Document p2ZqvQ26LJp6O7R2DyYRjOd6B

PLAINTIFFS / EXHIBIT . / XHFS'l1 n vik> H \ IJ LV M kJ^WMtiuJ r-rn !I77^2F"'*!"vr?rT| Lki ^ rv i; iTtfetafota Gbshacts MEDICAL ENGINEERING LEGAL * decisions and trends tfncktsfaial Health Tlews h,u*d MutMy By INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH U3>. PA. 004307 1 -'InMi |.,1 Mvf.n-n.' I- iniiiii;i (1* 11 .ismimimn m. r. lor 'lalvm.no m arln-t.-s ai.siractril In Mil* '1 "M. ", 'v';'1., ml. nsali-.- Ir-irn ..fh.-f ..iuaii!/.a(i..iis wilt, h ui.r. I..- vnl i<> i> lYurri linn- to [inn-. Tin- artl.l.*, :n< \v.|| a* Iu.-iaiu.............I nnutllal mtr williin !lw ('< >m t ii.n, ,ir>- mad.- '|l ............ iiMiiili.M . 'mI.iv for Iti.'ir nil'-.i m.ii mn. In wa\ .i| U-m|uiii; Hk-iii |h>m|c<I on iIi-w!m|>iiimhI; C0430 o n * . * L: ^ 1 S > > ?ATf ,,|,J nn, i . / * . j r\ i }; iteiatule GUfaacU MEDICAL ENGINEERING LEGAL decisions and trends tftt&ustbial fiealtk Tlcws iHMii MomMv By INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH (13), PA. 0043^? Itnim-nul I'p inula 1 ii mi i>Niim-\s i>.> n sj>.ni'*il<i|j t v r (' .'t:i l < im-n i * in ;irl l. i*-* ;i l>-<t rintml in (Iiim ..> t'.-i tii.ii.-n.if lY.nn nlh.-r nizn t i'*ns win. Ii ni.iy In -..-ni i.. iii.-mii.-is ['iiun imn- tn linn*. Tim < - a* vii-H a* Ii t *n n 1111 n > . .i-urlnn 11 ntr wiHun f!n- l-'inill'lat mil, ;i ! in.nl*- avail.i l>!c I.. mi'- in. in Ihtj* *!.-|v for lln-n 1111. .rum I i*-n. !.\ \\ n i,.i-nnn; lln-m ]*M.-*I mi i \ I* iininni I .* G 0 4 .5 IHO\,srm*L NY^ltNt fOi-NO*T:ON FOUNDATION FACTS Foundation Facts is a monthly nsws-lrtter issued to in<!ustrial concerns holding rofnher'hn> m Industrial Hygiene Foundation. The Foundation is a non-profit association of industries for ti-.e advancement of healthful working conditions. Vol. 6 July, 1944 No. 7 Heavy Demand for Foundation Publications The demand for Foundation publications has been mounting steadily this year. Circulation of the monthly INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST has increased 22% since January 1st, 1944. Meanwhile, "Putting the Disabled Veteran Back to Work", requested in almost every mail, has achieved a greater circulation than any bulle tin the Foundation has ever issued. Also in great demand is "Health Problems of Women in Industry." In fact, the original printing is exhausted and the continued requests have necessitated a second printing, now in press. There are also numerous requests for the recent "Memos to Members" dealing with phases of veteran rehabilitation, and for the re prints from the Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting which were listed in the April news letter, Foundation Facts. Meeting of Legal Committee The Foundations Legal Committee, of which Mr. Theodore C. Waters is Chairman, met in New York recently. Plans were considered for the Conmittee* s participation in the Ninth Annual Meeting of members which will be held at Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, on November 15 and 16. Several presentations are being considered for the Legal Section of the program. Meanwhile, the Committee is at work on the new bulletin in the Legal Series which we hope to publish about the time of the November meeting. Comment Re Plant Hygiene Surveys A Factory manager of a large Mid-Western plant writes as follows: "I have just had the pleasure of reading the Industrial Hygiene Survey Report made for our company by your organization. For the first time I feel as sured of the dust conditions yx our plant. The suggestions and recommendations will be acted upon................We have held up certain phases of this work (control) awaiting your report which now gives us a point of departure. You are to be con gratulated upon the two representatives sent bore to conduct field work................ " Comment from the Marines A high ranking officer of the U. S. Marine Corps writes regarding the publication, "Putting thQ Disabled Veteran Back to Work:" "....It is a splendid document and contains so much excellent data and TT.atc.rinl that I should like to distribute it........... so that our officers............ may h-VC the benefit of this fine bulletin." N-w Subrcribors: The. following have recently subscribed tc Foundation publica tions: Michigan Department of Health, Dr. R. T. Johnstone, Los Angelos, and Mr. A. C, Lewis, Ammanford, South Wales. ~^ - U \j Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue n Pittsburgh, Pa. INDUSTRIAL HTGIENS DIGEST Literature and News News Items 774 Safety Eouinment. Distribution in 1943 and Requirements in 1944. The use of industrial safety equipment increased tremendously with the expan sion of war production. The total number of respirators (mechanical-chemical and supplied-air types) purchased by the major consuming industries in 1943 was 1,055,340 mechanical and chemical, and 16,650 supplied air types, valued at $2,051,000 and $481,500 respectively. The iron and steel industry and chemical .industry each account for 20$ of the output and shipbuilding for 10$. However, in equipment per 1000 workers, the chemical industry is first with 215 (chemical and mechanical) respirators and railroad equipment second with 177.% The estimate for 1944 is about 10$ above the sales for 1943. -- Release from War Production Board, Safety and Technical Equipment Division, March 31, 1944. 775 Keeping the Worker on his Feet. Description of a foot-care program instituted by one plant, giving data on the amount of care found necessary and the cost of employing a part-time podiatrist; also the measures which were taken to secure acceptance of the plan by the work ers. -- F. Smith. Personnel, 2JD, 333-337 (May 1944) 776 Office of Defense Transportation. Transportation preference and priorities for disabled military, naval and mer chant marine personnel are provided to assist the nation's railroads in their plans for handling military casualties, in a certification and order announced June 23 by the Office of Defense Transportation and the Interstate Commerce Com mission. The action provides for cancellation of reservations, space assignments or tickets and permits the railroads to require passengers to vacate space and accommodations when necessary to provide space for casualties. -- O.D.T. June 23 1944, (0WI) ?77 Militarily "Over-age" Physicians. To meet needs of the Veterans Administration, the Procurement and Assignment Ser vice of the War Manpower Commission announces that it is re-examining the clas sifications as to essentiality of physicians heretofore regarded as "over-age" by the armed services. Those who can be spared without detriment to the mainten ance of community health will be declared available for military service and given an opportunity to apply for commissions with the understanding that they ;:re to be assigned to the Veterans Administration. The Procurement end Assign ment Service considers one physician to 1,500 population for the country at large as adequate. The Army now accepts for commissioning physician up to.the age of 63 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 2 The Navy has raised its age limit to 60. Physicians accepted under this program will be commissioned with the understanding that they are to accept duty with the Veterans Administration. Physical qualifications for this group have been re laxed by both branches of the service. -- W.M.C., June 13 (0V>I) 778 Occupational Disease in Connecticut. In April, 350 out of 352, and in May 256 out of 258 occupational disease cases reported by the Connecticut board of health were of dermatitis. Of the remaining cases, 2 were of electric ophthalmia, one of pneumoconiosis and one of lead poi soning. The most common sources of dermatitis were oils (mineral, paraffin, cut ting and vegetable). -- Conn. Health Bull., May and June, 1944. 779 Proposed Transfer of Health Activities from Labor Department to U. S. Public Health Service. On April 25 Congressman A. L. Miller of Nebraska introduced in Congress a bill to transfer to the Federal Security Administration and the Public Health Service those functions of the Secretary of Labor and the Children* s Bureau of the De partment of Labor which are concerned with health, including industrial hygiene. Dr. Miller, in introducing his bill, spoke unequivocally and forthrightly re garding the necessity for this legislation. Today the Labor Department includes the Division of Maternal and Child Health, a Division of Crippled Children and a Division of Industrial Health, all of which have been expanding their activities. Much of their work is being duplicated in the TJ.S. Public Health Service. Current Comment, J.A.M.A,, 125, 150 (May 13, 1944). 780 Commissioner Corsi Establishes New Division and Program, With the establishment of a Division of Industrial Safety, on May 5, Industrial Commissioner Corsi initiated the first of several major phases in his program of reorganizing the New York State Labor Department. With the establishment of this Division, and especially its Bureau of Safety Engineering, a new policy of rela tions between employers and the official State Labor agency is introduced, as its function is cooperative rather than punitive as was the preceding organization. A marked reduction in accidents is expeoted from the now policy. The new Divi sion supplants the Division of Inspection and its Bureaus of Mercantile and Fac tory Inspection, now abolished. -- N.Y. State Ind. Bull., 23, 178 (May 1944) 781 Study Lead Poisoning Hazards in Structural Steel Work. Field investigations and laboratory tests to determine lead poisoning hazards in structural steel operations and discover preventive measures have been begun by the New York State Labor Department, and progress is being made in the estima tion of hazards in the demolition of steel structures in Brooklyn and at the ends of Brooklyn Bridge. The chief sources of lead fumes, according to union authori ties, are in bolting, riveting end cutting of steel structures which were coated with lead paints, the first involving contact poisoning and the others producing lead fumes. In 1942 there were 24 compensated cases of lead poisoning in New York state, 17.6)o of the total cases. New miles covering exposure to lead poisoning will eventually be added to the industrial code covering construction work. N. Y. State ^nd. Bull., 23, 177 (May 1944) 702 Cadmium Fume Hazard in Plane and Ship Construction. Tremendous expansion in plane and ship construction has given great impetus to the development and use of corrosion-resistant metal coatings for airplane and marine hardware and fittings. Among the protective coatings which are electrodeposited on base metal is cadmium plate. The appearance of cadmium plate and eloctrolytically-dcpositod sine plate being similar, a worker frequently burns or wolds cadmium plated articles under the impression that they are galvanised. Industrial Hygiene Digest - 3 Since the accepted maximal permissible concentration of cadmium fumes is much lower than that for zinc oxide, and since in addition to the distress usually associated with metal fume fever, cadmium fumes produce severe systemic poisoning, this situ ation may lead to serious consequences* -- Ind* Hyg. News Letter, p. 7 (May 1944) 783 Fifty-ninth Annual Report of the Trudeau Sanatorium for the Year Ending Sect* 30. 1943, This is a general report of the operation of the Trudeau Sanatorium for the year indicated, including number of patients treated, members of staff, bequests and donations and a detailed financial report. The session of the Trudeau School of Tuberculosis and the activities of the Trudeau Foundation are of particular in terest. 784 Comprehensive Group Insurance Program. A "model" group insurance plan has been approved by the board of directors of Continental Can Company, *nc. and was to go into effect June 10th, provided that 75 per cent of the company's eligible employees throughout the United States, Cuba and Canada had enrolled by that time. The revised plan not only doubles the amount of life insurance formerly made available to employees but also adds com pletely new protection to cover sickness and accidents, hospital confinement for both employees and dependents, and surgical operations for employees. The com pany '.vi11 pay a large share of the new and increased benefits, and insured em ployees will pay small, fixed contributions each month. The plan provides death benefits roughly equivalent to one and one-half to two years* pay; weekly sick ness and accident payments for as long as 13 weeks; hospital insurance for as long as 31 days, plus reimbursements for extra hospital charges; similar hospital benefits on a lesser scale for dependents; and defrayment,, according to a fixed schedule, of operation costs resulting from non-cccupational disabilities. Man. Rev., 33, 212 (June 1944) 785 Publications of the National Society for the Prevention of Blindness. Inc. These include a Catalogue of Publications, issued in 1942, with leaflets which bring the list up to date. Manual and Appraisal Foim on Conservation and Utiliza tion of Eyesight in Industry and a 6 page pamphlet, titled "Eyesight in Industry." These publications may be obtained from the Society at 1790 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 786 Wartime Public Health Meetings.. The Executive Board of the American Public Health Association announces the Sec ond Wartime Public Health Conference and the 73rd Annual Business. Meeting in New York City, October 3, 4, end 5, 1944. Meetings of related organizations will take plase on Monday, October 2nd. Headquarters will be the Hctel Pennsylvania. The 33rd National Safety Congress meets in Chicago on the same dates. Legal Developments 737 Maryland Amends Rorulr.tions on Maximum Allowable Concentrations. Effective April 27, the Maryland State Board a' Health and the City of Baltimore made the following changes in their Regulation 2 specifying maximum concentra tions of various air contaminants that may affect health. These items have been added: cadmium, 0.1 mg. per cubic meter; carbon disulphide, 20 p.p.m; ethylene Industrial Hygiene Digest - 4 dichloride, 100 p.p.m; manganese, 6 mg* per cub'ic meter; mercury, 0,1 mg. per cubic meter; perchlorethylene, 200 p.p.m; trichloroethylene, 200 p.p.m. Modifica tions are made in previously named substances, as follows; Carbon tetrachloride, from 100 to 50 p.p.m; formaldehyde, from 20 to 10 p.p.m; chromic acid, 0.1 mg. per cubic meter, extended to include chromates as well as chromic acid. -- Balt. Health News, 21_, (July 1944) 788 Labor Lav/s and Regulations Enacted August 1, 1942 to August 1, 1945. Laws enacted in various States covering child labor, hours of work, wages, in dustrial relations, workmens compensation and safety and health. -- U. S. Dept, of Labor - Div. of Labor Standards, Bulletin ^o. 63, (1944) 15^. 789 Rules and Regulations Relating to Industrial Housekeeping and Sanitation, and Wash. Locker, Rest, Toilet and Lunch Room Requirements, Part G, of the State of Illinois. In conformity with a policy of several years the Industrial Commission of this state is preparing to promulgate, as rules and regulations, a code compiled by the American Foundrymen's Association (reviewed in Abstract No,676, ^une 1944, Industrial Hygiene Digest). While the code was written by the A.F.A. for the foundry industry, it will be applied to all factories and workshops of whatever nature, in the State of Illinois. Among detailed requirements are the following: (1) volume of workrooms 2000 cubic foot per worker and a minimum window area equal to 1/8 of floor area, (2) if window area is greater than above, room volume may be reduced in steps to 1000 cubic foot per worker, (3) if these minimum re quirements are not met, then mechanical ventilation must be applied at a rate equal to (a) 2 c.f.m. per worker per 100 cubic foot of deficit in room volume or (b)2.4 c.f.m. per worker per 1# of window area deficit - whichever is the greater. On a similar basis are specifications for ventilation of offices, toilets, rest rooms, locker rooms, kitchens, etc. Detailed specifications cover other phases, e.g. - drinking water supplies, toilet rooms, wash rooms, lockers, etc. and il lumination and rest rooms for women. The Rules and Regulations follow the A.F.A. code almost verbatim, but where the A.F.A. code specifies 2-1/2 feotcandles il lumination for storage spaces and passageways, the Rules permit only 1-1/2 foctcandles. Similarly, the requirements for rest rooms for women are modified to require less in the Rules than in the A.F.A. code. -- Mimeograph, 19 pp. (To become effective Sept. 1, 1944.) 790 Second-Injury Funds as Employment Aids to the Handicanoed. In states where second-injury funds are not available, employers hesitate to hire handicapped workers because in the event of a second injury, unimportant in itself, they may become liable for total disability. Second-injury funds are provided (as of Feb. 1, 1944) in 22 states. According to the usual plan, the employer at the time of the injury pays for only the injury occurring at his plant. The remainder of the total or more extensive disability is compensated from a fund which is collected in various ways in the different states. The cost of maintaining such a fund depends upon the scope and type of cases, the State benefit level, the administrative policy and other factors. The initial fund need not be large. Details of the operation of the Now York special disability fund and the second-injury fund in Wisconsin arc given, and examples of some second-injury fund provisions, especially in new legislation in Maine, Wisconsin and Minnesota. -- Division of Labor Standards - U, S. Dept, of Labor (1944) 12pp. 791 Compulsory Health Insurance Laws Introduced in Various States. Attention is directed to surveys that indicate that the public favors health in surance. "Professional men must not treat lightly this popular support of health insurance". A list of compulsory health insurance laws in the United States is Itrial Hygiene Digest - 5 presented, giving none and title of bill, sponsor, state, method of administra tion, who is covered by insurance, cost, cash, benefits, benefits to insured end dependents, restrictions and waiting periods, and status of physician and dentist. -- Tic, 413- North ^earl St., Albany, New York, pp. 2-7, (June 1944} ********** 7?2 Unconstitutional Provision of Compensation Law. recently, in the case of Martin v. State of Louisiana. the Louisiana Supreme Court held that one section of Act No. 20 of 1914,. being the Workmen's Compensation Law, v;c;s unconstitutional under both its Constitution of 1913 and its Constitution of 1921. The Constitution of 1913, which was in effect at the time the Workmen* s Compensation Law was passed, contained a provision in its Article 192 that when ever the General Assembly authorized a suit against the State, the Act authoriz ing such suit should describe the procedure to be followed, as set out in said Article 192. Although the Workmen* s Compensation Law incorporated a section pro viding for suit against the State, neither that section nor any other section nor amendment thereafter put into effect met the requirements of describing the pro per procedure as constitutionally required. In 1921 Louisiana adopted a new Con stitution, but this new Constitution also contained a provision in Article 3, Section 35, requiring that State laws, which provide for suits against the State, must incorporate the procedure and effect to be given judgments against the State into the teims of those laws as set forth in the Constitution. As the Workmen* s Compensation Law did not contain the previsions as required by either Constitu tion, that section of the Law authorizing compensation claims against the State by State employees was declared unconstitutional. (CCH) 793 Accidental Injury Giving Rise to Disabling Skin Disease. Claimant was struck in the back by a milk bottle containing an unknown liquid, which liquid spilled on his back when a fellow worker accidentally knocked the bottle from a shelf. The liquid, which caused a burning sensation when it came in contact v.ith claimant* s back and which burning sensation continued for the balance of the day, was wiped from his- back with a rag. By evening a red spot had developed on claimant's back which developed into a skin irritation or in fection and v/hich became progressively worse. Within two weeks the condition caused disability to work and has involved claimant's entire body requiring con stant hospitalization. There is no evidence to disprove claimant's contention that prior to the accident he was in good health, free from any skin disease, and had worked steadily. There is a further contention that the skin disease was ag gravated by the administration of arsenic preparations given on a mistaken diag nosis of the condition. The testimony of fifteen physicians was sharply divided but an examination of the record indicated that the weight of the evidence established,^^ i.^aQ+is totally said permanently disabled as the result of the accident/of and in the course of his anployment. -- Fierro v. Public Service Coordinated Transport. New ^ersey Supreme Court. No. 210, May Term 1944. May 25, 1944. (CCH) 794 Failure to Pest Notice of Compliance v.ith Compensation Act. Section 51 of the Workmen* s Compensation Act provides that an employer complying with the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act must post notices in con spicuous places at its place of business and in the form prescribed by the Com mission, announcing to its employees that it has provided such compensaxion in surance for the benefit of its employees. Failure to post such notices is suffi cient ground to regard the employer as net complying with the Workmen's Compensa tion Act. Where the employer has failed to produce copies of the notice whioh it claims it has posted and fails to state just where such notices have been posted, it has failed to meet its burden of proof that such notices have been posted. -- Vespa v. Herald Company. New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, 4th Dept. (cc;i) C043 ` G Industrial Hygiene Digest - 6 735 Silicosis Hazard as Result of Employer's Negligence. An employer appeals from an award to an employee under the Workmen's Occupational Diseases Act of Indiana and contends that there v/as no substantial evidence to support the charge of negligence end that certain evidence was erroneously admit ted, However, there is evidence that various exhaust fans and safety measures were suggested to the employer upon various occasions hut they were ignored be cause of the cost of installation.* Further, there is evidence that the claimant had X-ray examinations made two years prior to his disability v/hich revealed that he was suffering from silicosis and yet the employer, knowing this, permitted him to continue his employment until totally disabled because of the development of tuberculosis as a result of the silicosis. The evidence objected to as errone ously admitted was to the effect that claimant contracted his silico-tuborculosis while in the employ of the employer. Since the remainder of the record shows con clusively that the disease was contracted during his employment and since the only question to the jury was whether or not the disease was "contracted as a re sult of the employer's negligence, the evidence complained of was not prejudicial since it could not have affected the result, -- Scroggs v, American Stove Co. United States Circuit Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit. No. 8416. May 11, 1944. (CCH) 796 Comment on Weight of Evidence. Where the trial court did not define the term "accidental injury," upon which ground claimant sought compensation for T.N.T. poisoning contracted in his em ployment, since occupational diseases are compensable in Texas only if they arose .out of an accidental injury, and where appellant adduced competent medical tes timony to the effect that T.N.T. poisoning may be contracted within a short time, the length of time depending upon the susceptibility of the patient, the trial court's definition of "occupational disease," stating "and must in the nature of things bo the result of a slow and gradual development," v/as a comment on the weight of the evidence under the record presented, and placed a greater burden on the appellant than it was required to bear. -- American Surety Company of New York v. Ritchie. Texas Court of Civil Appeals, Tenth Supreme Judicial Dis trict. No. 2587. Juno 1, 1944. (CCH) 797 Industrial Accident v. Epileptic Seizure. There was sufficient evidence to sustain a finding that an employee suffered from the effects of gas emitted from an engine which had been recently repaired and left running in the room where the employee fell from the top of a bin where he was sitting to watch the performance of the engine, from which fall he sustained a fractured skull and subsequent death. Although there was undisputed evidence that the employee had been periodically afflicted with epileptic seizures, there was testimony that the doors of the workroom where the motor was running were closed, that the motor gave off smoke and fumes, that such fumes frequently cau sed headaches, smarting of the eyes and a "dopey" feeling, that after the injury to decendent such tests on the operation of motors were made out-of-doors, that after his fall the employee v/as limp rather than rigid and that he possessed none of the tonic and clonic symptoms indicative of an epileptic seizure. -- Woodfill v. Lozier-Broderick & Gordon. Kansas Supreme Court. No. 36,145. June 10, 1944. (CCH) Heat Stroke; Course of Employment. A heat stroke, sustained by decedent while laying concrete gutters and curbs clang an oiled surface street, uhich work required that he be in the sun most of the time, exposing him to a greater hazard because of the heat and increased hu midity due to the oiled street and wet concrete than the general public was ex posed to, is found to bo an accident within the meaning of the Act, and ample oviuoncc has been given to sustain the award of the Full Industrial Board granting appellee compensation for the death of her husband. L. W. Dailey Construction Cc. v.. Carventoq. Indiana Appellate Court. No. 17,208. March 5, 1944^{CCli) Industrial Hygiene Digest - 7 799 Detached Retina Unrelated tp Employment. Where an employee hud to jump from planes many times during his working day, a distance of about two feet, and upon one occasion injured his heel or ankle which he reported immediately to the first aid station, the record contains competent supportive evidence for the finding that there was no casual relation between that accident and a detached retina which was first discovered about nine days later. Although it is conceded that a detached retina might result from a lick or blow about the head and that it could possibly have resulted from the jumping, the facts that the employee did not complain of this ailment when he reported the injury to his ankle and made no report or complaint until nine days later, and that some medical experts testified that the jumping was not the cause, support the order denying compensation. -- Powers v. Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Cor poration. Arizona Supreme Court. No. 4700. June 13, 1944. (CCH) 800 Exposure to Sun as Incident of Employment. PER CURIAM: Appellant's complaint asked review of an award under the Workmen's Compensation Act. Grover Dulin died of a heat stroke suffered while he was on duty as an attendant at appellant's parking lot. Appellant carried no compensa tion insurance. At the hearing before the Deputy Commissioner he claimed that Dulin was his partner and introduced a purported partnership agreement. The Deputy Commissioner found that the alleged partnership was a mere device to evade the requirements of the compensation lav/, that Dulin was actually not a partner but an employee of appellant, and that the heat stroke arose out of and in the course of the employment. We think the court was right in dismissing the com plaint. The evidence supports the Deputy Commissioner's findings. Appellant had formerly operated the parking lot as sole owner and had carried compensation in surance for his employees. He had complained of the cost of this insurance and sought advice on how to avoid it. Lease, occupancy permit, and insurance against' fire and theft were all in his name alone, both before and after the making of the "partnership agreement." The agreement made no provision for distribution of profits. Appellant showed no concern for the financial responsibility of his as sociates. They performed menial tasks while he managed the business. The terms and form of the agreement are not conclusive. The heat stroke plainly arose out of the employment. ''Although the risk may be common to all who are exposed to the sun's rays on a hot day, the question is whether the employment exposes the employee to the risk." Affirmed. -- Davison v. Cardillo. U, S, Court of Ap peals, District of Columbia. No. 8654. June 19, 1944. (CCH) 801 Aggravating Cause of Blindness. Where the record shows that claimant suffered from pyorrhea, infected tonsils and syphilis all of which might produce an eventual loss of sight, the fact that claimant's loss of sight in his only good eye occurred suddenly after about thirty minutes exposure to the glare from an acetylene torch, the flame varying from sir to twelve laches in length and being close to claimant's eyes and face during the entire time, and his job being one that required good eyesight for the satisfac tory type of work which he produced, the weight cf the evidence preponderates in favor of the blindness having been caused, or at least aggravated, by the expo sure to the blew torch in the course of his employment and the blindness is, there fore, compensable. -- Haden v. Maryland Casualty Company. Louisiana Court of Appe.ii, Second Circuit. No. 6684. Decided March 2, 1944; Rehearing denied March 30, 1944; Certiorari denied May 22, 1944. (CCH) 802 Hernia within Scope of Definition of "Accident**. The '..'crxmon* a Compensation Act defines an accident as "an unexpected or unfore seen event happening suddenly and violently, with or without human fault and pro ducing at the time objective symptoms of an injury.....'' Where an cmplqyee sus tained a hernia or rupturo while attempting to change a tire in the course of his 1; .atrial Hygiene Digest - 8 employment, there was medical testimony that the strain or rupture produced ob jective symptoms* The fact was that the employee was unable to easily remove the lur, os he customarily was able to do, which held the tire in place, and had to exert a greater or unused force or strain by pulling, tugging and placing his foot on the tool he was using* He did not expect or intend that the greater force exerted would cause any strain or injury. Therefore, the receiving of the hernia in the course of his employment constituted on accident within the meaning of the Act. -- State of Missouri ex. rel*-United Transports. Inc* v* Blair* Missouri Supreme Court. No. 38,421. J une 5, 1944. (CCH) ~ AOS Cook1s Injury by Explosion of Fat. Upon hiring claimant as a professional cook, the employer informed the cook to use the fats which the employer skimmed from its soups for all cooking and frying. Although the cook told the employer that she was not in the habit of using such fats, that does not place liability upon the employer to warn the cook of pos sible danger therefrom or to have the fats rendered before subjecting the cook to their use since the rule, that an employer must warn his. employee of any dangers to which he will be exposed, is applicable only if the employer himself has or should have knowledge of such dangers, if the employee is ignorant thereof, and if they are not the subject of common knowledge or patent to. a person of his ap parent intelligence and experience. The employer was justified in assuming that claimant, as a professional cook, should have as much or more knowledge of the reaction of using cooking fats which contain more than one percent of water, as the employer herself.. The alleged less of sight and impaired vision as the re sult of hot grease splashing into the cook's face when it "exploded" is, there fore, not compensable. -- Faulks v. Fischer. Pennsylvania Supreme Court, Eastern District. No. 120, January Term, 1944. May 22, 1944* (CCH) 804 Prima Facie Jury Case; Statute of Limitation; Assumption of Risk. Where the evidence shows that part of an employee's duties required his spending part of each working day in a sandhouse, which prepared sand for use in locomo- tives, and that silica dust was raised by the shovelling and drying processes, and there were no blowers or vents for removing the dust and the employee was not warned of the dust hazard nor furnished with a respirator or similar device as protection against the dust, the facts presented a orima facie case for a jury to determine whether or not such circumstances created negligence upon the part of the employer. Evidence that certain other railroads furnished no contrivances for the protection of employees engaged in similar work does not establish, as a matter of law, that protective devices were not required in the case at bar since each case must be determined upon its own peculiar circumstances. On August 11, 1939, the Federal Employers* Liability Act was amended to provide for a threeyear period of limitation. Although claimant's silico-tuberculosis had occurred before the employee left the employment, he did not become disabled until his col lapse on August 25, 1939. Therefore, the three-year statute of limitation ap plied. The- defense of assumption of risk was abolished on August 11, 1939, also, end since it cannot be held as a matter of law that the injury occurred before that date, the defense is not applicable here. -- Sadowski v. Long Island Hailroad Connanv. New York Court of Appeals. April 20, 1944. (CCH) Book Reviews and Notices ' ^ Report of the Union Health Center. International Ladies Garment Workers' Uuion, 1943. L. Price, Director. 10b pp. ihe Union Health Center is unique in that it was conceived and operated by a Industrial Hygiene Digest - 9 labor union* Its purposes are tlie same as other medical service plans operated by employers, management and other agencies* It provides medical care of a high quality at low cost to the workers. The report includes a description of the clinic, statistics on attendance (total - 45*607 persons in 1943), description of the sickness insurance program, morbidity tables, a special report on tuber culosis, a description of health program planning, a financial report, and a re view of 31 years of progress of the Ho?.lth Center* 906 Music in Industry, Industrial Recreation Association, 1 North LaSalle St., Chicago. 63 pp.^rice $1.00. (1944) Two effective ways to use music for building and maintaining morale in indust rial organizations are suggested by and discussed under the following headings: (1) How to Set up and Operate a Plant Broadcasting System, (2) Hov/ to Organize and Develop Bnployee Musical Activities. A bibliography is added. Putting the Veteran Back to Work 807 Operations Manual for Placement of the Physically Handicapped* 17, S. Civil Service Commission. Second Edition, July 1943. 276 pp. This extensive classification is the result of a study made by the Commission in cooperation with industrial safety men, medical advisers and others. First a job analysis form used in studying each position includes: (1) functional factors of the position; (2) environmental factors of the position; and (3) the resume or recommendations of the medical officer making the survey as to mini mum physical requirements necessary to perform the duties of the position. Sup plementary information is also obtained. Then code ambers for government establishments, and other code numbers for particular disabilities, are tabu lated. The first 48 pages give a table of governmental industries with disa bility placement codes for each. A list of positions suitable for persons with each form of handicap fills the next 145 pages. The remainder gives the "ad dendum sentences" or additional remarks on placing persons according to the other tables. 808 Principles of Exercise Therapy. E, A, Nicoll. Brit. Med. J., 1,, 747-750, (June 19, 1943) Remedial exercises, long recognized as the basis of functional recovery in in juries of the locomotor system, are now considered of value in the restoration of working capacity following a long and serious illness. The principles of exercise treatment are discussed and reasons for failures in some instances are pointed out. Occupational therapy and recreational therapy are valuable alter natives to exercises. -- Bull. War. Med. 809 U, S, Senate Hearings On War-Time Health r.nd Education. N. T. Times, July 11,12. 1944 The grave condition of the country* s health, as disclosed by examinations for selective service, were brought out at hearings July 9-11 before the Senate Sub-committee on Wartime Health and Education (Senator Claude Pepper, Chairman.) The evidence revealed that as many as one-third of the young men examined for service proved to have mental or physical defects. General L. E. Hershey said, "I know of nothing that represents so much potential danger as the accelerated growth of mental disease. Out of 4,000,000 disqualified, over 1,000,000 were Industrial Hygiene Digest - 10 rejected because they were found mentally unfit.n Colonel W. C, Menninger, direc tor of neuropsychiatry activities of the Airoy Medical Corp and Commander F. J. Braceland of the Navy's division of neuropsychiatry urged study of mental dis eases by all members of the medical profession, pointing out that most of the men discharged for mental reasons were curable and capable of being readjusted to civilian life. Both officers urged that an employer should not refuse to return a job to a man who had been discharged for mental trouble, but advised that ho should rather go back to the man's pre-war record to determine his capacities under normal conditions. Colonel Menninger said he was opposed to granting pen sions to men discharged for mental troubles because such men were rather in need of guidance and training and that a permanent pension would destroy his responsi bility and interfere with his recovery. 810 Putting the Disabled Veteran Back to Work. J. F. McMahon. The Crippled Child, 22, 2-3,24 (June 1944) The author quotes significant paragraphs from addresses given at the last meeting of the Foundation by the panel of authorities showing the capability of disabled workers, methods of making a survey of available jobs for handicapped workers, with a suggested form, provisions in the Selective Training and Service Act, and the caution that disabled veterans must be treated as normal persons. Employers may submit questions to the panel through the Foundation. 811 Steel Producers Begin Active Preparation for Re-emplovmont and Industrial Re habilitation of Returned Service People. T. E. Lloyd. Iron Age, 153. 113-115 (June"l5, 1944)" The part of the government, the CIO and a few steel companies in recent progress in preparation for reemployment is outlined briefly. Shortcomings of the Service Act in not providing more details are pointed out. Progress made by several steel companies is described. For instance, Pittsburgh Steel Company has reemployed every one of its former employees that sought employment after discharge, and some additional discharged men have been hired. Fourteen practical suggestions are presented. 812 Postwar Manpower Problems. M. S. Viteles. Edison Elec. Inst. Bull., 12. 15 (January 1944) The responsibility of the employer in establishing plans in their own organiza tions, now, for postwar employment is considerable, for in this way, "basic man power problems of the postwar era can be largely solved without extended inter vention of complex organizations and meddlesome bureaucracies, which frequently serve to confuse rather than resolve problems." It is estimated that the re shuffling of approximately 30 million jobs will be involved. Disabled veterans are already returning in aaall numbers. Classification of men returning from military service and general steps which may be taken by any company in preparing in advance for their placement are outlined, 813 The Able Disabled. C. E. D, News Supp; - Machinery, (April 1944) Eenry Ford's rehabilitation program for disabled war veterans is based on 20 years* experience finding that a handicapped person can work just as well, given the right job, as a man with eyes, hands and feet. Mr. Ford has opened a 500-acre Camp Legion in Dearborn, Mich. All veterans who have a medical discharge and are disabled are eligible for entrance. It is for those who wish particularly to re turn to industry or to fuming, and opportunity is given the veteran to work in the camp's fields or in tho machine shops. Classes in supplementary subjects are also availcblo. Industrial Ify^iene Digest - 11 314 a flan to Help You Employ Disabled Veterans and Other Handicapped Persons Pro ductively and Safely. Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co. of Wisconsin. 22 pp. 1944. The plan consists of the following steps: (1) learn the medical facts; (2) ana lyse your Jobs; (3) match the man and tho job; (4) introduce man to job; and (5) plan for follow-up. The introduction points out that most persons with handicaps are capable of performing many types of productive work but that careful examina tion and selection are necessary; also that there is no increase in premium rates when ouch people are employed. A simplified code to be used by the examining physician in stating handicaps is recommended, and a brief classification of handicaps is given. The importanco of the. employee's mental attitude is stressed. A form for job analysis is suggested, with suggestions on matching the man to the job. Tact should be used in introducing the man to the job; his abilities and handicaps should be discussed with the foreman previously rather than at the time of introduction. A handicapped person should be offered the some privileges as other employees and should be encouraged to take advantage of all training and upgrading facilities available. A transfer of employment should not be made without being sure that the change will not be detrimental to the employee. A community placement organization, such as in the "Peoria Plan" is very helpful. 815 I. Getting Back to Civilian Life. II. Your Rights and Benefits as a Veteran. Reprinted from the January and February 1944 issues of the Bureau of Naval Per sonnel Information Bulletin. 15 pp. The first article states the problems involved in the demobilization of Navy per sonnel. There are indications that the solutions ere on the way and will be ready in good time. The second article of the series discusses the benefits which are now available to demobilized personnel, including mustering out pay ment, employment rights, vocational rehabilitation, disability pensions and in surance continuation. Financial Aid which may be claimed by families of person nel hilled in war is explained. Industrial Health Hazards and Their Effects ! 816 The Treatment of Silicosis by Aluminum Powder. D. W. Crombie, J. L. Blaisdell and G. MacPherson. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 50_, 318-328 (1944) This is the complete report to date of the scientific investigations of the Canadians on aluminum therapy. Because of the interest of many of our members in this subject, a copy of the reprint accompanies this Digest. The general con clusion from the investigation is that daily inhalation of aluminum powder by silicotics for 200 to 300 days, 5 to 30 minutes per day, is entirely harmless, and 19 out of 34 cases showed improvement. The authors warn that "aluroinum dust cannot be regarded in any sense as a 'cure' for silicosis in so far as restorating to ncxmal lung tissue which has already undergone fibrotic change is concernee Its use, however, would appear to be followed by beneficial results in a signi ficant proportion of cases, chiefly in tho amelioration of symptoms and in the increased capacity to work. In view cf these findings and the experimental work of Denny, Robson and irwin, we believe the inhalation of finely particulate alu minum powder offers every prospect of preventing the development of human sili cosis." The Story of D.D.T. Victor Froelicher. Soap and Sanitary Chemicals, 20_, 115 (July 1944) This is the story of the wonder insecticide which was used to chock the typhus plague in Italy, Dichloro-diphenyl-trichlorocthano (D.D.T.) is a white powder Industrial Hygiene Digest - 12 with a faint fruity cdor which is practically insoluble in water. It is however very soluble in cyclohexanone, benzene, toluene and xylene as well as petroleum oils and solvents. D.D.T. is effective in killing flys, beetles, roaches, ants, fleas, chiggers, bedbugs, and moths. It produces a slow knockdown and a sure kill, being both a contact.and a stomach' poison. D.D.T. is effective after one application for periods of time up to several months. The toxicity of D.D.T. to men is being studied by the U. S, Public Health Service and by the Kettering Laboratory at the University of Cincinnati. Some data obtained by Swiss authori ties indicates that between 5 and 7-1/2 grams of D.D.T. cause no toxic symptoms if taken by mouth. Some American data tends to confirm this claim but the only proven fact is that the dry powder is not absorbed through the skin and is nonirritating. Millions of men and v;omen have been treated with a 10 per cent louse powder without any known cases of ham. The L.D. 50 by mouth in rats is 0,25 grams per kilogram when dissolved in olive oil and 2.1 grams per kilogram if sus pended in milk. No one today can say what this data indicates regarding the toxicity to .man. Mice are affected by the inhalation of a five per cent D.D.T. dust, but guinea pigs, rabbits and cat3 shovr no reaction. Caution is advised in the use of this new product until it may be thoroughly tested. This is advisable as it has been reported that D.D.T. is definitely toxic if taken by mouth. There seems to be little hope that the product will be available commercially or agri culturally during 1944. 813 Chemical Poisoning in Shipyards. Monthly Labor Rev., 761-762 (April 1944) In the first 9 months of 1943, the shipyards reporting to the U. S. Navy - U. 3. Maritime Commission Health and Safety Program reported 495 disabling cases of poisoning or occupational disease, as compared with 41,179 work accidents re sulting in disabling traumatic injuries. For every disabling case of industrial poisoniDg there are about 3 which are not .disabling. Of the number of the poison ing cases, 203 were cases of metal-fumc fever, 194 cases resulting from the in halation of fumes, smoke or dusts, and 98 of dermatosis. Supervisors are gener ally aware of the danger of metal fume fever and other hazards, but do not know much about proper preventive means. Some cases of poisoning arose from wartime substitutes, the hazardous nature of which was not understood. 819 Fluorescent Minerals Used in Lighting and Elsewhere. 0. C. Ralston and A. G. Stem. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 7276, 18 pp. (April 1944) Minerals play an important part in fluorescent lighting, but their purity must be so great that in almost every instance synthetic minerals must be used. Those that seem to be most useful for fluorescent use are silicate, sulfide, tungstate compounds of zinc, beryllium and cadmium. A manganese compound usually is pre sent as an activator. Not only are these minerals used in fluorescent tubes for converting ultraviolet light and X-rays into visible illumination but also to make screens that will convert the energy waves into visible light, and also for the identification of minerals by studying their fluorescent characteristics. -- Author's summary. The Incidence of Tetryi Dermatitis cr C. S. Rash: A Review of Investigations Carried out in Australian Fuse-Filling Factories. H, M. L. Murray, R. W. Frunster and R. D. Anderson. Ued. I. of Australia, 1., 104-106 (Feb. 5, 1944) A review is given of the results of the statistical analysis of data dealing with the incidence of Composition exploding (totryl) rash in Australian fuse filling factories. The rash is associated almost entirely with those tasks require actual handling of the explosive. Protective measures should be t -.u^n to reduce the intensity of contact. A gradual exposure to contact with tctryl is recommended to build up resistance and decrease the severity of the r?w;h. New operatives should be employed during the months when the incidence is at a minimum. -- Author's summary. Industrial Hygiene Digest - 13 j321 The Tanner* s Hands, V/. Schweisheimer. Hide and Leather Shoes, 107, 26 ( A brief discussion of the prevalence, cause and treatment of the various tions common to the hands of tannery workmen. Included are stains, callc chrome sores, carbuncles, and anthrax. 322 The Chemistry of the Wetting Agents. G. E. Morris. J. Ind. Hyg. & Tor.. 170-178 (May 1944) The basic chemistry of some of the wetting agents is described. A brief of the chemistry of soap is given and the soaps and wetting agents are cc from a chemical standpoint. -- Author's summary. 323 Safety in Electric and Gas Welding and Cuttiiu Operations. American Wa: ard, Z49.1 - 1944; American Standards Association, Approved May 9, 1944. Price 40^. A concise and invaluable booklet setting forth in code foim all safety p: tions that should be met in this activity for preventing injury to works: for protection to property in the installation, operation and maintenanci electric and gas welding and cutting equipment. It is regrettable that tion on ventilation has been made unnecessarily complicated by attempting late the standards for local exhaust, to the volume of the room, requiri: minimum of 200 c.f.m. for local exhaust in very large rooms, 225 c.f.n. i for smaller spaces and 250 c.f.m. for those under 5000 cubic feet. The also permits general ventilation of 1200 c.f.m. in the smaller spaces to: iron and 10% more for galvanized iron, brass or bronze. Everyone concer safety and health in any phase of this subject should have this pamphlet 824 'Health Hazards Associated with Welding. F. W. Hutchinson. Heat. & Vent 73-77 (May 1944) Health hazards associated with welding arise from the heat of the arc, r emitted by the arc, and from gases, fumes, and dust which are by-product welding process. The literature contains many references to systemic di attributed to welding but as yet there is no positive evidence that such represent a widespread hazard. Hecognized danger does exist, however, i longed exposure to welding gases and fumes liberated in a confined space eliminate the hazard it is suggested that the control be provided to red overall fume concentration below a limiting value of 30 milligrams per c meter. This can be done by dilution (controlled air volume) or by use c exhaust system (controlled air velocity in region of fume origin). No a ciable fume hazard will exist in any space where the concentration is sc not to appreciably reduce visibility. -- Author's conclusion. 825 Fire Retardant Treatment for Fabrics. Industrial Data Sheet No. D.T. 2.; Safety Council. Nat. Safety News. 50. 31 (July 1944) "Fireproofing" fabrics by chemical means is actually only making them fi tardant, and protects only from light sparks, smrni flames or temporatur 400-500 F, and for many purposes such "fireproofed" material is prefers asbestos or leather. There are two types of fire-retardant treatment: ( soluble and (b) weather-resistant or water insoluble. The materials for watcr-solublo treatment are inexpensive, easily obtained and easily appl treatment must be repeated after laundering. Several frequently used fo -re listed with properties of each, including flame resistance, aftergic pressing, corrosion of metal parts, and durability, strength and flexibi the treated fabric. The water-insoluble treatments are less used, but a effective for particular types of garments or other material. Most effe results arc obtained with mixtures of chlorinated hydrocarbons and inerg salts. The chlorinated hydrocarbons liberate hydrogen chloride, not in ciont quantities to be toxic but sufficient to blanket the flame. Stanr ( Industrial Hygiene Digest - 14 is also effective against weather and fire, but does not impart resistance to afterglow. Suppliers of treated fabrics or treating compounds should be asked to submit specifications as to the flame-retardant and water resistant qualities of his product. Users of fabrics should also apply the approved tost, which is given briefly in the Data Sheet and fully in the National Fireproofing Associa tion publications. 826 Flammability Limits in Air - Methyl Chloride and Mixtures of Methyl Chloride With Dichloroaifluoromethane. H. K. Willson and W. 0. Walker. Ind. and Eng. Chem., 36, 466-463 (May 1944) Current shortages of dichloroaifluoromethane (Freon 12) and the advantageous sol vent and other properties of methyl chloride have led to the consideration of methyl chloride-dichlorodifluoromethane mixtures where dichlorodifluoromethane had previously been used alone. Flammability limits in air of such mixtures are important and were determined. The effects of the type of ignition on these mix tures and on pure methyl chloride were studied. 827 Investigation of a Death by Asphyxiation in a Grain-Elevator Bin Containing Flax seed. K. A. Lillevik and W. F. Geddes. Cereal Chem., 20, 318-328 (1943) An elevator employee was asphyxiated after 10 minutes in a closed grain elevator nearly filled with flaxseed. Bacteria and saprophytic fungi present in abundance increased the respiratory activity of the grain to the extent that the atmos phere contained only 1.8# oxygen, 11.1# carbon dioxide immediately above the flaxseed. Traces of carbon monoxide were present but no hydrogen cyanide. -- C.A. 828 Gastric Career Produced by Coffee. A. H. Roffo. Bol. Inst. Med. Exptl. Estud. Cancer., 20, 425-470 (1943) Spanish. Tar extracted from coffee beans has strong carcinogenic properties. It is resi nous and intensely alkaline. 100 white rats were fed on a stock diet of bread, milk and grain, to which was added coffee tar in nontoxic doses. Pathologic changes in the digestive tract, particularly in the region of the stomach and nalpighian mucosa developed after from 30 to 795 days. These consisted of le sions, beginning with simple ulceration and terminating in cancer. This evolu tion took 1-2 years. Coffee tar resembles tobacco tar in the carcinogenic pro perties of its hydrocarbons. Boffo believes that the roasting of coffee produces these carcinogenic hydrocarbons. However, spectrographic examination of coffee used as a beverage has shown that practically no hydrocarbons are present, since the latter are insoluble in water. -- C.A. 829 Protection of the Liver from Toxic Damage. B. N, Graver. Modem Hospital, 62. 94-98 (May 1944) A summary of present knowledge on treating hepatic disease or of preventing its development by dietary measures. The caloric intake must bo adequate and should consist of about 75 per cent carbohydrate, about 20 per cent protein and the other 5 per cent fat. In the case of patients being prepared for surgery 3000 calories should be taken, tube feeding being employed if necessary. Liver is the best source of protein, and animal proteins, in general, are better than vegetable proteins. Supplementary amounts of the vitamin 3 complex to the ex tent of from 1 to 2 ounces of brewers yeast per day and of vitamin C to the ex tent of ICO mgs. per day in divided doses should be given the patient. Iron should be given to ccmbat anemia and, if anemia is attended by severe hepatic damage, livor extracts should be injected. In case of pernicious anemia, liver must bo taken throughout the patient's life. A case is described in which a patient who had suffered hepatic poisoning from the ingestion of carbon tetra chloride was successfully treated by the use of methionine. c 0 4 S.J Industrial Helene Digest - 15 830 Fungous Infections of the Foot, M. R. Caro. J.A.1I.A., 124. 751-756 (March 19, 1944) Accompanied by photographs, this article occupies itself with the clinical pic ture, the diagnosis and treatment of superficial and deep mycosis of the feet. The rapid transportation and the worldwide movements of great masses of men in evitably results in wider distribution of fungous infections. Forms of super ficial mycosis which are considered are deimatophytosis and moniliasis. Under the heading of deep mycosis the article reviews mycetoma, sporotrichosis, blasto mycosis, and chromoblastomycosis. In general the treatment of granulomatous le sions is by means of potassium iodide. -- J.I.H. & T. 831 Chloracne (Cable Rash) T. P, Connelly and W. C. Marsh. U. S. Navy Med. Bull., 42 , 405-406 (1944) Characteristics distinguishing chloracne from acne vulgaris are, a formula for a zinc oxide ointment and brief directions for treatment. Preventive procedures are stressed, including (1) exhaust ventilation; (2) application of protective ointment; (3) separate lockers for work and street clothes; (4) shower baths after work; and (5) use of a special cleansing soap. Work involving use of chlorinated compounds should be done by older persons, and contact with the com pounds should be avoided as far as possible* 832 Pertinent Factors of Industrial Dermatoses. Anon. Whatfs New in Industrial Hygiene, 2, 7-12. Illinois Division of Industrial Hygiene. (April 1944) A review which includes some formulas recommended by Schwarts for industrial skin cleanser and for protective ointments. 833 Generalized Skin Sensitization from Topical Contact. Queries and Minor Notes, J.A.M.A., 125, 390 (Juno 3, 1944) Delayed reactions appearing several days after application of a sensitizer are fairly frequent. Several such cases are mentioned in the query and reply. The suggested explanation is that some of the antigen applied to the skin becomes fixed by the cells. After an incubation period in previously unsensitized per sons the titer of antibodies may reach a sufficient concentration to react with unelininated fixed antigen. This possibility is analogous to the delayed re action in serum sickness which follows a primary dose of the serum. 834 The Prevention of Occupational Deimatitis. L. Schwart2. Soap and Sanitary Chemi cals, 20, 51-53. 74 (June 1944) A statement of principles in the prevention of industrial dermatitis and derma titis among the consumers from manufactured goods. The public should be educated to demand information as to the toxic and skin irritating properties of the ma terials which they buy and to demand that this be printed on packages containing them together with methods for safe usago. 835 Failure of the Sweat Mechanism in the Desert. F. G. Novy, Jr. and J. H. Ramsey. J.A.H.A., 125, 738 (July 8, 1944) A comment on the article of this title by Wolkin, Goodman and Kelley. (See May 1944 issue, #572). Two men, subjected to the hot highly humid climate of the South Pacific, presented the same syndrome as the patients in the desert climate. The writers conclude that only the high, temperature plus some unexplained fail ure of the sweat mechanism are the principal factors in causing this form of anhydrosis. They believe that more of these cases vail be seen as more troops are exposed to hii'.h temperatures and that further investigation as to the cause of this ailment should be carried out. The only-apparent treatment is removal to a cooler climate. C/y ' -i /"> <~ U v J. "/ Industrial Hygiene Digest - 16 336 The Problem of Industrial Noise* P. E, Sabine* Am* I. Pub. Health, 34, 265-270 (March 1944]Occupational deafness is the most spectacular and widely recognized type of in jury resulting from extreme noise* Less obvious but not less serious is the nervous fatigue which noise induces. Consideration of the noise problem has come about as the result of the war demand for increased production and the in flux of women into heavy industries. Two elements, partly psychological and partly objective, which contribute to the noisiness of a worker*s environment, are reverberation from reflecting surfaces and the "spreading effect" of sound. These may both be reduced by replacing the reflecting surfaces by absorbing sur faces. Effective shock mounting of heavy machines will reduce building vibra tions in steel and concrete structures. Measures to protect workers from noise are: (1) the employment of men rather than women where noise is excessive; (2) allowance of frequent rest periods; (3) provision of simple ear defenders where needed; (4) recognition that noise makes labor more exhausting. The only effec tive remedy is to get people to make less noise. -- J.I.H. & T. 837 Industrial Poisons. D, Hunter. Q,uart, F, Med., IE, 185 (October 1943) A general review with a bibliography of six pages. 838 Ammonium Nitrate Hazards in Handling as a Fertilizer. R. 0. E. Davis. Chen. Met. Eng.. 101 (April 1944) (Prom a report by Agricultural Research Administra tion. ) Ammonium nitrate is explosive and supports combustion, but no violent reactions need be anticipated from impacts, jars or friction. Some ordinary cautions that should be practiced are: (1) Storing in a dry, preferably fireproof location, away from combustible material; (2) Use of laminated, waterproofed bags for packaging; (3) Avoidance of bulk storage, which may result in caking; (4) Burning of used paper bags end thorough washing of fabric ones. Commercial fertilizer mixtures containing ammonium nitrate require no special precautions. It requires the presence of over 50 per cent of. ammonium nitrate mixed with ammonium sulfate to make the mixture explosive under violent shock tests. In case of fire, water is effective. No noxious gases will be created. Fumes from burning ammonium nitrate should not be inhaled. 839 Cadmium Poisoning, P. Ross. Brit, Mod. J., 1, 252-253 (Feb. 19, 1944) Finely divided cadmium, of a particulate size of 10 microns or less, is inflam mable, producing in the presence of abundant oxygen dangerous fumes of cadmium oxide. Further, cadmium in a finely divided state is a powerful irritant poison. An accident is described where, while cleaning out a cadmium-recovery chamber, red-hot ash from a cigarette (smoking was against the rules) ignited cadmium dust on the floor. The dust began to glow and soon became a red-hot mass emitting yellowish-brown smoke of cadmium oxide. The fumes affected 23 persons, especially those concerned in putting out the conflagration. No one at first recognized the poisonous nature of the fumes. Their action, after initial irritation, was de layed, similar to phosgene. Seme three hours later, nausea and epigastric pain developed, with precordial constriction, dyspnea and prostration. Fourteen of the cases experienced ague, suggestive of metal-fume fever. No fatality occurred. Details are given of one fairly severe case which could not return to work for 2 months after being in hospital for a fortnight. In the case of such accidental fires, all firemen should wear suitable respirators. The need for exhaust venti lation to protect the workers from cadmium dust and fumes is obvious. -- J.I.H.&T. 840 Studies in the Dorosition cf Lead in Bono. II. Calcium-Phosphorus and LeadPhosphorus Ratios. F. R. Barrett. Mod. J, Australia, 2_, 435-435 (Nov. 27, 1943) (1) Data cf the influence of calcium-phosphorus and lead-phosphorus ratios on the biochemical behaviour of lead in laboratory animals have been correlated. /- /*) -- OU { Industrial Hygiene Digest - 17 The contradictory evidence can be reconciled by postulating the following: (a) a lead-ph03phorus-vitemin D system restricted to the intestine and operating when the diet contains a small amount of lead; {b) the influence of the calcium-phosphorua-vitaain D system. The disturbance in lead metabolism ia ancillary to that in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, (2) From the point of view of practical nutrition, therefore, lead-phosphorus ratios appear to be of secondary importance. A high calcium-phosphorus ratio, as well as the calcium level of the diet, affects lead deposition in the young rat. Of the lead absorbed, less lead is deposited when the calcium-phosphorus ratio is high, when the influence of vitamin D or phosphorus on lead metabolism is secondary to the correction of the calcium-phos phorus ratio, -- Author's summary, 841 Health Hazards in Soldering Operations, III, Hand Soldering - Scrupulous House keeping and Local Exhaust Are Necessary Control Measures. Illinois -`nd. Hyg. Div., Illinois Lab, Bull., 4, 4-5 (Jan. 31, 1944) The potential hazards for cadmimn and fluorides in silver-soldering deserves fur ther study because of the increasing use of silver-soldering in industry. Chief sources of lead hazard are locations where the formation of powdery drosses if favored, particularly the new high-lead solders because of the higher working temperatures and use of supplementary open flame3. More information is needed about the irritating and toxic components of fluxes, but it is apparent that the presence of chloride increases the hazard. Air samples indicate that the only reliable control is a combination of scrupulous housekeeping and properly de signed local exhaust, A type of soldering booth is illustrated which embodies these requirements. -- J.I.H. & T. Ed. Note: Most authorities do not consider lead poisoning to be an impor tant hazard in soldering vdth irons, 842 Contamination of Beverages and Food vdth Lead. Queries and Minor Notes. J.A.M.A., 125. 684 (July 1. 1944) Reports of cases of lead poisoning from contamination of food by containers such as pewter are comparatively rare, due to the fact that contaminations are small and spotty except in the case of certain community sources of water supply. Milk and many other foods take up lead from containers that are soldered on the inside and from utensils coated with tin-lead alloys. Skillets coated vdth tin-lead alloys are a source of contamination, but the coating tends to be melted off soon and a film is formed, which reduces the contact vdth the food. Lead glazed con tainers nay contaminate food and beverages that have solvent properties. Old pewter of high lead content is generally unsatisfactory as a container for bev erages, especially those vdth a high acid content, although a resistant coating may form here, also, unless abrasive cleaners are used. Modern pewter has a lower lead content, usually. The important consideration in the problem is the regular daily dosage of lead in the food and beverages from all sources. An excess much above 0.5 mg. of lead over any considerable period of time (months) > in the case of adults, constitutes a potential hazard. The amount is somewhat lower for children. Poisoning does not result from occasional ingestion of lar ger amounts nor from regular ingestion of from 0.2 to 0.3 mg. a day in the food and drink. Tbe Possible Toxicity of Lead Alloys. 17, Studies of the Possible Toxicity of Two-Tin-Low and One-Tin-Froc Substitute Solders. K. Salomon and G. R. Ccwgill. J.. lad. Hyg. Tox., 26, 162-163 (May 1944} (1) Younr. rats were used in a study of the possible toxicity of two-tin-low (I-loud S3 per cent, tin 5 per cent; II-iead 95 per cent, tin 2.5 per cent, silver 2.5 per cent) and ono-tin-free (111-97,43 per cent loud, 2.5 per cent silver) solders. (2) Thoso rats, receiving 300 parts of lead per million of diet in the form of the respective solder pellets, proved to bo similar to the Industrie Hygiene Digest - 18 control group fed an identical amount of the same basal diet without added lead, vdth respect to growth, concentration of blood hemoglobin, the appearance of stippled erythrocytes, and the amount of lead stored in their carcasses# (3) Rats fed on identical amount of the basal diet to which had been added 300 parts per million of lead in the form of the soluble lead acetate exhibited all the signs of lead poisoning mentioned above; their carcasses contained large amounts of lead. (4) Although the load in the solders tested in this study was absorbed to a degree higher than that of the solders studied previously, the actual amounts absorbed proved to be very small. It is concluded, therefore, that in gested solders of the compositions studied as a source of lead arc nontoxic for the young rat under these experimental conditions. -- Author's summary. 844 Study of Poisoning and Fire Hazards of Butanone and Acetone. A. R. Smith and M. R. "Mayers. NT Y." State *nd. Bull., 23, 174-176 (May 1944) Evidence from several cases of workers in a raincoat factory indicates an acutely toxic effect from a combination of acetone and butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) which together reached approximately 1,000 p.p.m. Evidence is also presented of low grade intoxication and dermatitis from exposure to butanone alone in concen trations ranging from 300-600 p.p.m. No authoritative standards for safe con centrations of butanone have been published, but suggested standards range from 200 to 1,500 p.p.m. It is possible that the combination of the two vapors may be more toxic than either one alone in equal concentrations, as is true with some other vapors. The inflammability of these solvents at room temperature suggests extreme caution in their use. Concentrations of these solvent vapors, sufficiently low to protect the health of workers, will automatically provide safe concentrations from the fire and explosion standpoint. 845 The Physiological Principles Governing the Action of Acetone Together with De termination. of Toxicity. ' H. W, Haggard, L. A. Greenberg and J. McC. Turner. J. Ind. 2yg. & Tox., 26> 133-151 (May 1944) One of the basic needs in the toxicology of any volatile substance is a compre hensive knowledge of the physico-chemical relations between the substance and the living body, so that the concentration of the substance in the air can be translated mathematically into amounts and concentrations in which the substance exerts its action in the body. The primary features in these physico-chemical relations are: (1) the fate of the substance in the body, whether or not meta bolized, and if so, the rate of change and action of the products fonaed; (2) the distribution of the substance between air inhaled and blood in the lungs; (3) the distribution of the substances between blood and tissues and; (4) the principles governing their passage through the kidneys. The authors have made a thorough study of acetone in all these physico-chemical relations by means of animal experiments supplemented by tests on persons. The mathematical treatment and results are presented in a number of tables and charts. It is shown that an exposure of 5.0 mg. per 1. with constant exertion for 8 hours daily would lead to a blood concentration of 400 mg. per 1., a quantity one-third of the lowest which causes mild intoxication in rats. For a subject at rest, about 200 mg. per 1. blood would be the maximum, and human experiments showed no effect from that amount. With concentrations above 0.5 mg. per 1. air the blood would not be free of acetone over the entire week, but such concentrations are much below the lowest causing intoxication. ^"*6 Toxicity and Potential Danrcrs of Pcnta-Erythritol-Tetranitrate jPETN). W. F. von Gottingen and others. Pub. Health Bull. No. 282, U. S. Public Health -Ser vice. 39 pp. 1944. (Price 10^ on application to Supt. of Documents, U. S, Gcv't. Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Punta-erythritol-tetranitrate, generally knov.n as PEEK, is extensively used as an explosive, and its toxicity has been investigated by the authors. The Cr\ u A o r Industrial Hygiene Digest - 19 research included the development of a colorimetric method for the determination of aliphatic nitrate ester and a method for the determination of nitrate in bio logical fluids. Y/ith the aid of this method it was shown that PE331 is very stable in comparison with the explosives ETN (erythritol tetranitrate) and nitro glycerin, both in vivo and in vitro. PETN is absorbed very slowly from the in testinal tract and very slow if at all through the intact skin. It is absorbed through the lungs but exerts a very moderate effect on the circulatory functions, weaker than ETN. It is neither a primary irritant of the skin nor a strong sen sitizer. In sufficiently large doses it may produce changes of the respiration, circulation and spinal pressure qualitatively similar to those observed with other aliphatic nitric acid esters, but its toxicity is much lower. The custo mary methods of good housekeeping and of personal hygiene should be sufficient to prevent injury to workers. 847 Acute Nitroglycerine Poisoning. I. M. Rabinowitch. Canadian M. A. J., 50. 199202 (March 1944) The writer presents a brief outline of the toxicology of nitroglycerine. Its chief action on the body is that of a powerful vasodilator. The time between exposure and the appearance of symptoms of poisoning varies from a few minutes to an hour. Common symptoms are reduced blood pressure, severe headache, de lirium, convulsions, sudden collapse, stimulation of respiration, fast and deep breathing and finally respiratory paralysis, cyanosis and death. Mental dis turbances often follow the severe headaches and the patient may become literally mad. A resemblance is noted between nitroglycerine poisoning and alcoholic in toxication. Prevention of poisoning entails personal cleanliness, changes of clothing and abstinence from alcohol when headaches occur. The use of caffeine, sodium benzoate, belladonna, ergot and adrenaline may have a beneficial effect. -- J.I.H. & T. 848 Health Hazards in Manufacture of Quartz Crystals Used in Radio Communications. B. Reiner and S, Moskowits. N, Y, State ind. Bull., 23, 105-106 (March 1944} In spite of the exceedingly rapid expansion of this industry during war time, the health of the workers has, in general, been protected against a possible serious source of quartz dust exposure by efficient methods of control inherent in the processes; by the intrinsic nature of the operations, and by the recogni tion of management in this industry of the importance of good housekeeping in minimizing atmospheric dust concentrations. Exposures to hydrogen fluoride gas released in etching of quartz surfaces and X-ray radiation used in testing of crystals were found to be adequately controlled in the usual manner* -- Author* s conclusions. 849 Methyl Bromide Poisoning, with Special Reference to Nervous System Manifestations. R. N. Delong. J.A.M.A., 125 . 702-703 (July 8, 1944) Methyl bromide is a toxic substance, and nervous system or other complications may arise from exposure to it. Recent allocation of methyl bromide by the War Production Board for use in the armed forces merits extreme care in its disposi tion and utilization. While it can be handled without injury if used intelli gently, Its toxic potentialities must be borne in mind, and its indiscriminate and careless use must be avoided. -- Author*s summary. 850 Poisoning as Result of Exposure to Methyl Bromide. H. Hoimann. N. Y. State Ind. Bull., 23, 103-105 (March 1944) The literature on methyl bromide poisoning is reviewed, and five recent cases, one fatal, are described. They occurred in a methyl bromide ampoule-filling plant, operating with inadequate control apparatus. The post-mortem findings in the fatal case are prosented. Engineering control, essentially by the use of adequate cooling systems, resulted in elimination of the hazard. p r\ 7 - r. industrial Hygiene Digest - 20 i American Standard Allovroble Concentrations of Toluene. American Standards Asso ciation. Z37,12-1943. 8 pp. 20tf. (Hot. 2, 1943) The publication includes a brief tabulation of physical-chemical and toxic pro perties of toluene{toluol), a statement of permissible concentration, and direc tions for sampling procedure and analytical methods. V/e copy the most signifi cant of these data. The flash point is 6.5 to 30C. "Lower and upper explosive limits are respectively 1.27 and 6.27fc by volume in air at atmospheric pressure and ordinary temperature. Ignition may be caused by an open flame or electric spark. Toxic properties! with acute exposure, toluene acts predominantly upon the central nervous system as a depressant causing headache, confusion, paresthesias (especially on the end of the shift.) In subacute and chronic poisonings it may cause, in single cases, damage to the blood and blood forming organs, but more often it results in enlargement of the liver. Toluene appears to be not nearly so toxic as benzene. Permissible concentration: the maximum allowable concentra tion of toluene shall be 200 parts per million parts of air by volume, corres ponding to 0.752 mg. per liter at 25C and 760 mm. pressure, for exposures not exceeding a total of 8 hours daily." The directions for sampling are the same as for a number of other toxic substances. "Analytical methods: The analytical methods commonly used for this purpose are based on drawing air through nitrating acid to form dinitrotoluene or drawing air into a suitable glass receiver and nitrate by contact with nitric acid. If interfering vapors are absent, toluene vapor may be collected from the air by absorption, and the amount deteimined. The heat of combustion method and the interferometer are also useful. Any other analytical procedure may be used provided that it is equivalent in applicability and reliability to those cited." References are given for details of analytical procedure and sources of other data. 852 Cashew Nut Oil. Queries and Minor Notes, J.A.M.A., 125. 92 (May 6, 1944) A request is made for information regarding the effects of oxidized cashew nut oil on man. General statements are made that all cashew nut oil as used presum ably is oxidized to some extent, that it is both an antigen and a skin irritant and that it is reported to induce systemic manifestations after absorption, of which headache is the- first feature. Several investigators are quoted who agree, in general, as to its effects but differ in opinion regarding the irritant in gredient. One writer states that persons with an allergic background should not handle varnish that has a cashew nut all base, although some whs are mildly sensi tive to the oil may become hardened to it. Another notes that European physi cians of repute have administered this oil internally with alleged benefits in asthma, rheumatism, and certain organic neuropathies. 853 Study of Talc Miners and Millers. W. Siegal, A. R. Smith and L. Greenburg. N. Y. State Ind. Bull., 22, 434-437 (Nov. 1943) 468-469 (Dec. 1943) The original paper, of which this article is a condensation was abstracted in our Digest, July 1943 (No. 665) 854 Industrial Fumes and the Damage They Can Cause to the Surrounding Vegetation. S. Gonzales de Haro. Ion, 3, 621-627 (1943) Spanish. The demage caused to vegetation by acid-fumes (sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen pentoxide) contained in the smoke from industrial plants is studied extensively. The best known methods used for the detection of the sulfur dioxide in the fumes and in the plant parts are de scribed. Several steps for preventing such damage were tested. Direct condensa tion cf the fumes by compression-and cooling, use of lower temperatures, decomI'.-sition with hydrogen sulfide, washing of the gases, and construction of high :him:ioys were all found either unsuitable or too expensive^ while installation of numerous chimneys proved rather successful owing to a lower concentration of the creeping acid fumes. The best results were obtained with special installations Industrial Hygiene Digest - 21 based on the formula of Isaachseas : t* r (/%)2 Wo*a,in which aj, * mass of air, ma s mass of acid gases, t time necessary to obtain a harmless mixture of gases, w0 s velocity-of evacuation, a * angle of divergence of fume radius. The essen tial factor i to increase the quantity of gases by injection of air by a venti lating system, helped by a conically shaped chimney and insertion of a rotating device. This system can be preceded by washing of the gases. The entire prob lem is studied for Spanish conditions. -- C.A. 855 Atmospheric Pollution in Dublin During the Year 1942, A. G. G. Leonard, P. Mc- Verry and D. Crowley. Sci. Iroc. Roy. Dublin"Soc. ,"~25 164-170 (1943) Average monthly figures are given for 1942 in grams per square decimeter including mm. of rainfall, pH of rainfall, insoluble matter, soluble matter, sulfate, chlo ride, ammonia and lime content of the soluble matter and total solids. Average yearly observations obtained with deposit gages from 1938 to 1942 are tabulated showing rainfall, soluble and insoluble matter and total solids. There was a slight decline in both soluble and insoluble deposits during 1942, but total solids showed a decided upward trend at both stations from 1938 to 1942. Curves describe the chlorine and sulfur trioxide averages in rainwater during the same period. Both places have the same general configuration of curve showing a minimum in summer and a maximum in winter. Graphs comparing pollution with tem perature and deaths from respiratory diseases are presented. Periods of minimum temperature were periods of maximum pollution and such periods are followed by a maximum in deaths from respiratory diseases in Dublin city. The winters follow ing 1940 wero years of coal shortage and consequent diminishing pollution. Deaths in January, 1942 and 1943 were the lowest in the entire period studied but were considerably above the summer level maximum. Authors indicate that if records were kept over a sufficient period of years it might be possible to differentiate between increased deaths in winter due to pollution and those due to other causes. Measurement of sunlight was recorded for 2 periods but no definite conclusions could be drawn. -- C.A. Methods of Detection and Determination 856 An Apparatus for Determining Poisonous Substances in the Air. M. M. Raer. Lab. Prakt. (U.S.S.R.) 16, 24-26 (1941) A wooden box (45 x 36 x 19 cm.) whose front and back vjalls are removable, con tains a movable frame with 4 absorption flasks of special construction and 2 rheometers attached to the frame by rubber bands, and connected with each other by rubber tubing. One of the rheometers is connected to an electric pump, which forces air through all the absorption flasks. Any of the flasks can be discon nected at will. In quantitative work only 1 absorption flask is connected; this permits an accurate measurement of the air passed through apparatus. The second rhocmeter is included in the system only if it is desired to decrease the amount of air passing through the system. Several poisonous gases present at the same time in the air can be detected or determined. The apparatus is portable and re quires little time for the analysis, -- C.A. h` ? A R':; id Spcctraphomctric Method for the Determination of Mothemoftlobin and C?.rNo.vih.-ncrlocin in Blood. B. L. r*orockcr and F. S. 3rackett. J. Biol. Chen., 1' 669-677 (March 1944) oiiaple spectrophometric method for the simultaneous determination of metheno<;L.'bin, carbonylhemoglobin, and total homoglooin is described. Details of the Industrial Hygiene Digest - 22 method as applied to the Coleman spectrophotometer and to a special photometer constructed for this purpose are given. Results obtained by this method are compared tcp'Tan Slyke gasomotric determinations. The method is accurate to about 1 per'cent. -- Author's summary. Q5Q gpectrographic Determination of Lead in Blood. A. Tracy and J. McPheat. Biochem. J., 37, 683-636 (1943) A spectrographic method of lead analysis in blood is described, using platinum as the internal reference element. Blood lead concentrations encountered in 80 healthy subjects ranged from 5 to 120 micrograms per 100 ml. with a mean of 40 micrograms per 100 ml. and greatest frequency of from 40 to 60 micrograms per 100 ml. More than 50$ of the results li between 20 and 60 micrograms. Lead is transmitted to the foetus in amounts approximating those of the maternal cir culation. Lead is present in human mills and is very slowly excreted in infant urine. -- Author* s summary. 859 'Radioactive Mercury in Mercury-Vapor Measurements. J. W. Irvine, Jr. and Clark Goodman. Reprinted from J. of Applied Physics, 14, 496-498 (Sept. 1943) Radioactive mercury, Hgp9 , was prepared by deuteron bombardment of gold. This isotope was used as a tracer to establish an average concentration of 0.01 mg. mercury per cu*. m. of air in a particular industrial operation suspected of causing chronic mercurialism. Mercury in quantities of 10-g was detected, and the method offers possibilities of higher sensitivity and more general applica tion. -- Author*s summary. Control Methods 860 Air Disinfection in Ventilation. W, P. Wells. Heat. Pip. and Air Cond., 365-369 (June 1944) The author reviews the theories developed and the progress made in the study of respiratoiy contagion and in the control of airborne infection, beginning with the period when it was believed that haxmful bacteria can be carried only a few feet from the source and reviewing the extensive work accomplished since 1926 which gives conclusive evidence that bacteria may be carried far either in drop lets or on dust. The best developed method of control is by ultraviolet light. It has proved very satisfactory under controlled conditions and has been approved by the Council on Physical therapy. However, much remains to be done in stan dardising'the intensity of the light at varying distances, investigating possible effects on human beings, and adapting the method to various types of rooms. For instance its application to schools and hospitals may be fairly simple but bar racks with three tiers of bunks present difficulties. Dust is more difficult to disinfect by this method than droplets, and recent work has shown the considerable extent to which bacteria may be carried on lint from bed linen and carpets and other forms of dust. Ventilation as a means of removed is discussed, especially in addition to ultraviolet irradiation and aerosols. The author outlines the development of the use of aerosols which led to the use of propylene glycol in the forms of aerosol and vapor. He concludes: "Scientific investigations and practical experience during the past decade indicate that air disinfection can reconcile growing pressure to cut down the actual volume of fresh air displace ment in air conditioning with growing demand for increased sanitary ventilation in the prevention end control of air-borne infection." A /. O ? s\j '4 o o Industrial Hygiene Digest - 23 861 The Engineering Control of Some Solvent Hazards in War Industries* S. C. Rothman. Heat. Rip* Air Cond., IjS, 370-375 (June 1944) A review of the toxic effect of common solvents and of some control methods that have been proposed. A table presents the author's views as to the choice of methods of control in order of desirability; e.g. substitution, isolation, etc. The chronic as well as acute toxic effects must be familiar to the engineer and all solvents are to be regarded as potential hazards until proved otherwise. 862 The New Movement in Industrial Sanitation. M. H. Solworth* 125, 243-' 245 (May 27, 1944) This discussion refers to industrial housekeeping and particularly to the scien tific aspects cf industrial janitoring for elimination of dirt, a factor of es pecial importance in the food and beverage industry with which the author is con nected. Ho conceives of it as an activity for special educational measures whose objects arc protection of the physical elements in industry as well as human maintenance, to be accomplished by elimination of dirt, either by prevention or cleaning. Its importance to all industries is in its effect on transmission of respiratory diseases by dust borne bacteria, food poisonings from lack of clean liness and on control of rodents end insects. Cleaning implies attention to architectural factors - e.g. painted and waxed sloping surfaces, tell-tale illu mination, technical attention to the chemistry and physics of cleaning, and a properly organized janitorial staff. In the writer's sanitation organization, . research is devoted to ultraviolet disinfection, fungicidal paints, non-skid floor waxes, production belt cleaners, implement fibers (brushes and brooms), floor and wall materials, cleaners for equipment, mops, detergents, insect and rodent exterminators, A school for "industrial sanitationists" is being estab lished in Louisville and a "Journal of Industrial Sanitation." A "National Con-? gross of Industrial Sanitation will be held in Louisville within a few months." 863 Graphic Estimating of Daylight. J. U Dalla Valle* Architectural Rec., 95. 83-84 (May 1944) The author gives data and method of nomographic calculations for the amount of daylight illumination available when the size of the windows, latitude and direc tion are known. 864 Ultra-Violet Radiation - Its Role in Industrial Medicine. F. Ellinger. Ind. Med., IS, 296-300 (April 1944) The authors have attempted, in this short review, to point out the benefits and risks involved in the use of ultra-violet radiation and to explain the reasons for these roactions. They believe that the relative sterilization of the air by ultra-violet radiation in rooms where workers are closely grouped will cut down communication of diseases insofar as the organisms producing thcm are air-borne. They believe, also, that the judicious use of general body exposure to ultra violet rays is able to increase the efficiency of individual workers as producers. 865 Suggestions for Reducing the Fire Hazards of Air Conditioning Systems. J. A. Neale. Heat. Pip. and Air. Cond., 16, 358-360 (June 1944) The principal fire hazard in air conditioning systems arises from combustible material constituting part of the filter and accumulating in the ducts. Unfor tunately some of the most combustible materials will make filters that are effi cient and cheap. However, even if the filter does not burn freely, the coating or adhesive nay give off smoke or toxic materials. Care must be taken to keep the entry and ducts clean. Welding torches, electrical causes, cigarette butts and fire from outside are also frequent causes. When fire or smoke is present in the system, first, the blowers should bo shut down, the system divided to prevent travel of smoko and fire, and finally the fire extinguished. Automatic detection of smoke is highly desirable; the electric eye is better than themal methods. G 0 4 3 3 a Industrial Hygiene Digest - 24 Where the utmost in protection is desired, the automatic detectors, when smoke is prcsonfc|r should stop the blowers, close sectionalizing dampers, and give an alarm* WBta the flow of air has stopped and.fire is present, thermal devices may be used to operate a sprinkler system and close dampers at duct outlots and fire walls. Another hazard existing urider present conditions is the use of flam mable refrigerants. Industrial Medical Practice 866 Industrial Medical Problems in War Production. T. L. Hazlett. Ann. Internal Med.", 20, 371-37 5{March 1944) The war has brought about increased personnel, invasion of industry by the older worker, the handicapped and the woman employee, new hazardous materials and. processes and increased absenteeism. Improvements in industrial medical service include first aid, physical examinations, laboratory studies, nutrition and health education. The physical welfare of the supervisory group is a part of the problem that has often been neglected. Their hours and intensity of work have greatly increased, and -hypertension, and cardiac abnormalities wore found frequently in a study of the supervisory group of Y/estinghouse employees. Re sults of the physical examination are reported to the employee's physician. 867 Current Developments Affecting the Physician's Role in Manpower Utilization. C. Kuh and B. Henman. J.A.M.A., 125. 265-270 (May 27, 1944) In a program of physical demands and capacities analysis a new technic has been evolved in which a set of.physical and environmental factors forms a basic pat tern which the j.ob analyst uses to analyze the physical demands of jobs, the physician uses to evaluate the physical capacities of workers, and the placement officer uses to match the physical capacities of workers and the physical de mands of jobs. Some advantages of tho program are: (1) It specifically defines the physical capacities of workers and the physical demands of jobs. (2) It overcomes shortcomings of previous approaches, such as the classification of physical capacities in terms of sedentary, light, moderate and heavy work and the classification of physical demands in toms of none, little, moderate and great. (3) It is adapted for preplacement and replacement evaluation (4) it presents a positive approach, emphasizing physical capacities, not medical diagnoses or physical handicaps. (5) It preserves the confidential doctor- pationt relationship. (6) considers physical and environmental factors. [7) It is adapted for the selective placement of oil workers - male or female > young or old, emotionally stable or unstable, able bodied or physically limited - and particularly for the placement of the war disabled. 668 A Visual Service for Small Manufacturing Plants. H S. Gradle. J.A.M.A. > 125, 253 (May 27, 1944) A service devised by tho Illinois Society for the Prevention of Blindness for use in the smaller manufacturing plants is described. Features of the plan are a visual survey of each employee and a survey of the plant to determine the adequacy of illumination as well as to discover any visual iazards that may exist. The society also offers the services of its staff to promulgate a safety campaign among employees of the plane. The management pays a fee of $1 per em ployee for these and other services. Industrial Hygiene Digest - 25 869 Medicine, Labor ana Industry Join Hands in Philadelphia. C. F. Long* J.A.M.A., 125 , 254-255 (May 27, 1944) This papefMescribes methods used in Philadelphia to coordinate a program for industrial health between the state and county committees and industrial organi zations and labor groups. Steps included: (1) The establishment by the Phila delphia County Medical Society of a course in industrial health for physicians and nurses; (2) An industrial survey by the State Department of Health of 1000 plants in Philadelphia County; (3) The development of a technic for installing medical services in small plants by the Philadelphia board of trade health com mittee, which was endorsed by the A.F. of L. and C.I.Q. Yihile progress in get ting health service into Philadelphia* s industries has been slow, the writer feels that important accomplishments have been made and a good foundation laid for future work. 870 Sixth Annual Congress on Industrial Health: Report of Chairman of Council* S. J. Seeger. J.A.M.A., 125, 239-240 (May 27, 1944) The physician should be the central figure in health activities, whether in the field of clinical medicine, public health or preventive medicine.- The problems of medical service in this country are being solved in many areas by developments which center about industry and are essentially on a grass roots basis* In a majority of hospitals in America the staff has no control over medical policies* The organization of many hospitals is obscure or so ill defined that medical staff organization cannot contact the lay individuals who control policies. The organization of industry is such that it lends itself to a logical and ethically sound approach to the development of health programs* Because of the widespread interest in this type of practice, the practical application of the principles of medical ethics to the professional and business relationships of medical groups or clinics should be restudied and clarified and defined* -- Author* s summary. 871 State Support of Industrial Hygiene Services - An Urgent Necessity. W, F. Draper. Am. J. Pub. Health, 34, 224-230 (March 1944) In addition to the coordinating function within the health department, the state division of industrial hygiene has equally important responsibilities in main taining working relationships with other state agencies and organizations, par ticularly with the state department of labor and the industrial accident commis sion. State appropriations should be adequate to maintain as the minimum, essen tial personnel to conduct Industrial health surveys, a physician, an engineer, a chemist and a nurse. A clerical staff is needed to assist in mav-f'-ng reports and keeping records* A health educator should be added to state health depart ment staffs for full time assistance on industrial health education. The appeal for state appropriations can be presented as an immediate emergency need, and at the same time postulate a permanent program to meet peace time requirements. 1*1. H* & T* 872 Some General Principles Underlying the Primary Local Treatment of Burns. - A Review. S, U* Levonson, J. Ind. Hyg. and Tox., 26, 156-161 (May 1944) The care of the local areas in a burned individual is but a part of the general treatment of the patient. It should be based as far as possible on the physio logical and pathological changes brought about by the thenual injury. Local plasma loss should be limited, further contamination prevented, and infection minimized. There should be no local or systemic toxic effects. Application should be rapid and relatively easy, and/minimum of post-operative attention should be required. These aim3 are met in part by the application of pressure dressings with splints or close fitting casts without preliminary cleansing. The use oi` surface escharotics fails to meet these aims in several respects. The value of chemotherapeutic agents is under investigation. It should be PO/?? f' V- -i V v V Industrial Hygiene Digest - 26 stressed, however, that no fixed routine be established for all cases, A clear understanding of the underlying principles will make it clear when departure from routine is indicated. An extensive bibliography is appended. -- Author's conclusion. 873 Thu Njtrogdlpteouirements of Patients with Thermal Burns. F. H. L. Taylor. J. lad. Hy?&and Tox., 26, 152-155 (May 1944) The dietary requirement of a burned patient cannot be generally prescribed, since the protein requirement must be determined by the extent, severity and location of the injury, the former state of nutrition, the consequent pathologic states, and the nitrogen balance. However, for purposes of simplification it is fairly safe to assume that the burned patient will require as a minimum 2 to 3 grams of protein and 60 calories, per kg. of body weight, from the earliest moment that such diet can be instituted. 874 Nutritional Status of Aircraft Workers. Anon. Nutrition Reviews, 107-109 (AprilT944). A review of the study by Borsvok, Alpert and Keighley (Abstract 965, 1943). Of interest is.the author's comment that this study illustrates the lack of any standard for detecting nutritional deficiencies. He thinks it important in the interpretation of a test of nutritional status to have clearly defined the stage in the development of a deficiency which it is capable of detecting, whether it be at the level of subsaturation, disturbance of function, or anatomic changes of an acute or chronic nature. Studies such as this, which show the effect of nutritional supplementation, should clarify the validity and usefulness of these diagnostic tests and yield factual infonnation regarding the influence of nutri tion, on health and productive efficiency. 875 The Detection and Treatment of Nutrional Deficiency Diseases Among Industrial Workers. T. D. Spies. J.A.M.A., 125, 245-252 (May 27, 1944) The author's studies indicate that; (1) when endemic deficiency diseases occur ' in individual members of a family it is wise to study the family as a whole. Restrictions of the family diet may result from illness of the wage earner or illness in the family, unexpected expense or insurance payments, (2) efforts should be directed "toward an early and accurate diagnosis and the application of the following general principles of therapy: - a liberal amount of a wellbalanced diet, symptomatic treatment of coexisting diseases, removal of condi tions causing excessive requirements for the essential nutrients and the judi cious administration of adequate amounts of therapeutic substances such as dried brewer's yeast powder, liver extract and vitamins in the fona os synthetic sub stances or concentrates or minerals." (3) meticulous clinical study is needed be fore a diagnosis of nutrional deficiency diseases is justified. Methods of diag nosis and therapy are discussed which are effective in the average case. Three cases are d&ffflbed which illustrate the necessity of specialized methods of therapy. -j&*Condensed from author* s summary and conclusions. 876 Conquest of y&borculosis in Industry. H. 2. Hilloboe and D, M Gould. J.A.M.A., 125, 241-243 (May 27. 1944) The paper is concerned chiefly vdth the value in control of tuberculosis, of small film technic, which makes possible mass chest X-ray examinations. The experience of the tuberculosis control office of the Public Health Service in surveys of large industrial groups vdth the use of transportable 35 mm. X-ray units and 4 X 5 machines is discussed. The technic of mass radiography has been greatly sim plified by the adaptation, of the Morgan phototimer to 35 mm. photofluorography. Tho authors caution against drawing hasty conclusions from the interpretation of a single flat plate of the chest and advise careful clinical study before final diagnosis is made. After-care and rehabilitation of tuberculosis industrial O '* O C Industrial Hygiene Digest - 27 workers must be provided through cooperation of local welfare agencies, voluntary the health department and local 877 Cardiovase&ar Survey of Supervisors II. P. M. Hike and F. J. Gregg. Penn. Med. J. (April 1944} In 1941 a large eastern manufacturing company instituted a program of yearly cardiovascular examinations among supervisory and executive personnel. Be cause of the relatively high incidence of cardiovascular disease among indivi duals occupying such positions, the study was undertaken to deteimine the age incidence of degenerative disease of the cardiovascular system and to deteimine whether or not such yearly examinations would be of value in detecting such processes at an early stage. All abnoimalities showed a marked increase as the 40-year old age group was approached. A dis'* ion is included of the different methods of examination. The work is being Vepetrted yearly and will be reported, 878 Flicker Fusion Freouency ss a Test of Fatigue. J. Brozek and A. Keys, J. lad. Eyg. and Tox., 6, 169-174 (May 1944) The flicker fusion frequency (frequency at which a flicker begins to appear as a continuous light source) has been proposed and used as a test of fatigue. According to the author*s experiments it changes slightly under fatigue condi tions, but not significantly enough to be of value in estimating fatigue*,. 879 Report in Welding Training and Shipyard Employment. A.H. Clawson. Mimeograph, 10 pp., U, S, Office of Education, Wash. D. C. The writer, who is a Special Agent, Training Women for War Production, trained as a welder and took employment in a shipyard "to ascertain in what ways we can do a better job of training women for shipyard employment." She concludes that the dropping ott of women welders on the ways is due not to the difficulty of the work itself but to six "chief obstacles": - (1) Strangeness, (2) Health, (3) Noise, (4) Height, (5) discing and (6) Inadequate skill and lack of confi dence. She believes that these six causes of turnover among new workers can be met by more careful selection prior to employment, more practical training, and orientation, in which counseling should play a large part. 880 Supervision of Pregnant Women in Factory Employment. J, V, O'Sullivan and L. B. Bonnie. Brit. Med. J., 1, 108-110 (Jan. 22, 1944) The experience is quoted from a light engineering factory where an ante-natal clinic has been established. A total of 178 pregnant women were attended who were employed on such work as soldering, welding, and assembling small machine parts. The- arrangements made for keeping a watch over these women is described; they are sgr Is close collaboration with the v;elfare department. No evidence was forthcoming that factory work close up to confinement in any way injured health, a matter of considerable importance for women employed upon skilled work. The suggestion is made that clinics may be established to cover groups of fac tories in an area. The clinic should keep watch over the mothers when they re turn to work which should not be before three months after confinement. Where the services of the mothers are urgently needed in the factory, day nurseries should bo set up. There is need for a general scheme for rationalizing the po sition of pregnant women in industry for the whole country. -- J.I.H. & T. ;,?ctor.e health and fire hazards 644 physiological principles in action of 845 Air analysis apparatus hujjion 856 /ir conditioning systems fire hazards 865 Air disinfection in ventilation 860 Air pollution frou industrial chimneys 304 Aluminum therapy 816 Ammonium nitrate hazards 658 Asphyxiation in bin with flaxseed 827 Atmospheric pollution 855 Burns treatment a review 872 dietary reouirement of patients 873 Book reviews and notices 805-806 Butanone health and fire hazard 844 Cable rash 831 Cadmium poisoning 839 Carcinonin in coffee tar 828 Cashew nut oil dermatitis 852 Chloracne 831 Davlicht* from windows graphical estimation 863 DDT insecticide toxicitv 817 Dermatitis cashew nut oil 852 industrial review 832 prevention 834 tetryl 820 Fxercif.c therapy 808 Fatirue measurement flicker fusion frequency 873 INDEX (July, 1944) Fire retardant treatment 325 Fluorescent lights * 819 Fungous infections of the foot 830 Heart disease in executives 877 Heat failure of sweat mechan ism 835 Industrial Health Congress report of chairman 870 Industrial hygiene state support of 871 Industrial poisons 837 Lead hazard in soldering 841 Lead poisoning deposition in bone 840 from food vessels 842 Lead solders animal toxicity studies 843 Liver protection from toxic damage 329 Manpower problems postwar 812 Manpower utilization and the doctor 867 Medical problems in war production 866 Mercury radioactive tracer in poisoning 859 Methemoglobin & carbonyl- hemoglobin determination of 857 Methyl bromide poisoning 849-850 Methyl chloride flammability studies 826 Nitroglycerine poisoning 847 Noise industrial 836 Nutrition aircraft workers 874 Nutrition'll deficiency uetcction of 875 Penta-Frythritol-Tetra ni trnto toxicity 846 Philadelphia plan 869 Quartz crystal grinding 848 Rehabilitation 810 Ford Motor Co. 813 information for veterans 815 operation's manual 807 plan 814 steel industry 811 Sanitation industrial . 862 Shipyards occupational disease statistics 818 employment of women 878 Skin cleansers wetting agents 822 Skin sensitization from topical contact 833 Solvent vapors control of 861 Spectrographic determina- tion v . lead in blood 858 Talc mining dust hazard 853 Tanner's skin 821 Tetryl dermatitis 820 Toluene standard allowable con- centrations 851 Tuberculosis in industry 876 Ultraviolet radiation and health 864 Visual service in small plants 868 War-time health U.S. Senate hearings 809 Welding health hazards 824 Welding and cutting safety code for 823 Wetting agents soap and the skin 822 Women in shipyards 679 Women, pregnant in factories 880