada; IVrstrrn Canada (Eshicl, k. II. K ing, Mining Association <ii JJ. Vancouver, U. Canada. Ofj-lhc-Job Safety Committee--}. A. Cooke /Chairman), Fnleonbridgc Nickel Mines, Ltd, Falconbridge, Out., Canada; H erbert A. Wendel, The Anaconda Co., Bureau of Safety, Butte, Mont.; A. J>. A n n a n u , Tennessee Copper Co., Copper Hill, Tenn. Entertainment Committee--Uvekett W h ite (Chairman), Mine Safely Appliances Co., Pitts- burgh, Pa.; Joe T. W i u .ia m s, The Bunker.Hill Co., Kellogg, Idaho. f Engineering Committee--W. H. Bonneville (Chairman), Canadian Johns-MaiiviJIc, Ashes- .) tos, Quebec, Canada; George A . Borc.eson, M. A . Hanna Co., Hibbing, Minn.; C harles.;' C. Hilton, U. S. Smelting, Refining & Mining Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. Membership Committee--H arold L. B are (Chairman), Rclidehcin Cornwall Corp., Mor gautowu, Pa.; W alter K. Montgomery, Quebec Asbestos Mining Assn., Montreal, Que., Oui;ula; II. Bi.oy, Mines Accident Prevention Association of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Maa, Canada; H arold 1*. T hompson, American Zinc Co,, Mascot, Twin.; W alter O. Gun* r.i.soN, Hanna Mining Co., Hihhing, Minn. y / ''M/riun Committer--Rov G. S tott /Chairman), Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. G;.;> A. W. Ness, American Smehing & Refining Co., Salt Lake City, Utah; M. R. Prasu, .^l Mines Accident Prevention Association o f 'Ontario. North Bay, Onl., Canada; J osem $ H all, Reserve Mining Co., Silver Bay, Minn. ^J Visual Education Committee--Morgan W adsworth (Chairman), American M etal Climax,'.!. Inc., Climax, Colo.; G lenn M. H ostetter, Erie Mining Co., Hoyt Lakes, Minn.; A. Wy.-;, N ess, American Smelting & Refining Co., Salt Lake City, Utah; F red P earson, NoranA * Mines Ltd., Nomnda, Que., Canada; W illiam L. S m it h , The Anaconda Co., Butt^l Mont.; M elvin T aylor, Cananca Consolidated Mining Co., S. A., Cananca, Sonofl^f Mexico. Statistics Committee--J o h n C. M achisak (Chairman), Chief, A ccident Analysis Braix^ U S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C .; R. F. W u.son, Oliver Iron Mining Dir;*< I * S Sice! Corn.. Duluth, Minn. ! Asso__Aons-Vublicity Committee--Rudekt M. N eil (Chah man), The I hum. Miu..t> Co., Iron River, Mich.; G eorge S ali., Mining Congress journal, Washington, I). C. ; A lvin W. K noekr, Engineering & Mining Journal, New York, N. Y. ; (corne O . A rgali., J r., Mining World, San Francisco, Calif.; C hris M amen, Canadian Mining Journal, Gardenvale, Que., Canada; R ichard N. P aui.l, Hanna Mining Co., Hibbing, Minn. ; D awo N. S killings, Skillings Mining Review, Duluth, Minn Hygiene and Ventilation Cowni/fre--R. J. S earle (Chairman), Kcimccott Copper Corp., Magna, U tah; J o h n W . W arren, The Anaconda Co., Butte, M o n t.; G. D. W jn a n s, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Lakewood, Colo.; G. R. Yuukt, Rio rimo Management Services Lid., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; J oseph T. Mortimer, Ray Mines Div., Kcnnccoit Cop per Corp., Hayden, Ariz.; W. A. B ardswich, Mines Accident Prevention Association of Ontario, North Bay, Ont., Canada. Trainin;/ ( omuitRrr--Jok T. W illiam s (Chairman), T`lie Bunker Hill Co., Kellogg, Idaho; II. Bloy, Mines Accident Prevention Association of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada; N. H. G eorge, Quebec Metal Mines Accident Prevention Assn., Bourlama<|iic, Que., Canada; M. R. F raser, Mines Accident Prevention Association of Ontario, North Bay, Ont., Canada; H arold L. Bake:, Bethlehem Cornwall Corp., Morgantown, Pa. Membcrs-at-Earyc--*A. K olu, Pickauds Mather & Co., Duluth, Minn.; *C. U. Neil, Beth lehem Cornwall Corp., Cornwall, P a .; *S. K. S harp, Tennessee Copper Co., Coppcrfiil), Tenu.; *R. F. W ilson, Oliver Iron Mining Div., U. S. Steel Corp., Duluth, M inn.; *Juk T. W illiam s, The Bunker Hill Co., Kellogg, Idaho; *J. M. S m ith , Asl*esnt Corp., Lid., Thetford Mines, Que., Canada. nominating Committee--*Al Kolu (Chairman) ; *C. K. N e il ; *S. K. S iiahi* (Secretary). Staff Representative-- C m n id n II. I I i k i i , N ational S afety Council, Chicago. Illinois. Past General Chairman ) 0 0 0 4 i) 3 1962 National S a fe ty Congress of its meaning. Now there are a number of things on which we can all agree. 1. In an enlightened work group there is little need for enforcement. 2. If we knew all there was to know about human behavior and could accurately predict human actions, we could eliminate unfair acts hv education rather than euiotcciiictil. 3. It is far better to stress the positive aspects of safety rather than the negative connotation conveyed by the kvord "enforce ment." i 4. When people are convinced that safety is in their own interest, then enforcement becomes less of a necessity. White all of this is true, it represents an ideal state of affairs. It seems that so much emphasis has been placed Ion approaches which minimize one of the most disagreeable duties management has to perform--that of disciplining--that the responsibility of the in dividual workers for safety j seems to get lost. After all, enforcement presupposes that the individual worker is held account able. What I am trying to say is that we in management have not been tough enough in enforcing our own safety standards. I*cr- .haps wc have been so busy trying to explain them, that wc don't notice how often thej are not followed. Maybe we spend so mud time trying to understand our people, that wc don't have enough time left to correct them. This is pure speculation on my part, hut I am struck by the fact that one finds so few written reprimands on unsafe acts and clear violations of long standing and well ptihliet/rd safety rules ill most person nel hies. f am well aware that reprimands of this nature can be run into the ground rathe easily, but wouldn't more of them have > beneficial affect on the safety program! Wouldn't they bring home to everyone that . management is seriously concerned about tk ; problem of unsafe acts? Until sociologist! > and psychologists have discovered imw V about why humans behave the way they do <: and, more important, until all of us in m agenicnt become competent sociologists p i :( psychologists, wc must continue to rely Jthe older forms of enforcement--one of T'* which is the reprimand, written or other* wise. Traffic authorities obviously believe thi stricter enforcement cuts down accidcoH and they have a mass of evidence to pro* this. Wc in industry have specialized prokIctus, and the rules aren't as clear, in mas rases, as trallic rules. However, we are deal ing with the same causative agent--peoyk ' Lubricant Additives Anti-oxidants Detergents Dispersants Pour point depressants VI improvers Anti-foam agents Anti-wear agents Anli-chattcr agents Anti-rust agents Antiseptics Tackiness agents Thickeners Odorants Coloring agents Emulsifiers Motor Fuel Additives Anti-knock agents Anti-oxidants Deposit modifier Metal ilcactivator Anti-icing agents Anti-rust agent Lubricants Coloring agents Jet Fuel Additwcs Ami-oxidants Metal dcactivators Corrosion inhibitors Diesel Fuel Additwcs Cetane number improvers Stabilizers Corrosion inhibitors Odor masking agents SAFE HANDLING O F ADDITIVES IN THE PETROLEUM BUSINESS Yy By W IL L IA M S. W O OD Safety Engineer, Research & Development Div., Sun Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Additives arc being used increasingly in many everyday commodities such as bread, toothpaste, steel and plasties. Usually they are intended to improve the product in some useful way, but sometimes they serve to modify or overcome the deficiencies of other additives. This discussion will be limited to additives used in products in the petroleum industry, where their growth has also been very rapid. Some heavy duty fubrica^ contain 20 per cent additive, and a raflBj estimate of annual consumption was 12 lion pounds for the industry. * The following three lists show the many Jobs that additives are ex| to accomplish. Some typical examples commonly used additives arc also gin Heating Oil Additives ustin improvers U Dispersants Stabilizers Corrosion inhibitors Metal dcactivators Ash modifiers j ur prohlciin as safely engineers is to fkoose for each of these materials, used or f*poied, the operating procedure and pro active measures that will prevent injury to unci and yet interfere as lidfe as poswilh production. A logical scrjucitce .accomplishing this objective would he as I.. Determine the hazardous -properties of material. urn 7 million pounds per year Zinc dithiophospliatc llnrium sulfonate Similar Reaction product of naphthalene & wax Polymethacrylatcs Silicones Tricrcsyl phosphate 'fallow t.oiuphx amines Crcsyiic & phenolic cutuimuods Potyisohiif vlcnc Polyisohiitylcnc Essential oils Organic dyes Sulfonates 5 million pounds Per ycur Tetraethyl lead Ehcnylcne diamine Tricrcsyl phosphate I hsalicvlal rlhylencdiammc Isopropyl alcohol Eight lobe oil Organic dyes Yi OM M I 2. P rovide the necessary eitvit oimu n tn f condii tous. 3. I 'm vide the iiece^-aiy protective c|uipmeut. I d r a i n th e o p e ia liu s in th e ced iircs a n d use o f eq u ip m en t. p ro p e r p iu I h e lla im iia b ililv h a z a r d o f a n a d d itiv e is in fe rre d f ro m H ash poin t, v a p o r p re s s u re lla m m a b le lim its, ig n itio n te m p e r a tin e . W a te r so lu b ility , ele. I h e f a m i lia r p r e c a u tio n s u se d 7 ') ) ) 1962 National S a fety congress \ with petroleum products of similar physical characteristics are to he used where ap plicable. Ponding, submerged discharge, ami -.low pumping prevent buildup of Math: t h en icily charges. Class 1 Croup I) wiring may he necessary, (mod vculilnlion may he iiectlctl to prevent explosive concentrations ol vajiur. Adequate lire extinguishers should he pro\ ided. The extinguishing agent must he effec tive and not react with the hunting additive or form toxic gases. Highly reactive mate rials such as peroxides and nitrates must' he stored and lnndlcl carefully to protect frbm heating, lire exposure or shock. The cor rosive action of an additive may dictate iTcijm'iii inspections and careful maintenance of lines, pumps, valves, etc. Preparation must he made to clean up effectively ;lny spills of corrosive or otherwise hazardous material. h The toxic hazard of additives may he con sidered in relation to their inodes of entry into the body. Ingestion--Swallowing i Inhalation--Vapors, mists, dusts Skin absorption--Systemic poisoning, di rect or through clothing Skin irritation-- Primary irritation Sensitizing action Sources of information on the hazardous propci Ins of specific additives may he read ily available, or not, depending upon how new or well-known the product is, whether the identity or composition is disclosed, and what the vendor has done to determine toxicity and other properties. When the composition is known to he a fairly common material, the existing litera ture will usually yield most of the needed information. Sometimes, characteristics can be assumed on the basis of similarity to more familiar compounds. Sources of in formation on materials in this category in clude : Sax. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials NFPA Handbook of hire Protection & Codes Patty, Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology and other Texts Industrial Hygiene Digest industrial Medicine & Surgery and other Journals Data Shield of Manufacturing Chemists A ss'ii. National Safety Council American Petroleum Institute American Industrial Ihgicne Ass'll. Information on the hazards and recom mendations for handling can usually he ob tained from the vendor. Often the descrip tive brochure or the label on the package will serve adequately. An inquiry directed to the vendor may or may not elicit the desired data. A standard questionnaire has a fair chance of obtaining the maximum of useful information. Such a questionnaire could l>c submitted to the vendor's technical representative when a product is first dis cussed with k & I) or purchasing depart ment people. Some of the larger manufacturers main tain toxicological laboratories to study new products before marketing; others have such studies done for them hy consultants. Occa sionally one receives only a brief letter stating that the product has been manufac--L hired by them for 20 years without any,,| difficulty. This may be more reassuring than J'F is justified. It may be necessary for the user * of an additive to make tests or have tests made hy a consulting laboratory in order to he certain of the characteristics of a pro-; posed material. Occasionally an additive willhave been previously approved hy a reliaMe ; agency such as the U. S. Dept, of Agricul-; lure. Increasing use of industrial hygienists .A.; shows the best approach to collection and $ interpretation of such data. 81 Ingestion of additives is perhaps the most M easily controlled in a plant situation. How-iff ever, failure to wash an additive from the k hands before eating, chewing gum or using tobacco can result in a sizable oral intake t ? over a period of time. Insistence on ordinary ?| cleanliness should he effective in most cases';? Provision of an eating place separate fronij the working location .would he very helpful,J in preventing ingestion. <1 Inhalation of toxic materials can be pre*. vented hy one of three basic alternatives: ^ 1. Knclose the material--hy closed sys*^ Inns, ventilated covers, etc. 2 Remove the toxicant--by venlilatk*V^ condensation, absorption. 000-105 I'l tr.Hityum AYili.'ii J. kiielosc the masks, etc. i n -- rc s p ira lo rs f& if'ttf& V '.. spIilSle.d* "o"n ttihn.e* d o o r. ) uu*#|*a^ v\ ssllummu evtf'- ( outtiiti<mis blending healed tn t.h..e....i.m...m...e>v7f(i1ii'e area HII*"1 r*1:*"*' large M'nlc n-c of an,,.1,-aviudt-idvii*it..iivt*e, .'c..o..a..l....................................,......... ^ d w n l s n t t i t f c h a n g e o f operator?- to avoid physical contact, from the t> H m ig d i e n e e d e d c |, im * ih j.i s e o f a cc i i time a tank car or truck is unloaded until d e n t a l c o n t a c t , A m e d i c a l c l t e r k - l t p s h o u l d | the finished, diluted product is sampled for area. Many f o l l o w a s p i n i n v o l v i n g a n a p p i e c i a l d e s k i n testing. ( Unions examples are 'ITT. han ( th e m a te r ia l' in th is c a te g o ry do not irritate t(u dling and nioloi oil additive blending. react ion. sk in o r c a u s e a n y s u rfa c e Smaller scale blends an* made hatch-wise and drums or muuIUv containers are fre I hesc protective iin.i-iucs miN include not quently involved. Here the addifive is open ompi.l)ratimoenns, dbouitngalstohemaMinetnednianngceormehnanodplienng tmoustht eheaktmepoispaht earesaatendl,eviefl, tuosxuiacl,lythl*ev vvea)n>tnir ing up or otherwise working on the lines or lation. Mechanical agitation produces much eqiiipment. They will he purliculut Iv vulner less vapor and mist than air agitation, and able and may not he suliiei utlv informed low temperatures reduce vaporization. Meth of tin* hazards. The prohl in of skin ireifa- ods for determining the enuernt ration of a tioii is by tut the most piedatmianl and is toxic substance in the atmosphere may he for several reasons the nm-.| diflienlt to simple ami straight forward or they may handh*. I Ik: experienced dciuiulolngist is bt difficult and unreliable Here the services often unable to distingtii'h hctwc*eu an in of a com|wlent industrial hygienist could he dustrial contact and an r\puM*tc outside the invaluable. working nuinnunritl. Some people ate ex tremely sensitive to materials that wilt have Where it is impossible to keep (he con no effect on others. Sensitivity to peltoleum centration of a toxic vapor l*lmv a known products alone is not uncommon. safe level, adequate respiratory protection must be worn hy the exposed men. These Primary irritants are those which com may be any of the following depending upon monly cause a dermatitis after a single con - the nature of the contaminant: tact. .Voids, alkalis, amines, etc. require only Dust respirator short contact while less active materials re- Chemical cartridge respirator quin* prolonged contact to have a liannfnl lias mask rllc l. Some sensitizing agents m- innocuous Hose mask In ino't skin but capable of producing derma Air line respirator titis in a few susceptible individuals follow Self contained breathing apparatus ing frpeab-d contacts over a lug period of time. Sensitization can slum up after years A few materials used as additives in of contact. K>c irritants, such as alkalis and petroleum, can he absorbed through the skin amines, can cause permanent damage very in stiOicicnl quantities to cause systemic dam rapidly and require particular attention. age. The outstanding example is T1T,,, hut others which might he used are nitrobenzene Harrier creams are of some hem-til in and its homologs amines phenol-.. cai)*<mls protecting the skin against most irritants organic and inorganic salt*- of lead ami other ( outrol of exposure, good house'keeping, per metals, and tri-orihociesyl phosphate. Pro sonal cleanliness, frcqiicitt washing, daily tection from this hazard rnnstMs in pre showers, and frequent changes of clothing venting contact with the skin and providing are most effective iu reducing dermatitis, Tor immediate removal in case of accidental kuhhrr gloves mil goggles aie of conise contact, kuldicr glows and adequate eye lequircd when strong chemicals are involved. protection arc nuniimmi in anv ease. The Housekeeping in the work area, proper stor hazard of contaminated clothing is most age. good equipment maintenance, good effectively controlled if it is furnished and lighting, and good ventilation arc all im hinidcrcd hy the employer. portant factors iu preventing dermatitis. Provision of g<od sanitary futilities is a H arrier c re a m s c a n r e ta r d s k in a b s o r p t io n must. but s h o u ld n o t h r s u b s t i t u t e d f o r p r o t e c t i v e clothing. R u b b e r o r n e o p r e n e f o o t w e a r is T r a i n i n g o f miju i xi s o r s , opc iat-*. m a i n t e n e e d e d i f t h e s e m a t e i i a N a i r l i k e l y t o In* n a n c e n u n. l a b o r e r s , l a h o i . i t o r \ p e r s n o o d , and othets having possible \n n t.n l w ith h.i/* ) ) 1962 National S a fety Conyress ardous additives is a necessary part of llie preventive and industrial hygiene activities. I believe \vc should find out all we can about each material, and then pass along all of the information that will be useful to the employees in recognizing hazards and protecting themselves. The industrial physician should have prior knowledge regarding materials used iti the plant, to assist him in recognizing and treating victims of accidental exposure. The supervisor should he alert to send to the physician employees having rash, reddening or itching of the skin, vomiting, headache, or any oilier symptoms that could be asso ciated with the work. Contact of a sizable area of the body should he followed by medical checkup even if no symptoms are observed. In turn the pi.mt physician can hr of great a-si-tancc to the safety engineer in deciding on the safety aspects oi handling toxic mate* rials and ran help to sell the management on some of the needed facilities. Periodic medical examinations arc of great assistance in recognizing changes caused ly toxic sub stances. Knowledge of pre-existing condi tions is often critical in the interpretation of observed symptoms. Individual health con siderations may make it inadvisable for some employees to risk any possible toxic ex posure. The safety engineer, the industrial hygien ist and the plant physician should work with the purchasing people and others m obtain ing information on the possible hazards of additives. They should work with the engi neering and maintenance departments to ef fect needed changes. Finally they must work with the supervisors and llie men themselves to make sure that the protective measure! are used clTcctively. SAFETY-- A WAY OF LIFE By DR. S. L. R A N K IN Medical Advisor, Petroleum Chemicals Div., E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., W ilmington, Del. I have no intention of dealing with safety equipment or specific hazards; rather I would like to emphasize a philosophy, a way of thinking 1 feel is fundamental if we ever hope to reach our goal 11 safety. Safety is one of those things we think about, or rather should think about 1It die time. Until we train or discipline ourselves to do that we can't possibly achieve the fullest measure of success. Current regulations, rules, traffic codes arc important; but an individual trained, dunking propcrlv. cogni zant of bis responsibilities and willing to accept them, ran work wonder*. Safety as a way of life makes for belter living at work, at home and on the high ways. It makes one thoughtful instead of thoughtless, careful instead of careless, polite instead of rude. It distinguishes be tween bravery and foolhardiness. It makes one a better worker, neighbor and citizen. It makes for a fuller and happier life. Life and safety arc inseparable. Last year, industry reaped a harvest of 15,000 dead. Thirty thousand died on our highways and another 30,000 were killed in our homes. Faulty equipment, mechanical failures, ads of God? No! Those were not the causes. Carelessness, thoughtlessness, lack of safety consciousness were the main causes. l*ve seen some of the mangled ' bodies, heard the cries of agony and pain, f and tried to comfort llie broken hearts of wives and children. And you say, being a ; physician, that's my job. You're right. But ] I say it's your job to work harder than ever to prevent the tragedies, this needle ^ waste of life. What arc you going to do ^ about it ? . j At a recent meeting I heard this nimort,|L "Oh yes, safety is important but it's unabflj tractive." Safety is important and it is atrfj tractive. To the man who is just for safety,^ it may seem uuattractive; hut to the manat] safety, it is most attractive. To the maa* on the sidelines, watching, the game may 000. seem unattractive; but lo I playing; Held, llie game is Win. on (lie Get off flic sidelines; jnit oi ilirauItnraifcotirvme,, and get in the game. VVlta^-TM,i' bme:' minoorree attractive Ilian directing your interests and energies in safeguarding and prolccling hitman life--he it at work, at home or on llie highway? < -O /*. noefssIISofarscafesliyil.i 'I'lM w airn' m tin Many times uc approach safety l i nker the fact ;mgl<?r*ttcr the accident the man has been injured We lulu lime hclurc, hut let tragedy sink we have time, then we're compelled ( Safety is an intangible quality that we time. We investigate; write length can all have lo the same degree. It's like ports and make recommendations. Ti patriotism. A man's job classification or important and often Itcuehcial Ihu social status lias no bearing on the degree about the near accidents, the close si of patriotism he can enjoy. Safety is also the loose operating practices, the scale a quality we can all enjoy equally. chances you take every day and so far When you publicize the fact that: ;you work in a safe plain, just what arc you inferring? That yon have a safely program, that you post safety rules, tha..t. you hohl safety meetings, that you give firM-aid to the in jured? No. When yon publicize that fact. you infer a great deal more, Y ou that your men arc safe, they arc in sound gotten away with. IItt''ss tthhee aatltieenntion yon pay to t.h..o...s.e. .i.t.e..m.iss in prevention 1 ) the true yardstick by which to measure attitude in safety. Silence is anything, golden when it comes to cnveiing up practices. T l_ia_l .Ivs mtinm*' lime to sluuit keep on shimling, until the unsafe <<n>l or habit is corrected. custody, they are protected from this uprreesveinrft "pionslc--r,*"* personal injury and ac cidental death. But how can you hope to full'll! this ob Recently I reviewed a series oi .11 .1 mobile accident reports. There u eie fatalities, not even a so-called s-verioouo*s jury, lint at least we can say that c;ivl ligation and keep the monster under con the 31 had the potential for a fatality > trol at all times? No safety director, no serious injury. 1 was interested in revi safety committee, and no single group is ing the reasons as listed on the acci big enough'or strong enough to do it. But reports. They ran something like this : through (he combined daily jnbs and punches ahead had no tail light; car ahead slot- of every man in the plant you can do it. Are you doing your share of the punching? To be sure, if I asked this group how they felt about safety, Pd get a show of hands that, on (he surface at least, would indicate that everyone was all out for safety. But I'm not too concerned nlmiit group re sponse in men don't a safety meeting like this, get killed in safety mcciii ber; uisc i conceruc. ' Igs. I'm ward safe -o(Huitt onnn tihKe job .w1 here ' nn re alone, ____no 0 11c can watch you, or when you're out on the highway driving ton suddenly; skidded on small patch ice; shoulder of highway loo narrow, on. " a minute--do yowu con--* these as llie real causes? How about safety attitude of the driver? Does n count for anythin*;? 1 consider these, *1 > canoes hut the alibis. The real cause u .r lack of adequate slele consciousness **u part of the driver. We arc truly om hi**lhvr*s I 0 p-r . whrliicr we iperat- a (tuck. : b-p.it (mem au entile plant, we as individuals ate < staiitly alTeciing the habits and live- <d your car. That's the place to raise vour frlhnv men. The e:i*ul word, -qw.kcn n bind high for safety, because that's the wisely; llie unsafe piacine. (hat \w mi i . i places where men get killed. condone; our failure 1* che compiile 1 . p Unfortunately too many men look upon ;safcly from the "necessary evil" point of !ew. Oh, Ihcy're for safety; think it's a strnctioiis; may prove some day to be <-* contribution to .1 serious injury one or more of our f.lb.u men involt n good idea, provided it doesn't take too much dime, provided it doesn't cost too much money, ami provided it doesn't interfere with tahat they like lo refer to ns their per sonal liberties. In other words, ion many To be sure, we don't hurt people lilioralcly. We don't bit mici-, or (rip them will* rope, or "sielnl,d Llbili into "gassy" usti net ions, tanks; failure but. in throm.;li `comp, ample, or mviueeiuy ,,f set put the (" ope* f- OFFICERS OF THE PETROLEUM SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY C O U N C IL 1962-63 Cenerai Chairman--` Q uincy V. T umx, Texaco Inc., Houston, Texas. Vice General Cliuirwiin--S. Ross Cahh, Gulf Oil Cor|>., Houston, Texas. Secretary--E. \V. Mit ts, The Marathon Oil Co., Findlay, Ohio. Stuff Keprrfentalive--}. U. tl'i'RHSoN, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. iI1 Sfreial Representative--J. F. McKenna, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. Production, Drilling and Exploration--Kenneth V. Brooks, Cities Service Petroleum Co, Bartlesville, Okla. !j I Marketing--J. J. J arvis, Atlantic Refilling Co., Philadelphia, Pa. U Pipe tin e s--H. P. Bradley, Service Pipe Line Co., Tulsa, Okla. Aiauu/uciurtmj--Caul A dams, Continental Oil Co,, Houston, Texas. Off-the-Job--Roland P ryor, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Hvzvsiitter--). U. Engle, American Oil Co., Whiting Refinery, Whiting, IntL Health--Dr. G. 11. Coluncs, Jr., American Oil Co., Chicago, NJ. Education and Training--O. C. Haie*, The Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 1 /Vof/rmii--G. F. Stednit?., Universal Polychcm Manufacturing Div. of Universal 03 Products Co., McCook, III. Publicity and Public Relations---A. P. Granack, Mobil Oil Co., East Chicago, Ind. i Krgi'ftMil Division Cfutii men: Atlantic-- D. R. K ing, Ethyl Corp., New York, N. V*,., Great Lakes-- E arl Rousseau, Clark U it 6t Refining Corp., Blue island, III.; Guif Coal; --W arren \V. M yers, Tidewater Oil Co.# Houston, Texas; Mid-Continent--Joim M.V Koi.i.in s . Ethyl Con., Tulsa, Okla.; Pacific Coast--M. T. H amilton, Mobil Oil Torrance Refinery, Torrance, Calif. Advisory and Study Committee Chairman--*WtLLtam F. Duutas, Phillips Petroleum l Bartlesville, Okla,; Alternate--*H. T. M arkf.e, Phillips Petroleum Co., Banter Okla. Members--*J. H oward M yers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; */ & La une, Cities Service Refining Corp., Lake Charles, La.; *F. R. McLean, Detroit Ofy Mobil Oil Co., Detroit, Mich.; *J. ll. M cK enzie, Mobil Oil Co., New York, N. Y. ) U. I 'akkf.k, Humble Oil & Inclining Co., Houston, T Zimmerman, Marathon OH Co., Findlay, Ohio; H ome K. W hfati-Ev, 1>X Stmray Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. sf (ti'Ht'mf Chainncn-- IC I ) . E m k k i . v , American Oil Co., Chicago, Ml.; (*. 15. K i . a c k , Shu ( t\\ Cn.. Philadelphia, P a.; F k i -m Ci .a u m k n k , Pan American Petroleum Corp., Houston, Texas; pAKtit.it C. Ihu.sr, Socony Mobil Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.; C. I>. A if.\w a v , Chief Safely Engr., Tliiokol Chemical Corp., Marshall, T ex as; D . M . F a k k u i , lituie Pipe Line Co.; 1). A. Klemme, Pan American Petroleum Corp.; W. I. Kent (Retired ); L H. Mvers. The Atlantic Refining Co.; J. L. Kisinueh (R etired ); W alter oox, Sim Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Pa.; C. A. M iu .fr (Retired) ; J. 11. Ukown, Tide Water Associated OH Co.; H. W. Ilu*aa:ss, Sinclair Oil and Gas Co.; A. VV. H k k k i a m , Lone Siar Gas Co.; R. B . H o a I 'F K (Retire!); ( k k a i .j O. L o c k w i m m , Continental Casuaht Co.; I FoKi.K I**. pRUSSUtt;, Cousultaut. Past (it iici.il Chairman , Kfnvoc< ) W62 Nulioiutl Safely stujrc.w make llieir working place safe. The lirst important tool is ihc committee set up. We have a general safely committee, consisting f top management people, which develops policies and devises ways to carry these to 'ucvcsstu conclusion. All policies must he chared through this committee. There arc tice sub committees in the held to support the general safely committee. Policies are muled through each of these, and they arc vspectcd to hud ways to implement them. The same policies become directives (o' (he line organization. # Investigation is one of (he most important tools any utility has to reduce injuries. At the district we investigate every accident filial involved an injury requiring medical atten tion. We also investigate every ;m!uin?bile accident, regardless of extent of damagd. In hmh tyj.es of investigation, (he person Iwlio had the accident meets with his foremap or immediate supervisor; two or three other cmplnues are also called in. These l>cuplc a study group, whose purpose is i detrnniiie the canse of the accident i and jumumeiid a way to prevent similar acci dents in (he future. All the persons present *.:en ilie rcjtorl, which is transmitted through die divi'ion hairnets and then < the safely mm Actmu is taken as mpmed, hv the various supervisors. Insjxrlion is made hv a held inspector for die safety unit, by safety committee mem* her* and by the foremen and supervisors. Thv latter arc conslnnlly being stimulated for safely through staff meetings, written information from the safety unit, and com mittees. The entire responsibility for safety i a function of the line organization The sticly unit only assists them, hy furnishing die mechanics of investigation, statistics, 1 1 mulin' classes, and forms of recognition. Recognition is accomplished in several ua\< Whenever an individual ittvenls a safety device, it is displayed and discussed in committee ami in the division (hat has - a special interest in it. A hoard of direc- . tor's award is given U> any sizable unit : which achieves one year without a lost time accident. These awards arc presented at the general safety coumuttec meeting by a mem* her of the board of directors. The award . is tben displayed in the section receiving it. Smaller units' achievements ate recognized ' by use if die National Safety Onmcil's Storm Mag. Whenever I,DIM) days without ^ a lost time accident arc achieved, the unit y receives a Hag with their section name and^ 1,000 days stamped on it. h'ach time additional 1,000 days is achieved, they re^j reive another (lag. Intensive use is inadeofiS thv National Safety Ouutril's Award of $ Honor. Whenever we receive otic of these,m the entire district is notified, the newspapertj arc notified, and the award is physically^ displayed in every section at the District oa* a scheduled basis. 1`iiv.dfy, we. have (bejj American Water Works Association's await system, which we use in the same maimer;^ l.ilncalimi is accomplished through regui discussions alicmt safe practices on the jd between the foremen with fits men. Pipeft* . nferciiccs supply material for the larcmtrlfc to use. (.`lasses arc held for foremen andj|j sujk*visors. New employees arc contactc^^' hy the safety unit, which checks their dij* mg habits, discusses safe driving, and j out baz.ards particular to their own of operation. At the District, safely is considered jiij| integral part of every job and is barta the planning for work operations and i Accidents can he prevented; resjKmsibiWa must be accepted by management, but aMjT by supervisors, foremen, and (he men. P* are the only way to control injuries, do not wan) injuries, and (Ivey must be helptiju to learn the causes of accidents and methods of preventing them. r. src n r OO-T, ) O trlC E R S O F THE PUBLIC UTILITIES SECTION N ATION AL SA FETY CO U N CIL 1962-63 . Generai Chainmnt--Kkkoi.i. Duniiak, Safely Jigiiieer, Potomac Electric Tower Co., Wash ington, D. C. J ; fir// Vice-Chairman--P aul W indsor, Safety Director, Bureau of Safety, Chicago, III. Vice-Chairman--T. 1'. W ickiokd, Safety Supervisor, Conmjomvcahh Edison Co., 'j1; Maywood, III Secretary--IC K. I'iuu.utk, Safely Engineer, Duquesne Light Co., Piltshuigh, Pa. froprw Committee--Samuel McKay, Jk. (Chairman), Safety Director, 'I lie Hell Tele- phone Co. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.; W. VV. W illiford (Vire Cliainu.ui - Com V!.tnunications), Plant Sti|KTvisor-Safely, The Chesapeake v Potomac Telephone Co., i? ur..i.: . i * f ' . \ t t i .......... r - ...... k<__ __ ..t m illrN I. ; . tunnuai rm m ca tu m x c o m m m c c - v.. m . u i a s i : h iia ttin a u ;, n u ic ty iM n n u r , v cm ral *' ` %r loitt Public Service Co., Rutland, Vt.; S. T . Roiiiison (Vice Chairman-Comimmica- ), Safety Supervisor, Carolina Telephone & Telegraph Co., Tarboro, N. C .; I7.. H. T (Vice Chairman-EIcctric), Safety Director, Virginia Electric & Power Co., raond, Va.; W. J. Hykon (Vice Chairman-Gas), Safety Engineer, Michigan-Wisn Pipe Line Co., Detroit, Mich.; D avid B. P reston (Vice Chairman-Water), Asst. stary-Euginccring, American Water Works Association, Inc., New York, N. Y .; \ Dugan, General Plant Supervisor-Personnel, Northwestern Hell Telephone Co, ha, Nebr.; G. L. E. L in n , Manager, Duliernal Water System, Parliu, N. J. ; M. M. RING, Safely Supervisor, Consumers Public Power District, Columbus, N ebr; V. Du n n , Safely Director, City of Springfield, Springfield, Mu.; M. II. I ngkaiiam, ly Director, Central Maine Power Co., Augusta, Maine. j Committee--W arren Clifton (Chairman), Safely & Ein* Engineer, The llydm ric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto, Out.. Canada; C harles Sen weickart e Chairman), Vice President, Iloosicr Engineering Co., Columhus, Ohio; M. C. HESNEY, Senior Safely Representative, The Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Midi.; H. Maxwell, Safety Supervisor, The L. I7.. Myers Co., Lombard. III.; Knnt r o, Safety Director, Omaha Public Power District, Omaha, N rhr.; A. E. Pslmoway, ly Director, New Hrunswick Electric I'mvrr Commission, Eredci ictou, N. It, da; L. C. Mkvkk, Electric System Specialist, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, sau, Wis.; A lex P ierson. Safety Engineer, Philadelphia Gas Works. Philadelphia, Hanrv Ei.ack, Manager, Electric Utilities Safety Association of Ontario. Tumnio, Canada. Tura/ stids Committee--H. C. P o m i w o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . L : . S, Departrrtnt LI, M a n a g e r r : S v V v . T S ? * " ;- f - (Chairman). Safely Olliccr, Rural I l ut ri <i .X^rEufvtre. M - - v * . V. - *; '"' r - * ' ) Safely Manager, American Gas Association, New York, N. Y.; J ames St:.\i.v, Safely Consultant, Ebasco Services, Inc., New York, N. Y .; W. J. H anes, Supervisor of Safety, Texas Power & Light Co., Dallas, Texas; M. B. T ravis, Director of Safety, Northern Natural Gas Co, Omaha, N ehr.; T. L. P owers, Safety Engineer, Gas De partment, Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. Membership Committee--W arren D. Coffins (Chairman), Executive Safely Director, Orange & Rockland Utilities, Inc., Boston, Mass.; G eorge C. So it, Assistant to General Manager, Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, C alif.; Uoiif.rt M. C lark, Safety Director, Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic City, N. J.; W. R. L a Due, Superintendent & Chief Engineer, Bureau of W ater Supply, Akron, Ohio. Nncsletter Committee--Don Buckley (Chairman), Safety Director, East Ohio Gas Co., Cleveland, Ohio; J. O. P arkeiI, Safety Supervisor, American Telephone & Telegraph Co., N e w York, N . Y.; R . E. M c E i . d o w n e y , J r . , Safety Director, United Fuel Gas Co., ` Charleston, W. Va. Off-the-Job Safely Committee--R.l F. M ills (Chairman), General Plant Safety Supervisor, ; Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co., Denver, Colo.; W. J. E aston, Director of Accident Prevention, The Cincinati Gas & Electric Co., Cincinnati, Ohio; O. R. Bowers, ' Safety Engineer, Central Illinois Light Co., Peoria, III.; R alph P. T ai.iiott, Safety -J Supervisor, City of Phoenix, Plyiciiix, Aria. ; Publicity Committee--C. H . G um (Chairman), Safely Supervisor, Department of Electric & Water Utilities, Jacksonville* Fla.; C. A. F ischback, Safety Supervisor, Southern J Bj California Edison Co., Los Angeles, Calif.; A. 11. S h f .i i k k , Safety Engineer, Rural;; Electrification Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Contests & Awards Committee--K. C. Ckegar (Chairman), Safety Director, Metropolitan i j Edison Co., Reading, P.; J. E. Appel, Safety Engineer, Commonwealth Edison Co, j Chicago, III.; V. L. Womeldohff, Safety Advisor, Illinois Power Co., Decatur, 111. j Nominating Committee -- V. L. Womeldohff (Chairm an); R. hi. McEluowney, JL; 3; I E. M. Chase. :J.j Special Representatives--American Gas Association--W. J. E aston, Director of Accidenti] Prevention, The Cincinnati Gas & Electric Co., Cincinnati, Ohio; American IVoter (Peril J Association--R. J. Faust, Executive Secretary, New York, N. Y. I'ast General Chairmen--*1916-17, J. B. Douglas; *1919-20, W ills M acL achlah;'| 1925-26, B. B. M cC ulloch ; *1926-27, G eorge O p p ; 1927-28, C. J. R utland; 1928-29. J If. F. W r.tin; *1930-31, E. S. B ea u m o n t; 1931-32, G. A. Doei.ie r ; 1932-33, C. B . Boulet; 1934-35, E. J. K reii ; 1935-36, K. M. G odwin ; 1936-37, J. J. Barala; 1937-35,.* W . P. E l s t u n ; 1938-39, R. S. M etzger; *1939 40, H . A. P tolem y; 1940-41, Ghauts j S. Bow den; *1941-42, P. L. G. H asskari. ; 1942-43, D. C. D u n c a n ; 1943-44, E S i M in e r ; *1944-46, J. T . O 'Hr ie n ; 1946-47, J. O. L e s l ie ; 1947-48, J. B. P orcher; 1948-HiI<{ E. L. F itzgerald; 1949-50, J o h n M acL ei.l a n ; 1950-51, E. S. H annaforo; 1951-52, W.T H. A d a m s; 1952-53, W. T . Rogers; 1953-54, P . M. G en tzel; 1954-55, W. S. K irctirs.-iS 1955-56, H. T. J a y n e; 1956-57, F. C. H a r r im a n ; 1957-58. J. E. A ppel; 1958-59, E J I C h a s e ; 1959-60, R. S. Lowf.; 1960-61, R. E. M cE i.downey, J r.; 1961-62, V. L jr^ W omeldohff. Deceased I I ) ) ) 962 National Safety ( ontjic.is dues matter, an altitude that will reflect back on our own crews. If we let these jobs lag indefinitely, perhaps forgetting them, we are destroying the desired altitude, creating in its place a futile "what's the use?" mood. Now we conic to my real pitch. If we arc to help on these problems, we must know first that a prohjcinlcxists, and second we must know the degree of importance at tached to the problem. The operating de partments arc the only ones able to furnish this information with any real degree of accuracy. I would like j(o interpose here the fact that in talking of departments, 1 am really talking of the Supervisors in that department. Jobs arc done by workmen, hut it is the foremen, the lour bosses, the super intendents, that get things done. At least, that is the way it should 'be. Say and do what we will about safely, production is the final t<>al. Even safely must be weighed with this in mind. Obvi ously, if the actions of (he ot*ratmg depart ments indicate a problem, whether production nr safety, to be of minor importance, that job will be low on our priority list. We all have a pretty direct channel for originating work, getting it done, or follow ing up on it. But, how often is it used properly for items of safety? Time after time we have been handed two work requests by one supervisor. One for an item of safety and one for an item of convenience. We might get great lip service on how important the safely item was, because lie knows that Crossett stresses safety, and it was the proper thing to do. But he would ask then and several (hues a day thereafter, when we would gel to the convenience item, hut no further mention would be made of the safety item. Which job has he indicated to he the most im portant ? Which job gets the highest pri ority? Obviously, the one lie keeps pushing --the one lie shows the most interest in--the convenience item. Maintenance is a service, and we try to keep our customers happy. The squeaking wheel will get greased first. No matter what lip service he has rendered, his actions have proven to us which job is most important to him. Although perhaps misled as to importance, we have in this instance at least been in formed that a problem- exists, and we can 0 0 0 S ' :- 0 /'//>' <ni. .i/vr St i ;nul do investigate and form our own opini pruximately 55 jobs involving till which of urgency--an opinion which may. or m .w* bad never heard of until lit^ijglu up bv not, he correct. The problem is much wot d`c committee I'-s u . when there is a hazard of which we hi Passing a job to the safely committee is not even been made aware. hut one way to side-step it. There arc other Once an operator becomes aware of a lit nays to avoid responsibility, hut however it aril, lie should feel free to talk to his i `s done, it damages the safely effort of the mediate supervisor with a certainty that t mill. It is damaging to my selfish interests, problem will he considered and cnrrecli Ike safety of the maintenance crews, action taken where possible. This is a nn Safety is considered so important that we if workers are to feel that safety is won have safety supervisors, safely ......,iiilK.es while, that it docs mean something. Oth departmental meetings, and what-have-yoii wise, a real "what's the use?" attitude A lot of people get involved, and properly so. vclops. Hut it does make it so easy to |>ass the Rut, it is so easy for a supervisor to ti buck, to slide out from under, to let John it aside, to tell the man to take it up w do it, unless a great deal of cure is taken, the safety supervisor, or have it reported The men on the job, the immediate snpertlic safety committee. In other words, g ,iSOr and his superintendent are the ones 'he man the old riiii-armmd, pass the hu most familiar with the area and its i.roh After all, it is so much easier to let soma ferns. Theirs is the responsibility f,,r origi- else do it. ' natiiig action and follow-up on matters af- Tlicrc is a direct channel for getting oil feeling production. And theirs must lie the types o f work done. Use it lor salety responsibility lor originating action on the also, instead of letting ideas be bat normal safety items. And, usually they around, passer! back and forth, lost, dropi should go through the same direct pro- or avoided by' ajl the roundabout cvai cedures and actions that they would in ol>- lactics that sheer laziness anil unwilling lain routine repairs. to assume responsibility can bring tip. The 90 per cent of safety I mentioned as We have a safety committee compo being represented by attitude is fostereil only of representatives pf the hourly men b hy creating an atmosphere of safety. At al- cacli major department and a salaried i "lost any mill with a good safety record resentative of each department. The o safely can be almost felt by a stranger com mittee meets once a month to discuss diffir ing into the mill. It seems to he part of the problems, and problems on which ti atmosphere. seem to he no action. It's a good com One definition Webster gives for rliuoslee. ami does unite a bit for morale. I ,J,,,C js> "A surrounding or pervading in- cently looked over the notes of last ye. flutnee." This definition describes our rlcmeetings--78 items had been brought up< iug the year 72 had been corrected, i were being worked on, ami the other 1 -------- - --- were too recent to have been started. , k sires very well. In keejj a high level in nm safety attitude, we must Mirround our iei>plc o-Avith the knowledge dial we are intcre>l<d in safety. We wniimthitglits of safely I** pervade, to spread throughout all their thoughts ami habits. If we can create (his atmosphere of safety, we will have a safe plant. By lack of prujier attention to the ten per cent of safety represented by the physical features, we can destroy this at mosphere and the other Ml percent of safel). Now, if 1 have created the impression that I think maintenance departments are good, almvc the average departments, it was be cause ! wanted to create that impression if yon check thoroughly, you will probable find that it is true in your own mill. N or mally, ours is the job having the greatest exposure to hazard. Vet, in our mill, in terms of frequency rale, the mniiitciiam c department ranks with (he Inst. We bate accumulated as much as 1,500,000 manhoitis between disabling injuries. As far as J know, no other single department within imr mill has approached that. That our mill is not unique in this mailer is witnessed hy the comments I have heard more than me safety director make to the effect that maintenance ntiisl lead the way to any effective safety program. We of maintenance are not only wilting to help, hut selfishly eager to do so. But to do so efficiently, we must know first that someone has a problem, ami second uc must know how important that problem is coti sidcred to be, so that it can be given its rightful place in our work schedules. in reviewing the jobs themselves, antiSAFE C H EM ICA L RECOVERY BOILER OPERATIONS picture appeared. On at least two occasl when a committee member had been asktl By J. R. CHA SSELL and L. H. COYKENDALL he'd discussed it with his supervisor, a Development Design Engineer and Engineering Coordinator, The Babcock & shrugged his shoulders and imittcredf Wilcox Co., Boiler. Div., Barberton, Ohio hadn't thought it would do any good several instances, the supervisor had him to bring the job up at the next committee meeting. In one way or about 60 of the 78 items represented visory failures. Unfortunately, maintenance had its <f failures, too. Even so, there net tTlie chemical recovery boiler has become [an indispensable part of modern Kraft pulp nulls. The recovery unit reclaims o\cr 90 per cent of the chemicals used for cooking rood chips so that the reprocessed chemicals can be relumed to the d:ges?ers and r-ed again The feat rerliir-f d 1 pressure steam front burning the waste black liquor can be used to generate approximated 50 per cent of the power requirements of the mill. The low pressure steam discharged from the back pre'Mire turbines will stipph a* pr< xirrarely fer rerp of ihe f r-. - . ) ) ) 1962 Mutiowl Stiffly Congress 0 0 CC0 .1 /W p amt t'a p rr Sectiait The incineration of these waste Mack liquors makes its unnecessary to discharge them ami pollute tle streams. Modem precipitalors and scrubbers clean most conl.tmmiliug material from the Hue uses before they are discharged to the atmos phere, thereby minimizing air jKjlhition. Be cause chemical recovery reduces the net cost of pulp, paper, and other related products, it is attractive economically. The atm of today's modern recovery units is to operate as economically and as safely as possible. We cannot expect an installation to have all these rewards uithout encountering; prob lems and hazards. The history of the de velopment of modern day chemical recovery Millers, from the first refractory smelters fed with char formed in a rotary kiln/docu ments the hazardous problems which have lccii encountered and overcome. I \ Recovery of chemicals in the early use of the Kraft process consisted of drying and roasting the waste li<|uor in a rotary kiln until a char was obtained. This char, or .so-called black ash, contained the non volatile portion of the constituents dissolved front the wood in addition to the inorganic chemicals of the original cooking liquor, and when discharged from the rotary kilii, was used us the fuel in a refractory smelter. The hot gases front the smelter were directed hack through the rotary kiln where they dried and roasted the Incoming waste liquor, making the process self-sustaining. \ reducing condition was maintained in the fuel or char bed of the smelter, and as the organic constituents burned away, the inorganic ash was chemically smelted, re duced, and tapped from the smeller in a molten state. The only heat utilized by this equipment was that which was needed to evaporate the moisture from the weak black liquor fed to the kiln ami convert it into char. Several pieces of equipment have been added to perform additional functions and contribute to the economy, efficiency, or safety of the process. A waste-heat boiler was added to the smeller furnace-rotary kiln combination, permitting recovery of a part of the heat from the gases discharged from tiic kiln. The development and use of multiple effect evaporators to deliver the waste liquor at higher solids content to the ml ary kiln reduced the heat loss in evaporat ing the liquor. The disc or cascade evapo rator was developed and installed after the waste-heat Imilcr and utilized the heal in the ^ ibises leaving the waste-heat boiler to fur- S (her coliccut rate the Mack liquor before in- 1 troducliou to the rotary kiln. The Murray Wacru unit, introduced about the operator more or less wall area for dryinr^jiis liquor, depending upon ils water confe^t^-Tlm spraying method stabilized combust ion c o n d itio n s on the hearth, reducing the frequency of black-outs, and increased the efficiency of chemical re covery. particles j before penetrating the liquid su r face in jhc smelt dissolving (auk and if the green liquor in the dissolving tank is kept thoroughly agitated. On present day re covery units, steam shatter jets and green liquor recirculating sprays break up the smelt stream before it is submerged in the 19JO, substituted a water-cooled smelter in By thus providing a separate adjustable liquid and a propeller type agitator keep* the place of the refractory smelter previously means of evaporation within the furnace it the fluid in the dissolving tank moving. The used in order" to overcome the refractory self, it was possible to use the cooler water- tank is vented to atmosphere lo eliminate maintenance difficulties, l-iimimiUon of the any explosive gases. rotary d(,riecr mnr Ukiilln.. itn. the KRoss--WWaagner 'f i r : / . . o f refractory, and to csah l.s. alal.lc unit, at aljotit IthI.e.. suite lime, was ltlh.ce lfirs*tt-;:'\I t 1 furnace coiuUlions with the relatively weak step leading to the development of the mod- liquor available from the m..lti|.lc effect cm recovery unit with its stationary furnace.//.-:i t ? evaporators of that day. The introduction The principal conqKJiicnt of (he Rass-Wagner. jp > of this type unit led to rapid developments unit was a vertical, cylindrical, stationary-^ v; in the efficiency of chemical and heal rerefractory furnace. The liquor, at aboul/fj! covery from the furnace. 55 per cent solids content, atomized with/* compressed air, was introduced through lhe* roof of the furnace and directed downward toward the furnace floor or hearth. - There have been many additional refinements to improve K raft recovery units. .Economized, steam coil air heaters, gas air .v heaters, electrostatic precipitators, venturi This nil was significant since it demoti-vj 1} evaporator-scrubbers, cy clo n e evaporators, As a safety feature in this area, the smelt shattering equipment is designed with con siderable excess capacity over that normally required. Steam jets and liquor sprays lo cover a wide Row area are hacked up with auxiliary nozzles and reserve steam pres sure. This reserve shattering capacity is re quired when upset o|>crntiiig conditions of die recovery Imilcr cause the smelt flow to he irregular, for smelt flow rates several limes the normal quantity can he experi enced. strated the principle that all the steps the recovery incineration process could accomplished in a single stationary ftirnace.^ However, refractory maintenance was liighji and combustion conditions on the hearth? were unstable and subject lo frequent Mack*jj outs requiring excessive amounts of auxiljp iary fuel lo maintain the process which re^j suited in low chemical recovery efficiency^ In the Babcock & Wilcox-Tomlinson introduced in 1936, the advantages of 'tL~ Ross-Wagner unit were retained, but there?, were several im|>orIant changes designed MHj eliminate the difficulties noted. Refractory^; maintenance was eliminated by the use of a& water-cooled stationary furnace and a water*!? cooled Hue connection from the furnace Mqj the waste-heat boiler. To overcome the stable furnace condition, the liquor wafjg sprayed onto the walls of the furnace, wlirfc^ it was essentially dehydrated and remained^, until its thickness and weight were suffiaomr to cause it to break off and fall lo the chaff* bed below. The spray nozzle directed at (he iui,, walls was oscillated, continuously depostl a relatively thin layer of liquor on a (HOL. area of the walls which dried before roo spray was redirected to the same area>m deposit additional liquor. Furthermore, a of considerable importance, the angle4-, o sc illatio n o f th e s p ra y w as a d ju s ta b le ^ -low level heat savers, demisters for vent ;<vsucks on smelt dissolving (auks, and various oilier pieces of equipment have been added to do the required job in a better maimer. One particular type of hazard that is found only in recovery boiler operation, the vVreaction between molten smelt and water ;t| or char and water, can create an explosion hazard in the dissolving tank and in the & furnace. In the dissolving tank the reaction if lelwccn smelt and water must be controlled by dissipating the energies in a harmless manner. At other points in the system improper, design and oj>cratioii must be estabfished to prevent smelt and water or char J$*nd water from coming in contact with each Mother. The smelt dissolving tank area is one tewhere controlled smell water reaction must J^he attained lo prevent injuries to personnel ^Jaod damage lo equipment. Thermal ami ^chemical energies are released suddenly when the molten smelt comes in contact with the weak green liquor, in the early development [Stages, lack of shatter jets, inadequate vent* and insufficient agitation resulted hi Juny violent smelt dissolving tank exploclions which resulted not only in serious gtbniige to the equipment but, in many Wes, injury lo operating personnel. Explosions of Ibis kind can be prevented /if the smell stream is broken up into small While the shattering equipment is de signed for abnormal conditions, the most effective way lo provide safety is in proper rq>cration by eliminating smelt spout pluggage and the heavy rushes of smelt which follow. Recovery boiler burning techniques. Mack liquor fuel preparation system, unit controls and instruments have been improved so tliat operating conditions can be expected to he quite steady and the smelt discharge to flow at an even rate. These improvements have practically eliminated the incidence of dissolving tank explosions which were formerly quite numerous. In spite of tiicsc improvements in equip ment and operation, there may lie tunes when, as a result of poor operating pro cedures, the smelt spout will hegiu lo close oil. Preventative action lo he taken is as follows: I. Allow sufficient time to burn the bed down properly during routine shutdown periods. 'Plic bed near the smelt spouts should be burned down below the smelt spout openings and accumulations of smelt and ash that fall from the upper screen tubes or furnace should be melted also. If this condition cannot be achieved during an emergency shutdown, the accumulation of ash in the vicinity of the smelt spouts in the furnace should he raked or shoveled away from die spouts before restarting the unit. 902 National Safely Cutiyrcss 2. Operating a recovery boiler with black smell at a tube can cause extremely* li<jwor concentrations which arc too low can beat input rates which can elevater reduce bciJ temperature and cause the smell temperatures so that wastage of metal, spoil! to freeze over. The pnqier per cent occur. This blowtorch action if con*' solids in the black liquor to the furnace can for some time at a given point may be maintained by correct alteration of the tube wastage to the point of failure. ' evaporators and oilier auxiliary equrjunenl. fore, if the rule, "Never fix the hoof* .1. The amount of combustible inptenal remaining in (he char when it falls to the bed can Ik* controlled hy proper black liquor spray adjustments ami primary ami second ary air and tertiary air distribution. l*ro|er position; always hold it by hand and1 it moving," is observed, there should (auger of luhc damage when air lances ~ used to clear ports which have been ! out. adjustment of primary air flow in the IMuggage of the smell spouts or the vicinity of the smelt spouts will pftomotc mation of smelt ledges oiT furnace*; steady smelt flow. I sometimes require manual probing with 4. Periodic cleaning of chilled smell from to o|>cn the smelt spoilt or knock do the smelt spout is required to maintain ledge. When this procedure is required?* steady smelt flow. d freme care should be used so that the.' Proper design and operation of (be water- mice wall lubes arc not damaged. cooled smelt spout must be established to prevent smelt water reaction. Frequent re placements may be required if the ooliug water supply is contaminated or scale form ing. This is one cause of smelt spout fail ures, corrosion, and cracking. A leak in the Miiclt s | k m i ! allows the cooling water (o mix with stream of smelt and the splattering caused hy the reaction can injure nearby people. The chilling effect can also cause pluggagc of the spout, resulting in abnormal Hows from the other spout. This problem can be entirely eliminated by iuslalling a re circulating condensate system as (he cooling water supply. Excellent results have hceu achieved in this manner. The failure of a furnace luhc of a Kraft chemical recovery unit must he avoided as it may become a serious hazard. I f the water from the leaking tube comes in contact in timately with the smelt, an explosion -can occur. It if comes in contact with the hot char bed, explosive gas can be generated. All furnace wall tube failures do not result in explosions, but nevertheless, it is of major coiicciii when a tube leak >s noted in tin.-; area. The common cause of furnace tube fail ures is scale formation on the inside of the tube. The im|K>rtanrc of maintaining good boiler water conditions cannot lie stressed loo much. This im|K>rtancc increases as the chemical recovery units arc designed for higher temperatures and pressures. Another cause of tube failure is indiscreet Molten smelt is formed in the f_ during the process of incinerating^: ganic substances in the black liquor*! smelt consists of approximately 25 |Kfxr. sodium sulfide and 75 per cent sodiunt ` bonatc. We have discussed the hazard* water spraying on smelt in the ion _ however, keeping the accumulation of Miielt in the furnace to a minimum'is! a safety feature of design. A recovery furnace designed willt a' tug floor so (bat the smelt is discharge! the dissolving lank from the recovery! as soon as it is formed minimizes thif aid. Fluid hot smelt leaks from the fa form a hazard to equipment and per. Red hot flowing smelt can cut pressure parts and enclosures. The f bottom and lower side wall must he : scaled in order to prevent smelt from *_ ing out between the tubes. Early mode! water-cooled furnaces^ ing upon a very thick layer of refc lining inside the furnace to form thc^ against smelt flow, used the tubes i reinforcement and as a form. Pin welded to the pressure parts of the fu were added to hold the refractor)' more securely in place and to extant life of the refractory hy lowering il*^ pel alure. Chill plates were later builtqjt outside tangent of tubes in an a(lr ( freeze molten smelt which mighty through the refractory. use of air lances in air ports. An fir lance directed across burning char andl molten n The trend has been steadily toward: metal usage as a positive seal again." OCOECVJ *!} 1`n l/' a m i 1`a f t r ...c tia n The furnace wall tul and' floor were moved to closer acing. Pin i;'*an<l chrome ore rrfraiyifv^arg. ji-. ^ on (lie furnace side lo protect the ;from wastage in the sulfur reducing ^here of the lower furnace. Flat studs i 'added at the centerline of the tube and 'ads of studs welded together. In addi c t steel plate membrane is welded hclubes, making a solid tight welded udion all the way to the primary air `level. 'construction is a positive metal seal ,_^.lhe flow of smelt. The joinls of the to the floor are also welded tight and construction has eliminated leakage die floor. The transition lo a comf sealed metal bottom has now been led and the only path for the smelt tfoflow is out the spout. Smelt leakage, \ i.sras once a common occurrence in j 1;recovery units, lias now heen made fly nonexistent on the modern rc'units. In addition, when extensive te|are made to units 10 to IS years old, of these more modern features may 'applied to the hearth zone so that the of smelt leaks can l>c greatly ftior to 1940, soot blowers were generally Vve in recovery units. Multiple jet J did not dislodge liard drjrosils and ^furnaces were often operated under ; as a result of plugging of lire gas Steam cutting due to misalign- _iwas prevalent. Consequently, band was a necessary part of recovery :Operation. Hand lancing was not an exr hazardous part of flic operation but ^ was always a chance of personal in,jcither by being Imnied by the hot biices, or by having hot gases and Moan from the lance ports and furnace which were used for lancing. $ * e recovery iinils became larger, they :more difficult to lance by hand. This, 'increasing labor costs, forced the dczt of automatic retractable lance devices to cope with (lie tenaceous i dial form in (lie hot gas regions of toovery unit. The design of the re.tmits lias l>cen changed to arrange ' so that the ash which was cleaned 0 the tubes falls into the furnaceor into toiler hoppers. Even witii the most eflccloown cleaning equipment, the surfaces . must be arranged with .due respect to gas temperatures, gas velocities, and tube spacJug in order to achieve a elcannldc recovery unit. The combination of proper arrangement of heat absorbing surfaces and the applica tion of improved type soot blowers have virtually eliminated lancing on modem re covery units, thus increasing safely during operation. Auxiliary oil and gas burners arc used when starting up lo bring the boiler up to pressure, put it on ihc line, to ignite the black liquor, and sustain furnace tempera ture until the black liquor burner has Ircen stabilized. These burners arc also used lo melt down the char when the unit is to !>c shut down and to stabilize the furnace dur ing upset operational conditions or black liquor fuel interruptions. The recovery unit fired with a high mois ture black liquor fuel may lose ignition if the air flow or fuel moisture content changes. Smelling over of air ports will afTcct the air flow distribution and erratic o|eratioii of multiple effect cvu|ornlurs will affect Ihc fuel solids content causing a black-out or loss of ignition in one area of the furnace, which will become accumula tive unless corrected. Auxiliary oil or gas burners arc placed in service to compensate for the loss of heat release due to the black out. The operator must also rod the air ports to rc-cstahlish proper combustion con ditions. Operation of auxiliary burners is a manual function because of the problems mentioned aliovc. However, safely devices arc Itcing installed to help the operator with the auxiliary burners. The problem of burning oil or gas in a recovery furnace is much Ihc same as in normal power Itoilcrs. However, the primary pur|>osc of the recovery Imiler is to burn black liquor and recover the chemical effici ently, and as a result, (he arrangement of air {Mtrls and air. distribution is designed to accomplish (his pur|Kisc. A typical oil or gas linrucr cannot he used in the hearth because of smelt conditions, 'file auxiliary burners arc mounted around ihc uitil nil all sides to distribute the heal and are not as easily observed by (lie operators. Several Kraft recovery unit furnace explosions have been caused by improper use or improper func tioning of auxiliary burners Improve! steam ) ) 1962 National Safety Congress 000C03 /*//> and l \ Section atomizing type oil burners and gas burners that give better stability are now used. Tlic greatest contribution to the safety of auxiliary burners in recovery units has been the recent application of monitoring, equip ment to oil and gas burners. Monitored oil and gas burners are offered on new units and arc recommended for all existing. Kraft recovery units. Automatic monitoring sys tems will include: (1) flame failure de tectors, (2) air flow permisstves, (3), maxi mum air windbox pressure cut-oi^t, (4) maximum and minimum gas pressure cut outs, (S) minimum oil temperature ci|t-outs, and (6) fan failure interlocks. y Controls and instrumentation can contrib ute greatly to safe recovery unit operation. Temperature recorders, flow recorders, level indicators, density indicators, draft loss gauges, and other present day instruments can show the operator what is happening in the recovery unit without his having to leave his operating station. These very valu able guides can be used to detect the devel opment of unsafe conditions long before it could be determined from other sources. Automatic controls can perform many func tions of the operator so that he may be free to attend to other duties necessary to effici ency and safety of operation. Of course, alt instruments and controls must be properly calibrated and checked to make sure that readings are true and they must be carefully maintained so that the operator can have confidence in them. A good training program for operating personnel and supervisors is necessary for safe operation. t. Knowledge of Equipment -- When a new recovery unit is started up, time and effort spent to explain the features and ob jectives of the new equipment can prevent future accidents or operating mistakes. 2. Experience -- Operating problems en countered during the initial starting up period may be a good school of hard knocks for the crews on duty at the time; but al though straightening out upset operating conditions is good training, it is poor for production records. Shutdown and change over drills should be incorporated in a smooth running mill to give operatorjs proper training in handling emergencies.' These drills may well point out weaknestj in the established operating procedures an^ result a iu the prevention of accidents or improve- } The old type chemical recovery [ incuts of operation. * , '. difficult to keep clean. The plugg&gc condi 3. Training Replacements - The turnover / tio n s of the boiler passes caus4iU*-fork in operating personnel is greater than one | pressure operation, resulting in fumes and would normally realize. Some operators are \ sparklers being belched into the recovery advanced to more responsible positions and *. ^ boiler room. Ash hoppers which collected turn over their duties to less experienced ' ash and smelt were dumped to the boiler men. Men move on to other pulp and paper * room floors and then shoveled back into the mills or into other industries. These change* :J, j* furnace through the access door. The mod reduce the number of experienced operators em unit is designed to keep (lie boiler passes available to operate the chemical recovery open and all heating surfaces that arc sub boiler. Retraining of operators and super- ./ ject to hard smelt'deposits arc located abov e visors is required to keep operation up to the furnace so that these deposits fall to ing! standards of economy and safety. the smelt bed. The ash from the boiler hop A thorough and aggressive maintenance R 1 the fuel system through prograamm ran make valuable contributions to safe recovery unit operation. Many haz- ardous conditions arc caused by mechanical or electrical failures. The chances of having ! accidents arc much greater when abnormal conditions arise. Motor trip-out on an anxil- iary pump, fan, or agitator, or other types : dcloosseed ascvys.telmflUaonr ds kneicreneps sythsetemau<s.hUThiinpkssijdI*eis oaf flie recovery unit. Combined efforts in the fields of operaklion, maintenance, and design have done much to reduce hazards of the Kraft rct-covcry process. Safety features that arc built into the new imtti;'can he adapted to existing units. Ample refjerve shattering ca pacity lias improved stum handling. Auxil iary burners arc more stable ami monitoring equipment is now provided Automatic re tractable soot blowers have improved boiler cleaning, thus improving boiler availability and minimizing hand lancing. Uniformly concentrated black liquor fuel and improved burning techniques maintain steady furnace conditions. Operators have better training and more instrumentation is provided to help them keep aware of operating conditions at ail times. The complex fuel, smelting, and cleaning problems of chemical recovery units make remote automated controls more complicated to apply than on power boilers. The paper industry and equipment suppliers, however, will mutisme to improve the safety of chemical recovery lioilns. of equipment failures can take the operator away from his primary responsibilities, thereby making the total recovery boiler $ operation less safe. A good maintenance and 2 inspection program can do a great deal toward elimination o f hazards caused by * these failures. j DEVELOPING AND GAINING A C CEPTA N C E OF SAFE PRACTICES Maintenance crews are always overworked,5 during mill outages, but in the long run, J By ROBERT H. CA RRU TH ERS complete maintenance during a scheduled r . District Safety Director, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Summit, N. J. outage pays off. Continued maintenance of spare equipment can he accomplished during ; normal operating periods to allow the men t to do a better job during scheduled outages. J During the scheduled outage, particular 4 attention should be paid to the inspection of { the furnace hearth area for any signs oM pressure part deterioration. Illistcrs, wasted*'* lube metal, excessive stud burning, and lubes [{ bowed out of position will indicate, gener- $ ally, water treatment problems. The water./} We arc all aware that industrial accident prevention is a complex and many sided problem for which there is no short cut solution, no automatic panacea. We know that success in preventing personnel injuries and protecting plant facilities depends on a balanced program which recognizes and then stabilizes the problem of the policy of management and the philosophy of labor. Please note I did not include the word practices is a safely atmosphere in whirl you warm (he cool spots ami cool the hot spots, keeping in mind that the person who is against accidents is not necessarily for safety. In a given situation, regardless of management policy or of labor philosophy, you must let liter manager know what is expected from him and you must inform the worker what is expected of him. Sometimes this area of cooperation, which you attempt side of the unit should be inspected for in- *J rationalize between recognize and stabilize, to establish, becomes an arena of conflict-- dications of scale and, if found, the unit as I am convinced there is no room for hence, the term, "creating an atmosphere/* should be acid cleaned to insure safety dur-*` rationalizing or compromising, if you and 1 Ing the next operating period. i t are to continue as important integral parts A chemical recovery room in which im* V of private enterprise. Somewhere along the portauce is placed upon neatness, freedom line we must strike a happy medium, or from debris, and dirt accumulations provides perhaps I should say create an atmosphere more safety for the operator. It is muck in which we can fuse management (the easier for him to recognize developing " Nmanager) and labor (the worker) into an (roubles or hazards. Recognizing the exist- ( ^ effective accident prevention leant. cnee of a dangerous condition is the first / Probably the most important aspecl hi step toward eliminating it. developing and gaining acceptance of safe For a moment let its think of a vacuum almosphcric vessel into which you draw everyone's ideas, thoughts and experiences --pro and con. Next, to develop and gain acceptance of safe practices, you warm up. cool down, add, subtract, smooth out. and round off the ingredients. As the solution begins to jell in lids favorable atmosphere, you reverse the flow and expand outwards the resulting safe practices. } OFFICERS OF THE RAILROAD SECTION home and Off-thc-Job S a fe ty C o m m ittee--J. L. Koiiwemek (Chair.), Duluth, ntissahe it Iron Range Uy. O., Duluth, Mimi.; V irgil S m ith (Vice Chair.), Terminal Railroad Assn, of Si. Louis, St. Louis, Mo.; *R. P. H amilton, St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co.. St. Louis, Mo.; P. W. A ck erm ann, Denver & Rio Grande Railroad G., Denver, Colo.; J. W. T jioMtsun, Seaboard Air Line Railroad Co., Richmond, Va. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 1 General Chairman--D. 1'. Kus.slJ.V, ( anaiiian 1`acilic Nailway Co., Wimlsur Stai ion. Mot treat, Qiic., Canada. i I ice Chairman--W. V. H avi:s, l|ew York Central .System, New York, N. Y. f i r e Chairman--I. K. Muntoon' Chicago, Nock Island i Pacific R. R. Co., La Salle St Station. Chicago. III. S e c r e ta ry and Newsletter lid itu r-T . L. II.I.nramAN.., Soo Line Railroad Co., Soo Li Illd g ., M in n e a p o lis , M in n . .1.%'Sitt`iiitt' A`estetter t.dihtrx- Southeast--I. W. Koniinkc, Va. N o rfo lk & Western Ry. Ct Membership Committee--O. W. S m ith (Chair.), Grand Trunk Western K. R. Co., Detroit, Mich.; 1\ M. Britt (Vice Chair.), Clmchficld Railroad, Erwin, Ten.; R. VV. Bo w m a n , Bessemer & Lake Eric Railroad, Greenville, Pa.; W. O. Cuttingiiam , Western Mary land Ry. Co., Hagerstown* M d.; P. II. J knnkk, Western Pacific Railroad Co., San Francisco, Calif.; *J. 11. W ii.i.ia m s, Texas & Pacific Ry. Co., Dallas, T ex.; E. C\ Flynn, Wabash Ry. Co., St. Louis, Mo. Nominations and electio n s C o m m ittee--4H. C. D aulton ( C hair.), The Louisville & Nash ville Railroad Co., Louisville, K y.; *G. C. S tromsoe (V ice C hoir.), Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co., Jacksonville, Fla.; *L. C. H a h n ey , Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co., Joliet. III. Program Committee--W . V. H ayes (Chair.), New York Central System, New York, N. Y .; G. R. H untoon (V ic e Chair.), Chicago Rock Island & Pacific R. R. Co., Chi cago, III.; J. E. S i.avkn, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy K. R. Co., Chicago, III.; K. W. Hoims, Missouri Pacific Lines, St. Louis, Mo.; *J. Li.mu, Jersey Central Lines, Jersey City, N. J .; D. F. G i f f o r d , Cliicagn, treal Western Railroad G., Oclwcin, Iowa; Raymond Davis, New York City Transit Authority, Brooklyn, N. Y. IIVj /--M. A. Nur.E-Nr, The Southern Pacific Co., Sail Francisco, Calif. Central--A. W. S iika, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul K: Pacific Railroad Co., Cliicago.il Planning and Vutdicatious Committee--J. R. HanNUtMAN (Chair.), Canadian National Railways, Moni real, Quebec, Canada. /asiera--W. C. L akaway, The Delaware K; Hudson Railroad Co., Albany, N. Y. Southw est--(i. R. K n io iit, St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Lines. Pine Itliifi, Ark. Canada-- J. R. Ua n n k k m a N, Canadian National Railways, Montreal, Que.. Canada Posters--L. E. W all (Vice Chair.), Illinois Central Railroad, Chicago, III.; C. E. Tiiokney, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee Railway Co., Highwood, 111.; G. M. Dyer, Kentucky & Indiana Terminal Railroad Co., Louisville, K y.; E. G. H u sk , The Pullman Co., Chicago, 111.; T. G. W illey, Akron, Canton & Youngstown Railway Co., Akron, Ohio; Ross S. V an N ess, Chicago, Burlington, Ik Quincy R. R. Co., Oiiimiwa, Iowa. Tlic Delaware & Mud Contes, and Statistical ConmdtUc-^N. Nurfolk & Western Ry Railroad Co., Albany, n . *. *............... ,. ... Buroa Co., Roanoke, V a .; E . G. H usk, The Pullman O v , Chicago, III.; G. E. Getty,DBowuieu, of K)\ Economics, Assn, of American Railroads, Washington, D. C. ; L. C. Me Dowr Chicago & North Western Ry., Chicago, III.; *K. P. H amilton, St. Louis-San l*i Publications--J. A. Dil i.AN (Vice Chair), Duluth, Missahe & Iron Range Ry. Co., Duluth. Minn.; J. T. A ndrew, Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn.; E. 11. Lewis, Union Pacific Railroad, Omaha, N ehr.; J. G. Iham ta m , Toronto, Hamilton & Buffalo Ry. (V , Hamilton, Out., Canada; C. A. Birlk, Missouri-Kansas-Tcxas Lines, Denison, Texas; F. R. E lm s, Reading Co., Reading, Pa. Kv. Co., St. Louis, M Planning--Casmhk S mith ( I 'ice Chair), McKccsjmmT Connecting Railroad (To., Pittsburgh, J;ihn and S o u n d Cmmmftcr--A. W. S hea (C hair.) Chicago. Milwaukee, St. Paul & Padtc Pa.; *C. T. D e W itt, Northern Pacific Ry. Co., St. Paul, Minn.; It. A. Newton, Chi cago & Western Indiana KR-Rclt Railway Co., Cliicago, III.; R. E. D u V ai.l, New York, Railroad Co., Chicago, III.; E. H. Blkwf.k fKu* w .,. ____ Cleveland, Ohio; M. A. N ui.ent, The Southern Pacific Co., San Francisco, Calif.; G ..If . K nic.iit , St. Louis Southwestern Ry. ^ 1 Lines, Pine UL; R. L. Bluff, Ark.; *L. C. Carroll, Southern H a hney, Eigi^ * Pacific Co., Sa lolicl & Eastern Railway Co., Joliet, * -- -- - _ .. . f- p--raitcisco, CI alif.; L. li. Kino. Suullicrtt Ry. System, Washington, I). C. Susquehanna and Western Railroad Co., Paterson, N. J.; II. A. I flu., Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad Co., Richmond, Va.; J. A. Bonei.i.i, The Pcnnsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa.; J. I \ Bono, Sr., The Baltimore & Ohio It. U. Co., Baltimore, Md. Railrtrooaada Hn tiygmhwv uayy Ti riuaf^fici. Safety C__ommittee--G. M. D em psey, (Chair.), Chicago, waukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, III.; J. P. Koi.oc ( Vice Chavi Illinois Ce:ntra~l Railroad, --C--h-Jicargr_o:, 111.; E. W. Ho`ims, Miss^ouiri CPalecvifeilca--n-L-d<i,nemOs,h,.iSoot-;. LCGo..uEis Mo.; H E. S hauchnessf.yi Erie-Lackawanna Railroad Co. , Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. Co., Chicago, I1I1I1..;; UO.. RK. Hhaammmmuit,/ H UNTOON Topeka & Santa r e Ry., Chicago, 111.; R. W. C assid y, The Chesapeake ani Atchison, Topek Oliio Ry. Co., Huntington, \V. Va. ' Staff Representative--L. W. D ctton, Na Past General Chairman fety Council, Chicago, III. .li. 0 005C ) ) OFFICERS OF THE WOOD PRODUCTS SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 |i Cenerai Chairman--T. l. N orth, Safety D ir, Rayonicr Canada Untiled, Vancouver, B. C., Canada. : Fire ( hainnan and /Ym/r<mi Chairman--F. A. Roi.es, Safely Fug., Weyerhaeuser Com pany, Longview, Wash. ( y AVi'fletter Editor--C. R. R ustemevJek, Canadian Forest Products, Ltd., Vancouver, B. C, Canada. Secretary and Membership Chairman--J. S. Bow m an, Mgr., Safety and Loss Prevention, United Slates Plywood Corp., New York, N. Y. HryiotMl Keprestniatives--Great lathes--*Roy l. J ohnson , Krochlcr Manufacliiriiig Co., Kankakee, Ilk; East--S eth J ackson, Safely Oliccr, U. S. Forest Service, Washington, D. C.; .Yiuif/i---*J. T. D u n i.oi*, Dierks Forests, DeQueen, Ark.; IFi*jf--*Kohkkt M. Gil more, Rayonicr incnr]K>ratcd, lt<H|iiiain, Wash.; Canada: tCest *W. M. Am.inon, II. C Liuuhcr Manufacturers Assn., Vancouver, B. C., Canada; Canada: Hast--*l. 11. Beeves, Lumbermen's Safely Association, Tonmio, Ontario, Canada. Sau'mMintj Committee--R. l. Bell (Chairman), Safety Dir., Crossett Div., Georgia-Pacific Corp., Crossett, Ark.; Roy F. P owell, Potlatch Forests, Ine., Warren, Ark.; H oward A. C urtis, Simpson Logging Co., Shelton, Wash.; J ames Mohkis, Ozan Lumber Co., Pres cott, Aik.; Roiikkt P. M iller, International Paper C o , Long Belt Div., Longview, Wash.; S. L. Gkkcomy, Pope & Talbot, Inc., Portland, Ore.; J. A. Ba in , Arkansas Dept, of Labor, , Lillie Rock, Ark.; Adidxor to Committee : *W. M. A llison, B. C. Lumber Manufacturers Assn., Vancouver, Canada. l.oviihuj Committee--J ames C hady (Chairman), Western Pine Assn., Portland, Ore.; John T ukueon, Quebec Lumber industries Safely Assn., Quebec City, P. Q., Canada; K. L. CirsoN, Georgia-Pacific Corp., Portland, Ore.; C. R. P o n s, Lumbermen's Safety Assn., Toronto, Out., Canada; J. J. P i.askv, Georgia-Pacific Corp., Hillsboro, N. C.; H aywood = N urr, Roy O. Marlin Lumber Co., Alexandria, La.; Advisor to Committer: *Joe T. D u n i.oi*. Dierks Forests Ine., Dc Queen, Aik. t l Y m v r and t 'lyu'ood l o m m itte e I miiumin M i k u m (Chairman), Aigoma Div., United Slates Plywood Corp., Atgnma, Wis. ; Don M acBean, MacMillan Bloedel & Powell River, Ltd., Vancouver, B. C., Canada; It. C i i a n u u k Dkkw, Meilford Corp., Medford, O re.; If. C Beiihnut, Wood Products Div., Weyerhaeuser Co., Marshfield, Wis.; N eh. K. Leacii* m an, Employers Moloals o f Wausau, Portland, O re,; Romos S. J ones, Branch Mgr, Weyerhaeuser Co., Hancock, Vt.; J ack Sciiikoi-sky, Branch Mgr., Weyerhaeuser Co, Saull Ste Marie, Out., Canada Advisor to C o m m itte e :-- ' K uiiekt M. (in.Moke, Rayonicr Incorporated, Hcxpiiam, Wash. ? Furniture and Milheork Cimmiif 'i r --T homas L. R asmussen (Chairman), The Connor 1.umher & Lami Co.. Lamia. Wis.; Gioio.k Schneider, Amlersen Corp., Bay|>orl, Minn.; V. K A nmekson, Krochter M^iiiiacliiriiig Co., Binghamion, N. Y. ; Kohekt J. D unna-^ ) i;a k , North Carolina I>cparhiieitl o f Labor, Witishn-Salcm, N. C . ; A unui' S k o n n im ;, Western Electric Co., Hawthorne Station, Chicago, III.; A dviso r to Com m ittee: MltRUtKi A. I.Aim'll*, Employers Mulu.vls of W ausau, W ausau, Wis. Coopeniye { tontut!tee-- I. W. S itu rr (Chairm an), Jos. K. Seagram & Sons, Inc., New Vm k, N*. V .; \\\ E. L y n n . Hiram W alker X: Sons, Inc.. Cooperage I >iv., iVm in, III.; R. K I'oiiMlsvAl, l.ondtm is I'ctvnlin (turn*!! Co., Loudon, ( hit., C an ad a; I. K a n m a i i . T h o m a s , la in in licit Cooperage Co., Pittsburgh, I*.; .tdvisor to Committee: *K . C. Ciili.oio.ss. Cooperage l)iv., National Distillers Products C o., Memphis, Tcuu. Trade .'tssin'Miiou Committee-- Itu:i W aim: (C h a irm a n ), N o rth ern lu t. LumlHTmen's A sm i, P rin c e G eorge, II. ( \ , C anada; V. W . C o i ii h l n , S o u th ern P ine Assn., Nrvv O rlean s. L a.; I*. I. M u s l i m , 1'inilicr O p erato rs Council. Inc., P o rtland, O n*.; A d viso r to C o m w ittte: K. II. K i:i :v i:s , L um hcniicirs S a fe ty A ssn., T o ro n to , O ut., Canada. Off-thc-Job S a fe ty (tm nnittee-- ( loiiul N o k k is (C hairm an). II. C. I . iiiiiIh t M aiiiifaelu icis Assn., Vancouver, II. C., Canada; L. W. I I a o i r u i -, l.utuhcrnirii's M utual C asually C o . Chicago, III.; L ou is P o skv , Diamond National Co.. Northwest Lumber lliv ., C immif D' Aleuc, hlaho; /Utvisor to Com m ittee: C iia h i.l s l\. Z k s k k y , .Ik., T . H. Muslin it C o , Kansas City, Mo. Contest amt Siafisties Committee--la u n s II. I loi t .s o i n i (Chairm an), S a fe ly Dir., W eyer haeuser to ., Tacoma, W ash.; W. I). W ii.u a m s , kroch lcr M fg. Co. o f Kentucky, Louisvillc, K y .; A dviso r to the Com m ittee: ` L o u is (ii.AZLtt, Dierks Eorests, Inc., Kansas City, Mo. Nominatiuff Committee--` A. I;. R kinw aki (C hairm an). T. II. Mastiu and Co., Si. Louis, M u.; *H. II. K kkvks, Lumlcrmcn*s S a fe ly Assn., Toronto, Out., C an ada; I I lkiilht A. L auwic, Em ployers Mutuals o f Wausau, W ausau, Wis. Staff Kepresentative-- Koukkt C ukkil, National S a fe ty Council, Chicago, III. ` Past General Chairman.