Document p7eX8mgMkMqQ6X0DzxMGVnYE

I urcuSTRiAi iTiGurr^ Fcur^\r:o;i c? amebica, Eic. VtCO Fifth Aver.uo Pittsburgh 13, Fa. 1 IEPOE? CF PHZLZIIZL-VEi IUST LT/ZSTICATIC;.' FOP. ASBESTOS TEXTILE IXSTIEJTE JUI3, 19^7 By V.C.L. Hereon Head Engineer O IP, l<5h'7 Industrial Hygiene Foundation, of America, Inc. By John F. M:t'ahor. Jianaging i-irsetor #'* /It'.< I c. . 4 ' -* REPORT of PEILIIUXIARY LUST SURVEY for ASBESTOS TEXTILE INSTITUTE June, 19**7 OBJECT OF INVESTIGATION Thio project vas a preliminary investigation of the ashestosis problem in textile plants of renters of the Asbestos Textile Institute, vith the immediate object of defining the specific nature and the msgnitude of the problen in all its phases. Iron such a definition, the charactor of a long-tern project could be outlined. An original objective cf most Irradiate importance vas to facilitate the exchange cf information between rsrber ccrpanies cn successful rsthcds of dust control and othervise to prerote a general irproveront in that field. SUMMARY The facts upon vhich this report is based vere obtained on visits during tfco pact three months, to all plants- of Institute cambers (except one, vho visaed the visit postponed to a later date). Complete cooperation vas extended at all plants. Dr. C. Richard Usurer, Medical Director of Industrial Hygiene Foundation, participated in visits to three plants and in development of the medical concepts of thio report. Ihe problem is aeon to be composed of three aapocts vhich arc diocuscod in -three sections of tho report and surmnrited herewith, as e;ceesri::g, medical, and physical testing. ,V \Preliminary Dust Survey for Asbestos Textile Institute i .** Juno, 1947 o Engineering. -- Mechanical methods vere seen In U3e in one or more plants vhich effected practical dust control in all operations, bringing dust concentrations down to five nillien or lever with one cr two exceptions. It is proposed to prepare formal detailed descriptions of these rotheds fer goner- -- * _ al distribution'to members of Ashes tea' Textile Ins ti tutef .....____ ..... * Medical Supervision of Workers. -- Only five plants have had any nedical x-ray surveys of employees. In the others, therefore, there is a serious lack of information as to the incidence of ssbestesis. The lacl: is more serious, in a sense, because in most of these plants no compensable cases of asbestoses have occurred to draw attention of top management to the problem. While the nedical survey conducted by one plant recently shows only about throe per cent of the employees vith asbestosis, two other plants appear to have about- 20 per cent of their employees affected. Medical supervision of workers in this industry is of utmost im portance for the protection of both employee and employer, not to mention other `considerations. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that each plant insti tute a program of medical and x-ray examinations of all exposed workers as , ' early ao practical. Physical Testing (Dust Counts, etc.) -- The ''maximum permissible dustiness" for asbestos is commonly taken to be five million particles per cubic foot. Shis represents good attainment in the dust control program. It ia em- phusized, however, that dust elimination to this extent docs not positively in- oure that no aobestosls will develop in some workers after a long working life (greater than 20-25 years). Scientific evidence i3 obscure cn this point. It is recommended., therefore, that studies be initiated aimed to develop another ' . . rrcllnir.r.ry lust Survey for Ac tea too Textile Institute, v*Junc, 19^7 yardstick, because it is suggested that vhen control "bolev five million is attained, pre cent dU3t count methods may net properly measure the remaining hazard. A detailed summary of recommendations for a long-tern investigation is given, at the end of this report, ' > ^Preliminary DuGt Surrey for Asbestos Textile Institute, June, 19^7 I - E N C I N a E B I it G PPZSEWT STATUS C? DUST CCIITP.QL Practically all plants visited have had one or core dust count sur veys made of their operations and these data vere available for the present study. In addition, a fev samples vere taken by the investigator in most plants These records vere studied and a range of concentrations judged to be most representative selected for the surrary given in Table I. Where relative ly extreme values appear it is an indication of too fev data to permit a closer estimate. figures in the last column are selected to indicate the magnitude cf readily attainable dust concentrations vith dust control measures nev in common use; or judged to be most typical of an operation vhere no special dust control measures are employed, e.g., ring spinning. Discussion of Concentrations * The available dust count data for operations in the preparation room are highly variable and reflect the poorer accuracy in sampling inherent in operations that are intermittent and miscellaneous in character. These figures are, therofore, considered much less reliable than these for other departments. The figures for carding room dustiness indicate .that vith reasonably good enclosure and exhaust cf the machines, concentrations veil belov three million aro obtainable. Pour of the plants visited oxcoed the five million limit materially. All tho data for mule spinners exposure indicate a vide variation in dustiness, ranging from tvo to eight million, but the volume of data are not .  PrclltLir/iry Duat Survey for Ashes toe Textile Institute, June, i9-'f7. *. w s<e P* Ccn-l Er COJ 6 Fh in *5 M a w F--( wp 5H2i ce cr, c(6T0-. < -< oC c cno in c2 g E-* ot*i na ptn foC E<h in fc B (CXJ iCn<) P rma mPi Pi p e) a >-i O p>-*j-s>v->< H^ c *j > oo SJ o r*~ s ro--* O .- tn ti cu H H- r~* ? 1 f CD t*- -- mi H1K*> * VOi On i iTv -3* J<N 1 f* 1 CU 1 ITN M v-- *r O CoU- ami c tn CHO Cr-Orf i1f N"S r"4 r-l 1 1 *ni CU 1 jni CM 0J i co t Hi-4* l COt o 1 fow t cu cu CU tC\ >1in. cu fci Cf-Oi i OJ CU cu1 H I cu ini H w -l fOi . Hi- tn IT1 \ CO1 in 1 Cn i Of-41J K\ -rf i -H41* cu ini cu o ri - IfN 4 mcui VO Ho - 1 Hi- ij--ni< tr\ HH --J *~l \ C1J P r*H fCIs it-r4i\ ini *--* ni .f * 1 K"1* CU 1 -41* CU VOi cu CU1 rH i r-- cu cu 1 1 1 J-1 cu V*o-C>i a y. Vpooi. Pi or ^C-4 T*J4 c: a tc4o cc a. CO o r3-4 vtnHo cc4 o to 4 tfi v4 .1 f- fcO rc-4 >o a to c -i r--4 to vCi ooO. Vc.-i in P 5 .Preliminary Du at Surrey for Asbestos Textile Institute, June, 1947. 6 groat enough to yield a good average. Concentrations for ring spinning vary fron cno to five million although there is no strong indication in tho aval lab data of marked differences between this operation and rule spinning. There Is a similar vid9 variation in data for twisting (two to eight cillicn), hut there is sera Justification in these data for the opinion widely held that this is cr.s of the dustier operations in the finishing end of the ci It is believed that occasional high values in both ring spinning and twisting reflect in sene cases the campling procedure. If the largo inpinger is main tained in one location, end there is a strand breakage in that immediate vie ini the resulting whipping dust will be reflected in that single cample and would not, therefore, be representative cf the worker's exposure. Dustiness in weaving operations reflects the use of water for dust control in seme plants ahd ejdnust systems in others. The lowest ccnccntrati'ens of one to two million obtained in Plant A reflect highly efficient vet weaving methods there employed. Concentrations less than four to five million arc readily ^attainable by local exhaust methods as indicated by the results in several plants. The data for qucoling and winding operations are included for complctcness, but reflect miscellaneous operations and conditions. -The dust re ported is often due to tho effect of other machinery in tho cams rocn. These considerations therefore affect the reliability of these data, ao in the caso of operations In the preparation room. ,,Prciiid.nary Dust Survey for Asbestos Textile Instituto, *Juno, 147. 7 EXISTING DUST CCTITrOL 7?ACTICZS The following discussion of duct control practices in the industry is re rely an outline. To he useful to those who are responsible for the engineering in each plant, they vill need to he set forth in the fem of detailed specifications describing details of construction, specifications for sheet ratal contractors, for purchase of fans of proper capacity and for design and operation of dust collectors. Preparation . Highly variable practices prevail in different plants and the ni3- cellansouc character of operations vithin a single plant mhos it irrpmctical to femulate rary general staterents. However, it nay bo said that such con trol as is realized results fion the use of redem equipment that io veil en closed and vhich usually incorporates pneuratic conveyors vith ceiling con densers. The large noverent of air involved in pneuratic transport serves `the useful additional purpose of preventing the escape of dust fron the prinary equipment. Discharge of stock fren ceiling condensers into bins, stock boxes, or feed hoppers is a dust*usually not under control. The blending operation in another source vhich is often not satisfactorily controlled. With the ex ception of these two cocoon operations, rost of the dust control procedures re quired vill be noro or less specific for each plant. Carding Ao has been noted, reduction of dustiness in carding to concentra tions of three rdllicn or less is easily attained by good enclosure cf the machine and carefully designed exhaust. Morcovor, experience of several rrclir.ir.sry Duel Survey for Asbestos Textile Institute, Jur.c, I5U7. cccpanico proves that it docs not interfere seriously vith nanufacturing operations nor vith auality of roving produced. Our investigations indicate the ouperior advantages of haring side- valla of the enclosure of voed to facilitate smell clearance "by rubbing con tact at the edge of the rain cylinder, thuo avoiding excessive air infiltra tion at that point. Vccd covers have the advantage of resistance to crushing vhich van evident in installations vith sheet.notal covers. Connection of the enclosure to the exhaust systen by neons of chon- bero of onple dirarsiens, i.e., large cros3-eectional area i3 of major in- portance to avoid local!red high air velocities close to the vebeing in the nain cylinder. This detail vas not alvays observed. In view of similar degrees of success, judged by dust counts3 be tween various installations, the best criterion of superior design as to de tails of exhaust from. the machine vas in the relative economy respecting volume of air exhausted per machine. Our observations indicated rather ex trane variations as indicated in the following table of exhaust rates per carding set in five representative plants: Plant A. '/.*f^ * * B C`.' * E G H ' >' * Air Exhausted Per Set '15CO cfn 2200 cfn 3C00 cfn 5h00 cfn 2000 cfn \ It is apparent fren this investigation that 2000-2500 cfn. per set of bruakor end finisher ca.ds is anple exhaust capacity if tho oyoten is properly designed. . Preliminary Lust Survey for Asbestos Textilo Institute, June, 19^7. 9 All five of the systems described in the tablo serve tholr purpose satisfactorily fren the viewpoint of operation, hut it does not mean that they vould be equally satlofactcry to others. Thus the plant vith high ex haust capacity (C) has a unique Interplant tunnel connection, so that oxccos heat from another plant supplies replacement air without added co3t, for heat, or vinter discomfort. Plant H controls dust by completely housing each pair of cards in a .spacious room, exhausted at a rate cf 2CC0 cfm. Sidewalls are easily rerov ed for repairs. Host plants vould not prefer this arrangement. !-* \JUVW As far as the dust count data can shev, the card room of Plant D vith 2200 cfm. is equal if not superior to that of Plant 2 vith ^SCO cfm, a - recently' installed system. The fundcnontal features of best card dust control systems observed are as follcvs; " 1. Wood enclosure vith hingsing arrangement. 2. Liberal clearance between worker rolls and curve of cover permitting air passage at lev velocity. % 3. large chamber connection on cover, to duct. * ! I 4. Duct branch not over 5", preferably 4", - ' 5. Ho blast gate dampers in branch line. 6. Exhaust influence over comb, cither by extension of main cover or by separate hocd3. 7. Exhaust space under nnchine, not over 4" duct. 8. Enclosure ar.d exhaust of feed hopper, not over 4" duct. Two installations include cn exhaust branch to prevent the escape of dust originating in the cpace botveen the ring doflors and the main cylinder. Preliminary Dust Surrey for Asbestos Textile Institute, June, 19^7 1 Splnr.in.rT f. y' ^\r " One plant has installed ventilation for their ring spinning franc3 vhich nonagerent believes has reduced dust in this operation. It consists in a scries of exhaust openings under the -framo, near the floor, running the length of each froms. Tiro did not permit demonstrating to our own satisfaction vhether a measurable improvement had teen effected or not. This should be dons by a aeries of dust measurements vith exhaust cn and off. Tho voluro of air exhaust is insufficient to effect a true local ex haust action, and if it is effective it rust, therefore, be an effect of simple dilution. Twi n tin rr Interest in control of dust from tvisters is videspread in the in dustry and Plants A and 3 have installed an exhaust system like the one de scribed for the spinning frames in Plant A, Hero again the operators be Hove a marked improvement has resulted. Dust count data is needed that vill measure the degree of improvement. - Vir.dcr3 1< * -- A* C . <J" ' Cop vir.iers havo be on exhausted in Plants A and B vith reports of beneficial reduction in dustiness. We do not have quantitative data on this point. Tho exhaust arrangement for Foster winders was doYeloped'nany years ago and is veil knevn. Tho tendency to elimination of this machine isakeo tho problem one of little practical interest nev. In coat plants, dust from other equipment, such as opinnir.g and twisting vhich arc commonly in tho some room, is of greater inportnneo than that from winding operations.  PrulinJ.no.ry lust Surrey for Asbestos Textile Institute, June, 19^7 Wcevlnr; One plant has a ouperior nathed of suppressing, dust In veaving by vet cothcda and duat count recorda Indicate a comlste sunDrcaaion of dust. . ,l It involves a vator spray head nounted above the varp at-the rear of tho hamoaa vlth a nechsrical acrev arrangerent for cor.atcnt reverent cf the spray head transversely to the varp. They believe it to be r.cro effective than the system ccanon In aeveral plants vhcrcln the varp is passed over vetted rolls. It is apparently not practical to roe errand ICO per cent vet weaving throughout the industry. Moreover, vo are satiafied that it is practical to control duat in this operation by local exhaust, vharc dry veering la consider ed ir.gcrativefor special prepertiea of the cloth. One of the best exhaust arrar.gcnents includes an exhaust opening directly under the varp at the rear of the harness frsre vith a slot exhaust opening carried by the lay bean, the latter connected to the stationary part of tho exhaust systen, either by floxiblc hose arrangenent or by an all natal svivel Joint. Duct Work Tho actual arrangenent of duct work and exhaust fan present no un- / usual problcns vhere good practice in sheet natal fabrication la follcved. Tvo points are of cufficient inportance to requiro cnphasi3. . Special care should be exercised in tho fabrication to avoid charp projections on thg_ inside that create points of lodgener.t for fibers. Secondly, it must be designed to pro vide adequate transporting velocities. Velocities bolcv 2C00 fpn, in the experience of tho industry, nay psrnit sottlcrent of notarial sr.d gradual clogging. Therefore, allowing a nargin of oafety, tho design should provide for velocities of 2CC0 fpn. Preliminary Duet Survey fcr Asbestos Textilo Institute, June, 1947 * 12, Tho problem of distribution of planned air flcvs to the different branches of the system. is of importance in the design of all dust oxhaust systems. Tho uao of dampers in branches to adjust air flcv3 is avoided in the beet system. Their function in effecting balance betveen branches is be3t attained, in tho original design. Design procedures to effect this ob jective arc available but vill not be elaborated at this point. Dust Collector; Five plants in the surrey employ the vcll-kncvn burlap dust house / for filtering air frees various exhaust cysterns. The favored filtering area ia determined on the basis of one square foot fcr each air flcv of 2 cm. Host arrangements ars such as to permit cleaning by whipping vita a bamboo pole or a bug-gr vhip. by men vho remain on the clean air side of the filter cloth. In one system, the men are required to enter the dust side for clean ing purposes, and final cleaning is carried out cnee veekiy vith the use of a central station vacuum cleaner. Practices in different plants are variable ae to frequency vith vhich the burlap filter is freed of its dust lead by vhipoir.g. While these dust collectors work veil, ve are not prepared to recom mend them to tiie exclusion of acme commercial types of filters having automatic shakers. Several engineering olsments enter into the design of a dust collect or system, involving principally a proper estimate of preaauro iron in all ele ments of tho 3yston and especially that tJirough the filter proper (back pressure. If tho pressure drop oatimte in the filter is incorrect, the system vill not operate properly. XT the basic rcDistar.ce of the filter, i.c.. that immediate ly after ohaking tho cloth, io subject to a conotant incrcaso over a period lYolinlnary Dust Survey for Aabcotoa Textile Institute, Juiia , 1947 13 of weeks, tho oysten operation vill auffer. Apparently', aone of the older commercial flat tag type of collectors did exhibit that difficulty. Medifi- . caticna in the design of such units have, hovover, been incorporated in nore recent r.cdelo and theca difficulties nay have been eliminated. Two plants crapier commercial co Hoc tore of tire flat bag or envelops type. Another plant uses a cloth tube commercial collector and also one whose filtering element is of paper, which is replaced at intervals of several weeks. A study of operating details of these commercial collectors io indicated in this study, including considerations of original coat and operating cost. Recirculation Several plants return air from the dust collectors to the workroom to conserve heat in the cold weather. We are not prepared at this point either to condone or to condemn this practice except in caoes vhers there i3 obvious ly leakage of dU3t through the filter and cor.seq.ucnt recontaninaticn of the air inside the plant. The practice is generally frowned upon where dusts that are hazardous to health aro being handled. We believe there are certain circumstances vhers the.practice night be permissible provided adequate safe guards are incorporated in operating procedures. The large volumes of air involved in dust control represent a tremendous problem as to heat loco and boiler capacity which cannot be passed over lightly. Frclirir.ary Duot Survey for Asbestos Textile Institute, Juno, I9U7 IT - MEDICAL PPESENT MEDICAL FACILITIES A'ID ??ACTICES Every plant has connections' with- a local specialist in radiology vho is deployed for diagnostic work on an irregular basis. Three have their ovn s-ray nachir.es used by the local specialist, but only one has a veilestablished schedule of periodic radical exaninatiers. Half of tho plants have no positive informticn a3 to the incidence of asbestoeis cncrg their workers. The situation is these respects is in dicated in Table II. F A. TAPIS n. .ATrz V/U- S PQ ;gDTCAI . Plant A B C D E V Cr F T Eecent X-ray1 Survey Made Yes No Yes Yes Ho No No Yen No Periodic X-ray Examinations Made Ho Ho .No' * No No No No Yes No Have Cvn X-ray Machine Yes Ho ,if Ho Ho Ho L, No `No Yoo *M-\ No J Yen No Yea Hflthin last few years, and results availcblo to plant or its pljyaician * Preliminary fuat Survey for Asbestos Textilo In3tituto June, 19^7 15 esth-'Atzd 0? asststcsis Tho incidence of ashestosis among.employeea of these plants vhers employees vere examined in recent years, she*..'3 a marked variation as indicat ed by the follcvir.g: Plant A has recorded cases diagnosed as as be 3 tee i3 to tho extent of about 20 per cent, and in the past nine years hao compensated, on the average, two cases per annum. Total textile employment about bCO. ' Plant C on the basis of a recent aystematic survey, eat tee c.3best03i3 incidence to bo about three to four per cant. Plant G has rccults from an incomplete survey in vhich. * cur coses vero found among those volunteering for examination vith a total ployment of around 150. They have compensated one case in about 10 years. Three more are pending. Plant II vith a textile employment of 3C0 finds five or six cases .annually that the physician believes shov early changes due to asbestos. * Plant J has counted potential cases of asbos tools amounting in *+ number to about 20 per cent, comparable with Plant A. Tho other plants have conducted no systematic x-ray surveys of their ovn and have no information as to incidence among their employees. None of thcco has had cases requiring compensation. While vo have no complete data on history of employment and labor turnover in tho several plants, it is apparent that there is, at least super ficially^ a marked inconsistency in this picture. Also, it la clear that r Preliminary Luot Surrey for Aobcot03 Textile Institute, Juno, 1947 . Ac a norlouo laci: of information pre-valla generally on thia aspect of the proller:. Tho story In Ilorth Carolina io.vorth special nention. This ntato instituted. \o ;c:rc ego, a oyster, of periodic radical examinations for all Yorkers in dusty ir.dmntries and, hence, all asbcsto3 textile verkers have "boon x-rayed and clinically examined for a longer period, on a periodic "basis, than any other asbestos textile plant in thia group. If the state examination finds that veriera should discontinue their employment because of rapidly developing aobeotcoin they have tho authority to effect this change. They also eee to it that vorltom vfco should receive verinan's compensation due to dis abling aobcsteels arc processed. So far as vc have been, able to ascertain neither overt has occurred to any employee cf tho tvo Ilorth Carolina asbestos plants in thia group. These observations suggest that there may veil be a marhod divergence in medical procedures, interpretations, and attitudes respecting the diagnosis of asbeatosis. There is a very urgent need for a concerted cooperative nodical effort to dovelcp improved Aagnostic procedures and uniformity of interpre tation Preliminary Duat Survey for Asbestos Textile Institute, June, 19^7 im?orta::ci: o? periodic : medical nxy-cciATiorrs One of the neat important elements of a program of protecting health of workers in dunty occupations is the periodic nodical examination. The lack of acicntific infemotion regarding all aspects of asbestosis is serious. This cannot he ever-emphasized. The obvious procedure to help overcone this deficiency is to enploy every tool new available that vill threw more light on the fee cc of the periodic nodical x-ray examination can per- > hapa best bo emphasized by stating that duat count investigations cannot, in ' the present state of knowledge, give us assurance as to the extent of cur suc cess in eliminating the hazard. ^ Regular examinations serve to protect the worker by giving early in dication of health impairment due to dU3t, and permit intelligent action to be taken to avoid further serious health deterioration. This is particularly true if the detection is early enough and there 13 no progression to late stage asbestosi3. More important, for the long term, the accumulation of factual in formation regarding the health status of exposed workers, statistically inter preted in relation to dustiness studies end to mechanical developments in dust control equipment, will ovcntually indicate when tho battle of aabeuto3is con trol is being won. This aspect of the problem is elaborated in ti*o following section, ' .. The inventory providod by such a medical program is Just as important to intelligent action in this problem, ca. material inventories aro to the propor conduct of businccs. Preliminary Duct Survey for Asbestos Textile Institute, f June, 19^7 1 The question ns to whether a plant should purchase its cvn x-ray equipment is an economic cno involving consideration of cost of local outside radical and x-ray facilities and of I033 of employee tiro in travel, etc. Dia. mas tie Panel To further the objective of improvement and uniformity in dia.pr.estic procedures, a nodical section of the program is proposed in the form of a MEDICAL ASIES7CSIS IAEZL to be ccnpcscd of outstanding radical ran in this field, and of the physician designated by each company as the ere responsible .for its nodical and diagnostic verh. The ccrpcsiticn, as to outside nodical personnel, of this panel vculd be determined by its objectives: the assembling of the best possible medical brains and the mutual education in diagnostic procedures that comes from exchanges of scientific e:cperiencc3 and information. ... The panel vould meet, perhaps semi-annually, and consider the sig nificance of* x-ray films and other clinical data brought to the group by each participating physician. Dr. C. Diehard Walrer's services vould be-available fox* the organization and other details. - Prcliminory Dust Survey for Aobootoa Toxtilo Institute June, 19^7 STATISTICAL STUDIES 0? MEDICAL EZC0HS5 There are tvo very important questions concerning the physiological nature of asbestos that have not yet "been answered by any published invest!- gation: 1. . Vfcat is the expectation of cabestosis in workers exposed more than 15-20 years to lev concentrations of asbestos dU3t? Arons the 500-cdd workers vho cexposed the subjects in the TJ,S. Public Health Service study, there vers abnormally few vho had been exposed for more than 15 years and practically- none over 20 years. These facts seriously affected the ccnclu- siens that could be drnvn. * 1* 2. Is there a progression to advanced astcstosi3 after exposure cv an individual has boon discontinued or has been reduced to very lev levels, due to action of dust deposits fren earlier exposure? This question, is of very great importance to intelligent nodical supervision of workers in these plants. It is virtually certain that statistical investigations of existing records vould threw valuable light on these questions. None of the plants visited during this inquiry have sufficiently extensive and systematic records to provide satisfactory .answers to these quostiens, tut the cedical department of Metropolitan Life Insurance Corrcany, under Dr. A, J, Lanza, huve x-rayo of a number of men obtained in the early 1930*3 which could provide the nuclcug of oamo useful information, depending on hcv many of the original group are available for re-x-ray. .Drclininary Du3t Survey for Asbestos Textile Institute, `Juno, I9U7 Tho neat outstanding store of infemotion is in. tho records of the Division, of Industrial Hygiene of tho lforth Carolina Departnent of Health vho, in accordanco vith otato lav have x-rayed workers in this, and other dusty industries, alms t annually for tho pa3t 10 years. A study of the so records vculd undoubtedly cast rich light on the question of progression. Through officials of the company renters in 'forth Carolina, ve already have assurances of their full cooperation in any investigations, and although vc havo not discussed the.natter vith then directly as to details, there is every reason to suppose that the desired information vouid "be made available to us for the purposes described. In addition, a general x-ray and nodical survey of workers in one or bvo plants vith a long history of high order of dust control vouid be of great value for this purpose. Preliminary Bunt Survey for A3bectoo-Textile Institute June, 19k7 21 HI - P E Y S I CAL sig::ifica?:cs of bust counts Correlation between development of osbestooio and sore pertinent measure of dustiness, e.g., dust counts, can be developed by periodically obnerving end recording data on both aspects -- periodic medical examinations . of exposed workers together with the periodically measured dust exposure of each. However, to be useful for preventive purposes, theseprocedurcs have to be extended into the past wherever data i3 availab.c This was the proced ure employed in the studies of the U.S,Public Eealth Service in North Carolina plants (Public Eealth Bulletin No. 2hl, 1938). The main value of dust counts in asbestos plants is to obtain data on duct concentrations that can be compared with that study, and thus lead to conclusions es to probability of development of asbestosis in the particular plant being studied. In that study, dustiness of different occupations was measured in the usual manner, and;also the incidence cf asbestosis by medical end x-ray examinations of the men employed. A statistical comparison of the two sets of data led the investigators to the conclusion that new cases of asbestosis would probably not occur if dust control measures were undertaken to ensure --* that no dust exposures exceeded five million particles per cubic foot (measured in the earns mannor). Prclir.lr.s-ry Punt Survey for Asbestos Tortile Institute, Juno, 19^7 22 APPRAISAL OF TZPJClD JUST HAZARD Having reached a degree cf dust control represented by the dust count Unit of .five million, it is then proper to ash: "What degree of assurance is afforded by existing knowledge that aebestosio vill not, in fact, develop in the future if dustiness is kept belcv that level?" If there are factors, at present unknevm, that vill indicate a need for still better dust control,vhat vill that limit be? The information available dees not permit complete assurance that five million is thoroughly safe nor has information teen developed permitting a tetter estimate of safe dustiness. It is nevertheless of the greatest importance either that such assurances be sought or a rev yardstick of accomplishment be found for ac curately measuring any remaining hazard in the dust zone telov five million for the elimination of future asbestosis depends upon the degree of control effected now. Measurement of Pastiness One basis of uncertainty as to applying present conventional duet counting techniques to the measurement of asbestos dust hazards below the five million level is summarized in the question -- are the fibers of asbestos -the causative agent or the non-fibrous "cubical" particles that look like those of other industrial dusts? The non-fibrous particles in most textile operations comprise 60-95 per cent of the total dust seen in dust counting. "While it is proven that asbestos dust is the cause of asbestosis, there is no certain information as to vhat shape or size cf dust io the causative factor. The correlation studies of the U.S.Public Health Service Preliminary I>-ot Survey for Aobestos Textile Institute, June, 19^7 23 employed conventional dust count techniques vhich, in effect, related incidence of ashestosi3 to the number of non-fibrouo particles of a else ranging from one to five or 10 microns. For illustration, suppose the causative duct element is something different, e.g., fibers that ero less than 50-60 microns long, and le3s than 1-2 microns in diameter. The conventional dust count method vould to. satis factory only if there vere a fairly constant ratio between the two types of dU3t; it vould, in that case, provide on adequate, index. Preliminary Studios cn Cualltico of Aobsstos Dust Vith a view to eventual development of supplementary methods for measuring asbestos dunt concentrations on a weight basis, ve have conducted come pro11 ml nary studies directed to the colorimetric determination of total silica in the minute quantities of asbestos dust obtained in a typical atmos pheric sample. This requires development since it could provide a valuable bool for further investigation. Sub-microscopic rsrticlc3 and fibers. 1% Another aspect of the dust examination problem on vhich preliminary vork has been done Involved studies vith the electron microscope. Ve posed the two following questions: 1. Ordinary dust particles, one to three microns in diameter, com prise moot of the particles in the dust count. They look like ordinary in dustrial dust ar.d ve refer to them as "cubical" as distinguished from "fibrous" particles. The question is: are these particles in fact nen-fibrous or are they bundle0 of fibers? Preliminary Duot Survey for Asbestos Textilo Institute, Juno, 1947, 24. 2. Secondly -- since the limit of resolution of the microscope lenses used in dust counting does not permit seeing particles very much smaller than one micron, one my ask if there are many fibers of great length, but of such small' vidth that they are invisible? Samples of etmospheric dust vere obtained for examination by the electron microscope, by mounting the small specimen elide used vith this instrument, in the dust collecting zone of the electric precipitator. In order to eliminate very large fibers, the air being sampled vao caused to pass first through a glass spiral coated vith adhesive on its interior. This subjected the dust particles to centrifugal force and the largest ones vould be pre cipitated out, much as they might be in the nasal passages of man. Studies vith other industrial dust3 employing this spiral indicate that very rarely do cxibical particles larger than three to five microns suc ceed in passing through the several turns of the spiral. In samples obtainedvith this apparatus in a card room having a good dust control, ve obtained pictures, some of "which are reproduced in the attached Figure. They demonstrate first, that the cubical particles seen by a lev pever light-microscope are in fact bundles of fiber resembling a lifeoize handful of partially opened fibers. The picture further demonstrated that there are many fibers of con siderable length, eomc fully 50 microns, vhose other dimision is only a fraction of a micron; the fiber is therefore invisible in the dust counting microscope, T H IS C IR C LE 1 MICRON DIAMETER Preliminary Dust Survey for Asbeatop Tcxtllo Institute, Juno, 19^7 They also shoved sore fibers a fev microns In length whose diameter is only 0."01-0.02 microns, although the commonest particles are bundles of fibers about 0.1 micron in vidth. In addition to the light these ob3ervarions threw on the submicroscope character of acbeotos duct, they are cited to indicate the other qualities that night be pertinent to evaluation of dust exposure, to supple ment the dust count technique new in use. Preliminary Duet Survey for AobC3too Tcxtilo Institute June, 1947 26 EftEFSTT lUSTTrESS OF STCCK In investigations of the type being preoeAly considered, a primary ain must be to develop improvements in dust control vith the minimum of vasto motion end expensive experimentation on a plant scale. At the stage of development of the industry, causes of dust are very often not obvious. An examination of dust count records made available to us, combined vith the fev tests ve performed ourselves, provide numerous instances of variation, the cause of vhich is not appement. Ve undertook recently to measure the amount of dust in the roving of different manufacturers by suspending a measured quantity of roving in alcohol, then making a dust count in the same manner as vith air samples. The result vould be expressed in millions of particles per yard of roving or per gram, etc and vould be of great advantage in relating differences in dustiness to the causative factor. Such a measurement technique vould be essential in apprais ing the actual value of oil. Ve do not have sufficient data on this effort on vhich to drav con clusions. There arc difficulties to be overcome, end the solution depends cn more laboratory experimentation. Another test method vhich vould be of value i3 a standardized mech anical abuse of roving in a small vessel vhile sucking a stream of air vith resulting dust as in the campling for ordinary dust counts. A test of this kind, in conjunction vith the dustiness index vould be of value in evaluating the oiling practice, or it might taka the place entirely of the procedure previously outlined. Preliminary Dust Survey for Asbestos Textile Institute, June, 1947 OUTLITE GF RICO! MlrDZD PROCEDURES FOR ASHZSTCSIS ETTZSTICATICJIS X. BJGESEKnTO A. Dlgscrination of Existing Information . Provide factual information to Institute renters vith least possible delay; prepare bulletins vith design sketches on sore or ell of the several subjects listed belcv, to be distributed singly no ready. Additional field observations required in rany cases. 1. Cardin.? dust control: for various rakes of machines 2. Dust in rrerarntion, niscellaneous operations 3. Wet voarir.g equiprent k. Exhaust for Dry veavlnr; 5. Exhaust for vinders, etc. 6. Design of duct verk 7. Design of dust house B. Development of Rev Techniques for Dust Control In this category, the problem for vhich there are no present answers: like twisting, spinning, appraisal of operation, efficiency and cost of commercial dust collectors, etc. Preliminary Duct Survey for Asbestos Textile Institute June, 19^7 IT. KEDIPAL A. Institution of Peri die Medical Ixardnatlcns This is urgently rcconr.cr.ded to all companies. Medical advice ao to organisatior.es. procedures yill be given by the Foundation upon request. 3 Or.yanir.aticn of a Dirverostle Panel for Asbestosis Arranged by the Foundation'3 Medical director and organized to meet in Pittsburgh at suitable intervals for scientific, reviev of diagnostic problem, reading of x-ray films, etc. Panel to consist of individual company physician or nodical consultants togetiler vith other nodical authorities to be determined, C, Statistical Study of Existing Medical Becord3 Designed to find ansvers to important questions concerning medical and physical nature of aocestosis; especially concerned vith records of State of North Carolina, Metropolitan Life Ins ua-ar.ce Company, etc. IH, PHYSICAL TESTING -- (Further Dust. Studies) Studios of physical ar.d chemical characteristics of asbestos dust designed, in conjunction vith radical studies, to provide more significant information concerning the nature of the dust exposure; to develop supplementary techniques for measuring remaining ashestesio hazard after reduction of dust to meet the present standard; to insure that effective control of dust has been attained. This is a step by step program aired at the elimination of asbestosis cases from the plants of Asbestos Textile Institute members COPY INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. 4400 FIFTH AVENUE S >0 Pittsburgh 13. Pa. July 11, 19X7 l--nnaca on 9.5. la baato* (jUuhcia) Plant of 8*yfc**ta-ii*aha.ttna, lac. Supplementing Tfca franaral ftaoort Prmlininnry Cast Iaraatigation for labaato* Tctl* laa titut** Of Jana, 19X7 Dustin*** This plant la daalgnatad X la tha Iwinl Report. Tha rang* of concentration 11atad la Caluan 1, Table 1, ae fixed by an oxaaiaatlon-.of the dost count data of recant yaara la conpany filae with a llttla aalght gl-ran to our 0*0 taken at the tin# of oar Tisit. Duet coant data for tha preparation dapartnant vara bot adequate for aaiiaafcicg average axpoaura*. Coat control la carding la aqnalled by aararal plant*, bat la battar, * ball***, In tha Cbaxlaaton' plant of thin company. Dn*tla**a la aae-rtag la baliaaad to ba tba loa**t in tha indnatry. Oar amm dnat coosta aada an March 19 *ra a follovat JHN33019 If mn'iuiiPM on iJ3.2ab*a'toa (Stanfrstn) Plant of ftaybasios--Zanfcattaa. Ir.c., Sappl--ilag thm GoflansJ. ^rt PraUaisary -ust Iar--tigation for aabaoto* Taxtii* laatiiuta,* of Jana, 19X7. Sonbar flops ad It-- 1 10 Ua* 2 & tins. 3 10 lisa. L - 12 Sins. ? 13 Sins. Location Dust Circuit. CafMral air Is finisher card rooa at tilca-off and of aachinau 1. 11. 12. 2.1 Slallar to .Vo. 1. but at xecolnas 6 and Li. 2.9 Canarol air, taxan wall* walking up and dosn aialas of aoiinlm: fracas. 2.3 Gaoaral air, takas shilo aa.Ikirg up snd doas aialaa of txiatin*- sachlnaa. At cparator of loos So. 10, a aachin* xoat distant fro* tristars. 5*3 2.1 Scat Control Practical la. tha tabulation soncarnlng carding Sachin* axiumat sjstM this plant la sho*a to offset ^ood moults sith tha loaost rata of szhaoxt of any plant* Io*r*r, duatin-- la plant S la x*t*riall7 la*ar pith only about 50 par cant graatar air fin* {tba. axtr* capacity ciotrifcutad to auxi liary branch--) . ^ical TMa plant has baas includad ancntf thoaa baring bad a recast x-ray aurray, ito though not aapacially systematic rith raapact to tlaa bacauaa of tha policy of rolontary ex--lnatiosa. Tha laclCacca of aabaotoals Lodlcatad by coapaay rscords an at^oallad by ooa othar plant, tat la tha oaaa of tha Lattar than ia ground for doubt aa to tha accuracy of tha diagnosis, according to tha praaant adleal diraetor JH833G20 / - -C" ; ' COPY INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. 4400 FIFTH AVENUE Pittsburgh 13. Pa. July 11, 1917 Seaorandas on General A* baa to* and Rubber Plant of Ssybeatoe-Manhattan, Inc. Supplementing The .-- _ ..Gcfl Report . . Prellaiaary Dust Investigation for la ban too Tixtila Institute* Of Juna, 1917 Duetines* Thi* plant 1* designated. In the general raoort a* B. The saaplee taken by us vara all lover than one ailllon, bat' aLsca tboy ears single sanples end differed considerably fron other data in conpnny file* w die'not give then full eeight In eetine ting the aver age rang* given in soluan B of Table 1 (page 5 of general report). The company's dust count record Indies tea the Longnat period of lo dustineee in the induetry. In spite of the span of jeer* covered, the nonber of individual duet counts 1* such too saall to eonntltate an adequate record, laaageaant indicated that a r*-eurvey van to be sade after certain proceea chan gee ten effected. Kovaver, it is oar opinion that present concentrations are very JHH33021 r *O0re* an (UmrI Isbestos a&d liubbor Plant of Sayfc**to* Icahattan, Inc., ap?la**attag tba Gmmrul titsort Prallaiaary 'tut larwatigatioa foe &xb**Loa Intlla Jcatituto* of Jaoo, 1917. 2 Ida icd sm rasld adwia* that arran^Mwata b* zuuia with. 2r. fohnol far a tbsroaghly ecxpleta atrrwoy without aiiiag for tracb. chant**. 1 llbarstl caafcar of a*clo* la ach operation la r*cai r*c to oatahliab avorag* flcare*. Oust cotuxta nada by as im as fslisssi Snabar Zlaoacd Tin* (aisa.) Location Cast Count 1 10 (Murtu lr aaar t&*a-cff and of esrd. 0.2 1 awcbinas distant fro* Tartmmn** offics <% A 10 la breathing mm of rule aoisnwr op*ra- 0.1 ta.-t falinwia* bin dnrta* sawiaii. . 3 10 Za breathing too* of aocra tor of ?ott*r 0.1 wirsrtr. (About L/A of due* branch** aLsufrwi br bobbin.) 1 10 Conors! air, taXra wbiL* following with 0.5 in & to 7 foot of operator of _rfog 3 inula* 5 10 0Mni air la wiclaity of X oxhanatad 0.6 laszst (dry). & 10 Ia' breathing son* of operator of on* 0.3 loo*. 7 10 C*anl air, taken ehi lo welkin* up 0.9 and doe* aisle* of teiaters. r^bnnt,vl. * 10 8a** a* So. 7, bat exhanst ayste* abut 1.5 off. JH333022 jfsaorandost on General is baa to* and Rubber Plant of dayfcastasaanhsttsa, Ice-, Scpnlansating the Ggraral fiaryort 'PreiLuiunry iuat Investigation far asbestos Textile Institute* of Juno, 19/.7. 3 r^at Antral Pnctlcg* lb ia susnectad that tbs oaiqus flbsr trsatsant in the preparation process wqr do saeh to rsducs dcatisase is. &absqtiaa.t taxtils a?ra.tiua*. Tbs tests described undar "Inherent Sustiness of Stoex* (pea 26, -nnsrai report) would tllmelnata ibis point when full7 dsvslaped. In tbs tabulation of card exhaast ratio (oatfa 3, general report) this plant. huf vs bslicrs, soasshat bsttsr control than Plant i. rsquiring about JO psr cent sreetsr air fins par vacates* ill sf ths eight food fas tars* lie Vu on page 9 vrs observed os tha* cards. ? ars of tbs opinion tast tbs 2 innr. .nets arranged to exfcanst ths soac* bstassa ricuc coffers and osia cylinder in cot fully affective duo to rapid plugging, bat era coaviaeed that tea objective Is vorthasile. Tbs plnrying is caused 67 ineffective diatriiutloa of planned. air floe which, in tarn, is ths result of cross differences in friction loos bet*sea ths sxall disaster and Larger disaster branebsa (referred to under *Luct 5-.rt,* ) .tap pac;s 12 Twisting There is seas indieatiaa fro* dust count data of veins in Via axUt- ing exhaust sjatas but tie data are fragmentary and inconclusive. Tv rould lile to ass firmation. "on end off" teats .mede alternately on seas day for con JHZ33023 daooraodiz* on ofAsbastos aod Subber ?lant fi*ytg-- 5anh*ttaa, Ins.r Sappianentia^ the C?ceral F;*-rert *?rltBiaaf7 Lust IorstlStioQ. for lobe*too Textile last!lute* of Juaa, 1947. 1 a^Kllcxl piAct is orb of thoea -ritbout adequate iaforeatisa as to tie incidence (or &b*sca? of Aufcaetsols and *e atroo^ly recscnacc the lostita- tioa of a 070tan of -tedlcel aasarrlsiaa os iadleated la this section of the {toinl report. The last paragraph on pej* 23 of the onar&l resort refers la port to tele coaceny. The iafaraation that could be gained frcn a statis tical stady of the of nnbeetaels a* related to eorxiag nlstor? la a plant lt*x this record eauld be of Tory .r*at Tolu*. ,CJj* deaeea Head Sorinoer JH?tt.70Od C01PY INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. 4400 FIFTH AVENUE Pittsburgh ta. Pa. July 11, 1947 Xaaonumua on ?-Lsnt of Philadelphia Asbestos Company Sapploaenting Tbs General Report Prulialnery 2ns t Investigation for Asbeotoa Textile Institute* Of Jmi*, 1947 This plant Is designated u C ta the ^ona ml report, and the Oilstinoos suaaerljed In that colsan of tibia 1. Far reasons outlined in the general report, the raluaa far pcoparation are probably not vary repre- sent&tiTs In ony of tha plants and only approxiaate comparisons, tnersfore. can be n*de. The data for carding and wearing cor.fira the observable fnct of hijrh Tustinoee la this slant. Only on* other plant la tbe "reap la com parable ta it* Our ore dost counts, which supplement thoee la the coapa7 file* are as followsi JW133025 Heaorandxm oa ^Innt of 7hiiad*lsbi* lab* to* Conpany, Sajpl*- **ntin* th* Oenr*l 3*eort *?r*liaiamr7 lust [nee*illation for Aabaatoa Tortile last!tut** of June, 1947. 2 Xnaber L 2 4 5 SLepsad Tine (21m.) Location Cuat -Sant____ 5 Cenarml air near aula apincer located 5.7 nearest to offlc*. Judged that oa rinet fro* any adjoining daoertsaot. 5 it loo* io. 94, dry wearing. Judged U.6 that so*t Ju*t frost wearing (although possible contribution froa nicker rooa). 5 At high spead* P 4 S, card*, at daiiTery 1.7.3 and. Exposure of opr--tor. Coucidarecl* oust contribution fro* aider cards La tdjnlni-^ rcc*. ________ _______________ 7 General air La old card rooa. Ineffec-- 10.1 tire sheet a* Lai canopy hood* orer cords. 4 ueaer&J. air saa.pl obtained *hil bilk 3.6 ing op ana coeu aisles het^aea telatins nasalnee. Sut Control Practice* Control nf cftiat fro* th ? 4 3 cam* cannot be eery satisfactory v'lll* that fra* the aider card* 1* ancontrailed. If tsalr neo la to b* cantinned lMtediat* a tap* shold t take* ta pro*Id proper enclosure* for the*. Cltiaat exhaust of th c1 h S Carrie *111 tioubtleaa !lffsc in eoa dote Lie from ^UJ*r coxae, tut for the proeeat tna follnelnn points era ta be noted. The snlstla^ arrantfeaeot* differ fro* be*t practice* Hated oa pa 9, rfanarvl report, *6 to itaa* 7, i, 6, 7 end3. lapeci/illy dte.-idmcta^aou* 1* the Large disaster (3 lach) branch uact froa the top of the hous ing Is raabLnctlun ith the car roe slot connection to the cmelnf:. tiiMonnoc 'ieaorandna on Plant of Philasiwlofcis, latextna S^-c^nj, tupolo-- sa&tin* th Ganaral y.goort *?raliaitr7 uat lavasti^ctlua for .=4tfcsto* Taxtll* Institute* of Jua, 19^7. v. Tha practice cf recircoUtiaa of *ir Troa tie aust colioctor la anivsfc-l* althsuw it nay iipaar that laau iifflenity will ia axpart cr.c- *d vith thix typw of call attar than atsaw others ia use. la ariar to follow xsj cfla pressure drop, . stsola trstar d-taba should b installed that will laoicotw tala valuw and can ba frequently observed. The greatest ad la tr is plant ia suidxocs ia the control of /fast fraa carding ^*calnoS. Tile cania be covered 07 the ira^rac cut!loan. In c,* -oeeral report for tie turn project. . .v J Thw x-ray surrey of this ?lant and* recently showing only ? to 4 p*r e*at, lx la sbarp contract to tbs experience of aoee other pleats. Lacking Indorsation xx to Patiil -rone history of the eaplsyees no axplana- tloa exu be offered sow, but tie ilscrwpency aootxld b investigated. h U.u 'iti^dOQ Hoad intfinawr JHH33027 COPY INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. 4400 FI PTH AVENUE Pittsburgh 13. Pa. July 11, 194.7 3nansdua on Plant of leashey 1 Se&tlsoa Coapaay wupplenanting The General i^ajort Frelininary laefc InTecttgation for asbestos r*iiil Ini-ti fete* Uf June, 1'9a7 lug tiroes Tills slant is nasl^uxtad as D in tbs ijtoanil reoart and an ap praisal af Its dustiness is aunaariied Ln that colusat of Tails 1. For reasons antilaad In that report, tne values for fch* preparation liesiirtaeot are not considered truly representative of any in* plant And, thornfora, anly ?^roxiaate ccaparisanji can bs uda Onr own suat count in tne carding roo* * xoter 1.illy lower then triase In the eoeseoy's fiioe resorted by the btuts in 191Z, but *e lavs cWen little weight to ->ur values because they are tia.i;la saaplea nnd therefore snbjjct to aaaoLL::/ liaitatione. S asaused t;mt no -*Jor aodiflCAtiaos o*ve been jaJs far improved cuat control since that tins. On .1HH3.1028 iocortailaa oa rlcat of \<uxiO*y i. U*ttioon tULpidJantia* Zita ->r.i?nl 3ggrt 'HVeliainary 3uat Imresti^Atlon .or iecuto* Isatitata- of Juno, 1547. tb* rrol * do not fel that axistlng duat csuat racorcts ant uca^u^is to . im a rapronaatatirn piorora of lost uonciti-vns la ttlr pixnt. Tr_is a i II tr* ojrrsctad. by xtsp* too coapaoy ana taxen u train a nna to no this >orX. Oar o*n ^uat count* nr* giTn fcolost .iaaber Elapsed Tins (Mins.) Location ~U3t Count 1 10 In aislsa between Tnrtous spinning 1.3 a*.chines; 6 s&cnlnoa ,;ot In ooecv.ticn. *r* Clascal air in. cam in. rooa, at meio* 4A end of sachines lr56 and 7. About half of all aachine* c!nt rlaim. 7 5 5atoeft 2 locos at ponition 1? (Tr^r.'s). 2.6 4 < "snarrJ. air la ** rona; 1 to 4 1qos 0.5 la operation. Rscireulatiaa of air fro* tb* XMll bag iouna near tns :ixiag operation* lx not *ood. practice, and la tria cto* tl.ar*j Ls obviona oajor- V:nlty f:r Lanja^m of oust through the Carla,; fll taring alexaut. (io* dlxcussion in .jtaaral report, oa^e 11.) *yUa.tl *e hare ln*Jtcst*d la Table II (page LUf jener-i ropprt), tUt thia eoso*n7 6*s baJ & recant x-ray turrey although it xss not cost:l*to because of its olnatary character. If tha .-ora sitGnaiTo -.a* sr.rvny niMoonoa 'i*omadua an ?1ah* of \tnsbnj U. iittiaaa C-., Cusp Ia*a bis,.; tha General "^rslislnery Coot InTa-action Tor Aabesto* Textile Institute* at Jana, 1947. plAnced for Hay, 19/-7 &;*. tie atee inelder.ca r_s Lcdicatatl is !::* ;:aat (see 7&4< If, zlant Z), sota* exalanetloo snrilJ le sought in the **3r* history ar stherrixe Top the spectacular discrepancy bet*a ires* rl.psrs end taose far slant* A, A and i. S.u.w deeeoc dead litter ,!HM3n030 COPY INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. 4400 FIFTH AVENUE Pittsburgh is. Pa. July ilf 1947 n /o ^aaorscdua oa ?i*at of Carolina Xs beats* Coapany Sapylasntin*; tb General iiaoort "Prellslsary fust tnveatl^ation for Asbestos I<*xill& Tsi-lltuta* Cf Jus*, 1947 Eustlnca* Tala plant la dai.*autad u in tP ^enarai report And as ap praisal of Its du*tinM la susaarisad Is that coiusn of Tt*.hla 1. 4r Tarry1 s Just count data, carry hanviar **i.RT.t tron toa single one* aade by ua bacausa tsey ra sore .iusroua end, therefore, prorlca a tatter Ararat*. Tbo value* iven Ln thm ticlo, t.`:arefora, are hat.vtly e*tihteii by tboaa fluro*. Tlae fliUroa la*Hcata tftat Just control 1 rc;ual to that In tea avarr./ra "^ood* plaata of th* ,;roup. Slight :lffarncw* Latvaec pleats .a^ouIlI not oe Luxan too iitacali/, slnca noraul v*rUtion of aoaa a*<pji- t-uia -jccur. SeoorenOn* aa Plsat of Cerellat labeatos Co., Cu^i'lsKsotii:;* tbs :>.n*ml S-or^rt *?r*llai*r7 Dus* IaTwtl*itios Tor Xehastos fjjrtiia Isetltata* of Jans, t?X7. Oor own sijtrla -iuct collate *ra .<lrca taloei iosbar nStuTn..) 0P.ctl,M Oust Co ants 1 1 It oatsids loonray of preparation roos. 0.5 71*1bla bast fro* userby bag house bias- lag la this direction. Tckaa to aenure decree of cosalhla recon b*ceination. A 6 General -ilr around cards 1.2.7,1,5 and 6. v 6 C*xral air arvuoti cards L7,lx &od 15. 7.7 TLsitia coat nccuca frm -to. Li breater. *X a Gecoral air, ble vaLtls.* up jsnti do*a 2 si ftiolas beteeen tv'. stare. ~on> Central fr&etlea* Iho as* earning exh^ast ays to* Is toed sxcspt tka t coastlarafcls iaat *ea escaping it cards IX &ad 15 tbs causa of *&lch ** :io not estate iiah. Tbs ofcaat natal enclosures .Bay eventually naa*J to ta rsr.li.csti cea to soaring of Solas la tse a id mm 11 tbs rla of tke asLa cyxinuar, anb to crushing of wrvsni. before tils baeoaas serious laltl&l staus aiioulu to ta.tn to uxa the conversion ^rcbuolly vlcoa cnotier*tie tloa elli c>e ro*,Jlrsc to affect tbs ensure for oil sweat***. ilsdlcal Ta T/'.bla fl (p^x* IX, A-acans 1 report; c*ve ILttmJ tuio cnnpsny as sot basing 'sen aay i-r*y survey, because of tea f--et tbit t:.c Stata'o JHH33032 i3tor%oduis oa i'lant or Carolina Aabeutoa C-r., fappieeaatict- tha ~onar.l "^r-ort *Pp*iLalnbry Coat levee tij*tlan for idea*to* fastile net! cat** if Jose* 1947. ficdLsga *n avnilasi* only la * amative **j. T>.a fast ia tfcat 0.0 Infocsa-- li^r: Is itLl_:LLa to iha cossr.ay o* to lacicacca of nobeetooIt. TV* raaarxa la iiiia faction --/ tk report raLativo V ' tu* Lwpor- Cb-tc* of eke periodic saelea.tias sal-c tiseed ia the ii^st if tie 3ctl<rsl*r pro^rtvs of the Sl^t* of Uortd iorolia*. defer* at toco l^; specific edTie* on t!tia point *0014 want to aaplorw ta* practice* -a<i pollcia* of lie ftat* to a** bat ctrxio b ^jr-i-rd rat >t id T.~.aa. Thia *1-- piaeotloa icoLi fc* *. part of ti aaJicai ul of tie io*i--Ur a* o-itiiced La tba ,ro*ral report. 3.C4. Seed to^lseer lUMPinoo COPY INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. 4400 FIFTH AVENUE Pittsburgh 13. Pa. July U, 191.7 l*aorendu* an ?l*at si* Southern Asbestos Coapaay Supplaaeutiag The Gimartl Pecort Vrellainary lust Imres tisctian Tar Asbestos Textile Institute* Cf Juno, 1947 PMSlLiagg, This plant is deetgr-uted by the latter T la tho gorcral report, and our appraisal of its custiaas* sawesrlsed la thst colunc la Table 1. Our own dust conata wore such lower than those racorrfed la the coap*a7*8 riles, Since they, hawerer, ware only single ssaoles, *reet reliance cannot be placed on thsu Ifm . hare, theraCara, not weighted then hecTily la selecting figures ts represent typical dustiness. The figure* Indicate that lust control la *cpisl ta the iver^-a good* plant of the ^roup. jj'lfTersnces that *7 appear fro* s superficial conpsrison should not be taxen too ii to roily. Thus, there is no reason to bailee* that twisting Is any leee nasty in this plant than la any other. JHB33034 4eear*odtm oa ?lant of Southern asbestos Co., supplaoenting the General teport "Fraliainary 2u*t Investigation for Asbestos Textile Inatitnts* of June, 1947. 2. Oar dost couata are givea belart Sxaber 1 2 * / 4 Slapsad Tlae (lias.) Operations Cost Count 5 It breathing n# of operator of loans 0.4 5 and 6. 27 tearing bat lay been ex hausted (b7 2 to 4 inch branches) and exftatiat under -earn at floor level. 5 It Thereoid looes 12 *nd 16, and in breathing tone of operator. Danp eeaeinc. 0.6 5 General air, vhile veiling up and 0.5 down 2 aisle* betoeen teisting franee. Cn7 4 machines mania*. 5 General air, ehile selling up and dom 0.5 hlelas between admin.- fmaas^___________ Past Central Practices Tbs eoapeoj plena lor laatelLatioa of nee carding will effort aa opportunity for loo tell* tlca of a first class nodern exr-aust ays tee. It also seans that It sill be of *reet Lsportenee to devo specific test dote enabling as to fraae accurate specifications for the aoat effsetlve and ecoooolcal axhaust seaborn f .jp the particular cut of earn Lac tailed. This La contvplatad as s. peri of toe proposed long tara project. the discussion on duet soil actors (page 12) la pertinent to this plant. The loog-tari project includes as oca of Its earliest objectives the deveLspoont of rational specIfieaticaa for either construction or purchase af appropriate oust collactors. JHH33035 e\ wrvia* on Plant of Southern labaato* v-o., Suppia*snti<ij< the Canar^l fleoarl *?rli3inar7 Coat Imraatigatioa far JUibastoa Textiia Institute* of June, 1917. 3 ggdtcnJL In TsbleII (pnge Li, jonarsl report) # aer* listed tMa company aa cot oaring had any x-ray screef, biug of tla font Liu.t th dtata*# flndl&ga ara available oalj la a ne^atira eay. Th* fact is that no Inforaatiou la *t*.1 lab La to tb* costsay <*s to lacldanca of aabetteals. The ranerxs In this section of tna recort relative to the impor tance of the ceriodic radical sx&si^tlos <nj.t c rieaed in ire Lif.ht of the pertlcalar prorna of the SLuta of Sarth -araLina. Icfaca axtencing spec! fic adrica os this point > ><mld (rant to cx:xLar ths practice* end polieie* af tha lista to sae cat aill be cartad out ritb trraa. Ibia ex-- oloratlan would ca a part of the uedicel ami -f the Lon*--tarn -rorraa, aa outlined in the rereral report. S.C.L. bacoon 3t*ad Engineer JWJ33036 COPY INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. 4400 FIFTH AVENUE Pittsburgh 13. Pa. July 11, 1917 PraUftlnArT' iUaor&aaoa on Plant ox 7b* G*rloc* Facile* Coapany Snpplanantic* Tt* General R*cort lavaoti^Aiicn for asbestos Testll* test!tut** Of lunfl, 1947 Vft This plant la Aaoiscatad as 0 la the ieoaral report and an ap-- prulasl of its duatinea* 1* *ura**rlzotl la that caLusa of Tail* 1, ?&; The dlffaraaca* b*twa tn*a* value* and those of othar ^ood plants &rs, on tha hol, not significant ana ** rate this plset a* mr*#* "sood.* However, this doe* not o**c that aunt control la entirely sat isfactory la *11 rsp*cts ** inrilevtad la tha ^onaral report. There Is an lnaufftciont au*ab*r of dost eouot* in tha conpany f 11a* to constitute *a dr,u*t* record of dustiness. 'lorasl T^ri*ti-cs -r*c;uir" a nsnber of count* at each operation to provide a useful average. JHF133Q37 Heaomsdam on Plant of Ttio Gariocx Pacxiag Co., cap nlesan ting XbM Gapgral iU^ort "Pralinisarr Uiat lov^atl^a.tioc. for iabaatoa Taxtiia Inatituta* of Juna, 1947. Car aa sLagl* dust counts tanas at tlta tlas of tha ririt sra girsn balo*. busbar 1 2 3 a* Uascad TTa* falsa Cparatinna Lost Count* 5 It sparstor aad of 4 carding sachinaa 1-5 faoa. 1,2.7 and 3). 3 Gasaral air in *1*1*3 of tatatlng aaehlsaa. 3J3 5 Gasaral air, along TOrs of locos; coat viadoaa opea along tha acrxlsg aisle. 7.1 5 Ganaral air is alaias of spinning fnau. 1.7 Scat Control Practices Carding dust control is dlacnssad oa psga* 7 nd 9 of tha ganaral raport. $*faraca la aad* to th* xhaut aystaa l_a this olant vtlcs (.c- cnaslLshas as good dual -control as aLaoat all tha otbar "good" pleat* but at axfesaat ratsa teat aonld not ba practical for othar cor them plants. Th* dust collactors is as at this plant ro of cuns laariiLla Intar**t bacausa thy laclada tva typaa sot La ana in any othar plant (iir Sat and Parson*} bacauaa coasonly thought to b* impractical. Tust data oa then* units voaLi tharofora b* valuabla. JHH33033 r 2*aoraafS&jt ox flant of tb* Gerlocic *acxirg Co., Cupp-le* eating th Ganaral fo-gort "PreLiedLaarj Ecat TnToe tliitlon for Xabostas taotliuto* of Jana, 1917. 3 3oginring stadlaa placimd far tb* long tarn L&toablation of partienl&r Labarsat to tb-La plaint ami outliaad la tb<* f:nr&l rozort %rt dojt control la preparation, ti*tiag asd waving, and afflciaaej aC ouat collectors. 3ertlc>l . :..z:r.r-- ... ......................rr;. la tb nodical aactioa of tea ganaral report rafarimce la oa<i to tin iTrai cotszaaias fco bars so information os to tea 'ncilanca of rotca-- ti/il aabeatoais in tbwir slant* Ibis coopany la one of tboaa -and a there-- far# t*b to underscore hers ttm recoaaendntlzns ccaearalz^ ^ariocic i-raj xaninatiooe discussed particularly ox pa^sa H to 13. 5.C.L. daoecn b*d Engineer JHM33039 COPY INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. 4400 FIFTH AVENUE Pittsburgh is. Pa. July 11, 1917 iaaorendua on Plant of Union Asbanton i Rubber Coapany Supula*anting Ths Qenarni P.aoort Proliaiuary lust lar^sti^Btian far Aabaa Lea Textila Institute* Of Juna, 1947 2a^MU This cospaay is liaai^tuitan as S in tft ganaral raoort ami an ap praisal of its dustinaaa la suanarisad in tnat coltxan of Tafclo 1. Thera Is coaplata lscx of previous dust count data in tr* con^ny* fliaa, and those taken by us are too fee in nuaber to provide a Ood avar&s. Vs had a daflaita iapraasion at the tiaa of saspling of rarkedly greater duatlr.eaa than tho final count reaults ahoead, tut t har no ex planation t Lain tise. Tha results *ra as foiloeai `itiitnnnMrk deancancan an ?Iant of Colon Ashesto* * Subbar Co., CuoaL&c.e&Viag the gceral ?aror* Prsliainar? Coat Cneae ti&ati-na for asbestos Taxtlaa ina tlUU' of J-iao, 1947. 2. Berber 1 Maa. 4 C> 6 7 ELnosed fiaa (lie* Operation* Cost '-'-nets 6 Ceoeral air in aislss of ipinningtvistia* frsaa*. 7.7 General air in sialas of f inCars; sane roc* as toisnlng-t* tatir.*. 5.3 5 Oa operating olatforas of mm brsjcs 4.5 lining looaa. 4 Sear operator of onw broad loos an oppo 6.? site aide of roce fras Cenpla ?. Open vinao* behind. 3 It raring end of 4 enclosed earning' aachlne*. 4 it far end of card roos ~haro risible dost aecaoing fro* enclosure at too. 2.5 rc 5 it brushing cd of olncla rose c*rd*. O.d Dsat Control Pr--,.c tiroes The cardie* dust control systae arrears to be, f'tindanctrti'.ilj', as ff**ctiT a* the Arora-xa of othar Bjoo<i* plants. In practice it i* in ferior cue to operator careiasacoau In failing to rapiaca portions of ttie encloeuro. host Isoortant la the c*nal an top dat/i^nad to ryiuc* tea .tpac# tvrough afcich the orirlajj belts pea*. Soinninr ana t>iatin present a prcble* cot oirtctLy ^M.arftbii to othar plant* because of tha .mi*ua combination of functions in me sicMut, .THime-U ^esorantina chi Plant of Snioa labsatOB * nnober Co,, Saoolos*anting tn<* leaerel. saonrt "PraiiaiBarr 2iat InT-asti^a tions for Aabaatas Textli-* L_it1 tuta* of Jans, 1947. 3. Tbs spray bunldifler aaployed at sea via* aaeMna# aooa r-.ot fall lata eilthar of our cata.>oriaa of #da*p* or " rearing, and leaves sane-- thia^ to b* daairod in tbs **7 of iaarooad dust control. Sscireulation of air fraa dust collectors, practical La til* plant, In discussed is tic ^aaarai report an poi,*9 13. 7b cocrorcisl flitara enplrywi nsra are undoubtedly sore efficient ti^a Lha Luring bag tones La c action uss. eti voalu b* tb* ussfaL subject af teata La tbs lonr Lara la ves tigsiion# outlined. Ssdical 4'. This L the only eoopaay itb * ayct-^atle x-ray exacts* tioa aro- grta. Ths e*tiaate of 5 to 6 cases of sari/ aabsstosls is a larger laci- daaea than in aay other plant. It asaiis that -rent contribution# could ts sad* to tbs proposed diagnostic panel (pau; 2 13, sn*rl report) bj this cssoany, ed that it vould also oroflt greatly. S.C.l. t^Htean Seed Saglaser `iwnmaio COPY INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. 4400 FIFTH AVENUE Pittsburgh 13. Pa. July 11, 1917 Seacraadua on Plant of J.T. 3ur*a and Company Supzlaaen ting Tha Cansral Pgirort "yrallaioary >'cat Inr*#tigation for As bee tea Taxtila InctiLute* Of Jana, 1917 luatlnas* This coapsny is designated by tie letter I in tha .ranare.1 report ar.d a u**ary of it* dostinaas giren in that coition of Tr. nla I. Tba firiiroa are baasd on soae dost counta *sda by tha Ctata, cut it is beliarod that &uoa reduction bis bosn effactod, at Least in oardL14, since test tine. Tba figure* indicate auatinaaa equalled by only ona other plant. it particular interest la tha nigh degree of dustiness la aoinnln/? sod taiatiog. Tn all bat teo plant* those operations *re jrctically Identical, so dust counts are comparable. Tha figures sr.o ? to a Lizes a* sock dust in tnls plant. The explanation for this aaa not so?arant. It 0*7 result '`ros * i'ruter czount of dust in tha stock dua to clffarnncae in preparation aet. ods, a tm a tiaitaJ tv aacluate in a preliminary say :a.;e It). JHW33043 Saeoramiaa on float of J.?. SurXw *ri Co. f L'ttoolaoentiai* tho tenoral aoort Pralisinnry Dust Investigation fop Asbostaa Textilo In. citato of Joco, 1947. Central Practical Sovoral points la last control la proper* lion and at earning sechinas **r discussed fcriofly with 'Ip. ^llLLnas, Jr. at tho tia of tha visit. Tia long tors iaTsstigations, hawovor, would iacluuo systematic ul-ianes in tho doteila of dust control especially vith pospoct to or^oara tion f carding a*chlnest tho eaoio of excassive cast, as.ti its rsrocj f la spinning nad tsiating, acd selection of dust collectors. It La to bo r*coj-;aI-ad that, bocauso of tho cllnwta. thia plnnt has a particular otajto in tho drveloposnt of information that will camii safe roclcoalition of air z'roe a dust collector. . C ** h on sen Hood Attgiaoor JHFI33C44 * COPY INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA'. INC. 4-400 FIFTH AVENUE Pittsburgh 13. Pa. J..ly 11, 1947 *iecorangna on Plant of Johna-ltaaTille Corporation isupplexentin# Tie General Report drollsiuary Lost Investigation for Ambus ios Taxtila I.tituta* Of June, 1947 / Zustlnese Tils plant la Jeel^vatod J in tie cernl report. Tie ausaary of duatineas in colunn I of Ttnls 1 =7 be coopered eith all except plants C and I. There is a conslatently timber duotiaeso in all operations in spits of the fact tht large au*e of sonsy tarn been MpaotlcC for b\JEt control senipsaat- The -iaat count data do ir.dicato satisfactory control of -ust in peeving operations. *e suspect that the najor cause of t'rw poor dust curditlcnc results froot the practice of returning air froa tiia ba House to tha rune rooo. This shouin be invsatig*tad (sae discussion of recirculation, poem 1?, general report). JHM3.W45 Aenorwadua on Plant of JOQaa--Ills Carp., Sapplsaontlsg tb Cononti ?.moart* *Prvlla inary Sunt Znvaafcigaticn for Asbestos Textile Iaatltato* of Juna, 1947. 2. Dn*t Control Practice Hat* froa this plant era oat included is. tea tabulation of axhHuafc rates for caret* (us*,* 3t#nml report) because il sic*ls card* vouls set be coeparuble and tie control of doit- In this depertaent in not rood, an judged by dost count*. Observation* of duct connection* on otitis cards indicate an original exhaust capacity of over 4.0C0 to 5>200 cfa. Cost control arna^saocts in the r.v* fhitia cards dirar^a fro* tr.s beat practices listed on p*v 9 (general report) oa to itaa* 2,?,6 and 7. The test ewbiastios of exhaust fjr this care would be crxsrt out la tsa anf!-Tjr`.r.g chaaea of ttia loeg-- tern investigation pr'poaad la the cacarol report (bee p&gs 27, I sad l). AaoireuJUtloa of air fro* dust collectors baa baaa Vouched, upon above. Tia consents os 13 xra perti^sst. rs :!o not brlirv* that tfta efficiency of w burlap duat cotiaa la idav^cta to ,:scslt rrcirculi tloa of air fro* It basic to the aor'eroos *.& 1* tie present practice. *e :o not rale out the >aaeitii-itj tiouc safefoerda esu ej javisad that xlli ..emit toe recovery of hast rapreaonted theretoy. Imd I re 1 The laci:`mc of asboetuais la tele plant 1b eoKoarnbl* to only oua other ulsat (lj. The uedlcal probies or olc^nonls Vs cospilcjtad la ttLs plant b> tt* fact Uat .n*nj eerxars have been sapioysd la 'intr.rnclt* coal a Lees *od vom# a.".o* evidence of un thmeo--o illcc La. TT-.e p*.ul {.ctlull/ referred to oa page 13 siiould be especially valuable la those circuaetascoa. JHr]33Q4o V.2.1. be?<ou Haad /nvisoar