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Batteries Provide Dependable Power For Coast To Coast TV Transmission COAST to coast television tra*s- against weather and corrosive acids mission is another of the major and salts present in most soils by the achievements of the American Teleimpervious lead sheath which com phone and Telegraph Company in its pletely encases the transmitting wires. continuous pursuit of better telephone The radio-relay system, on the other communication. Two of the develop hand, does not require any physical ments that have come out of this re means of transmission and therefore search have made this possible. The does not require lead's protection. coaxial cable and more recently the The transmitting equipment does how microwave radio relay system which, ever require a dependable source of working in combination, make it pos electrical power and for this reason sible for you. sitting in your living the equipment is operated from lead room, to view historical happenings storage batteries, many of which are or in your lighter moments to be in a "Exide" batteries manufactured by position to disagree with the umpire The Electric Storage Battery Co. in a close play at the plate though Microwaves, the basis for the radio the action is taking place hundreds relay network, are very short radio of miles away. waves which behave much like light Both the coaxial cable and the rays in that they travel in straight radio-relay developments point up a lines. For coast-to-coast television, a very important but little realized fact microwave transmitter must therefore that one of the oldest metals known "see ' the receiver. It is this charac to mankind, lead, continues to be one teristic that makes it necessary to have of the most useful. 107 radio-relay stations, each within The coaxial cable, for physical line-of-sight of its two flanking transmission of telephone and tele stations. vision circuits, is effectively protected In the operation of a television net- A cut-away view of a typical radiorelay station. The storape batteries are located on the second and third floors- Xf ,-TS9fc- H work, the electrical signals produce DV the camera are sent to a switchin station of the Bell System tor Iran mission to TV stations in other par of the United States. At the switci ing stations, the signals mas be irar. mitted over a network of coax: cables or radio-relay stations, wine ever are available. During transni: sion. these signals weaken and winsent by coaxial cable must be strengti ened by booster stations located aLn the cable. When sent bv microwave they are beamed from tower to towi and are boosted at each tower i1 millionfold and it is at these poin where the lead storage battery utilized. Because most of these ' peater stations are unattended, the r liability of the power supply is i paramount importance. In all cases, commercial power used to operate rectifiers which su ply current for the batteries. In c_ *-*426004 Two hundred-foot steel tourer near Salt Lake City. Transmitting equip ment. including batteries, is located in a separate building. of failure of the commercial power, the storage batteries continue to sup ply the necessary power until gasoline operated emergency equipment auto matically cuts in and puts the batteries back on float. In the event these emer gency generators fail to start, the stor age battery equipment is capable of carrying the relay station load for six to eight hours and in some stations 24 hours. A special control system, also operated by dependable lead storage batteries, is used to provide information at control centers con cerning the operations of each unat tended relay station. At the first sign of trouble, any one of 42 different operating conditions can be checked from the control center and mainte nance crews with the proper equip ment sent to clear the trouble before any of the viewing public realizes a breakdown has occurred. One other important aspect of the coaxial cable and the radio-relay sys tems is that they are capable of trans mitting hundreds of telephone mes sages and television network pro grams, all simultaneously and all properly unscrambled at the distant end by Bell's System's special equip ment. Wrinkle Removing--An Unusual Use For lead LEAD is a wrinkle remover. In Further depression of the pedal actu forming sheet metal parts, par ates an arm fitted with a strip of soft ticularly those used in aircraft manu lead causing it to strike a series of facture, a serious problem that has blows along the wrinkled edge of the always consumed valuable time and piece as shown in the illustration. The labor is the removal of wrinkles from forming die remains in the work the edges of pressed metal parts. piece during the slapping operation, Wrinkles commonly occur when a serving as an inner anvil. After the sheet metal edge is turned and the first few blows, the slapper conforms metal placed in compression. Here over its entire length to the shape of tofore. vyrinkles have been removed the work. By restricting the sheet bv a fatiguing manual operation. But metal flow to the area covered bv the now a new machine known as a shrink slapper and compressing the metal to finishing machine, developed by the occupy less surface area, the wrinkles Hufford Machine Works. Inc., at Re disappear. dondo Beach. California, not only The strip of lead used in the ma speeds up the finishing operation but chine is cast, soft lead approximately permits the use of female help on an otherwise strenuous job usually re stricted to male labor. The shrink finishing machine em ploys a mechanicallv driven lead "slapper" to do the work. A foot pedal controls a pneumatic clamp to The Hufford muchine for removing wrinkles from the edges of pressed metal parts. hold down the part to be finished. % inch by 1 inch by 15 inches and "weighing almost 5rpounds. The ser vice life of a hammer depends, of course, upon use, but normally 20 hammers or siappers are "consumed" per day. After a slapper has served its useful life, it is simply melted down and recast. The reason for using lead is obvi ous: Lead is heavy and dense, yet soft. Its high density makes for ease in hammering and its relative softness causes it to conform to the curvature of the work without damaging or mar ring it. Furthermore, lead is easily recast with practically no dross loss and no change in its properties. Red Lead: Paint Primers Used At Tetraethyl Lead Plant THE painting of chemical plants and can be obtained with red lead primers chemical process equipment poses containing linseed bil base or high oil an unusually severe problem for the content alkvd base vehicles. However plant manager and maintenance since vehicles of this type have rela engineer. 7 tively poor chemical resistance they In addition to resistance to me must be followed by impermeable chanical abrasion and the usual na films of chemically resistantSSratings. tural elements, protective paint sys Pigmented vinyl chloride-acetate co tems for chemical process equipment polymer films are exceptionally well must withstand intermittent or*Sn- adapted for this purpose. tinuous exposure to a variety of Unfortunately vinyls have two seri chemical fumes. Among the fumes ous handicaps. Their adherence to most often encountered are sulfur di metal is not good unless the surface oxide. sulfur trioxide, hydrogen sul can be sandblasted and the strong sol fide, nitric oxides, chlorine, hydrogen vents used in their formulation tend chloride and ammonia. to "lift" and destroy the primers that Since normal plant maintenance do offer the requisite surface wetting procedures oftentimes do not permit properties on hand-cleaned steel. the complete removal of corrosion Faced with the problem of develop products and foreign matter by sand ing efficient paint systems for various blasting, suitable paint systems must pieces of steel equipment in the Ethyl be designed to adhere to partially Corporation's tetraethyl lead plant at rusted surfaces. A good bond to the Baton Rouge. Louisiana, Mr. Clarence metal surface requires that the primer C. Harvev, corrosion engineer, devel vehicle penetrate through the residual oped a novel svstem that has proven rust and foreign matter to establish highly successful over a five-year test a firm anchorage to the underlying period both on panel exposure and on metal. High molecular weight polv- actual plant equipment. This system mers. such as the chemically resistant is now well known in the Gulf Coast vinyl resins, do not have this area as the "Harvev System" and con property. sists of a red lead alkyd base primer Excellent bonding to surfaces pre and a vinvl finish coat separated by a pared by wire brushing and chipping coat of a chlorinated rubber-base Operating plant struc tures for producing tetraethyl lead are also protected with a red lead anticorrosivevinyl finish paint sys tem. The system is performing well after three rears of rigorous industrial exposure. PHOTOS BY tTHYL CO IK This sulphuric acid dryingyjggxtm is protected with a paint system con taining a red lead-alkyd primer coat and has withstood severe acid spillage and fume conditions for four and one-half years. product. The chlorinated rubber bar rier coat prevents the aromatic sol vents and ketones from "lifting" the alkvd vehicle in the red lead primer coat. This system is resistant to both acid and caustic agents. Some tanks protected with this system in acid areas at the Baton Rouge Plant show no significant failure after five years' exposure. Drum coating is another important application of red lead primers at the Ethyl Corporation. "Ethyl" anti knock fluid drums are primed with a red lead vinyl paint. In the case of new drums this is applied by the drum manufacturer directly over the black steel without sandblasting. Some of the older drums have been sandblasted and coated with the red lead vinyl primer. The vinyl primer is followed in a few minutes by a conventional alkvd base "color coat." When drums are returned from a customer thev are cleaned with hot 10% caustic to re move the color coat. The red lead vinyl primer is not affected by this treatment. A new color coat can then be applied and the drum looks new for each shipment. 4-- -- LI A26006 I Public And Private Housing Use Flexible Lead Plumbing Connections LEAD in its many forms is being Wood of Louisville, the architects, i used in today's modern building have used lead extensively on this construction whether it be high or low-cost housing project. low cost, publicly or privately fi AH bathtub connections are U4-in. nanced. No matter what the type of lead "P" traps and 114-in. lead "P'' construction, one of the major con traps will take the waste from the siderations is low maintenance cost, lavatories. The water closets are con particularly of the plumbing system. nected to the stacks with 4-in. flexible r An installation that provides for flex lead bends and 220 laundry trays ible lead connections between the rigid piping and the fixtures is almost certain to attain this objective. Lead, at the present time, is avail waste into 2-in. lead traps. All vent stacks through the roofs are flashed with lead and all joints in cast-iron pipe are lead calked. The plumbing Preparing lead water closet connec tion for installation in one of the bathrooms of the Louisville. Ky. hous ing project. able in ample quantities to take care contractor is James E. Smith, Inc.. of all requirements of the construction also of Louisville. WYNNEWOOD. PA. industry and there are no restrictions Moving north again close to the on its use. In addition, sufficient quan ORANGE, TEXAS city of Brotherly Love, the Benjamin tities are available to use it in place Lessner Co., plumbing contractors of of materials that may be still in short supply. A quick glance around the country Going on to the southwest, we find lead plumbing goods used extensively in a low-rent project now under con Philadelphia, are following the archi tect's directions by installing lead wastes and lead water closet stubs in at various construction sites will indi struction by the Housing Authority a large privately financed apartment cate that high quality lead roughing- of the City of Orange, Texas, near the project in Wvnnewood. Lower Mer- in for plumbing systems in all types Gulf of Mexico. On this 100-unit proj ion Township. of housing construction is widely ect, lead bends, lead drum traps, lead Lead wastes and lead fixture con i used, particularly for low-cost hous ing projects. This type of housing un wastes and vents are being ased to nections are particularly adaptable to make ail fixture connections to the concrete slab construction, the tvpe doubtedly requires the utmost care in soil, waste and vent lines. Lead vent of construction used in this job. be the selection of materials to meet the stack flashings are also being installed. cause of the ease with which lead can ( cost restrictions placed on such jobs. The Shivers Plumbing and Supply be made to conform to slight inaccura Co. of Houston, has set up a plumbing cies in locating fixtures. LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY In this land of the blue grass, a shop on the construction site in which all of the lead work is being prepared in advance of need by one plumber, DALLAS. TEXAS modem housing project is now under under ideal working conditions, an In this rapidly growing citv of the construction by the Louisville Munici arrangement that undoubtedly adds southwest, another low-cost Govern pal Housing Commission and when to the quality of the work efficiency. ment housing project is underway. completed will house 650 families in Similar conditions were encountered The project which is an addition to 55 buildings. F. J. Hartsten and 0. P. on all of the other jobs described. Below, some of the lead fixture connections, wastes and vents, installed in a low-rent project in Orange, Texas, and right, the lead and cast-iron roughing-in for back-to- back bathrooms in the project at IPynnewood. Pa. 1 1 1 i 5-- -- LI A2 6007 the alreadv constructed Frazier Courts homes, will contain 300 units. The architects for these additional units have taken advantage of the unique properties of lead when used in the plumbing system, its flexibility, its smooth inner bore, its greater strength at the joints and of course its resistance to corrosion by hydrogen sulphide and other corrosive gases and liquids present in the plumbing system. The Alford Plumbing & Heating Co. has the plumbing contract for the job and in accordance with the plans is usine lead extensively in the waste The lead connections in two oj the 300 bathrooms in a Dallas. Texas, low-cost housing project. and vent rougning-in for the 300 bath rooms being installed. Flexible lead bends will connect the water closets to the stack and lead drum traps with lead inlet and outlet arms for all bath tubs are being installed. All vent stacks through the root will be flashed with 4-lb. sheet lead. Unique Acid Mist Precipitator Uses Bonded Lead REMOVING sulphuric acid mist seal. The portion of the precipitator from sulphur dioxide gases enter above the electrostatic area is devoted ing a contact acid plant is a problemto a structural system for supporting faced by many manufacturers of sul its energized members. phuric acid. The problem has been The precipitator section is divided solved in one instance by means of a into several vertical gas lanes formed "Koppers-Elex'' electrostatic precipi by a number of flat parallel lead plates tator which treats gases containing which constitute, the collecting elec approximately 10 percent sulphur di trodes. Hanging along the center line oxide saturated with water vapor at of each gas lane is a row of energized 110 F. Installed at the Koppers Gas lead wires, spaced equally, whose and Coke Division Plant at Kearny. cross section is that of a five-pointed New Jersey, the mist precipitator was star. The wires are the discharge elec designed to remove from 98 to 99 per trodes and are hung from a spider cent of the acid mist and performance framework overhead. tests have revealed even higher effi ciencies. Another requirement of equal im portance to collecting efficiency wras that the precipitator be capable of re maining in uninterrupted operation for long periods of time. A break down of the precipitator or an appre ciable reduction in its operating effi ciency would cause serious damage to the plant equipment further along .4 bonded lead lined elec trostatic precipitator lor removing sulphuric acid mist from sulphur diox ide gases entering a sul phuric acid contact plant. in the process. To prevent such dam age the precipitator was designed with lead protection on all interior portions exposed to the gas and to the pre cipitate. The precipitator itself consists of a cylindrical shell approximately 10 feet in diameter and 25 feet high. The middle 10 foot section of the precipi tator contains the actual precipitation zone while the lower section forms a collection zone where the precipitate is drained off through a hydrostatic In operation, the contaminated gas enters the bottom portion of the pre cipitator. is distributed equally among the gas lanes and flows vertically up ward through the field where the mist particles are ionized and carried by electrostatic attraction to the collect ing electrodes. After its exit the cleaned gas escapes through a main connected to the top portion of the precipitator. The bottom of the pre cipitator shell is a dished head whose interior surface was bonded with '-J inch of chemical lead. After bonding, a center hole seas cut and a bonded 6-- -- 1_ 1 6008 * lead lined seal pipe welded in place. A drain line of lead pipe about 4 inches in diameter conveys the pre cipitated effluent by gravity from the bottom precipitator seal to the sewer. The center section of the precipitator was bonded with lead as well as the top head of the unit whose shape is similar to that of the bottom. The elec trode wires were drawn from lead stock containing a center core of mild steel. About 19 tons of lead were used in the construction of the precipitator. This unit has been in service suc cessfully since 1947. There are many varieties of sul phuric acid mist precipitators or col lectors. among them being the electro static precipitator, Pease-Anthony Venturi scrubber, sonic collector, and coke boxes. Invariably such equip ment performing so important a func tion in air pollution prevention and acid recovery is guarded against cor rosion by using the ancient metai lead, as a modern material of con struction. Storage Batteries Supply Stand-By Power For S. S. United States SPEED king of the seas, the giant been included in the designing and en ocean liner "United States." flag gineering of the S.S. "United States." ship of the United States Lines, is Although the ship is of fire-proof con equipped with every known device for struction throughout, even to the fur safety and dependable service includ niture. passengers bring aboard in ing emergency standby lead-acid stor flammable materials in the form of age batteries. clothing, reading matter, and other Whenever emergencies arise at sea. personal effects. The designers. Gibbs the first concern of the ship's officers and Cox of New York, have included is to avert panic, which often does the latest developments in electricaih more damage than the actual incident. operated fire doors and compartment Chief among the elements that touch closures to isolate any portion of the off panic is the failure of lighting. Al ship threatened bv fire. ways ready to work instantly and auto During normal conditions, much matically, the storage batteries stand depends upon the generators that pro bv to cover all emergencies of power duce electrical energy for the ship. In failures, assuring light at ail times for the event of a breakdown or other this great ship. emergencies, lead-acid storage bat Built bv the Newport News Ship teries take over at once. They provide building and Dry Dock Company, light for the passengers and crew, and other important safety measures have stand readv as an instantaneous source The record breaking S.S. United Slates leading port. of power for other safety functions. To guard against acid spillage, which is always an eventuality in a ship traveling the high seas, all bat tery compartments on the S.S. "United States" are lined with sheet lead. As a further safeguard against the sulphuric acid electrolyte in stor age batteries, a chemical which is ex ceedingly corrosive to steel, most of the shelves supporting the battery compartments are also covered with sheet lead. Actually, this is a custo mary application for lead since wher ever sulphuric acid is encountered, whether as an industrial chemical or. as in this case, battery electrolyte, lead is specified to provide corrosion resistance because it is virtually unattaaked,' it retains its physical char acteristics and does not evolve gases which mav be explosive or toxic. 1_I A26009 New Lead Book Now Available " I EAD in Modern Industry'' is the L title of a new, fully illustrated. 230 page, cloth bound book that has just been published by the Lead In dustries Association. This is the only book currently available whose subject matter is devoted exclusively to the manufacture, applications and prop erties of lead, lead alloys and lead compounds. It was written to provide the public in general with a broad picture of the whole lead industry and. at the same time, serve as a handy reference source for those who are al ready using lead and its products. It is sufficiently technical to be of prac tical value to the engineer in industry and yet broad enough for those with a more casual interest. The book is divided into twentyeight chapters beginning with the history of lead, its production from mine to refined metal, and a detailed description of the various techniques for fabricating the metal into useful form. Separate chapters are devoted to the more important uses for lead including storage batteries, cable sheathing. chemical construction, plumbing, architecture, radiation pro tection. coatings, solders, bearing metals, ammunition, and so on. The corrosion resistance of lead and its allovs and methods of using them for chemical construction are fully de- tailed along with the techniques for joining lead by soldering or welding. Some operations are illustrated with both drawings and photographs. The balance of the book is devoted to the manufacture, applications and properties of industrial lead com pounds. White lead paints and metal protective paints are covered in detail. Rounding out the book are the lat est specifications for lead, lead alloys and lead products as well as the prop erties of lead, lead alloys and lead compounds. "Lead in Modern Industry" may be obtained for $1.50 per copy, postpaid, by writing to the Lead Industries As sociation, 420 Lexington Ave,, New York 17. N. Y. THE USE OF LEAD Hi THE PULP AND PAPES INDUSTRY Detailed description of variona applications of lead In the modern pulp and paper mill. Cover* ail phtr-ns of paper polp manufacture and treatment Including sulphite acid msna/ecture, acid polping, bleaching and stock handling. Reprinted from "Paper Trade Journal.** Oct. 36. 2950. LEAD IN MODERN PLUMBINC-- WHY, WHERE. HOW IT IS USED A 24 page booklet eontaioiag descriptive informa tion aa veQ aa four paves of detailed drawing* for piumbinv Installations is rmrioo* type koaans. THE DEPENDABILITY OF FUTURE LEAD SUPPLIES To help users of lead and lead products, the Lead Industries Association has prepared a leaflet which in a few brief pages tells why consumers in this country may depend on adequate sup plies 'of lead in the future and explains the reasons for last year's temporary and artificial shortage. The booklet answers with reassuring facts and pic torial charts based on these facts some of the misleading or misunderstood statements made about our lead supplies and re serves in recent years. The excess of supplies of lead over indus trial consumption is graphically shown. Copies of this leaflet, singly or in quantity, may be obtained free of charge from Lead In dustries Association, 420 Lexing ton Ave., New York 17, N. Y. PHYSICAL AND CORROSION CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAD IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY A detailed dlsruaslon of the ote of lead in ths chem ical Industry presented before the National Association of Corrosion inrineer* Conference, April 11-14. J94 NEW DEVELOPMENTS EXPAND USE OF LEAD CONSTRUCTION Improvement* in lead fabrication and iastallatioB method* arc described and illustrated in t re print from "Material* A Methods" May, 19S1. The snide show* bow lead construction develop ments hsve coutiuoed to keep pace with develop ment* in (far chemicM.J tad process industries. METAL PROTECTIVE RED LEAD PAINTS The versatility of red lead in protective primers to meet a vide ranee of surface conditions, drying schedules and economic demands is described. Reprinted from "Paint and Varnish Production, " January. 1951. AN INVESTIGATION OF PRIMERS FOR MARINE ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTS Results af an investigation of synthetic reticles and red lead mixed pigment primers over an exposure period of three and one-half years la a rigorous marine atmosphere. Reprinted from "Official Dlgeet" published by The Pedsratioo of Paint and Varnlib Production Clube. CORROSION FORUM A series of one per# articles on the aia of lead as s material of chemical construction io cootact with tc* following chemical* (avatlabl* separately!: Chlorine. Hydrochloric Acid. Bydrofluoric Acid, industrial Alco hol. Bulphurie Arid. Sodium Chloride. Sulphur Dioxide. Phosphoric Acid. Chromic Acid( Copper Sulphate, Citric Acid. Reprinted from "Chemical Sngiaeerlog." FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW-P.32S For Pipe, Benda and Traps, LEAD Part 4 of Sectloo IT of the Federal Standard* Stock Catalog, official publication by the Government Printtnt Office. RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTERS A aeriaa of technical Utters issued by the Red Lead Division. Lead Industries Association. The numbers and UUas fallow: iArallabU separately ) Tttbalsal Letter Ns. 3--Red Lead Primer* for Atmospheric Exposure -feabalcal Letter Ne. 4--Red Lead Paints for Marine Exposure* Teshvlr-t Letter No. 5----Red Lead-Vleyl and Cououroas Type Paints Tstkaiesl Letter Ne. 6- -Red Lead Paint Formaiatioae --- Technical -Loiter tNe. 7- Paint Systems for Hydraulic Structures LEAD WELDING Ah Informative I veil aa practical guide to lead veldlnc. Reprinted from the "Welding Handbook. Third Xdltloo" published by the American Welding Society. CONTROLLING CORROSIVE AIR POLLUTANTS A dicuiioo of the various method* in use today to control corrosive air pollutants. Reprinted from "\ir Repair." May, J952. LEAD IN MODERN CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION ^ bat you should know about the various type* of lead construction in the chemicai held. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineering," Jan. 1952. UPON REQUEST. THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE. TO THOSE INTERESTED. AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS LIA26C10 fklNTlD 1N D. 8. A. It rCAUSHUS PX1NT1NG COMPANY NXW YOir CITY