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FILE NAME Talc TALC DATE 1951 Mar DOC TALC101 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION NY Dept of Labor Monthly Review Dust Inhalation in Relation to Pulmonary Disease ' New York State Department of LaDOTTUN MONTHLY REVIEW Division ofIndustrialHygiene &Safety Vol 30 March 1951 INDUSTRIAL NUTRITION FOR DEFENSE Florence F. Brener Nutritionist Medical Unit Standards Industrial expansion for defense as for war im- mediately involves shortages which are reflected in the need for longer hours a faster more night shifts and the employment of an pace These special con- increasing number of women ditions inevitably result in added physical stresses and strains The physical needs of the body to with- stand this additional strain may in part be met by having good wholesome food available in the plant In industrial establishments desirous of maintain- ing optimum production and good worker morale serious consideration should be given to providing the best plant feeding facilities practicable This need not necessarily be a cafeteria A lunch counter or a rolling cart may under certain circumstances adequately meet the needs of the particular plant situation The foods served should be selected to provide maximum nutrition at low cost Menus should be adapted to the particular type of feeding facilities available in the plant They should be planned with an understanding of food values good nutrition and a knowledge of the dishes which are popular with plant personnel The foods served should pre- sent eye and appetite appeal The menu should al- include the standard basic seven nutrients re- ways quired for good health while consideration is also given to the caloric needs of workers - a higher calorie menu for those doing heavy work or work- ing unusually long hours 3000 - 4000 calories per day a menu of lower caloric content for workers on light assembly jobs or sedentary white collar workers 2500 - 3000 calories per day A low cal- orie diet for workers is not to be confused with a reducing diet In general the food eaten during the lunch hour in the plant should provide 1/3 to1 of the worker's total food requirements for the day Milk is always the beverage of whether one is considering a high or low calorie menu because it is an unusually nutritious food The menu is not only the bill of fare or list or dishes available to patrons it also provides the bas- ic pattern from which the food is purchased prepared and served The menu should be planned at least a week in advance preferably two weeks ahead When planning menus for industrial cafeterias or other plant feeding facilities it is necessary to be guided by the number of work shifts or whether the plant will be working overtime Con- sideration should also be green year holidays and pay days Experience shown over- that during periods of heavy production production time work and on pay day particularly checks are cashed on the premises the industrial feeding facilities are patronized more than on other special days In where the majority of workers are en- plants the caloric needs are gaged in heavy production high and should be met by properly planned menus offering hearty foods which will supply a high total caloric intake This may be obtained by introducing into the menu foods which are high in fats starch- es and sugar Examples of foods high in fats are fat meat or bacon butter or margarine gravies mayonnaise or other salad dressings made with oil and cream either sour sweet or whipped Foods high in starches and sugars include such foods as bread or bread products waffles and griddle cakes puddings pies and other pastarnieds cmaanpdlyeItsyisrunpost jellies jams preserves sugar to offer the usually sufficient however merely high calorie foods portions must be large if a high total caloric content for the meal is to be obtained With increased hours of work attention should be given to morning and afternoon rest periods SnacksSnacks delivered by rolling carts during these rest periods or otherwise available to workers will contribute greatly to reduction of fatigue and to increase production The same principles apply to industries where heavy seasonal activities are the rule The following is an example of a high calorie lunch menu Cream of tomato soup or other creamed soup Roast pork or other fat meat with gravy Fried potatoes or candied sweet potatoes String beans carrots or other green or yellow vegetable Waldorf or banana salad with chopped peanuts or mayonnaise Bread or rolls with plenty of butter or margar- . ine Pudding with whipped cream or pie a la mode Milk Tea or coffee with sugar and cream or hot chocolate with whipped cream The high calorie foods in the above are the creamed soups fat meat with gravy fried white or sweet potatoes salad with nuts and mayonnaise llaala Copyright U.S. by protected be may and party third a by ome Medicne of Library National the of colection the from copied was was page this on material The  pudding - preferably in such form that they may be conveniently taken away from the counter to be eaten at a nearby table or elsewhere Limiting the menu in this manner will avoid the possibility of too many left overs It will facilitate speed of preparation thus making for more efficient use of limited counter personnel It will also help the worker reach a decision quickly when choosing his noon day meal thereby saving everyone's time including his own It is recommended that whenever possible a nutritious and low priced Special Lunch Special Snack for morning and afternoon be offered and an effort be made to promote interest in it on the part of workers The Special for the day may not realize a large profit but the wise cafe- teria manager knows that increased volume in sales can overcome this disadvantage It is essential to add at this point that industrial feeding facilities should be operated primarily for the welfare of the worker rather than for profit Nevertheless the industrial cafeteria manager never wants to operate at a loss if he can help it Moreover the extent of the subsidy required from management will often determine whether or not feeding facilities in the plant will survive A particularly well thought out nutritious Special either for lunch or the midmorning or afternon Snack will be found to provide necessary volume of sales to make it practicable and at the same time give the worker good value for his money To help boost sales for such Special food offer- ing effective use can be made of nutrition education posters or other literature Talks to workers on the subject are very useful For the Snack Special in plants having mid rest periods many simple inexpensive combinations are possible In general it is desirable to have it priced at no more than 12 cents because in most industrial plants coffee and a doughnut are sold at that price A snack combination consisting of milk fresh fruit and a cookie can be sold for 12 cents When featured it is a popular choice as against the less nutritious doughnut and coffee Other snack combinations can be made up of 1 1/2 pt of milk and a sandwich of cream cheese on whole wheat raisin bread 2 ice cream and a cookie or a simple ice cream sandwich 3 1/2 pt of milk and a bag of raisins and nuts With imagination many other inexpensive combinations can be devised The industrial worker during a period of rapid industrial expansion for defense or for war is call- ed upon to make a supreme effort to achieve maxi- mum production To provide him with the best possible nutrition in the plant at the lowest possible cost is a vital contribution not only to his health but to the country's defense effort If the industrial cafeteria manager is not well versed in nutrition as applied to menu planning and food preparation he should not hesitate to seek advice or counseling on the subject The nutritionist of Division of Industrial Hygiene of New York State Department of Labor is always available for such consultation without charge DUST INHALATION IN RELATION TO PULMONARY DISEASE JOHN E. SILSON M.D. Medical Unit Continued from the February 1951 Issue Specific pulmonary pathology has also been shown to be produced by exposure to fumes and dusts of certain of the metals notably beryllium and cadmium Both these substances actually are systemic poisons but since industrial exposure to them occurs primarily by inhalation the principal pathology is usually present in the lungs Beryllium is responsible for two types of respiratory diseases One is an acute inflammatory reaction varying from a mild pharyngitis or bronchitis to a massive pulmonary edema which occurs principally among workers exposed to soluble salts in the beryllium refining industry The other is a chronic pulmonary granulomatosis developing after a delay of several months to years which occurs primarily among workers exposed to dusts and fumes of the metal oxide and certain complex silicates fluorescent compounds It is characterized by a nodular fibrosis giving a characteristic ray picture and a diffuse thickening of the alveolar walls The outstanding symptoms are dyspnea fatigue anorexia severe weight loss and intractable cough The mortality is high and some degree of permanent disability remains a mong nearly all those who survive relations between the acute and chronic forms and the occurrence of an intermediate subacute type indicate that they are probably all widely different manifestations of the same disease process The pulmonary pathology due to cadmium is generally encountered when workers unwittingly create cadmium fumes without adequate protec- tion for example in flame cutting or welding cadmium plated iron It first causes a cough and dryness of the throat which then progresses to severe constricting chest pain and dyspnea dizziness chills and prostration The pathological picture is that of pulmonary congestion and edema with interstitial pneumonitis hemorrhage and cel- lular infiltration The term siderosis has been applied to a benign pneumoconiosis due to exposure to dust and fumes of iron and its oxides usually seen among hematite miners welders and other iron workers Pathologically siderosis consists of a deposition of phagocytized iron particles distributed in nodular fashion along the lymphatics Outside of the mechanical effects of excessive pulmonary accumulation previously discussed its importance lies chiefly in the necessity of differentiating it from silicosis with which it had frequently been confused in the past particularly among foundry workers The nodules in siderosis are more dis- crete and sharply defined on ray and there is no tendency to confluent nodulation or hilar enlargement law Copyright U.S. by protecd be may and party third a by Medicne of Library National the of colection the from copied was page this on material The ORGANIC DUST DISEASES BIBLIOGRAPHY law A few materials of organic origin have been Hardy H.L. and Tabershaw I.R Delayed Chem- Copyright Copyright Copyright Copyright found to be responsible for specific types of pulmonary pathology Notable among these is bagasse which is the residue of sugar cane after ducing extraction This material has been ical Pneumonitis in Workers Exposed to Beryllium Copyright Copyright Compounds J. Indust Hyg & Tox 197 1946 CopCyopryirgighhtt 2 Machle W. & Gregorius .: Cancer of the Respira- tory System in the United States Chromate U.S U.S Industry Public Health Reports 1114 by 1948 by extensively used in the manufacture of insulating board and 3 Jotten K. W Pneumoconiosis and protected other building materials It shreds in Dusted Lungs Beihefte z ZentralbTlubferGcuelwoesri-s protected readily when behyg 146 1930 protected : handled dry with the production of a fibrous dust 4. Dernehl C. U. and protected protected A high percentage of workers exposed to these fi- and Nau C. A Some New Aspects protected Approaches to the Problem of Dust Diseases be be bers have developed after about two months an Indust Med 744 1945 may may =r acute bronchiolitis with 5. Mayer Edgar Clinical Evaluation of Disability in may high fever extreme dys- Diseases in Industry J.A.M.A. 116 and and Pulmonary pnea productive cough weakness and weight loss and rays show scattered miliary shadows through- HtiactlechSiTz.e ainnd Hemeon W. C. L Influence of Par- ppaarrttyy out the lung fields which may go on to a confluent Toxicol 172Du1s9t4E8xposure J. Indust Hyg and ppaarrtyty pneumonia The disease usually clears up but may third Harrington D. and Davenport S. .: Rexiew of third third be fatal or result in chronic fibrosis or bronch- Literature on Effects of Breathing Dusts With a iectasis Special Reference to Silicosis U. S. Department of by the Interior Bur of Mines Bull No. 400 ~ by Medicine Both acute and chronic pulmonary diseases have been reported among cotton workers The former27 consists of an acute febrile illness with productive cough and dyspnea resembling an acute bronchitis It usually resolves completely but may occasionally result in a chronic bronchitis It is be- lieved to be due to the dust of the fungi or bacteria which grow on damp unsterilized cotton The chronic disease known as byssinosis consists of a progressive fibrosis usually associated with em- physema and bronchiectasis which develops after many years of inhalation of cotton fibers It is not Clark W. Irving Clinical Aspects Diagnosis and Medicine Treatment of Pneumoconiosis J. Indust Hyg and Medicine Medicine Toxicol 537 1936 Medicine Medicine Teleky L. Pneumoconiosis Occupation and Health of of Supplement International Labor Office Geneva Library Jan. 1938 Library Library Library 10. Amor A. .: Chest Disease in Industry Practi- Library tioner 326 1942 Library National 11. Perry K. M. A Diseases of the Lung Resulting National from Occupational Dusts other than Silica Thorax National National 1947 2:91 National National of the 12. Derbes V. J. and Winsor T Occupational Allergy tthhee Respiratory Tract Ann Int Med 255 1944 of yet known whether it is a specific fibrotic response an allergic reaction or the end result of repeated subclinical acute infections SUMMARY collection 13. Hamilton A. and Hardy H. L Industrial Tox- collection collection icology Secoond Ed p 481 Hoeber 1949 collection 14 Asbestosis and Cancer of the Lung editorial ccoolllleeccttiioonn J.A.M.A. 1219 1949 collection the 15. Johnstone R. .: Occcupational Medicine and In- the the dustrial Hygiene p 382. Mosby 1948 - from To 16. Shaver C. G. and Riddell A. R Lung Changes from summarize there are a number of types of Associated with the manufacture of Alumina Ab- copied pulmonary pathology which can be caused by the rasives J. Indust Hyg & Toxicol 145 1947 copied copied inhalation of excessive quantities of particulate 17. Jephcott C. M Fume Exposure in the Manufac copied copied matter varying from specific fibrotic reactions ture of Alumina Abrasives Occup Med 701 wwaass with a characteristic picture to an increased in- 1948 was cidence of a form of pathology usually considered 18. Stone M. .: Clinical Studies in Asbestosis Am ppaaggee Rev. Tuberc industrial in origin Size composition and 41:12 1940 page page 19. Siegel W. Smith A. R. and Greenburg L The this this structure of the particles are all factors determin- Dust Hazard in Tremolite Talc Mining Am J this ing the nature of the response Pathological re- Roentgenol 49:11 1943 on actions generally result when the capacity of the 20. Vestal T. F. Winstead J. A. and Joliet P. V on material filtering and phagocytizing mechanisms of the res- Pneumoconiosis among Mica and Pegmatite Work- material ers Indust Med 12:11 1943 material material piratory tract are exceeded These reactions may 21. Smith A. R. and Perina A. E Pneumoconiosis material material be fibrotic inflammatory degenerative allergic from Synthetic Abrasive Materials Med 396 The carcinogenic or merely mechanical impairment of 1948 The The function 22. Gough J Pneumoconiosis in Coal Workers in Wales Occ Med 4:86 1947 The best known cause of pneumoconiosis is free crystalline silica but amorphous silica silicates and even silicon carbide have been shown to exert 23. Silson J. E. Benjamin L. P. and Wilson S. C The Use of Beryllium in New York State Monthly Review Div of Indust Hyg N. Y. State Dept. of Labor 28:13 1949 deleterious effects Coal dust certain metals and a few organic compounds have also been indicted as the cause of specific lung pathology A careful evaluation of both the clinical picture and the occupational history is necessary in every case of chronic pulmonary disease to rule out a possible etiological or aggravating factor in the patient's working environment and to ensure an optimum prognosis by eliminating all future exposure to any harmful atmospheric agents found 24. Spolyar L. W. Keppler J. F. and Porter H. G Cadmium Poisoning in Industry Report of Five Cases Including One Death J. Indust Hyg and Toxicol 232 1944 25. Sander O. A Benign Pneumoconiosis Due to Metal Fumes and Dusts Am J. Roentgenol 277 26 ASrocdhemIannt MW.edA36B5 aga1ss9e44Disease of the Lungs 27 Middleton E. L Weavers Cough J. Indust Hyg and Toxicol 428 1926 28 Bolen H. L Byssinosis J. Indust Hyg and Tox- icol 215 1943