Document p39aYLRojZOjzGQypM5V2xQ7

Intmtrlal Tatiation. rm wtivmM ahu b ll shippud in MmI lUii>nafa*ta|Bl m ta MIS. It ntan i to produoo acid ahlotar dirsct cfalorinxliou. rria mM ohioridn tad motat or gtfbooatto. I Aot but owing to tba Lk| qaptoa for the pa. Furthermore, it ia 0 par oaat at tba (3). The physiotho Joaal hydrolysis of in hydrochloric art but tilthtly carbonyl chlo- water content. M offacta of carbonyl a. Boa tad Cullumthaa and doaaca with ala 0). They found lhal oonaantmtiona of ). Waaton and Karol t of inhaled aubatanoaa itad by tha American a 1PM for pboagana ia aataainaat with tba alaipaot paper which dfaathyhuateobaaaalafaaa in tho air. In Inga and will detect Industrial Toxieoiofy [355] CHLouKATZD'Diraiirn. one part of pheacaaa per million of air. . Phosgene ia aaid to be detectable in the field by ite so-called tobacco reaction (3). Smokers notice a peculiar flat metallic taste while smoking when phosgene is present in the atmosphere even in very low concentrations. Feigl (6) refers to the detection of phos gene by its conversion to diphenyl carbohydrasine which in turn gives a violet color with copper salts. This teat is said to be especially useful for tha determination of carbonyl chloride in commercial chloroform and car bon tetrachloride. 1. Vwider, E. B.: The Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare. WiUiame A Wilkins . Co., Baltimore, |Mg, p. SO. S. Prentiss, A. M.r Chemicals in War. McOraw-IIin Book Co., loo., Now York, 1W7, p. 1M. 1. Bos, O. B. P-, and Cnllumbino, H.: Tha relationship between eurvival time and ' donaga with cartels tonic agents. Brit. J. Pharmacol. Chemotherapy >: 37 I (March 1947). ! 4. Bos, C. E. P-, and Cellnmbine, H.: Tha effect of exposure to sublethe) doses of , phosgene on the subsequent L(Ct) SO for rate and mice. Brit. J. Pharmacol, i Chemotherapy f: Si (March 1047). . ' 0. Weston, R. E, and Kami, 1,.: The biological assay of inhaled substances by the ! doalsaetrie method. J. Pharmaeol. Esptl. Tberap. Jf: 100 (1040); J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. Of: 31 (1047); An adnptlon of the dosimetric naethod for use in smaller animals. Ibid. 00: 03 (1017). . Palgl, F.: Qualitative Analysis by Spot Testa. Nordemann Publ. Co., Ioe., New York, 1M0, p. 140. i I _____________ CHLORINATED DIPHENYL AND THE CHLORONAPHTHALENES Characteristics Chlorinated diphenyl ia prepared by the direct replacement of one or mors of the hydrogen atoms of diphenyl, CH*CH, by chlorine. Chlori nation may proeeed until all the hydrogen atoms have been replaced. The greater the amount of chlorine introduced, the higher the melting point, end the more the substance becomes resinous or waxy in nature. The chlorinated naphthalenes vary in physical state from a thinly fluid, mobile Bqoid to a crystalline or amorphous wax and vary in properties according to the degree of chlorination. The above chlorinated waxes are free from moisture, do not absorb water, are neutral and noncorrosive to metals, do not support combustion, are high in dielectric strength, and have an extra ordinary specific mductivecapacity. They are marketed under such trade names as "Arochlor", "Halowax", and "Seelcay." The melting points of * I. r V 5L*T;.r.' hone 076178 ^OPhiMMleMinhiTlie* dir man m ram mmtuoomddXmttoaim j , ' ' I * , ! 1 j * * .J . ', * l ) . 1 j , 1 f J |1 * CBLonNATXD niramm. [ 2S5 ] Industrial Toxicology the ohlorinated naphthalene! vary from 87* to 130*, and the boiling point! from 288* to 371* C. The specific gravity range! from 1.4 to 1.7. They are soluble in many organio solvents and oils, especially when heated together. Induitrial Ums These substances have wide application in industry, chiefly owing to their special insulating and water resistant properties, their chemical sta bility, and their flame resistance. They are especially used in condensers and in the insulation of wins and cables used in war ships. To a certain extent they an used as solvents for rubber or aniline, as well as for varnish, gums, and resins when mixed in the molten state. Toxicity Poisoning by the chlorinetod nephthelenee mey take the form of acne, particularly of the fnoe, or of toxic jaundice produced by neeroeia of the liver. Aa early aa 1918* aa sene-form eruption of the skin noted among workera handling ehloronaphthelene was ascribed to this substance. Jones has pointed out that in the absence of cleanliness, chloronaphthalene irritated the sebecooue glands causing an excess of cell growth and secretion followed by plugging of the gland and possible secondary infection (1). Schwarts in 1930, discussed dermatitis of worked in the chloronaphthalene and chlorodiphenyl industry. He reported a further outbreak of "Halowax acne" or "cable rash" among electricians installing heat and flame proof cables on ships in 1943 (3, 3). Syetemic poisoning from them chlorinated substances usually follows the inhalation of funis rather than from the handling of the dry hydro carbon waxes. Damage is severs and occasionally fatal. Acute yellow atrophy of the liver is generally associated with serious exposure to the chlorinated naphthalene! and diphenyl fumes. Three fatalities were re ported in 1930-1937 (4,5). In 1939, three additional cases were reported by Greeoburg, Mayed, and Smith (6) and a further cam by Collier in 1943 (7). While acne may be taken as a warning sign in worked handling this material it is sot invariably preasnt and systemic poisoning may occur in tbs absenes of this sign. Hunter reoommends the medical supervision of nil such worker* with special care regarding the hygienic conditions of em ployment end with adequate ventilation (8). Precautionary measures were suggested for workers handling chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyl compounds in 1(43 by Graenburg (9). The maximum allowable concentietlon value for ohlorinated diphenyl accepted by the American Coaferansa of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for 1949 was one milligram par oubio meter. 1 InduMrial Toxicology Analysis The fume content of the or chlorinated naphthalan positim of this material fat chloride formed. In ---a the composition of the ehis more of a whole series ef eh be present. In the psem method can only be takas present. 1. loom, A. T.: TU tlioUgyt origin. J. lad. Hyg. IM 2. Behwarts, L.: DennatMo fr m: m (1934). 3. Sehwsrts, L.: An -illiing J. Aa. Med. Ann. lit: U 4. FIion* F. B, nod Jerrik* K. liver. Proe. Soe. ExpU. I 9. Drinker, C. K , Warm* M. Uuiti affect* from oertMB 941 (1937). 4. Greeoburg, L., Moyen* M. I from expoeure to ncitolo e m(i9m). 7. Collier, E.: Poisoning by eM 1. Hunter, D.: IndustrialTdt 9. Greeoburg, L.: Chlnrisrti* (1943). Safely mm--f industry. lod. Bull., Dt*. THE CHUUK Characteristic! The four chloronitropanf xro listed together with tboii Industrial Uses The four chloronitroponi than the strsiglit nitroporo say synthetic rubbed* M MONS 076179 Industrial Toxicology L IMP, sod tin bolting points L* from 1.4 to 1.7. Tiny i Mostly, chiefly owing to opsrtiss, their cbsmioal stsliillsllr----- 1 in condensers 1 in wsr ships. To s oertsin mlllni. ss wsU ss for varnish. any toko ths orm of mho, paoduoad by necrosis of the Bn of ths akin noted among wild to this substance. Kansas* eWoronaphthalane a of aafl growth and accretion Ua ssaondary Infection (1). an in tbs chtorooaphthnlene further outbreak of "HaJo- i nhatmoaa usually follows handling of tin dry hydroIsnaOy fatal. Acute yellow rith aarioua exposure to the u Three fatalities were rekHtional eeees were reported other eeae by Collier in 1943 ip in workers handling this naie poisoning may occur in a the medical auperviaion of o hyiiaaie oondltiona of em ). Precautionary measures & naphthalenes end diphenyl eximuto allowable eoneen*d by the American Coaferfar 1949 was one milligram Industrial Toxicology (257) CHLOBOKmorAiumm Anelysia The fume content of the air following the heating qf chlorinated diphenyl or chlorinated naphthalenes may bo determined by the catalytic deeompoeiticn of this material followed by suitable determination of the inorganic chloride formed. In such cases* however, the chlorine content and hence the composition of the chloro derivative in use muat be known since one or more of a whole eeriea of chloro compounds of varying chlorine content may be present. In the presence of more than one chloro-derivative, this method can only be taken aa a rough index of the amount of oontaminant present. Raruamfcss 1. Joses* A. T.: Tb# etiology of acae with spseial reference to eeae of oeeapetioaal origin. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxiool.fS; 290 (1941). 3. Bghvuti, L.r Dermatitis from synthetic reeios and waxes. Am. J. Pub. Health M: 681 (1998). 5. Bebwarts, L.: Ad outbreak of Helowax aene, "eable rash'*, among atertriainM. J. Am. Med. Aaaoe. IJ9; 158 <1043). 4. Flian, F. B, and Jarvik, M. E.: Action of certain chlorinated naphthaleoee oa the liver. Proe. 8oe. Exptl. Biol. Med. Jf: 118 (1938). 8. Drinker, C. K., Warrea, M. F., and Bennett, G. A.: The problem of possible sys> tends effects from eertain ehlorinatod hydrocarbons. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 19: 988 (1997). 6. Ortanburg, L., Mayera, M. R., and Smith, A. R.: The systemic effects raealtiog from exposure to eertain ehlormated hydrocarbon*. J. lad. Hyg. Toxieel. 91: 99 (1999). 7. Collier, E.: Poieooing by ohlorinoted naphthalene. Lancet 9U: 73 (19t3). 8. Hunter,D.: Industrial Toxicology. Clarendon Prats, Oxford, 1944, p. 89. 9. Greeaburg, L.: Chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls. Ind. Med. /J: 820 (1918). Safety measures for use of chlorinated naphthaleoee and diphenyls in industry. lad. Bull.* Dir. lad. Hyg., N. Y. Dept. Labor 19; 10,404 (1949). THE CHLORINATED MONOIUTROPARAFFDIS Characteristics four chloronitroparaffins which are of some industrial importance are listed together with their physical properties in Table 3. Industrial Uses The four chloronitroparaffins listed above are more active aa solvents than the straight nitroparaffina. l-Chloro*l -nitropropane will dissolve many synthetic rubbers* including Buna N* Chemigum* Hycar O. R., and ....................................................... w Tw HONS 076180