Document p24LkrzBbMRJV0D9w0XxVE7aj

feature I l&gt sBud! Intensified research is needed to minimize their dangers Car! Gu Gustafson, Federal Water Quality Administration, Athens, Go. B J^uring the past three years, a special class of compounds, called polychlorinated biphenyls (pen's), has claimed the attention of ecologists and pesticide analysts in this country. These compounds were not discovered in the environment until 1966 in Swe den and 1967 in the U.S., despite the fact that they have been available com mercially for 40 years. Interest in pcb's has arisen because they arc frequently found in fish, bird, water, sediment, and other environmental samples when such samples arc examined ior chlori nated pesticide residue-. That a wide variety of samples containing rexfs has been collected from England, Scandi navia, The Netherlands, Antarctica, Central America, and many different `parts of the U.S. makes them truly ubiquitous pollutants. Polychlorobiphenyls arc made by substituting chlorine atoms for one or more of the hydrogen atoms at the 7/ir Monsanto Co, stated recently in a letter to Congressman William F. Ryan of New York that as of August 30, it would no longer sell pen's to customers for use in gi ncral plasticizer operations where dispus, / of tin endproducts cant;.'1 V coni.died, Ifter some lag period--the time it rakes to eventually dispose of tt:e nnluns made from pcb's and cu-ivi/iy in processor's inventories-- u r quantity of Ten's gettinp into the enr!ron ment may he suhsiunilaily reduced. It Monsanto's former customers /. -ok for Pen substitutes, rather hart putt nosing H P's from ik.iiwfoctiu./a in Ja -an mill futrvfir, the projet teJ Jerri use could hccuuu- a reality t iiri Ci. GuvUifkOn numbered positions of the biphenyl structure. In the process of replacing hydrogen moms- with chlorine atoms, a large number of substitution^. combinations arise. For example, three monochlorobiphenyl isomers are possible, 12 dichlorobiphcnyl isomers,:-21 'trichlorobiphenyl isomers, and co on. Theoreti cally, 210 compounds can be prepared by this substitution process; a typical example would be 2,4,6,2'4'-pcntachlorobiphcnyl. Whenever aromatic hydrocarbons such as biphenyls are chlorinated, the product is a mixture of compounds, in cluding isomers. It is quite difficult to synthesize single, specific chlorobiphenyl compounds in the laboratory unless involved procedures are em ployed. Consequently few of the indi vidual compounds have .been prepared in the pure form for study. In the commercial process for pcb manufacture, biphenyl is chlorinated with anhydrous chlorine! in tall cyimdrical lowers with either iron filings or ferric chlnriwu as (he c,,i.(>>.: file by-product it hydrogen chloride, the product it a mixture of several prit's. The degree of chlorination deter mined by measuring the spccilic gravity of the mixture oi, whan the product it more viscous, :hc ball-and-nng soft ening-point test it used. The wj.-.vle pro cess takes from 12 to 36 hour,. In ihc U.S., the sole manufacturer of rni's is ihc Monsanto Co., which markets them under the trade name Aroclor. pen's are also manufactured in Europe and Japan, under trade names such as Phcnocblor and Clophen. The various Aroclors arc difi'erentiated by a four-digit number, with the last two digits indicating the . percentage of chlorine in the mixture. Properties The three most important physical properties of the pcb's are low vapor pressures (they have high boiling .-oints), low water volubility, and high , dielectric constants- They are mis- > viblc with most organic solvents and . compatible wuh many types of .'poly mers. Although some individual :p-jyr . chlorobiphenyl compounds arc ` cry*-.- ; (nltinc. the Aroclor mixtures arc either- , liquids or resins,. The chemical properties that make pcb's desirable itidu.arial materials are their excellent thermal stability, their strong resistance to both acidic and basic hydrolysis, and their general in ertness. They arc quite resistant to oxidation. Monsanto reports, m a tech- meal bulletin on pcb's, that they can be heated to 140 C. under 260 pjui. of oxygen pressure "without showing any evidence of oxidation as Judged by de velopment of at.u::y or forr-iion of sludge." . The physiolo.aa al property of the pen's make their, potentially sis-.ificanl contaminant'- i.j tw .-r.viror.t ...v.. For any pollutant, uv f.ctorsarc involved: , acute toxicity, which is iir.ut. ..otely evident beeausi of :i high death ,-..:c or other maiming ,,nd ch \ . te v* icity, which is the -esolr t'f j !c 1 .u- cumulation of ih.- lo.von in the _x>d> and is a- sttW.'th.- --ifctt. Vhc-w' acute toxictiv is I,. a pollutant w,.1' , be readily reengni. cd .md ' .-pro*'"i.-.-' remedial actions wi.l Iv introduced. If. on the other hand, acute toxicity is low, M O N -M T -003186 TOWOLDMON0046363 WATER_PCB-00037340 -"she phyMi'k'gijnl tMTcctN will go un- tlieidrin or dot, As with fish, their tox ,n.v...'c.t umil the chronic clTccts make icity appears to be inversely propor '-.r/.'.'ivcs cviJc-.il. When this hupped, tional to the chlorine content of the problem may have .uivenced bo- mixture. yonJ immediate or easy correction. Based on the above data, it is un Acute toxicity derstandable why' the polychlorobiphcnyls, commercially available for .All studies; of ncii's in animals indi 40 years, have only recently attracted cate that acuie toxicity iv not a signifi intention as toxic environmental con cant factor. Their acute toxicities are taminants.. - on the order of those of other chlori nated aromatic compounds. Monsanto Chronic toxicity has sponsored two investigations of The chronic toxicities ol' rot's pre the acute toxicities of Aroclor mix sent a more disturbing situation; several tures. In the first, at the Kettering Laboratory at the University of Cin chronic effects have been observed. It was discovered, quite by accident, that cinnati. Dr. J. F. Treon and his co rot's have a toxic effect on chickens. workers investigated the toxicity of Arodor vapors for guinea pigs, mice, Professor E. L. McCune and his co workers, at the University of Missouri rabbits, and rats. AH animals survived found their chickens dying after they a 24-day exposure to 0.33 p.p.m. of were placed in a feeding house, parts Aroclor 1242 for 7 hours per day on of which had been freshly painted with 17 of those days. Even after more pro an epoxy paint. Careful investigation longed tests, there were no severe ef revealed that the toxic factor was Aro fects from Aroclor 1242. In the second clor 1242, a binder in the paint. When investigation, still in process, three Aroclor 1242 was fed to the chicks it groups of beagles are fed Aroclor 1242, produced the same characteristic effects 1254, and 1260, respectively, at a rate as chick edema factor. McCune re of 100 p.p.m. in their diets. After three ported: "Gross pathology included hy - ..l-tti:. no significant abnormalities dropericardium. hydroperitonium, cn------ (;--re been noted. --------------- ----------- ------- largari heart, livnr, and kidneys, and .... Similar studies on fish have been per- hemorrhage of internal organs. Mi --ilonncd in several laboratories. Dr. - Richard Schoettger of the Sport Fish eries and Wildlife Fish-Pesticide Re r ~~ search Laboratory in Columbia, Mo., reports that 96 hour-n.M toxicities of the Aroclors to trout range from 1.17 to 60 p.p.m. Compared to out, whose 96 bour-TL-u toxicity is 0.002 to 0.009 p.p.m. for trout, the rca's have a rela tively low acme toxicity. With the more sensitive blucgill, the 96 hour-Tt-an for Aroclor 124S is 0.278 p.p.m., while that of ntvr is 0.008 p.p.m. Aroclor tox- italics appear to be inversely propor tional to the chlorine content of the mixture. Shellfish, oysters, and shrimp arc more sensitive to nett's. Dr. Tom Duke, at the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Pesticide Field Station, re ports 100'' morialiiy of juvenile pink shrimp exposed to 0.10 p.pmt. of Aro- dor 1254 in water lor-48 hours. This eonceniiaiuiii ol Aroclor 1254 will 'luso a till)':,, decrease in shell growth ' 1 uysieis after ')h hours. To achieve the Sam,, eilects with iinT in these ex periments, only 0.000(i p.p.m. and 0.01 P.p*m.. respectively, were required. There is very litllc evidence th.il ' are loxjc to insects. Stadia in date dmw dial they are less toxic Ilian croscopically the kidneys showed marked tubular dilation and numerous casts." Another chronic effect of rot's is related in wildfowl. The accumulation of high concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in birds resulted in dis ruption of normal breeding behavior and in the formation of thin-shelled eggs. A dramatic example of this effect has been observed in the ease of the brown pelican. On the Anacapa Islands off the California coast, no young were hatched last year from 300 pairs of nesting birds. The shells of most eggs laid .were so thin that a dent occurred when the-egg was picked up. There are two possible causes for the laying of thin-shelled eggs by wildfowl. One is a low calcium reserve in the .bird; the other is the inability of the bird to deliver the needed calcium to its oviduct, where the eggshell is forming. The calcium level in the avian biosystem and the calcium reserve in the secondary bone structure or medul lary bone, found only in female birds when they are breeding, arc controlled by the hormone estrogen. A high es trogen level is associated with the for mation of this caicium reserve, ^hlorinated hydrocarbons, such as dot, - \' ' MON-MT-003187 > .. 1 J | j ' ; | j j j j | J t 1 ! TOWOLDMON0046364 WATER_PCB-00037341 I 1-H`KlllUi -I1U1 PI ik'llVjllC enzymes in llw liver which IniiisUnin i-slio-'.zn inn* .1 iihhc waliT-MiluWc ci>m;mimf tii.it i< readily eliminated 1'iV.n the bird's KhU. This means Hint when estrogen level- are low, calcium reserves will also h- low, anil there fore very Jiule calcium will he avail able lor strong eg.tshell production. DieUrin and ren's arc more effective than hot in this type of enzyme-indne- tion activity, Aroelor 1262 has an es tradiol degrading potential four to five times that of /i,/>'-de or technical grade ntrr. The ability of the female bird to deliver calcium to her oviduct during the last 20 hours, when the eggshell is being formed, is related to the func tioning of the enzyme carbonic an- hydrasc. When birds that have ex hibited the ability to lay normal eggs are injected with n metabolite of dot (DDE) just prior to the formation of the eggshell, they will lay thin-shelled- eggs. This indicates that ddt also in hibits the activity of carbonic anhy- drasc. the enzyme that controls the flow of calcium from the blood stream of the bird into its oviduct. Since diclJiin seems to have no effect cm carbonic mshydrase. we may assume that neither do the mi's - "ever, these compounds delay breeding time significantly. Many ornithologists feci that late breeding has a stronger influence on the reduction of bird populations than does the laying of thin-shelled- eggs. If this is true, ecu's arc a more potent threat than our to our declining bird populations, es pecially for predatory birds that ac cumulate fairly high levels of pen's be cause they eat smaller animals that al ready have concentrated pcb's in their own tissues. Other investigator have produced evidence to show that pen's arc simi lar to dpt in their activity. Dr. Joseph ' Street at Utah Slate University has shown that when pen's accumulate in the liver, they induce microsomal en zyme activity by bringing about more rapid metabolism of drugs, insecticides, and oilier foreign compounds. He fed rats a diet containing p.p.m, of Aroelor 1254 or Aroelor 1260. After 10 day. on this diet, the test animals were administered hrxobarbitol at a dose of jot) p.p.m. lo induce sleep. In comparison with a control group, the sleeping lime for these rats was reduced by 65 to 80%. Street also found I hat Aroelor, when led at the same level, will reduce dicldrin stor age in adipose tissue by 90 to 95 %; in-, crease aniline oxidation by 200 to 300%; and increase mi detoxication by 430 to 470%. In addition, the pea's cause activation of organothiophosphatc compounds, which adversely af fect the system. This latter effect coun terbalances the detoxification of dicldrin. Normally, when a substrate activates an enzyme, it is converted to a watersoluble form that will bo eliminated from the system; however, this is not the ease with pen's. Because they re main in the system for prolonged pe riods of time, their enzyme induction activity is always present. In this way the normal concentration >>f important body chemicals may be lowered to the CD point of bringing about malfunctions in the system. For example. Street be lieves that the pen's bring about steroid degradation, which can lead to altered endocrine relationships. The chronic toxicity to man is as follows; Like the chlorinated naphthalenes, the chlorinated diphenyls have two distinct actions on the body, namely, a skin effect and a toxic action on the liver. The. lesion produced'in the liver is an acute yellow atrophy. This hepato-toxic achop of- the chlorinated di phenyls appears to be increased if ihere\is exposure to carbon tetrachloride at the same lime. The higher the chlorine content of the diphenyl compound, the more toxic it is liable to he. Oxides of chlorinated diphenyls are more *" Entiruwncawi Scirnw & Teebnotosjr MON'MT-003'188 iow ih.m the uno\idi/,cd awlei..,!- Ini' skin lesion is known as cii.o;..cuc. .nul coiimsIs ill small p.r.ipU's .mil si.11 k pigmentation of tlii- exposed .irons, imii,illy, l.ulof, comedones .mil pustules develop. In persons who limn: suffered s\ dcmic imoxioaiion. the usual si oils ami symptom* nro natixea, vomiting, loss of weight, jaundice, oiloma, anil alidominal pain. Whore i ho liver damage has been severe, iho I'.niiont may pass into oou and die. .Tu.r, ,V. h ving, "Dangerous Prop erties of Industrial Materials," 3rd id.. Vi hi Xostnind-RcinJiold, New York. I96R, The ubupnn of rca's is related to the wide spectrum of applications that have been found for them. The largest single use of urn's is related to their elcclric.nl properties--as coolant-insu lation fluids in transformers. For this purpose ihc Aroclors arc also sold under such trade names as Chlorcxtol (AUis-Chalmcrs Mfp. Co.), Dykanol (Federal Pacific Electric Co.), Inerteen (WVsiinghousc Electric Co.), Noflarnol (Wagner Electric Co.), Pyranol (General Electric Co.), and Therminol (Monsanto Co.). Other uses of nr-n's u-.i-iir.t.- ion into ballasts for fluorescent fix tures; impregnation of cotton and as bestos for braided insulation of elec trical wiring; a plasticizer in wire and cable coatings; capacitors and nskarcltype transformers; and plasticizers of vinyl ch'oride polymer films. Because of their thermal stability and fire re sistance, the pen's also find application in high-pressure hydraulic fluids, spe cialized lubricants and gasket sealers, heat transfer agents, and machine tool cutting oils. Miscellaneous uses in clude: formulation into some epoxy paints; protective coatings for wood, metal, and concrete; adhesives; and in carbonless reproducing paper. One of the primary manufacturers of carbon* lest reproducing paper also sells Aroclors in an encapsulated form. Generally ihc kinds of applications described above mean that the pen's will be in many types of products Ihai eventually find their way to the domes tic market. When used in niamuaclurc of ballasts lor fluorescent fixtures (hoy 11 be found iit kitchens, bathrooms, Uw.vs. and offices throughout the coun try. Wherever olfice forms are used that do not use carbon paper, one may find pen's formulated into the micro capsules of dye that comprise the re 1 Gas chromatogram A is of a standard pesticide mixture, B is typical of Aroelor 1254. and A -f B is the chromatogram of a 50; 50 mixture of both. The concentration of Aroelor 1254 is approximately 10 times those of the pesticides in A, hence It is un derstandable why PCB's were not readily recognized in pesticide chromatograms. Gas chromatograph (Packard.7620) conditions: gas flow 80 ml./min. nitrogen; tem- ' peratures--oven, 210* C,, inlet, 230' C., detector, 218' C.; Ni" electron capture detector; 5' x Vi" glass column packed with 8% SE-30 on Chromosorb Q 80-90 mesh. . MON-MT-003189 producing layer of the business form, pen's have also been found on the transparent receipts used in credit card charge forms. As plasticizers they can be expected to appear in many con sumer plastics. Since the chronic toxicitics arc so significant, it becomes important to know just how extensively the pea's are distributed in the ecosystem, and just how they find their way into the environment. Rainwater in En gland, brown seals oil the coast of Scotland, white-i ailed eagles in . Swe den, cod in the Bailie Sea. mussels in The Netherlands, adeiic penguin eggs in the Antarctic brown pelican eggs in Panama, Arctic terns, shrimp in Florida, river water in Japan, waters in the Great-Lakes, human hair, and human adipose tissue--samples of all these have been found to contain pen's. ____ Yolutte 4. Numlwr .u, O.'ioImt IV70 K17 flop 9 -yaq-M_______ _ t .I t i 1 TOWOLDMON0046366 WATER PCB-00037343 ums muhicip tiwiu ii caxs oj wuiciy dispersed pollutants. 7 Readily absorbed The properties ol pen's tlui make; them industrially useful are (ho same properties that cause them to perxisi in (he environment. These in clude (hcrnul M.ihiluy, resistance to oxidation and hydroit six,'solubility in a wide range of organic solvents, water insolubility, high dielectric constant, .and compatibility with many types of nucromolcculcs. The;r resistance to oxidation and hydrolysis also makes pcb's more stable and persistent than dot. Consequently, they could even tually accumulate to a higher concen tration than nm, especially if the use of dot is shaqtly curtailed in the U.S. The solubility of pen's in nonpolar solvents explains why they arc readily absorbed into fatty tissue and into the liver. Their resistance lo oxidation or other types of chemical degradation explains their persistence in the en vironment and accumulation in animal tissue. The latter cfleet is enhanced both by their insolubility in water and solubility in organic solvents. Their chemical inertness and resistance to metabolism account for their low acute toxicity, Bui as they slowiy build up in a living -yu/.TM tte-ir wm... centration approaches toxicity levels, at which point chronic effects make (hcmscivas evident. It has been established that fish-eat ing birds will accumulate large conccnttations of pen's, as in (he case of the white-tailed eagle, which has been found to have as much as 14,000 p.p.m. of pen's. Peregrine falcons, taken off the coast of California, were found to have as much'as 2000 p.p.m. in their lipid tissue. When shri.np were exposed to 10 p.p.b. of Aroclor 1254 for 48 hours, they accumulated 3300 p.p.b. of pea's, which represents a 130-fold con centration in a very short time. Oysters, exposed lo an identical concentration of Aroclor 1254 for !/6 hours and then placed in pcn-frec water for four days, still had a concentration of 33,000 p.p.b. of pen's, which constitutes a 3300-fold concentration. This means that even though the concentrations of pen's arc in the parts-per-billion range in the environment, their high lipid solubility causes them to collect in fatly tissues of lower animals and marine life. Therefore, species at the tep of a food chain will also .icciimulatc pal's in llteir bodies, p.'iri.ciilarly in their lipid tissue and liver, m Hindi the same way a they accumulate PUT aiul oihci ~ chlorinated pesticides. Because of the low solubility of pen's in water, when a solution or dispersion of them is discharged into a river or lake, they will accumulate on the sedi ment in relatively high concentrations. Subsequently, they will rcdissolve very slowly in the water as conditions change. Therefore, it will usually take a long time to flush out a contaminated area. Accidental occurranci The reason that pen's have not been found in the ecosystem as extensively as dot, and are not present in environ mental samples at as high a concen tration as ddt, is (hat pen's find their way into the environment accidentally. dot is deliberately spread because this is the only wny its insecticidal propertics can be utilized, pen's arc not in tended to get into the environment, but they do because their unique chemical properties prevent them from being de stroyed by our usual waste disposal methods. Thus, they inadvertently es cape and become widely dispersed. In Sweden, wltero Utc use of nnr liiut Iteeit lumncd, and where the main power source is hydroelectric, investi. 'gators' findriiat the concentrate pen's in the environment is as hij that of ddt. There are several ways by v Pen's get into the ecosystem. Oi these is by incineration. Products taining pen's, such as carbonks producing paper in business fc plastics (especially polymer film sheeting that contain pcb's as p cizers), spent ballasts from fhiore light fixtures, and objects coated pen-formulated coatings, all find way to the city dump or incinc for burning. The pcb's do not burr are vaporized. They are then ca into the atmosphere, where they cc on paniculate matter and are si qucntly returned to the surface a: earth, into the rivers, lakes, and oa In this way they become widely tributed throughout the global envi ment. Another source is proltab'v. run-off from industrial wastes dumps. A third source is the pom manufacture nnd the plants w rrn's arc processed into other prodi .They can escape through the plan:1 Thation and exhaust systems into atmosphere atui through its v. .i>tc it mem system into sowers or directly waterway*. . Ill JisHMWmcoiJ .ScIwhv 4 `J'orituntecy _______ __________________________ %> ^ MON-MT-003190 TOWOLDMON0046367 WATER_PCB-00037344 ' . "iI h'inleresimg to note that the inci- of ivn's tn environnwnul sam- 'nU is Itij.Oioi m mhiilriaii/i*d ami r- .neas IWiJs whose primn.y habitat is the San Tt.u.eisco hay area f a larger concentration of pen's f p,;r unit of body weight than those lo- caled in Baja, Cali/., which is com pletely rural. Aquatic life in the Archi pelago of Stockholm, the most indus trialized area of Sweden, were found to have a higher concentration of pen's than fish samples taken from the west-. cm coast of Sweden, a less develop'd area. Sediment samples taken from touthern portions of ]_akc Michigan have a higher concentration of pen's than those from other parts of the lake. Monsanto states that until a ream change in marketing policy (see inset, page 614), sales of Aroclors were in creasing at the rate of 8% per year. While this increase does not seem sig nificant, it may be important if the in creased consumption was in consumer products and thus would find their way into our normal solid waste disposal systems. Such an occurrence would mean a definite increase of rat residues in the environment, and therefore a marked increase in their chronic tox- ti-ity effects. ______________ - _ ctcctlon i- :, rat's were not discovered i.t environ mental samples until very recently for several reasons. First, as indicated above, they have not been deliberately distributed about (he ecosystem. Sec ondly, because of their relatively low ' scute toxicides, their presence was not immedisilely evident. Finally, they are difficult todciect analytically. The pen's were-first detected ns in terfering peaks in the gas chromato graphic analysis (ac) of environmental samples being analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues. When pea's are pres ent in a sample they give a pattern of several oc peaks, whose retention limes are similar to those of dicldrin, dot, due, aldrin, and hcptachlor oxide. Be cause the peaks were not large or sharp, investigators tended to ignore them until S. Jensen, in Sweden, and K. Risebrough, at the University of California at Berkeley, identified them as corresponding to common conslituems of en"ironmental samples being ( nalyzed for persistent pesticides. The problem of the interferences of feu's with the analysis of other chlorinaicd pesticides has been largely over come by prior treatment of the sam " pie. Several investigators have used column el.ronimogruphy to separate pen's from chlorinated pesticides. At a recent mi cling, sponsored by the i-woa's National Water Quality loil>or.uory, D.tluth, Minn., a general pro cedure was recommended far separa tion of pen's from pesticides. In this procedure for biosamples, the sample is extracted with hexane as in rcgul.ir pesticide analysis. It is then partitioned with acetonitrile to remove fats, the cicaned-up extract is passed through a' Fluorisil column and then through a silicic acid column. Finally, the sample is analyzed by gas chromatography, with a chloride-specific detector. In this way the pesticides are retained on the silicic add column for later elution and identification. Research needs To assess fully the significance of Pen's as environmental pollutants, ad ditional research is needed. Mo one really knows the extent of the chronic effects of these chlorinated hydrocar bons. Some problems that need to be considered arc: Although pen's arc known to ac cumulate in human organs we do not know at what concentration they will -begin to exhibit toxic ulluelx. Wilt these chronic effects be similar to those shown in animals--microsomal en zyme activity, calcium metabolism in hibition, and so on7 What arc other possible chrome effects? " Which of the many pm com pounds in the commercially available mixtures are responsible for their tox icity? Can commercial pen mixtures be modified to eliminate the toxic com ponents? Pure samples are required to answer these questions. At the present time work is continuing at the fivqa's Southeast Water Laboratory to sep arate each of the Aroclor mixtures into its many components, and to identify each component. * We need to know ail the uses for ' the pen's. What is the annual produc tion of pen's? Out knowledge of these facts is limited and needs to be ex panded. These facts should be known if we are to accurately determine how (hey get into the environment, and take steps to prevent further environmental contamination by them. * In view of the complexity of the isolation and accurate quantitative analysis of rot's in chlorinated resi dues, a straightforward, unambiguous measurement of them needs to be de veloped. What is the fate of pen's in nat ural waters? More needs to be known of their partition coefficients between bottom sediments and water. This is vital if we are to estimate bow tong it will lake for a river bed to dean itself of contamination. It will also be useful when assessing the effects of Pen's on murine life that feed on the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and estuaries. We should also learn more about pcs solubility-in water of various ionic strengths. Arc present waste treatment systoms adequate to handle pcb's7 Do spe cial measures need to be taken when pen's are part of the waste effluent be ing treated? By trying to get some of these an swers now, we may find that we arc in a position to control the escape of pen's into the environment before ad ditional damage is done. So frequently, action is taken only after it is evident that massive damage has resulted from a particular pollutant. In the case of the pea's we may have an opportunity to resolve the situation before that happens. Additional Reading Hubbard. H. L, "Chlorinated Biphenyl and Related Compounds," Encyclo pedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd --ML , S_ Urtnmgienr-t- PubL. New York. N.Y.. 1964, pp. 2S9-298. Reynolds. L, M.. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 4,128 (1909). RisebrouGh, R. N., et. al,, Nature 220 (1968). r\ r<\^h Carl C. Gustafson, chairman of life Department of Chemistry of Kings College. BrinrcIlU Manor, S.Y., re ceived a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Delaware in 1957. During the 1969-70 academic year, he was on leave at the pwqa Southeast Water Laboratory in Athens, (in., wherestudied trace organic analysis in waste, effluents. As ti mem ber of the National Water Contami nants Characterization Research Pro gram, he worked with KB's and pulp and paper mill effluents. MON-MT-OQ3191 'flffp 9 Volume 4, Number 10. October 1910 SI ________ - t 1 t f I I ii * i i TOWOLDMON0046368 WATER PCB-00037345