Document pBaNK0rxdawD9L1wjRRzYGpYj

566 Tzccfity-sixth Xafiona! Safety Congress went through the (beat Lakes and the Xcw York State Large Canal. In Phoenix a new supply of dry ice was taken on. The evidence showed tliat the quantity of dry ice spread over the load of cherries was much greater that: actually required. It took three more days for the ship to reach Xcw York. Unloading of the hotd containing the cherries started in the evening. Xo precau tions were employed to ventilate the hold or to determine the percentage of carbon dioxide m the air and whether it was sale for the men to enter the space. The hatch of the hold was uncovered, and within two or three minutes a number of men started down to the bottom. Cries of assistance from the hold were -oon bean!, but were at first ignored. When they continued, a rescue squad went down hut did not yet very far before the men ni-o felt themselves overcome In* the high per centage of carbon dioxide gas in the air. A gas ma-k was then used, but since it had no connection with a new oxygen supply, it was of no value. When the police emergency squad arrived it was equipped with efficient masks ami oxygen supply tanks, so that the men were independent of the air in the hotd for breathing purposes. Some of the men. meanwhile, had made heroic attempts to re-cue their comrades, several of whom were lying at the lottom of the hold face downward--where, of course, the percentage of carbon dioxide was highest. A1I the men overcome were bleeding pro fusely at the mouth. Post mortcras showed tliat the lungs were highly congested with blood. The examination of other organs such as the brain, liver and kidneys showed no in dication of poisoning. The men were simply drowned in an atmosphere from which the oxygen had been forced by very* high per centage of carbon dioxide. Test tubes of which a number were filled with the air in the hold at various levels and places showed carlnin dioxide gas con centration Jh;tween 35 and 60 per cent. Xo traces were found of carlnm monoxide, hy drocyanic acid, ammonia, phosgene or sul phur dioxide. Five men were dead when taken out. Three who were still breathing when they reached the deck were immediately taken to a hospi tal and have since entirely recovered. Another man who was partly overcome 'needed no attention and went home. Simple means are now in existence where by the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air is indicated by instruments located out side the hold. Warning signals arc attached to these instruments, and it is even possible to start automatically ventilators which will evacuate the highly charged air and replace it with fresh air. The holds of ships are particularly dan gerous as points ot jHissiblc asphyxiation liecause they arc almost hermetically -calcd and liecause air infiltration from the outside is practically nil. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 Accidents in Delivering Refrigerated Products and , Their Prevention By G. L. GORE Chief Safety. Engineer, Bruce Dodson & Company, Kansas City, Mo. Accidents in the delivery of refrigerated products and their prevention opens up two distinct topics fur discussion: namely, injury to the employee himself and injury to the person or property of others through the use of teams and trucks. Refrigeration Section 567 In many plants, particularly the smaller ones, the deliveryman's hazard begins before he gets into Iris truck. For the unwary, the vault is a dangerous place. Floors are slip pery because of chips of ice and natural frozen moisture. There is the hazard ot falls caused by a cake breaking, tongs pulling out or the employee Incoming overlialanced by improp erly handling a heavy cake. Floors should he kept as free as jwssiblc from chips and moisture. Many concerns equip their men with crecjwrs fastened by means of a strap to the soles ot the shoe. Toe injuries may be guarded against by safety shoes or metal guards placed over the toes and instep. Tongs should Ic kept sharp that they will readily cut into the cake, thus preventing slipping. To handle a cake of ice without injury is an art. Xo man should lie iernnttcd to do this work until some experienced man has fully demonstrated the safe way. Very frequently the deliveryman is required t< >core his own ice. This materially increases his hazard. The scoring machine has been involved in some very serious accidents. The cxjK/scd side should be guarded so that one will not come in contact with the saws or permit his trouser leg to become engaged in the sprocket. Should a cake Ixrcotne lodged, the power should lx* shut off so that it can tic safely loosened. To attempt to di-lodge a cake by giving it a shove with tile loot is extremely dangerous. I have known of many cases where the injuries have liven serious enough to warrant amputation. In one plant of my acquaintance a driver and his >uperintendent each lost a foot on successive days due to this practice. We all remember the old time ice dclivcryman who carried his tongs suspended from his shoulder. Fortunately, most men now carry their tongs in their hands when not in use. A recent case coming to mv attention involved an employee who had his Kings on his shoulder. He stepped on a small round slick which caused turn to lose balance and tall. The point of the tongs punctured one of liis lungs, the injury resulting in death. Another dangerous practice is to carry the pick in the trousers pocket with the iumt up. A serious puncture or a severe scratch might lie the result. Tins brings up the matter of infection. The wound might heal in a day or two or h might cause death. Medical authorities claim that an infection can develop in eight hours. This emphasizes the importance oi carrying a small first aid kit on cadi truck or wagon. A small bottle of xncrcurochromc and a few adhesive tipped compresses will suffice. A whole fleet coitld l>c so equipped for a few dollars. Die coloring--red or yellow or whatever it might he--on the compress gauze is merely the result ot sterilizing the gauze and does mit make the use of mcrcuruchromc on the wound unnecessary. The use of a pick scabhard will greatly reduce the possibility of a scratch or puncture. The deliveryman, burdened with his product --weighing anywhere from a few to three hundred pounds, always is subjected to the tailing hazard. This can be best eliminated by the eyes finding safe places for the feet to walk, but as an added prevention, shoes should le equipped with non-skid soles and heels. Wc have found these real aids in reducing the slipping hazard. A deliveryman should wear idiocs with wliat is known as the safety toc-cnp. I prefer the metal toe because of strength and durability, although much can he said in favor of com|Ksition toe caps. Safety shoes have met with so much demand tliat today it is possible to get them in almost any weight, style and cost. Many present as attractive an appearance as a dress shoe or slipper. As a matter of precaution, however. o deliveryman should become oversold on the fact that the toe cap will not break down. The iHissilrilhics ot wrenched lacks and hernias arc causes* for considerable concern. Physical examinations arc desirable. It is very*' dangerous work for a man with a tendency toward hernia or a weak back to be engaged in this work. All old employees should be periodically examined, and any detects coming to light should be repaired, or the employee placed in some work where his defects are not so likely to result seriously. Xo new employee, regardless -of the fact that he might be used for only a few days, should be put to work unless he lias jiassed a satisfactory physical examination before a physician des ignated by the prospective employer. Portable ice crushers present a very serious problem. Here is a report of a typical acci dent : "Our employee was feeding the crusher to fill an order. He was standing on the step 568 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress in the rear of the track, bracing himself with his left hand on the left side of the bed. He was reaching into the bed of the truck with a parr of tongs in his right hand, attempt ing to drag toward him a 50 lb. cake oi icc. when hts left foot slipped oft the end of the step causing him to lose his balance and throwing his left hand into the hopper of the crusher which was in operation at the time. For a time it was feared amputation would be necessary-" From time to time we hear of an ice man being knocked down simply because he failed to look in both directions before going across the street Such accidents can be eliminated only hv caution. Dog bites are still somewhat prevalent. One company of my acquaintance las almost entirely eliminated this hazard through the "trial and error*' method. Their men were instructed to report any bad dogs on their respective routes, following which their tore* man made a call cither in person or over the phone, asking that customer to keep his dog tied up between certain hours. Strange as it may scon, this plan met with little opposition on die part <tt the customer, although I must admit some of the customers were unreason able. This simply meant no service to those h**mes lor a few days. This firm also taught its men Jam* to conduct themselves around d*>gs. There arc ntanv articles written by various authorities on the subject. Insofar-as the vehicle end of the icc indus try* concerned, we can almost entirely con cent ourselves with the trade: since the horse drawn vehicles are now the exception rather than the rule, their problem is almost insignificant. There is a great opportunity to effect many* economies through a study *: the accident situation in the fleet. Some plant owners feel tliat they have iultuM their obligations to their employees ly fully guarding the plant. I have one such " instance in mind. This plant is the last word in safety. The scoring machine was built with full safety in mind, on the owners* own design. Other machines were similarly dwcIoi>etL No one can be hurt by machinery in tliat plant, except almost deli!cratcly. Brakes. lights, hums. etc., arc inspected daily and the fleet kept in the best possible condition, and yet the* vehicular accident frequency rate is quite high. In that case the management simply has failed to recognize its accident problem in its complete sense. The same degree of tireless effort directed toward truck acci dents as was put forth in the plant would develop the best record in the country. The problem of seasonal help is a serious one. Many companies have made a practice of hiring athletes to work during the sum mer months. The purpose ts laudable and from an engineering standpoint satisfactory, providing the youth can drive a truck. Regardless of educational qualities, past his tory, or what he might say about hfs experi ence. no man should !>e placed in cliargc of a track until he has gone through a scries of actual tests, proving that he is a eatable driver. Too often a prospective employee is merely asked whether he can drive a truck, anti if he says lie can, he starts out to deliver ice. Giving human nature its due, wc know tliat when a man is seeking a job, his eagerness quite often leads him to make claims with reference to his ability with the thought he can later learn or cover up after he has the job. Wc are left to luck as to what accidents he might have or people he might kill in the meantime. The physical examination mentioned earlier should include tests for sight and hearing. The former should include tests for color blindness. Many eye specialists arc now equipped to give tests for depth perception-- that is the patient's ability to judge distance --which arc quite helpful in determining ability to drive a vehicle. In selecting employees to be retained after the rush season 5s over, consideration should be given the accident record of each. One company operated a fleet of 30 to 60 trucks in a principal southwestern city with It) minor accidents in two years, none involv ing personal injury. Tliat company rcli- ginuslv follows the practice of holding a meeting exclusively for the discussion of safety once a month during the off season, but weekly during the summer months. Bul letins and placards from the National Safety Council and the insurance carrier arc used. As a means of further encouraging interest, a monetary award system is used. Kach driver who has had no accident of any kind during the month is eligible for the drawing. Three awards arc made each month for $1230, $7.50. and $5. The employer, of course, benefits many times the amount of expense in the way of lower insurance Refrigeration Section 569 costs, avoided damages to equipment, good will, etc. Proper discipline and supervision are of the greatest importance. Trucks should be used only for their prime purpose, and when the driver is through with his deliveries, the truck should be returned to the garage and left there. Some companies follow the prac tice of permitting the drivers to take the trucks home with them, thinking that they will be used only as transportation to and from work. However, the temptation to use them fr social purposes is pretty great, and t-KTcasionallv one will become involved in an accident while it is so engaged. Drinking in any degree should l>e strictly forbidden, and the drivers' superintendent should interest himself in seeing tliat there Is no drinking on the job. Since saloons, night clubs and taverns arc heavy users of icc, a drinking man might Ik: inclined to imbibe as he went along. On December 25, 1933. there occurred an accident which appropriately describes what might happen in this respect. A theretofore reliable colored driver was delivering ice ott his route. It being Christmas day, many of his customers left out various drinks to !>c taken after icing their boxes. He with stood the urge for the first several times, but finally liis appetite overtook him. The first was the one he should not have taken, because it called for company, and it wasn't long until die driver himself tired of work and thought of companionship. He quit delivering ice, took his truck and went calling. He picked up three Negro women and two men, and the six started out. All went well until late in the afternoon when it was necessary to descend a rattier steqi grade. He lost control of the truck. which struck a coupe in which a young man and his lady friend were visiting, almost demolishing the coupe and severely injuring the occupants. The truck glanced from the coupe, across the street, and head-on into a tree, killing three of the Negroes outright and injuring the other two. The driver escaped with little more than scratches. Such an accident is purely a supervisory problem. The two greatest vehicular hazards arc lacking without making sure the way is clear and intersection accidents. The first hazard can be substantially reduced by the use of proper type ot rear visiou mirrors and edu cating drivers to the fact that they must know the way Is clear before backing. Should the driver back into some object or person, responsibility, according to law rests absolutely upon him and his employer. The second must be met by the realization tliat there is no recognized law of right-ofway. The licst rule to follow is to educate drivers to the fact that they must always yield the right-of-way to the other party. There arc three fundamental reasons for this: In the first place, in case of an acci dent between a car and a truck, the truck almost invariably receives the majority of the blame, regardless of the actual fault. In the second place, yielding the right-of-way will eliminate many accidents. In the third place, it creates public good will and good will means more sales. An icc truck holds a certain attraction to children. I have seen trucks with several children riding on them. The driver should accept the view tliat this is a dangerous practice and keep children off. This calls for salesmanship on his part- He won't lose any friends by keeping them off, but he certainly will if one is injured. Fatigue in Its Relation to Accident Prevention By J. K. GARNER, M.D. Chief Surgeon, Atlanta and West Point Rail Road Company, Atlanta, Ga. While the provocative causes of accidents due to man-failure arc numerous, one, fatigue, stands out preeminently. Fatigue has been described as a physio logical condition of the cells or organs of the body winch have undergone excessive acrivin* with a resulting loss of power. More correctly speaking, however, fatigue should he considered from lx>th the psychical and the physical aspect. Psychically, one who has been active for a considerable time, either mentally, or 570 Tti'cntx-sixth Katlonal Safety Congress physically, or both. develops a condition familiarly described as "a tired feeling"; litis sensation is truly a psychical phenom enon. conveying no comprehension of any physical changes in the body tissues although important material changes have, in fact, taken place. Physiologists have been given much concern in their endeavor to determine in just what these changes really consist, and even yet some are not fully understood. PhvsicalJy, the phenomena of fatigue within the living body are exceedingly com plex; all organs and tissues must of necessitv work to a greater or less degree in unison, and excessive work upon the part of one body structure will increase the func tional activity of others. Thus, the action of the central nervous system is demanded in order that any muscle or group of muscles may be brought into play, the muscular action m turn de manding increased work on the part of the heart ami respiratory organs in order that the augmented demand tor oxygen l>c ade quately met. At the same time various glands arc stimulated to increased activity, inducing more secretion ami demanding ait acceleration of function on the part of the climinatury system. The internal or inherent power which undergoes a l*'-s following excessive bodily, mental or nervous activity is described as "energy." Decrease in tins energy is attribut able to changes having taken place in those vet unknown energy-holding compounds of the body as well as to a reduction in the available number of such compounds. This really constitutes the first etiological factor tn the production of fatigue. The other prime factor in fatigue pro duction is the accumulation of poisonous waste material* within the liodv. these being the so-called "fatigue substances." We may only briefly outline here the changes which occur when muscular tissue is brought into action. Glycogen is the chief source of mus cular energy. Wlien muscular contraction takes place it* available oxygen enters into a chemical combination resulting in the dis integration or combustion of its glycogen, followed by the formation of carbon dioxide arid lactic acid, both-of which arc powerful underlying contributors toward the induction of muscular fatigue and constitute the etulogical factors while the exciting factor iwork. Kcsultant upon fatigue, the individual's ability Jo perform is- lowered, his output decreased, the quality of his production di minished. his mental aptitude lowered, his susceptibility to disease increased in a direct ratio to the lowering of his vitality, his liability to commit errors is heightened, and, last but by no means least. Ins liability to sustain personal injury is greatly enhanced. In all body activity a certain degree of fatigue is develop! whicli is 7iarmless so long as complete recuperation occurs. That is so long as oxygen and glycogen are sup plied in adequate quantities to compensate for the combustion that is taking place in the activated musculature, and the "fatigue sulstanecs" arc pronijrtly and completely elimi nated. When these requirements are not fully met the condition known as fatigue reaches a pathological status. While carbon dioxide and lactic acid have been mentioned as being the "fatigue sub stances'* developed in muscle tissue as the result of work, there arc. under similar con ditions, formed and accumulated in the brain and nerve tissues somewhat analogous katabolic substances productive of mental and nervous fatigue. Mental fatigue follows exertion which re quires deep and prolonged thought particu larly along some single line. Xervous fatigue is induced by the expenditure of nerve force and follows the prolonged enforcement of Inxly exertion beyond that point where physi cal or mental fatigue lias become manifest. The exhausted brain worker or one with an overly expended nerve force is in no con dition to continue the performance of physi cal labor and his accident hazard Is greatly increased. To understand the relation of fatigue to accident prevention, attention must lie di rected toward the individual conditions known as being inductive of fatigue. Para mount among such factors arc the following: Environments The worker-* environments play so im portant a role in the causation of fatigue that lu* home surroundings and general liv ing condition* become of as great importance a* art* th*e connected with his work. A workman, whose home is unsanitary and unattractive, whose family relationships arc causative of anxiety, or who is continually harassed hy the worry attendant upon some Refrigeration Section 571 severe illness in his fami^*, becomes an active candidate lor very early development of fatigue. Such a person Is a hazard to him self as well as to others in close working relationship. The physical status and mental bearing of his fellow workers reflects ujon the indi vidual to such an extent that it may become productive of fatigue and is therefore to be considered from the environmental stand point. The inadequate or Improper delivery of heat, light, and ventilation in plants and offi ces add greatly to the rapidity with which fatigue becomes manifest. Such conditions arc always remedial and mat- he readily de tected during the progress of an engineering survey. General Health Those whose physical .standard is impaired hy fioor health, with the consequential lower ing of vitality, will exhibit fatigue in a much shorter period of time and with much less physical and mental exertion than do normal Wings. They arc. therefore, more prone to sustain accidental injuries. Attention to the physical status of employee* will accomplish much toward economical improvement as well as accident prevention. It is Impracticable to deal here with all the ailments whicli might he recognized as living productive of fatigue; only passing mention can be made of those whicli are most imlortant. Tuberculosis, while afleeting all classes, is unquestionably more prevalent among those engaged on the labor side of industry. Xot only arc tubercular subjects prone to present a lowered vitality which renders them more subject to fatigue and accidents, hut the transmtssihility of the disease makes of them potential hazards for fellow-work ers. Regular periodic reexamination of em ployees will greatly aid in the early detection of incipient infections when they are most amenable to arrest. Diabetes, another systemic disease accom panied hy early fatigue manifestation.*, may also he readily detected during a physical examination. Xot only is the accident hazard, through fatigue, greater In diabetics, hut wounds sustained by these persons arc slower in healing and convalescence may be very greatly prolonged. Cardio-vascular-rcnal conditions include all of the generally so-called heart diseases, kidney diseases, and circulatory disturbances --including blood pressure. Any one ot these conditions will sooner or later lie followed hy an associated condition In the other organs, and are generally considered as a single syndrome for general purposes. The ease and rapidity with which these subjects become fatigued renders them of interest in this survey. .Syphilis stands out preeminently as the greatest industrial hazard from the stand point of disease. It is in the first and third stages of syphilis that its industrial relation is of more importance. During the first stage a sense of shame, a certain amount of fear and anxiety, anti a realization of the seriousness of the malady reacts upon the individual's mental faculty to such an extent that fatigue is more rapidly Induced. Throughout the second stage the disease is usually sufficiently quiescent to produce little or no dislurliance in the subject's mental equilibrium. The third stage is most hazardous from the Industrial standpoint since it is at this period that the brain and spinal cord be come involved and neural manifestations appear. There is an actually diseased men tality. The subject becomes inefficient, mani fests fatigue under extremely slight provocations and becomes exceedingly liable to sustain accidental injuries from which recovery is generally greatly retarded. Until recently, syphilis has been under such a moral and social taboo that even.* effort has been exerted to keep its presence hidden and much irreparable damage has re sulted. It is now becoming recognized as a physical ailment which requires intelligent handling and scientific treatment from its meipienev. Detected in its early stages syphilis is curable and the catastrophic* at tendant upon the tertiary* stage may lie averted. Adaptation to Work TJy force of necessity many individuals seek any available form of employment with out having regard for their own adaptation to the work. Any person unfitted for the labors he is required to perform will become fatigued with a remarkable degree of rapidity. Industrial heads, when considering the employment of men, should see that each individual is adapted to the class of work assigned to him. This will result in 572 Tzventy-sixth Xational Safety Congress the lessening of fatigue, increasing of efficienev and decreasing of the accident hazard. Working Hours Those who have had actual and practical experience know that in some instances shortening of the day's work has actually resulted in an increase in the amount of work done. One occupation will he found far more fatiguing than another. Our pres ent interest is centered upon over-fatigue which is recognized as being causative of accidents. There are in general use many labor-sav ing devices, the operation of which produce much noise and vibration and require high s]>ecd attention on the part of the operators. Such inventions unquestionably save much taW an<l yet they have a tendency to greatly increaM: fatigue. Monotony, another cause of emotional fa tigue. deserves consideration under this heading. Rest periods have been found to prevent and relieve fatigue when inter spersed with the day's work. These rest periods may often he of no more than five or ten minutes' duration and their fre quency governed by the monotonous nature of the employment. Actual experience of industries where such rest periods have been instituted has shown that fatigue lias been lessened, production increased, and accidents minimized. - Noise Though scientific experiment has not vet demonstrated that working under conditions of continuous noise is productive of fatigue, it is generally accepted as an axiomatic fact. Exceedingly loud noises, those of a droning nature rapidly repeated, and monotonous noises are particularly prone to induce fa tigue. It would appear that the character and quality of noise is of the greatest im portance and. where they cannot be elimi nated. clTorts at changing or supplanting the character of sound have met with remark able success. Bv means of loud speakers Installed throughout many factories in Germany the rhythm of nvuric has been used to overcome the hum of machinery. The practice is just beginning to permeate American industry! in English and South American factories it has been in vogue for some time. Posture . Incorrect posture is a most important fac tor in the causation of fatigue and its attendant accident hazards. Man having as sumed the upright position, all studies of posture must consider this as being his normal attitude. A perpendicular line drawn alongside of the standing figure should pass through the center of the car, the center of the shoulder, center of the hip, center of the outside of the knee, and center of the ex ternal malclous at the ankle. Such a posture requires the minimum of physical exertion lor its maintenance since the parts of the body arc so superimposed upon each other that the force of gravity replaces much muscular effort. The correct seated posture maintains the above relation with the head, torso and hips ; the thighs are at an angle of approximately ninety degrees with the body, while the knees arc flexed so that the feet rest firmly and comfortably upon the floor. Mltcn work requires that the body be inclined forward so as to accommodate itself to a desk or machine, this position should be assumed by a pivoting at the hip joints and not by per mitting a slouch in the spinal column. The general ill effects of an improper sit ting posture result from the disturbances of function of the organs of the body resultant upon a flattened chest, rounded shoulders, obliteration of the natural curvatures of the spine, protrusion of the abdomen, removal of the natural support provided for the heavy abdominal viscera by a natural shelv ing of the spine where these organs rest anti arc retained by the abdominal muscles, undue stress upon supporting ligaments, re tardation of circulation, undue pressure upon that sensitive area surrounding the lower aid of the spine and the coccyx, and undue pressure upon the nerves, arteries and veins passing through the popliteal space at the back of the knee joint. When, due to im proper posture, the heart's action is impeded there U noted a diminution In both the quantity and quality of the blood's supply with a corresponding depreciation in avail able oxygen and glycogen accompanied by a retention of the "fatigue substances." The invariable result is a rapid manifestation of fatigue symptoms. The subject begins to feel sleepy, yawns frequently, responds but sluggishly to external stimuli, lags in the performance of work, becomes inefficient, and is far more liable to accidental injuries Refrigeration Section 57$ Mam* workers have been provided with no seat whatever, others with improper seats or chairs which do not admit of adjustment either to the individual's anatomy or to the work entailed. Due to the exceedingly in efficient character of such scats, piece work ers can rarely be induced to use chairs of ordinary construction while doing thenwork. Muscles will respond to an enormous amount of action Inrfore manifesting symp tom* of fatigue. When, however, during muscular action, oxidation ha* been incom plete and the supply of glycogen inefficient, a rapid increase of the "fatigue substances" will occur in the muscle cells and fatigue will increase in direct proportion to the re duction of muscular efficiency. Muscles that have become fatigued will not be accurate in directing movements; there will lie incoordi nation of action with other muscles--this uncertainty of movement and non-conccrtcd action increases the accident hazards of the individual as the elements of fatigue increase. Safety Control In Air Conditioning By A. G. HILLEN Engineer, Carrier Corporation, Chicago In our discussion we will deal only with t?ie safety control which should be practiced in engineering design, which constitutes safety in material, safety in controls, anti safety in physiological reactions of the oc cupants of the space. To obtain these safety measures the designing engineer must be selective in the materials used and lay out the system to produce comfortable condi tions without hazards to the occupants. The engineer operating the system must maintain in the conditioned area the temperature?. and humidities to produce comfort. In comfort conditioning, refrigerating ef fect is required to produce cooling and dehumidifying of air, which in the majority of eases calls for a refrigerating machine. The refrigeration machine is used cither lor the direct expansion of the refrigerant in the path of air or for the cooling of water to cool the air. The types used today arc al>sorption, rotary, reciprocating, centrifugal and steam ejector water vapor. Absorption systems are seldom used for atr conditioning and the rotary type is seen infrequently. The most commonly used refrigerants arc freon, ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulphur di oxide, methyl chloride, water vapor and carrenc. Due to their toxic or irritant values, in ease of a leak, methyl chloride, ammonia and sulphur dioxide arc seldom used in air conditioning. Carbon dioxide is used less and less, due to its high working pressure and the high temperature of condensing water found in some sections of the country. This leaves freon and carrenc as the most generally used refrigerants, an/1 while they are similar in some respects they arc quite different in operating characteristics within the cooling range required for comfort air conditioning. Freon is used in a reciprocating com pressor which, produces the cooling at a differential in pressure, both high and lowside aliove atmospheric; while carrenc is used in a centrifugal machine which pro duces its cooling at a differential of vacuum. Of course, water is sometimes used as a refrigerant. It is used in the steam ejector and water vapor centrifugal machines. To produce the refrigerating effect, cooling water to 50 degrees, a very low vacuum is required, approximately 29.2 inches of vacuum. Water, without a doubt, is the safest refrigerant which could lie used, but lias its limitations due to its refrigerating characteristics. Freon and carrenc arc considered safe refrigerants. Roth arc considered non-ex plosive. non-flammable, and non-toxic. The National Hoard of Fire T'nderwriters has made an elalioratc report entitled "The Comparative JJ/e, Fire and Explosion Haz ards of Common Refrigerants." Due to the safety of freon, it is acceptable to use for direct expansion work, as under normal operating conditions the amount of refrigerant leak would be so readily diffused and diluted that it would not he harmful. Since with the use of freon the refrigerating f Is Safety In YOUR Annual Report? A number of companies think their stockholders are interested . in safety. Many more do not INTERESTED in whether safety is included in an nual reports to stockholders, and In what 'form. National Safety News queried a selected list of Council members. . The excerpts published on these pages speak for themselves. t ' Of special interest were some of the .letters telling us safety was not included in current annual reports. Many safety men wjio answered m the negative expressed regret. Apparently they believe safety ought to be included in their companies' annual reports. Some told us that although the current year's report contained no mention of safety, former reports had. Among the reasons for omission this year: poor record and. lack of space due to other important messages to stockholders. - ` <' One safety man complained' that he is regularly asked' to prepare a brief statement summarizing the year's safety program, but thdt his material rarely appears in the published annual .report. Many scemtd surprised at the idea of including safety in the annual report, and expressed interest in seeing an article on the subject in the News. Ford Motor Co. The frequency of- lost time industrial injuries' in curred by employes during 1962 was at an ail-time low. Fewer than two out of ' every 1.000 employes lost time from work because of. accidents ' on the job or from occupational disease. 22 EaieralMotKS rVV: * 0arural Motors Carp.' ' The -outstanding. record - ' achieved1, by QM!s plant safety program in 1962 xa the result of the ..exceUeot - cooperation of supervisory . . 'and plant personnel.. Dur ing 1962, out of'Cvery , .1,000 GM employees in . the .. United States and ^Canada, 998>went through | the entity year without lost .* time resulting- from , acd- dents.or occupational dls- . eases. Wl-XTKHN KliCriltlC Woirtom Battrlc Co. . . Employees at all Joca- . tions kept up their effortsto promote safe practices on the job,- and the results were again rewarding. The Company's safety' record continues to be among the best in American industry; In April,'the'Greensboro (N.C) Shops' completed its tepth/-consecutive year without a disabling injury. 'This record of more than 30 million man-hours is the best safetyperformance evfer attained in the elec trical industry. - The off-the-job safety program, *' inaugurated. in 196f, was extended and included group- discussion meetings and a campaign `to promote the use of au tomobile safety belts. Uj. Steel - ' "Safety First" as a slogan was pioneered by U.S. Steel id the early 1900's. Safety as the first consideration in ail operations has been a continuous objectiveas well as.a continuous practice in U.S. Steel and outstanding result^ have been achieved. During' 1962 the ' dis abling injury. frequency rate in the steel producing operations -- the group of operations for which safety statistics have been regular ty recorded in this report-- established another all-time Notional Safrty Newt, Jun* 1963 :1 . : low. The. number of dlsabling injuries in 1962 was .' 0.77 per million man-hours ! worked. In recent years,'- U.S. Steel's disabling' in jury frequency rate for its ' steel producing operations - has been less than one fourth of.the. average in . the:balance of the steel in- : . dustry. UJ3. Steel Is the first company in the history of the National Safety Council's annual .safety ' contest to win the first, - second and third placesafety awards in both die' Councfl's . "largest ' steel . plants" and "next largest steel plants" categories. Recognition by the Nation al Safety Council and other agencies was earned by ad ditional plants*, mines and . other operations for their. . safety performances. Ef- . forts continue toward reaching'the ultimate. goal of total elimination of in- ' . jury in every mine, plant . and other operation, * . It is with deep sorrow ' that. In spite of these isr tensive' efforts, there must be here recorded a major - coal mine disaster in winch 37 men lost their lives as -a result of an explosion on ' December 6, 1962, at Rob~ ena No. 3 Mine located in '. southwestern Pennsylvania. Prior to this disaster, there - had been no lost-time acci dents at this mine since March 1961, during which time the employes bad worked over 1.6 .million accident-free man-hours. Carrier Corporation . Workmen's compensation ' costs increased somewhat in . 1962 and,, accordingly, ac-- rident prevention programs ' were given renewed empha sis. . . ' Major attention was also devoted.- to an improved . salary administration plan covering all of the'exempt employees' of the Corpora tion. Special supervisory de- National Safety Nmn. Jeni 1963 EXTS . velcpment programs - were undertaken at Bryant Manufaetuting Company - and ' - Elliott Company and similar action is contemplated with respect to other divisions.' St. tools--Sen Francisco > . Railway'Co.: ' - ' ' ' _ For the ninth consecu- .. tive year, the.National Safe-: . ty Coundl's Public Safety Activities Award was con ferred upoflthe Frisco.in recognition of its efforts to prevent accidents at ra3-^-. .: highway crossings, and on . railroad property as well .as at home and off.the job/-... . Phillips Pstroltam Co. . .. Sue employee. groups completed periods of'one : or more million man-houre worked without an injury . 'resulting in lost time. Com-' V ` pany-wide, employees re .. duced lost-time .injury rates 9 per cent ... - ; Pres. Stanley Learned, J three, 'times president of Oklahoma Safety Council'- and a director' and mem - ber of executive committee . of National Safety -Council, . [was] commended forsafety . . work by Oklahoma's Gov . eroor J. Howard Edmond son. J - . Monsanto Chemical Co. V Monsanto's safety per- .. -formancc was again out-- - standing. Its accident fre quency rate .was far below. . .. the industry avaage. Thus, ' the company's record as . one of the safest in the- chemical industry was con- ;. tinned: . 5 - Royonlar Inc ' . Safety for the worker cm . his job is one of Rayoo-r -. ier's important personnel | ` policies. The.company car ries on an' aggrerive and -fully organized* program throughout, its operations : 'for the elimination of ac- - cidems. Over the years, tlus.. effort has steadily' reduced I the injuries to Rayonibr em-. : ployees .in both frequency iu ' ; i { dcnt-salay, United' Air Lines, Inc.. Maintenance Base,-San Francisco. Automotive ood Moline Shop . ' R. Beeson, safety;coordinator, Ferext Circle Corp,, Hagerstown, Ind. Cement. Quarry,and . Mineral Aggregates , ' Arvtd Ttettsoa. safely director Ma teria] Service Corp- Lyons, UL ' Chemical Technical Publications R. L. Moore, assistant secretary. Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co. and American Motorists 'Insurance Co- Chicago. - Electrical Equipment-; - G.' R. Cummings, head. Safety and F. C. Pcrcgoy, i safety engineer, Standard linear Accelerator Center, ` Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. Power Press and Forging John .Chur-chiB, supervisor. Safety Engineering. Safety Services Dept.; Industrial Hygiene Dept.. Eli Lilly St Co., Indianapolis. -'* ' Fertilizer John S. Mark, manager. Fertilizer Mfg. Div- Farm Bureau Coop. As sociation, Inc- Columbus, Ohio. Group Vice Cboirman ofCommittees-- Group 8 . - R. H. Albisscr, safety manager, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ. AHis-Ctialniera Mfg. Co., Milwaukee. Gltm and Ceramics _ * - Committees jjnder this grouping John Rheinhehner, Kaiser Kefrac- and their chairmen are: * tories.Me.-uco, Mo, ' . Group Vice Chairman of Sections -- Group C C C Roddick. Pittsburgh Hate Glass Co., Pittsburgh. Sections under this grouping and tfacir chairmen are: Coal Mining . C. E. Unkous. Island Creek Coal Co- Holden. W.Va. Construction F. Decg. manager. Accident and Fire Prevention Dept- National As sociation of Mutual Casualty Com panies, Chicago. Contests ond Awdrds . Petroleum . . Ralph Hartman, assistant manager. S. JRcss Carr, Gulf Oil Corp., Hous Safety Department, Bethlehem Steel ton. ' Co- Bethlehem, Pa- Rubber F. C Starbird, safety manager. Firestone Tire St Rubber-Co-. Deca tur, I1J. Textile J. B. Skinner, chief,-Industrial Hy giene Section, American Mutual Liability insurance Co., Wakefield, Mass. Physicol Hazords Cole A. 'Allen, vice president-engi neer, American Mutual Liability In surance Co- Wakefield, Mass. ' ' Research Projects -- & F. Spence..director. Safety and Loss Prevention, American Cyanamid Co., Wayne, NJ-` ` Associations Marine D. L. Buchanan, director. Claims Div.. Pittsburgh Steamship Div., U.SSteel Corp.. Cleveland. Chairman Elcf of Conference G. L. Gorbeli, manager. Safety and Fire Protection/ Monsanto Chemical Co., Si Louis. R. Hagopian, assistant manager,' Accident Prevention Dept, Associa tion of Casualty St Surety Companies, New York. Mrnind '. Occupational Health Hazards* . John A. Cooke. Fafconbridgc Nickcl Mines. Ltd- Faiconbridge, Ont. Public Employee G. F. Kuhns, safety supervisor. Illinois Div. of Highways. Springfield, JH. . Group Yke Chairman of Committees -- Group A - R. N- Papich', safety consultant, American Gas Association, New York. ` ' J. Radcliffe, safety director. Ford Motor Co- Detroit. Occupational Health Nursing Anne KJoiber. R.N*. Pabst Brewing Co- Milwaukee. * Public Utilities P.; Windsor, secretary. Bureau of Safety, Chicago. Railroad - W. V. Hayes, director of safety. New York Central System, New York. - * Committees under this grouping and their chairmen are: Audio-Vhual Aids , W. E. Stuffing, director of .safety. Carrier Corp.. Syracuse, N.Y. .- Training - H. Ricfcnstahl. safety director. Alpha Portland Cement Co., Easton, Pa. Group Vice Chairman of Committees -- Group C . D. A. Farrell,* director of safety, U-S. Sicel Corp., Pittsburgh. Committees under this grouping and their chairmen are: Group Vic Chairman of Sections -- Group D P. C. Folse, manager. Accident and Fire Prevention, Socony-Mobil Oil Co.. New' York. Committees under' this'grouping and their chairmen arc.' 16 Off the Job John E. Smith, safety director, Spencer Chemical Co- Pittsburg. Kan. * Standards - A. L. Cobb, director. Safety and Fire Protection, Eastman Kodak Co.* Kodak Park Works, Rochester, N.Y. Sectional Programs * - H. M. Huntington, supervisor of safety. International Harvester CoChicago. Subject Sessions K. S. Hedges, safety director, Gen. ml Motors Corp., Detroit. National Safety Hiwi,.Oemher 19M isn't complete, you're taking an You want a safety shoe pro gram? You haw two choices. Call some guy who sells safety shoes- He'll show you a selection of the styles he's got. Choose some you think will come closest to your employees' require ments. Talk nice to die man and maybe he'll throw in some safety posters, too. . What do you pay? The cost of the safety shoes. . Or. ' Call some guy who sells safety shoes. Who works for Lehigh! Who's a safety shoe ex pert. He'll show you more kinds of safety shoes for more kinds of jobs with more.kinds of special features than any other salesman can show you. And even if you curse #t him, he'll throw in'the following: A complete sec ofsafety post ers. Dramatic' safety posters that someone will actually look at, .And read. And pay attention to. He'll give you a 2t) minute safetymovie. Remember whatwe said about die posters? The same ching goes for die movie. Then he'll give you a bro chure. ft lists dozens of ways to sell safety. And safety shoes. : Mote. He'll giveyou bulletin board dyers you can use as cata logues for safety shoes. And he'll keep diem coming as new styles and features ate added. . .. Still mote.He'll giveyou pay envelope stuffers. A complete fit ting program including record cards And banners. And displays. And theScarabAward.ThcScarab Clteu U OH UABIX uu Award? The Scarab Award. Give if to any employee whose feet are saved from injury by a pair of safety shoes. * 1 What do you pay? The cost of the safety shoes. Come to think of it, you really have one choice, don't you? * Don'tbehalf-safe. The most complete safety program in the . industry costs no more than the incomplete ones. - Some cail itmadness. ^ We call it the surest way to maintainLehigh as thenumberone safety shoe company in die world. And that's a fact. - .T -r