Document pB49bBmZzDDOxBqmbk5N6Gbmk

V , PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT S'iV\% <J ( The Encyclopedia AMERICANA i i. ie m-rorn jlicnai 7Vc v. .ompiele in C j Thirty Volumes 1953 AMERICANA CORPORATION New York * Chicago * Washington, D.C. .C T ._*??IB* _____ K'OV.W\-,.- - . ; ..y. - Eli ` ' * -WY ' ' * * ........ ... ' .7 o.-A***. . 1957 EDITION COPYRIGHT 1957 !x THE UHTTra.StATTS of AMERICA By Americana Corporation Cornucut 1957, 1956, 1955. 1954, 1953, 1952. 1951. 2950. 1949, 1M* 1W. 1946; 194-5, 2944, 1943;: 1942. 1W; 1940,. 1939, 1938jU937, 1936, 1932. r 1931*. 1929. 1927 Bv Amkcana Corporation Copyright 1924, 1922.. 1920, 191* Br Encyclopedia Americana Corwration GwYRICHT UNDER INTERNATIONAL CorYBJCHT Convention and under Pan American Copyright Conventions All rights reserved unpex 1ntexA Mexican Copyright Union (1910) ry Americana Corporation . Printer in- thy. U^vAUlirary of Gxitfrcsx (lacakig Canl 57-552W- T V I \ t l 1 l c VOLUME XV INDIA--JEFFERS X aa INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in great pup by wiiitfoiik.f ucnkif'. .UrJ the nitain| ber^ilium. Short expo-sure to luiunrial ui rytiunim<t> iiv*5i* jiutHuimui; the ciMtvcmr;ttiu$ ut berj-liium compounds, parties dwriiiuc with the u.i-uMunrc <>i the employer. larly .s*ihd)e ci>mfmunds such as the fluoride, raaf A)jart frimi mkIi .-.jx-virn examples. the enmjuny resuit in pnnnimnitis. Both forms of the discs* . hmn [ibimvil front Ibe .-tart hy tlic employer lor are frequently fatal. ' Ins workers is Ixvonuni; an incident fit tlie past Heavy Metal Poisoning.--LraJ growth <( UnUtstry. ranks uext to silicosis among occupatitvd <ks* Hil>liopra(Uiy 1 A. f., InJniHijI l''^): Wiivki. lUnry, cn.sex, Formerly it was a.sM<tatcsi rbiefly tiie jciinting traile; now it is rarely encountered /4mrfU4t fNrtr V..k I*'.'*'; .\lir3tn, (lurU*. T^r mj lt*i*+*m* Vorti P'lf.tj ITannali. TXe 1.,-JJrH 7`irmj,; -Y.-w liit'iljJ`i Miii iUHt anj .!/.f-attt IN#** Vrk W>Y. amosig Iwmsc suiters, but is h'Uiul Crnpvnitlc * sneh diverse industries as storage-hattery man" fa-turiitg. ntkiirrrnus foundries, lead nmelters sm Ilisar U'uu.ut, rednetiey. pla.olir* maiuila.turcrs. aki Architeciurai Consultant. assetnhly plant*. Tlie eotnrmmest symptoms ^ enlic. weakness of the wrists, and anemia. INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE. The appiiea- Mercury :s observed in imlustr?- (>Mt of Ur* omluv>l w-vlmupui's t rnsimnintc ttsioily results from ndialatinn h tlie rat*c. ^ dtcntisiry, physic*. aiul tunlicme to the ct*ttr*l of was formerly common aiming felt Jiat nukerw. the cnvionniRiU of tin* industrial \vrkfr. in tirdef wIri knew it. by tlie descriptive term, -dutter* to protect his lieaJtlu is the major concept of sliskes." Many enumries ami various states of *** industrial hygiene. Employment of medical and United States hatt the use of mermry-trrated b* nursing pritieiple* to impruve the health of a group- for lux manufacturing; but tliere are many othrf of employees, entirely apart from any occupational industrial uses of mercury. hazards, is a secondary concept. ^ Mauocnfse }eisontn<? front the inhalatioa * Infectious 'iiscascs. with a few exceptions, are high concentrations of the dust of manga** not typically occupational in origin and are nnr ctvnpotmds may result in damage to the n*m*a a ntajoe concern of the industrial hygienist. Oc- system and partial paralysis. Tyineal lympn*- cnpatiunal diseases, prevnitiun uf which is die are a stumbling gait and maskdikr facial exprr** chief puri*c of imhistnaJ hygiene, arc most ctnn- sion. Tlie disease is most prevalent in <melnog nkkdy caused by dusts, fumes. va;ors. gases, irri and mining operations. tating djemicals. and aluutrmal physical factors in Cndmfwm poisoning most frequently rrsuhi- tlie environment of iJk* \vh ker. from inhalation of fumes of heated cadmium. Du*t; Diseases.--Silicosis, a disease of the takes tle form of a severe chemical pneumonitis lung* caused ! inlialation of dust containing free Gtronie cadmimn poisoning among workers silica, is p*rlia|*s tlk* must imjmnaxtt occupational gaged in the manufacture of cadmtum*nickei * disease. The American 1'uliiic Health Association age batteries has been reported in Sweden ud deism* sdicrd* as a `discaNC due to breathing air France;. containing >ilua (SiO?). Hiarartcrued anatomically Zinc fume fever is a transient illness resuihflf by' generalized lUtrmic Hrangrs and tlie <icvrhp- from itdulntion of frrslily formed fmues of mmt ui miliary ikhdali* in ixtlh lungs, attd oxide. It occurs chieffy among bras* hnindcrs clinically 1y dRirtm*> ui breatiu decreased clwst welders of galvanized metal. ` extent****, les-eturi ro(taci:y tor work, aluroee of Otlter heavy metals, such a* arsenie. vanatfiona freer, iitrrra^l Miso-ptibility to tulsrrmhrds. , . ,w llallimit, ami uranium, are toxic ami prhiiK-e i<va* ' < Itditut ily m1r-*n** is .lt-Trlned **ily afler M-r* siMtal ivniioiNmal iutoxications. era! years *i wmi fc in a dmty ntetnnimrnt; Iml- Organic Solvent*.--e hen/ul, wdwu dost cRRrnlraRRr air itmoxaily liigit, it tif tlie mtwt dangerous of the common .-uilvcnts may follow exposure of only a year ot two. Com- Ah*orptim nf the vapor not infrequently remits Inned riliea trilirate) <!*% irH cao^r silu'trds, m hf<al idwnges wliieh may progre-** l> apla>tir *n*e (rnt *f 'ot silu-a iiRr*t vonmumly cneiwm- anemia, a fatal disease. Because of its tozieity* trrrU in nature ami re^|Ri<dlIe fie most eases of tlie nv of lienrrne in rubber cements ami bequrt Uses disease is ipeirta. I VrtspatiiMts in wlmdt silt- formulations lias Iwert rirttlally ahamkmed in the ensis may present a Itarard include mutitte, tumieL United States; but it i* still employed in paint me, stsmmittuitf. |*(trry manm'actnriny, sand- remover* and as a raw material m the chemiol blasthut. attd <'tltef htntulry nperathms. industry. Axb*iU**ii is a lung disease caused by inhala- Carbon tetrachloride, widely used as a clean* tiou f asliesp* fillers. Tlw changes produced because it is volatile and will not bum. is a danger* are unlike iln**e of dlicusis. Tite fdmwis is diffuse om kulney and liver poison. At present it is prv^ ami nut n:ltilar. and there is less susceptibility to ably the number-one toxic solvent problem in the tulierniknds. However, there is evidence that United States. ^ aslxstoM* may lie asMiciated with lung cancer. Carbon disulphide was formerfy used at the Jlyismosis s a lung <iisase contracted by ruhlier hidustrjr. but is now found chiefly as a raw cutton milt workers, oikfially in England. material in viscose rayon manufacture. It ?r^ Stdtrosis is a mmdisahlmg cotulition character- duces mental symptoms, leading in extreme rases iml l*y a deposit t iron oxitlc in the lungs, fre to insanity. Major episodes of carbon diruiphidr quently ubx-rved ainmig welders and miners of poisoning have been reported in Poland and Itary* iron re. . Qther solvents which have produced serious oc /T, ry/Iiniij results from the inhalation of cupational intoxications include tetrachUirethant beryllium ovith* ami certain mlier Iierrlliitm rnm- cthvlvtir rhkwniiytlrin. anti rituxane. {momL Wink* its cliirl \<ruit>(<iR rvi\f tu the Pesticide*.--Tlie use ot tnxie chemical* M* res(iratury tract, it is ('widdcml by *mn* autlmei- omtrnl inseyt. fungus, and rodent pests lias created ties to lw a systemic disease. 'Hie erratrst cotK'rn- some serious oentpattonal hazards.. .Methyl hv irattMd > ta-es {*ni in tin* iinnrf*ciiit kitnp .> mule, a gas used as a fimtigant. also to some extent imlustrr. w lk*re tin* p)k*p}ior< (Iheweseent 'as a fire extinguisher, damages the central nervuM* dersl i Ml tie* iuskk* t tite Uuttps fWUterlv . sv-strm ami al-u* - lms l--ifn* ri ij . `1.4V HIS. ::.'iv with' - . *mK-Ti . -mt jy ;n ; nnms. ami > ire . m.!u.<try, It . umbers, ! "h.-iner'* ;|r- '! the .-airti for - my other . datum of -.p.njnucse : , m-rvous 4 ' mi'tonw u -.5 vM'rfj. -melting -h .v.iiunv. and '-utnwmiv - *. k4-r> - ; W<*J atd . - rewriting - <( zinc : vsyiers and vanadium, V-v ocea- * 'm . -.t.'y rrvjitj - aplastic toxicity, nd lacquer in the . :n paint W*.<-rp.ir-al j cleaner .* a danger* i: i* ;tr.K. in -mxI in the a* a raw *. It pr.v dirulyUnl* : wd Italy. 1 -rrhms oc.hl.-rvthane, !.mural* to :j? errand '.Jftityl hri- ** rM-nt' " I* :*.4fujin.tn. ,!4 ij wrkerv -`r Occupational Cancef j.-- The !jy<irm-:jrUnj irrv^if -u '-vi !ar. :md ;:j <ne m!* u-rrvi-t{ .fem ;;etr\`i<'um. art: noirkiuily carm^wmte. ui :ea>t vo '.be >kin. Qincer ot the .termum wax urmrfiy a not unounnton ifiiictimi anutg vhim- rxj sweeps m England. Mine .'pinners in that country :ra|urnt]v orntracted the mr condition jrr contact with jnhricattng oil. Tumnr.s ui the jbtidcr, loom! in aimonnaj trrtjurnry :mmg avrvrTS in dye plants. have been traced tn beta* .^piitliri.imtnr :mI Ixvmdine. AniJinc. which was lorraeriy blamoi. iuj hern shown not to raitv titis js*ca.<e. A inch incidence of lnnc cancer Ins lvn 50<rccd mioiiv worker? in plums manufacturing ^rcmaies. The exact compound rCTpmisiiilc lias nyj been dcriniielr vlctt-raiiiieri. 5o tar iherr iiave no simitar reports (mm other indu<rics m which chromium e.rnjxnjmls are u-etl. Arsenic linve !erti rriorted to ean>e cancer of the s**ih and also u* dv respiratory organs. Radioactive 5ub*mces ire among the most .bncrrous cnrcmoyniie acmts. A very high death rate from catterr ot the Imig has bem- oltxrvrd in nranium mines in Cr.rchsUivakia wltere high entt- ^-nirativ'ns ot ral*n were present ut ttw air. Tumors of the lame dereJojvri in many workers whu' tcKti radioactive lumimms paints witlmot peuper precantnmsu TTwsC ituliridmls il alt> niched ra<(itim. which was deposited in the Iwmcs. Skin Diseases.--Dermat.ises, pr diseases of ,he .'kin. are ti* >-mtmf>t of mntpntiiaJ di. jasrs. The most frequent causes are solvents, oils, and a/kalis. Substances whose use is freutw-nt/y ajjortated with outbreaks of dermatitis inc/utle fi^oaates. ^-phenylene diamine, and hexamethyi(3C tetramine- ^ InTecrious Diseases.--A fete of the- infections c?e4 ire freqttently occupational la origin, such * anthrax (wind .*orters and tannersl, WriPs ffi^h lumtilcrs. sewer workers), atui bru- trin*ds tslawchter-itouse employees). Illness from Physical Condiuons.--Physical (ORditions which may bring on occupational illness excessive temperatures (heat stroke.!, high atmospheric pressures (bends), ultraviolet andfn/rared radiation (ej*e injury and skin bums). gidX*ray4 3W` radiation from radiactivc Mitirres. The latter may cause h!*d changes, skm burns, siiadness and. as jtoted above, cancer. ;n-r m ,-.jr 'h.-vt -,\ rcl-iiivi-'y vrec vrutn >in>{. '>> 'wrui 'nimirvl imilif-n .n inyuiy <(u'ty (it-r;ali>)OS. 'I'iixj.* i|n*is ,in<i fumex, >ch :;x (rum Icml. cuvimium. aiwl mnnur.ocv'C. arc uxuiiy <-lcruoe*l rlwniically. Tlwy :uny l>r coilcrtr*! Iir mrao\ <>( (lie imfnttgve. wills a i*iftuliic ctrrlrlc [)rt-ri!iiat"r, or mi a filter jjafjcf. Coiicentrathmx are cs- [ircsx-tj in uiillivrams |>rr miic inner of air. and mic7t>-metl*di of analysis are usually necessary to determine t)ic small amounts of substanrr- present. V*a(Mrs can Iw aN>rbetl oo arti\-afnl charcoal, or >Hca gei. and tlmi ilctrnnioeH )>y chemical ur physical methods. lriamniah)c rajxtrs can be meaxorerl dirertly by means of a jsortahle detector. Instnnm-TUs are al>o available for the direct ileicrminatio** of chlorinated hydrocarbon vapors, aiv*1 the jmrtalde intcrfvmmeter can be used tor ifn* firhl eMimalhnt'of many va(*rs. ' Ga*e* are itxeiily alixorlicrl hy huhbliug the air thftmuii 3 *oitnld* rlieniieal reagnit. However* dirwt rittmiical (estiitg devices are available for rrrtaiii gases aimI vajKirs in the 3r* such as carlion mo*t**shie. hydrogen sulphide. Iim/ntc, and sulphur tlhixidc. Biochemical Testi--Amlysi* of urine or blond for toxic MilistaiK*rs in ait alternative tnHiwxi of meaMiriug.eatuHiirc. Uritwlysen are useful for snrii heavy metals as lead, Mercury, anti nranhira. ' `Hie rath* f imwganir ti l*rtal s*d{lates (urine suipliate test) is affected hy aihwiqition of Ixntzciie. Tie IiUkkI r<Atm!s of lead and of rarinit monoxhle fcarl-tnylieinoghdiiit) arc useful ittltren f cnpusure tt these substances. The radon content of cxpirctl air is a measure of the radmm stimvl in the !*k1v. Tests to indicate early damage to the body or chances winch precede measurable damage arc also employed. Examples are chest X-rays to detect early stages of silicosis., asixrstosis. ami other oc* rupati*al lung ihsvases: measurnnmts of metlwm*tl4jin in the bb**l to determine eltgcts of nitroherzene aiwi allied suir^taoces; tests * tlw dnduiotcra-se-. activity of die !ih**l. which are a delicate index of. absorption of the organic phos phate insecticides, such as parathion. Copnjpor* phyrin in urine is i sensitive twt for very early stages of lead poisoning. Control^ Measures.--Pre-employment and pe riodic medical examinations are adviahle f*w workers m occupatiexts in which harmful dusts, TfiSTIKC AMO CONTJtOX. * fumes* of radiatioiu are present. Individuals with a pcvdt*p*stt*et u* the tlisease ratvwd hy a given Air Analyses.--The essence of industrial hr- agent slvntld avoid an occupation in which it is is the measurement of harmful mtuliiimts. present in sniSeienr concentration to prnd**e* a I4i ihularir the cjatcetitraiion of dtt-ix, imur*. iiaaanl. Ueuvwal t{ mirkers from Iwxardims j 'aes. or vnp**<s m the w<trkn<m atm-jil*cir. " {jjtteral dusts are determined by a rooming -n^rdare. I 'rdinarily nly the panicles l*chw rxp**nes at tin* first sign of illness ntay pi went flic disease from becoming serious. Tin's phase <*f industrial hygiene when fimls tiw mrsiieal pr(es- Tcertain site (5 to 10 mtcrons in diameter) are' sHMt and organised labor in conliict. since transfer t-,eidered .Meniheanx. In the United States an of a uvirker from a hazardous occupation in which ^Ateer nunainittg water or aksdad rominotdy lie is *kilU-d u* a safer occipiation may involve for collectitur dusts. A >nmll amount ecotviRitc liardslipx ') the su?pcttrMn is placed in a shallow cell and When a health hazard ts shown to l>e prwmt, :;y number of prtieie*> emmted under a rniem- by air tests, bio-assay, or other procedures, re- Krrjaimtly a lieht-fieid setup is used. In ducthm or elimination of the ex|>osure is indicated. "r.riand the dost is usually collected dry in a 7*he cldet methods of achieving this end are as thermal precioitntor. In Sooth Africa a' koni- follows: ^er. a dry impiocement device with a built-in f^^rrvwopc. is wideiy employed. ' yast ctmcmtration* are rxprevwd as mmiliers .4 fardel***, wr cubic centimeter of air nr as 0) Substitution of a less toxic material. Ex amples: use of steel shot for sandblasting in place uf sand (quartz); substitution of naphtha fi>r benzene in rublxr cements. d-*,..... *t '-I-*-->*