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lV^ i ' AKMJAL MEETING 0? THE ?-MBERG OF TIE LEAD mtlSTRIES ASGOCIATICH CMcago, nilnoi> May 2-3 19&. i iii j Tbe annual meeting of the members of the Lead Industries Associa tion vas held on Tuesday and Wednesday, Hay 2-3, l?6l, at the Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois. Members Present Representing Max Adler Allied Soeltlng Carp. William R. Black American Metal Climax, Inc. C. K. Ccoard do Vincent E. Doroan do A. E. Lee, Jr. do John J. Lennon do Dovid T. Steele do Jean Vuillequer do ?.. D. Bradford American Smelting Et Refining Co. K. H. Brovnell do A. J. Phillips do Simon D. Strauss do Carl A. Underhill American Zinc, Lead St Smelting Co. Carl A. Underhill, Jr, do H. L. Young do Richard A. Yeung do Frank Hurless Ihe Anaconda Co. Roland J. Lapee do Herbert Weed do Frank P. Barton The G. A. Avrll Co. Julian S. Bers Bers 4 Co., Inc. Frank Green Broken Hill Associated Smelters Pty., Ltd. R. J. Hopkins do Otto F. Bauer (C. Tennant, Sens 8: Co. of N.Y., Agents) H. V. Ealtoa do John Rathjen do W. G. Hiscock (Consolidated Zinc Carp. Ltd.) A. Y. Bethune The Bunker Hill Co. Roger H. Cutting do > H. E. Elmore Sidney R. Gill do do W. G. Hevltt do George A. Larsco do Harold E. Lee do C. E. Schvab do i J | it iiiwyHdMaftBaHte; ms IIIjy L IA 2114 0 ' Annual Meeting Minutes -2- Kay 2-3, l?6l I. L. Barker Ivor Thompson H. T. Forgcy E. H. Gouiochi R. Hendrick* A. E, Turnbull C. B. Andersen S, F. Miller C. E. Bassett D. R. Carter John B. Vade K. W. Green E. R. Anderson J. A. Costello Harvey D. Ferer Richard J. Propst R. A. Gardiner, Jr. Willard F. Haas Peter Murphy V. P. Wilke, XU George H. Eddlenan Ralph W. Johnson J. V. Murph John Jennings Smett A. Toraey Vllliaa J. Welch Wllllaa A. Onkey J. J. Sharkey Francis Caneroo Robert F. Doclling Charles D. Henderson Wllllan F. Hoffcann Charles R. Ince W. T. Isbell Carleton C. Long Donold K. Lourle J. W. Sherman John G. Wehn J. Icbe John K. Palner L. A. Creglov Occar A. Glaeser Daniel J. Herts G. Howard Le Ferre C. G. Rice F. C. Sayers F. L. Warner Howard Hovasel Reuben Vlcncr Robert ft. Quenell Cerro Corp. do Consolidated Mining A Qaeltlng Co. of Canada, Ltd do do do Deleo-Rerny Dir., General. Motors Corp. do Dixie Lead Co. The Eagle-Plcher Co. do The Electric Storage Battery Co. Ethyl Corp. do Aaron Ferer A Sons Co. do Gardiner Metal Co. Haraond Lead Products, Inc. do do Inperial Type Metal Co. Mac Gregor Lead Co. Murdock Lead Co. Rational Lead Co. do do Olln Mathleson Ckecical Corp. do St. Joseph Lead Co. do do do do do do do do do Soclete Kiniere ct Metallurglque de Penarroya (international Selling Corp., Agents) United States Staeltlng Refining and Mining Co. do do do do do do Victory White Metal Co. Hyman Vlcncr A Sons Western Lead Products Co. D LIA21141 ^wy.wyg, q v li i a Annual Meeting Minutes -3' I'a/ 2-3, 1961 Represented ty Proxy Alpha Metals, Inc. Heel a Mining Co. Met.vleal Products Corp, Revnont Mining Corp. Pend Orel lie Hines Si Metals Co, Revere Copper and Brass, Inc. The River Smelting h Refining Co. Sliattuck Denn Mining Corp. Sunchine Mining Co. Guests H. J. Allenang C. H. Allen Richard J. Bauer Herman Bccker-Flucgel Karl Bcnnung Philip R. Blanc T. E. Brown Donald A. Carroll Dare Chapman B. ?. Dolan Bcmie Durham J. 0. Edvards Cordon Eubanks Ernst L. Frank Arthur J. Gervais R. E. Giuliani Martin Glenday Paul Guteman Fred M. Kail Paul V. Higgins Vebster Hodge W. D. Hock. Frederick R. Jeffrey Lirulsay F. Johnson Lloyd F. Johnson J. J. Kelleher T. J. in Bounty Paul Linz K. McMillan Dick Mi Her J. R. O'Connell, Jr. H. F. Osternan John W. Patterson A. J. Payne E. C. Quinn Charles W. Reene A. A. Scharf Maurice D. Schwartz Dick Seligmann A. Sepulchre Morton H. Shapiro J. A. Ringmaster James Sou thworth Janes V. Stafford George Strong R. Levis Stubbs Mortimer J. Sullivan Eureka-UiUiana Co. Vitallc Battery Co., Inc. Kenning Bros. 4 Cksith, Inc. U. R. Croce 4 Co. Chemical Coatings 4 Engineering Co. Indu3sa Corp. Hercules Powder Co. Donald Carroll Metals, Inc. Dove Chapman, Inc. E-Z-Go Car Corp. Mearl Corp. Canadian Dept, of Mines & Technical Surveys Clevlte Electronic Components Division Philipp Bros. Ore Corp. International Minerals and Metals Corp. Hyirooetals, Inc. Clinton Engines Corp. Ketal Traders, Inc. Cordo Chemical Corp. 0. S. Tyson 4 Co., Inc. Battelle Memorial Institute V. R. Grace 4 Co. Rational Zinc Co., Inc. The Rev Jersey Zinc Co. Illinois Zinc Co. Hercules Powder Co. Mearl Corp. Primary Metal it Mineral Corp. Cleveland Electric Vehicle Co. Sportsmen's Service Bureau IZtMJ Metal 4 Mineral Markets Branson Insti-xaents, Inc. Dept, of Mines 4 Technical Surveys, Ottawa Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia, Ltd. Chrysler Corp. Portland Cenent Association Philipp Bros. Ore Corp. Pacific Smelting Co. Branson Instruments HV Kcmpensche ZlnkaiJ. B. Shapiro & Co., Inc. Ringmaster 4 Breyer, Inc. Union Carbide Consumer Prod. American Metal Market E. I. du Pont de Honours & Co. Lead Development Association, London International Minerals and Metals Corp. f r i] \ * Annual Mieeting Minute# 4' May 2-3, 1961 i W. K. Taylor Jarcs H. Thomas Walter 3. Thomas Takenori Tomita George L. Vincent Brian Wilson Clark L. Wilson J. limeroan British Embassy "Nucleonics" Cleveland Electric Vehicle Co. Mitsui Mining . ikseltlng Co. "Ceramic Industry" "Steel* Eacrgency Lead-Einc Cams! ttee Miles Metal Corp. [ Government Representatives Earl T. Hayes W. W. Hopton H. G. Iverson Donald E. Moulds Janes A. Rowland Harold Schroeder Donald Shan U. S. Dept, of Interior, Bureau of Mines U. S. Dept, of Interior U. S. Dept, of Interior, Bureau of Mines U. S. Dept, of Interior U. S. Dept, of Interior, Bureau of Mines U. S. Dept, of Interior, Bureau of Mines U. S. Dept, of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign Commerce Lead Industries Association Staff Robert L. Ziegfeld, Secretary-Treasurer David H. Borcina Erucc Fader Edwin D. Martin Jercne F. Smith Sid V. Turner Boccr S. Tetnan i Expanded Research Frograo--LIA-A2I r. Schrade F. Radtke, Director A. R. Cook Samuel E. Eck Louis Kettler The nlnutcs of the previous meeting of April 6-7, i960 were circu lated to members after that meeting and no changes or corrections were received. The president welcomed the participants at the meeting and made three suggestions: ; 1. Everyone agrees that the lead and zinc producers should use their own products as far as possible. He wondered whether each company had done enough to cake their plants aware of the ?* need to foster this practice. Hilo he thought was particularly '< Important in nulti-plont and product companies. ! %/ | Annual Meeting Minutes -5- Kay 2-3, 1961 f 2. He urged each company with a long lived Interest in tine and lend to do core applications engineering, core product selling He thought there was a crying need for the type of marketing practiced by competitors like aluminum and plastics and that each company should supplement the vork of UA and AZI--vork is comple mentary to the Expended Research Program of each association. i i f 3. He asked for more ideas on research. He cald Initially plenty of idea3 vere available because so little had been done but that nov more fresh ideas vere required to continue the program. He suggested that each company night set up lt6 own method of collecting ideas from its organisation. REPORT 07 HOHNA7ING COI-MITTES FOR DIRECTORS Mr. Harvey Ferer, Denber of the nominating Committee for Board of Directors, reported for his Committee, composed, in addition to himself, of Messrs. V. B. Clancy, Chair-nan, J. J. Forst, L. J. Randall and R. J. Searls, and placed in nomination the following slate: Julian Bers R. D. Bradford D. R. Carter J. A. Costello V. H. H. Cranmer H. L. Day Andrew Fletcher K. W. Green F. H. Burless Harold E. Lee J. A. Martino C. G. Rice 3. D. Strauss Jean Vuilleouez Willian Wilke, III Bers 8t Company, Inc. Federated Metals Division, American Saeltlng and Refining Company The Eagle-Plcber Company Ethyl Corporation Kcv Park Mining Company Day Mines, Inc. St. Joseph Lead Company The Electric Storage Battery Company International Smelting tc Refining Company (Anaconda Sales Company, Agents) The Bunker Hill Company Rational Load Company United States Smelting Refining & Mining Coopony American Smelting & Refining Company American Metal Climax, Inc. Hnnnond Lead Products, Inc. There being no further nominations, the slate van unanimously elected. REPOiiT OF THE SECRETARY-TRFASURER The secretary-treasurer reported to the membership on the i960 activities and plana for 1961, his report having been clruclated to member# on April 14, 1961. See Exhibit A* REPORT OF THE RESEARCH DIRECTOR BH The research director and his staff reported an the progress of El the various research projects and others being initiated. A copy of this fe'J report is available upon request. Sec Exhibits B, C, D. m* WWSPb mw p w ^*1, -` gwW!1 L1A2U^ ^wjs^^wrr*: - Annual Meeting Minutes -6- May 2-3, 1961 ADDRESSES AT MEETING The following tallis were delivered at the annual meeting: Lead and Zinc In a Changing World........R. 1. Stubbs, Director-General, Lead Development Assn., and Zinc Development Assn., London Bow Mass Communication Works for a Basic Industry........Charles W, Rcene, Director of Educational Cervices, Portland Cement Assn. IJev Patterns in World Autocotive Competition........E. C. Quinn, Vice Presi dent--Sales Divisions, Chrysler Corp. Storage Battery Outlook........C. H. Allen, Vice President, Vltalic Battery Co. and President, Association of American Battery Manufacturers, Inc. Potential of Lead in Sporting Ammunition....... Dick Miller, Consultant, Sportsmen's Service Bureau Markets for Lead In the tiuclear Industry, When, Where, Why and How Much........ James H. Thomas, Market Research Manager, "Nucleonics" Magazine Opening "Hew Frontiers"........D. M. Borcina, Assistant to Secretary, LIA Lead Zirconate-Titonate.....Gordon Eubanks, General Sales Manager, Clevitc Electronics Components Dir. "Ultrasonic Cleaning......H. F. Osterman, Vice President, Marketing, Branson Instruments, Inc. Small Engine Ignition with the "Spark Pump'.....Martin Glenday, Manager, Special Products, Clintcnetics Div., Clinton Engines Corp. Pearl Pigments............... Bemie Dirham, Salc3 Manager, Mearl Corp. Thermoelectrics and Miscellaneous........Sid W. Turner, Metallurgical Engineer, LIA Flexible Rooa Dividers...Dave Chapman, Dave Chapman, Inc., Industrial Design Australian Developments.....R. J. Hopkins, Manager of Research, Broken Hill Associated Smelters Pty., Ltd. Lead-Epoxy Materials.....Karl Bennung, President, Chemical Coatings and Engineering Co. Leaded Vinyls.....................Fred M. Hall, Sales Manager, Cordo Chemical Corp. The Potential for Lead as on Acoustical Material...Bruce Fader, Chen.Engr., LIA Battery Powered Delivery Trucks....... M. McMillan, Vice President and General Manager, Cleveland Electric Vehicle Co. Personnel Carriers........... Beverly F. Dolan, President, E-Z-Go Car Corp. Battery Powered Passenger Cars........H. J. Ailenong, Pres., Eureka-Will lama Co., Div. of Rational Union Electric Co. * Copies now available to members interested. ** Copies expected soon from authors. *** Annual P.eetlng Mlnutca -7- May 2-3, 1961 I Amioimga-CTr o f k i-p c t io n or omcaa The election of the following officers for the ensuing year at the meeting of the Board of Directors on May 2 vua announced: Jean VuiUeques, President and Chairman of the Board Joseph A. Costello Vice President Charles R. Ince Vice President Sine D. Strauss Vice President RLZJHH ctary 0 1 *tCZ"!********* Annual Meeting Minutes L IA21146 Exhibit A f.v 2-3, lybl AM.UAL RSPCSRT Of TH8 SECRETARY- TREASURES yCR THS TEAR i960 A copy of my annual report baa been mailed to all member*. It list* tha detail* of publications of tha A* see i at i on produced in i960, of our advertising and publicity program*, of tha activitie* of our taff, and other project* in vhich the Association has been engaged. I hope all of you vi 11 find time to read it. Also, please tales a fev minute* to look over the display* in thi* room of cur promotional material* and seme of the nev lead product* that are casing along. I vant to reiterate Dick Miller'* invitation to any of you vho are Interested in shooting a little lead into *he air vithln a fev minutes of the hotel and to call your attention to the electric truck and automobile vhich are available for inspection and demonstration Just outside. Inquire at the registration desk if you are interested in shooting or seeing the truck and car. As a time *aver I'm not going to read my detailed report hers. In stead I vant to discuss in a general vay our approaches to the problem of increasing markets for lead. I say "approaches" in the plural becauaa there are many. Generally speaking each different approach can be useful, but they must be coordinated and balanced, vith each being fitted into its proper place. In ny opinion, anyone vho thinks that magaxlne adver tising alone, or publicity alone, or exhibit* alone, or direct nail alcee, or technical service alone, or even research alone vill do an adequate Job of increasing lead market* to any major extent is deluded. Also, anyone vho thicks that a major impression can be made vithout major expenditures is deluded. At the core of the Association'* program to develop lead market* i*, of course, our personalized technical service. Oar technically trained staff, enhanced this year by the addition of an architect, is veil versed in the capabilities of lead In many fields. It attempts to make as many personal visits to potential important lead users as possible in the course of a year and to work vith them in applying lead to their problem*. It conducts a vide service by correspondence and telephone, and fumishe* us vith the technical information ve need for our publication* and ad vertising. At best, hovever, each man can maintain relations vith relatively few people in thi* vay, say several hundred a year, and these contact* are necessarily limited to the number of men ve can put in the field. Thi* type of personal vork is exceedingly effective, if you have the right men, as I believe ve have, but it is also exceedingly costly. Sooehov our message has to reach more people, and some means have to be used to create "hot" leads for these men. * f f F t t F i- * i' h .' -* ?^s, *' 1147 *, -2- Annual Report for i960 ( {- A somewhat analogous approach permitting contacts vlth more people at less expense but not so selective nor under such favorable cocditlons is the trade show exhibit. These va use to a United extent In certain Industries. While ye have feuni these sbtwa useful, they must he care* fully selected and exhibits carefully plumed; and generally contacts tbu3 mode require furtbsr follow-up In ens way or another. These exhibits are also valuable sources of cases of people vlth some interest In lead for our mailing lists. ! i ! [ I f f ; 1 Rext ve coca to the mass approaches which are dependent upon and ccoplementary to the personal approach. Space advertising in selected fields offers an opportunity to get a brief message to a lot of people at low cost. In technical tsarlets I do not believe that it often results in actual sales of a product, but it can be used to sell ideas, to create a favorable atmosphere for other means of contact, and to yield many valuable leads for follcv-up. It can create an Image for our products and let in dustry know that ve are alive. It has the advantage of hitting selected groups repeatedly in a planned manner. pw wym Direct mail advertising, which ve also use, permits us to bring a more detailed and technical message to selected groups and is valuable by itself or as a complement to space advertising. Obtaining and maintaining good mailing lists is difficult and costly, and in this our other forms of promotion are helpful. The cost is entirely dependent on how cany people we try to reach in this way and how detailed a message ve wish to convey. ijf. ji mmm mj |i qu pujiwmiwfwi.giw m i y We also employ technical publicity as a market development tool. This nethod is low cost but cannot be planned as methodically os advertising and often cannot go into the detail of direct mall. It is, however, use ful, and reprints are valuable aids in support of our other approaches. w iwf u w m y This brings us to research, of which you will hear much more from the next speakers from our Expanded Research Program. There is no question of the need for extensive research in our cacplex and ever-changing economy, and our industry is to be complimented on its recognition of this fact. Row research is of two kinds, that done by our ovn Industry with the laudably selflGh purpose of finding new markets for our products and that done by other industries to solve their own problems or develop new products of their own. The promotional approaches ve are using tie in with both of these. In the first instance, nobody today beats a path to your door even if ycai do have the best mousetrap in the world. You have to tell the world, or at least industries that should be interested what you have that will help them. In the second inotance, broad dissemination of technical knowledge about lead will encourage others to try it in their own efforts to solve their problems and tell them hov to use it most effectively. Row all of these methods have been used by LIA for many years in vary ing degrees. I think our industry is to be congratulated in that today ve are making the broadest effort in our history. Our magazine "Lead* first sav the light of day in 1931, the same year in vhich ve published the book "Useful Information about Lead," vhich was modernized and expanded in 1952 as "Lead in Modern Industry." A lot of other literature and 5 - Vs* s>tm^>A-i^mm'imm:y-frwn* rp*b**rriL+***` LIA211A8 3 .`c;nuA.l fleport for i960 advertising haa appeared in the intervening years. Tor exaaple, our Red Lead Technical Ccunittea via established la 19+3, followed by it* compre hensive test program on paint formulations and publication of Bed Lead Technical Letter*. The need for carefully planned research va* recognited In 195^ vith authorisation to form the Technical Steering Committee, which vaj done the following year. On the heel* of thl* cause the Cable Sheathing Task Croup, al*o In 1955, which planned the research on continuous extrusion of lead cable sheathing and conducted negotiation* for a Joint project with the John Roberts-on Company for a program which culminated In an agreement vith that company to build an experimental pre*. This va* done In 1957, and actual testing, started In the spring of 195, wa* successfully concluded soon thereafter. There also followed in 1955 the formation of the Ceramics Technical Comlttee. This resulted in publication of "Lead In the Ceramic Industries" In 1956 and a program of graduate research fellowships in 1957. Also in 1957 Battelle Memorial Institute was engaged to make a systematic study of our industry's research needs and their report was received later in the same year. Likewise late in 1957 the architectural-engineering firm of Skidmore, Owing* & Merrill was commissioned to study possible expansion of lead's construction applications. The report, cade In 1959, came up with preliminary information cm lead for noise control developed by Bolt Beranek and Newman and subsequently expanded to its present precising proportion*. In 1958 the Expanded Research Program was organized and research estab lished on a much broader basis. You will hear more of that later. Con currently the promotional efforts of the Association were also extended to point where we now feel ve have a rather nicely balanced, though still modest, promotional effort. Our Industry deserves credit for its vision and strong support. Yet we still have a long way to go. My remarks would not be complete without mentioning a problem our in dustry has that is not cocnon to most other metal industries. It Is the toxicity of lead. Just as important as any research and promotional effort is our knowledge of lead toxicity and our ability to tell people how to use lead safely. Adverse publicity and the fear of lead poisoning are obstacles ve have to overcome Just as ouch as any other lack of knowledge about our products. This has been an important activity of LIA for years and should continue to be, on on even larger scale. I have presented these remark* in the hope of accomplishing several purposes. First, I think it should be on record that our industry haa done and is doing a constructive Job of trying to solve its own problem*. There haa been too much criticism and not enough recognition of pro gressive efforts. Second, I hope it vill serve as a reminder that no market development tool can be neglected if ve are to succeed in our avowed purpose to Increase the use of lead, and care must always be exercised to see that all the parts fit into a balanced, smoothly running whole. Third, I feel that our greatest chance of success lies in providing technically competent people in many industries with all the knowledge ve can develop (f *. t i *i * m i n.I'M.n.i.in' p p m w m f y q | pi ^ y m n i - i w y ny.n iU'M U L IA 21149 Annual Report for i960 about our own materials and helping then to apply thi knowledge to the development and use of their own products. SUMMARY Or ASSOCIATION ACTIVITIES--1960 d ir ec t h ail apv bc t s ibo 1. "lead." Again this Dagozlne dealing with a variety of lead uses vas circulated four tines to a list of over 50,000 user* and potential users cf the netal, carrying a total of core than 1,200,000 individual messages about lead applications. It was "Lead's" thirtieth year of publication, and, for the start of its fourth decade of life, an entirely nev and modernised cover has been designed better to reflect the modern inage of lead and to conform with the magazine's modernised layout and coverage. 2. Industrial Truck Brochure. This 12-pege booklet on the advantages of storage-battery-powered industrial trucks, which vas prepared late In 1959, reached a total printing of nearly 100,000, Including a German trans lation, at a cost to the Association of less than the cost of 5,000 copies. This was possible because battery companies, utilities and others purchased large quantities for their own distribution. 3. Terne Plate Roofing. A four-page flyer on the renaissance of terns plate (leii-allcy coated steel) roofing was prepared and circulated to about 16,000 architects and builders. U. Sound Barriers. A technical report on the advantages of leadcontaining sound barriers vas prepared with the assistance of acoustical consultants Bolt Beranek and IJevnan and printed as a 12-page brochure. It vas called to about 15,000 architects and engineers and a broad list of trade magazines. It also received a one-page review in "Progressive Architecture." As a result, more than h,000 requests for copies and technical information have since been processed. 5. Construction Bulletins. Two previously printed "Lead Construction Bulletins" were reprinted as the original supply vas exhausted. They dealt with lead shower pans and waterproofing and with lead chemical laboratory drainage systems. 6. Sweet's Catalogs. (Xu: two four-page catalogs in Sweet's Archltec- tural File and Sweet's Light Construction File were continued for another year. In addition, a new 12-page catalog was prepared and Included la the 1961 Sweet's Design Engineering File. To answer inquiries and use at ex hibits 7,000 reprints were obtained. 7. Ceramic Supplements. A new six-page supplement to "Lead in the Ceramic Industries'1 on leaded porcelain enamels for aluminum vas Issued and circulated to the 6,500 ceramists who have copies of the book. A second four-page supplement on leaded low-temperature porcelain enamels for steel vas prepared and similarly distributed. ' . PUBLICITY AND REPRINTS 8. Anodes. A paper on nonsacriflclal lead-alloy anodes for protec tion of steel against corrosion vas reprinted from "Corrosion" magazine and reprints used In answering inquiries", distribution at trade shows, and circulation to members. i -5- Annual Report for i960 i j . Lead Dope. An article prepared by LIA vith the cooperation of, ?gr.ed by, the chief naintenar.ee supervisor of the Hew Jersey State Prison Farm, describing 25 years of trouble-free service of the lead dace on the state prison at F.aLvay, Lev Jersey, appeared in "Keating and Air Conditioning Contractor." It vae reprinted and distributed to scce 15,COO architects and sheet oetal contractors. It Is Interesting that LIA originally prepared the specifications for this dome 25 years ago. 10. Niagara Paver Project. As a result of cooperation betveen LIA and the editors of "Materials In Design Engineering," a one-page article on the use of lead lubricating seals in this project appeared In that magazine. 11. Cooling Touer Antivibration Pads. We vere instrumental In the publication in "Air Conditioning, Heatingand Ventilating" of an article 00 these pads under the cooling tower of the skyscraper at 575 Lexington Avenue, new York, signed by one of the partners in the fira of consulting engineers for the building. Reprints vere obtained and distributed to 15,000 architects and engineers. Another article on the same subject appeared in "Plant and Power Services Engineer." 12. "The Challenge of Rev Battery Systems." This vaa the title of a paper by the late C. 0. Grises, vice president--research. Electric Storage Battery Company, delivered at the annual meeting of the Associa tion of American Battery Manufacturers. LIA reproduced It and distributed It to members. 13. Lead Welding. Hie chapter on this subject in the "Welding Hand book " of the AmericanWelding Society was revised for publication in a new edition. lL. Sound and Vibration Attenuation. As a result of LIA cooperation < vith editors of "Steel" and "Chemical Week," an excellent article appeared in each on this general subject. Reprints of both were obtained for dis tribution to members and others. 15> Technical Developments. A brief Review of recent technical de velopments In lead was prepared and published in "Steel" magazine. l6. Battery-Powered Delivery Trucks. An article on these trucks was prepared and published in "Food Processing" magazine vith a 1*5,000 circulation. About 5,000 reprints vere obtained for further distribution. 17. lead Shielding far Portable Reactors. An article on this subject was prepared and printed In "Materials in Design Engineering." Reprints vere sent to members and our list of nuclear engineers. 18. Bearings. Through cooperation with editors of "Materials In Design Engineering" and "Design News," two articles appeared on tvo new types of lead bearings. Reprints vere circulated to members and others Interested. 1 a. . ' i A* . . ' ' ~~l~irTT r"~~T .. I , ' ' " ' -- LIA21151 0 1 -6- Annual Report for i960 19. Chemical Construction. A broad article on the ua of lead for chert.cal construction vaa prepared and published in "Chert,cal Engineering." Reprints vere circulated as & Chemical Construction Bulletin to our own nailing list of chertcal engineers and chertcal engineering schools. 20. "Lead--Its Alloys and Compounds." The annual article co this subject vaa prepared and printed In "Industrial and Engineering Chemistry." Reprints vere distributed to a selected list of 1,600 people. 21. Value of Publicity. The value of space obtained in trade maga zines for publicity emanating from LIA and its agency in i960, figured at advertising space rates for the editorial space occupied hy the publicity, vas approximately $100,000. About tvo-thirds of this vas attributable to feature articles covering a broad range of subjects vhlch included, but vere not ccofined to, nuclear shielding, roofing, storage batteries, sound and vibration control, stained glass, sheet lend, ceramics, plumbing and chertcal constructicn. TECHNICAL PAPERS AKD LECTURES 22. Metal Dealers. A lecture on the uses of lead vas delivered be fore the Detroit Metal Dealers Association. 23. Cable Sheathing. Technical reports of the research program on continuous extrusion of lead cable sheathing vere rewritten and consolidated into a paper which vaa delivered hy the Research Director before the fall meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Copies vers distributed to members and the power distribution industry. 2h, Ceramic Research Paper. A paper based on research supported by LIA's Expanded Research Program at Pennsylvania State University appeared in the "Journal of the American Ceramic Society." It vas reprinted far distribution to members ard others. 25. Naval Reserve Lecture. A one-hour lecture vith particular refer ence to new lead uses in national defense vas delivered before a large group of Ravel Reserve Officers in New York. 26. Lead Shover Pans. A paper cm lead shower and safe pans vas de livered before the annual meeting of the American Society of Sanitary Engineering. 27. Annual Review. The annual reviev of the lead Industry vas pre pared and appeared in Engineering and Mining Jcxirnal." EXHIBITS ARD MEETINGS 28. Annual Meeting. A successful annual meeting of LIA, with one session held Jointly with the American Zinc Institute, vas conducted la St. Louis. .vf/ *- - i*. v ): L IA 2115 2 fw#pr- Annual Report for i960 29. Trade Show Exhibits. LIA had promotional exhibit* at the follow ing Important trade shows; national Home Builders Shew Design Engineering Show national Association of Plumbing Contractors Shew Industrial Brlldlng Exposition 30. Meetings Attended. In order to maintain clos* contact with the varied group# In Industry that nay affect the use of lead, and to keep a finger on the pulse of associated industries generally, cany meetings of Industry groups were attended. A partial list followst Signal Corpe Battery Conference Association of American Battery Manufacturers Sea Horse Institute (corrosion) American Ceramic Society American Mining Congress Porcelain Enamel Institute American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers American Society for Testing Materials Rational Association of Corrosion Engineers Rational Association of Plumbing Contractors Rational Association of Home Builders American Institute of Electrical Engineers American Chemical Society . 31. Plumbers Apprenticeship Contest. At this week-long contest held at Purdue University, LiA provided a Judge for the lead work, prizes for tbs three best lead workers, and lead materials to be used by the contestants. Also it supplied an Instructor for the refresher course for plumbing In structors teaching lead work. SPACE ADVERTISDO 32. Advertising Schedule, i960. Following Is the advertising sched ule run by LIA last year: Publication Pages Clrculatlon Subject Materials In Design Engineering Product Engineering EnginVeerinMg HevMs-Reccrd 6 6 9^ Marine Engineering/Log m mm ^A Bulletin of American Ceramic Soc.12 Ceramic Industry V Ceramic Age 6 Brick and Clay Record % Metal Product Manufacturing h 31,000 1(2,000 81,000 81,000 16,000 16,000 8.000 6.000 8.000 5,000 15,000 15,000 Propmerties anmd muses Metallic lead for construction Metal protective paints Lead anodes Lead In ceramics Lead glazes for clay products Leaded porcelain enamels Lead pearlescent pigments Total circulation was over 200,000, with individual sales messages totaling nearly 2,000,000. >t 1 > t (trial die trch *ch H. D. ermlna 1 al of f' cs dll m * vernal .ring it Hovand f' LIA21X53 ii **-v JP--'AiJpW - 8- - Annual Report for XyCO KTAI.TH A.TO SAFETY 33 Alleged Lead Poisoning from Drinking Water. A lawsuit against an ap>art'u'ent building owner in Kilv-uJtee maxing this allegation vas entered acre than a year ago. Because of the harmful effect a decision in favor of the plaintiff would have, ve have very actively aided in preparation of the defense, since the facts indicate the complaint to be without foundation. The trial has been postponed several tines since last fall, and it new appears that the plaintiff is not anxious to have the case come to trial because of the strength of the defense. 3h. Toxicity Research. A meeting of members and interested Industrial medical men and toxicologists was held under LIA auspices to consider the need for research on lead toxicology and a proposal for sue! jerk from Harvard, as well as other possible approaches. The neei for such research was generally agreed upon but it was recommended that details of approach be undertaken by a smaller group of experts. 35. Childhood Lead Poisoning. A grant of $2,000 was made to Dr. H. D. Smith of the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation to determine lead's actual share of responsibility for mental retardation which lead poisoning in children is alleged to cause. 36. Health and Safety ftHletlna. Three of these Bulletins were circulated to members during the year. 37. Air Pollution Regulations. The trend toward state and federal regulation of the general atmosphere in coarunlties, much as factory atmospheres have been regulated in the past, has required close watch of developments in this area. 38. Lead Poisoning from Pottery. Two cases of lead poisoning from improperly fired pxrttery, fortunately not serious and accompanied by full recovery, led to a vast amount of unfavorable publicity and started agitation for control of the use of lead In glazes. To forestall govern mental controls and avoid recurrence of such Incidents, we initiated a Jointly financed study of solubility tests and lead tolerances with th U. S. Potters Association under Dr. Hebert A. Kehoe of the Kettering Laboratories at the University of Cincinnati Medical School. 39. lead Poisoning in Cattle. Assistance was rendered the Southern Pacific Railroad in preparing defense of a suit for the poisoning of cattle resulting from sandblasting a lead-painted bridge. to. ASA Coccittee. We have continued to serve on the American Standards Association corarlttce dealing with hazards to children frost lead-containing paints. It met several tines during the year. hi. Moonshine Whiskey. LIA lodged a strong protest with the Internal Revenue Service over scare publicity issued by that organization involving the danger of lead poisoning from drinking illegal liquor. In this, at our request, we were Joined by the U. S. Department of the Interior. How ever, publicity had already Issued by the time the pjroteata were made end received wide attention in the papers. t i !'![!jwyii ijf mm'mm L1*211*4 ' i -9- Annual Report for i960 Ug. Alleged Lead Poisoning fraa Lead Paint. Considerable assistance has been given the Delaware River Port Authority In preparation of its defense of a suit brought by several painters vho allege that they con tracted lead poisoning free spray painting the Delaware River Bridge at Philadelphia with red lead paint. 13- Meetings. Among nestings attended in the interest of our health and safety work were those of the Air Pollution Control Association, In dustrial Health Conference, and Industrial Hygiene Foundation. Our health and safety director was a speaker at the Industrial Health Conference, - which was sponsored by five major organ!rations in that field. hit. Health and Safety Director. The Association suffered a great loss in the untimely and sudden death of Manfred Bovditch, health and safety director for over 13 years, at mid-year. The Board has authorised his replacement, but a suitable man has not yet been located. Meanwhile the health and safety work ha* been carried on by the Secretary, as best he could, with the help of Mr. Bovditch's cany friends in the industrial hygiene field. t HISCELLAKZ003 l*$. Information Bulletins. Bine of these bulletins were circulated to members during the year. h6. Hew Headquarters. Tbe Secretary Is proud that be was lnstru- mental in the location ofand negotiation# for the new headquarters of LIA, American Zinc Institute and the Expanded Research Program of AZI-LIA. The enlarged and improved quarters bring all three groups conveniently together on an entire air-conditioned floor laid out completely to our apeclflcations and at a coat considerably lover (nearly 410*000 a year) than the amount previously authorised by the Board. The cove was cade co May 2. . 'l t hj. Statlatlcs. The Annual Statistical Review was prepared and circulated to members. Also the introduction to the lead section of the "Year Bock" of the American Bureau of Metal Statistics was prepared. There has been no change in regular statistical services, although efforts were Dade free tine to time to eliminate discrepancies in statistics emanating froo various sources snd to speed up statistical services. h8. Meetings. Among meeting# of association members during the year, aside free the Annual Meeting and those called by ERP, were: Board of Director# (2). Industry Development Comittee (2), Pigments Technical Conmittee (2), Ceramics Technical Coccittee (2), Metallic lead Products Advisory Cccmlttee (l). TECHNICAL SERVICE It is impossible In s sumary report of this nature to give an adequate Idea of the technical services rendered by members of the staff frets day to day by telephone, mall and personal visits. The following contacts are cited only to give a general Idea of. these activities which probably oc cupy more staff time than any other#- It ~----i i*ffpre!'-^f* ***m-fc^r, LI^1155 -10- Annual Report for i960 . 19 Soundproofing. ISM (business machines), U. 8. Plywood Corp. (vail panel*), i.'ev Castle P.~cduct3 (folding door*), Harley Co. (cooling tover*), Percacel-Le Page, Inc. (adhesives), Mare Island Iiaval Shipyard (bull iaixplng cccpounda), Dave Chapman, Inc. (novabla partitions), Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. (adhesives), Buffalo Porge Co. (blowers), Cbeolcal Coatings and Engineering Corp. (leaded epoxies). 50. Metal Products. Ohio State Eighvay Dept, (bearing plates), U. 8. Amy Corps of Jnglneers (ICBM launching bases), Fboenlx Building Products (waterproofing), Kev York Park Department (roofing), James V. Rudeman, consulting engineer (Pan Am Building), and many architects. 51. Paints. Pennsylvania and Michigan State Highway Departments (traffic earning paints). Crystal Essence Co. and Mearl Corp. (pearl pigments). 52. Honeacrlflclal Anodes. Electro Rustproofing Co. 53 Ceramics. Barrows Porcelain Co. and Monarch Aluminum Co. (porce lain enamels), 0. Eccmel Co. (frits), A. 0. Smith Co. (glass coatings), Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. (glass heads), Branson Ultrasonics and Clevlte Corp. (piezoelectrics), E. I. du Pont da Keaours l> Co. (porcelain enamels), Peaco Inc. (frits). STArT The entire staff Is to be coemended for the high degree of Initiative, energy. Intelligence and loyalty with which It has conducted its work during the past year. The sadden loss of cur health and safety director in June was, of course, gravely felt, hut we have managed to meet all urgent health problems in the interim although seme of the moreroutine, yet important, work has undoubtedly suffered. Hew dictaphone equipment has enabled the clerical staff to handle an Increased volume of work without increasing personnel. At the year end certain staff changes were approved In the Interest of efficiency. It was decided to replace one metallurgical engineer by an architect to p; ovi.de better technical service to the construction Industry. It was also decided to add one more man to work on technical publicity and general technical service work, and to discontinue advertising agency handling of publicity. Both of these changes have been made since the first of the year, but the position of health and safety director still remains open. We feel that at the moment ve have a highly efficient and capable staff. I \ | r t i f j < i : i i , v j ; , ' i ? / !  : >**.aOBtvwwT' .jsutsurjj^v-. LlA?2l56 U Annual Saporl for the Tr JHO Th* Trmur.r rip*e Ifulljr wWH lh# i-.poM of If* u4lt of IH OCCOonU Of th* loeltl* as of December >1, 1**0 t/ MawlM 4 Sells, at folio**: HA$xi$ 4 SUIS Certified Public Accountants H2 oS* roTaodrMi Y* ACCOUNTmTS* OPlHtQk Hrch X, mi Lead industrlcl Association: we have ex.wrined th# balane# sheet of Lead Industries Association as of Decer-Oar )i, 1969 end lh* related statement of Income. expenses. a-no reserves ar-3 supplemental schedules for the year tn#A *roao. Our examination was *a3t in accordance with generally accepted auditing standard*. and accordingly Included Such tests of the accosting record* and such otn*r auditing procedure* as # considered nece*s#ry in tne clrebalances. In Our opinion, the eccorpenvirg ta'arca xheet and statement of income, expenses, arid reserves and supplemental schedule* present flrl/ tn* financial position of the Association at Oeceeeer >i, i960 and the results cf Its operations for tne /ear then ended, in conformity !* generally ac cepted accounting principles applied on a Oasis consistent ith mu of the preceding /ear. [Sifn+U Haskins 4 Sells LEO In&USTSlES ASSOCIATION euucc $*c et . o ec eh s e* n. mo Ajstri CASH: , ' ,M >nf Operating funds [including savings tank deposits. mS.liJ W).., ............................................................... Dnplo/ee* Pension Plan Fi/*d (savings bans depot! tt)........................................................................................ ns2.su.so ij?.9n.2? Total ce>n...... ACCOUNTS etCEiviPit.............................................. ..................................................................................... AO^ASCtS TO* t k av L EXPOiStS............................................................................................................... a 1 a t r a v e l d e p o s it ............. ........................................................................................................... TOTAL LIABILITIES M0 PtSCSVCS ACCOUNTS PAYABLE......................................... st5CvE5: Ordinary Pvnd............................................. Health end Safely Fund................. 1529.2*0.07 209. 50 1,875.00 *25.09 1522.7*7.17 1 11.005.tt TOTAL................................ SIMM.* 1522.U7.17 KOTO: (1) Expenditures for furniture, fixtures and *dulpv*ent or# not capltelljed. Nit sr# charged to expense el the tire of pvreftete. (2) The veunt of the e^lO/ees pension plan fund reserve is Paled on en actuarial copulation end covers both post service and current service costs. ICAP Hfpg$T8lC5i*SSOCUTI08 s t at d d t o f ih c o w c , cxrbiscs. a *d mcnt* FOR TXC FUR WOCO 0CCMt n. i*60 TOTAL otonutt ' fu0 HtnTN a *d SAFtnr FUHO UCHiSTRT v u o pmc *t F0 liOXt: H^noershlp assessments...................................................... Transfers between fX>dS.................................................... Interest on savings bank deposits........................... Miscellaneous (Including vales of pobl I cations)........................................ ITJ7.00J.00 9,010.79 1.5SVI) Total income.................................................................. 7S7.MT.Ca ' 1103.959.00 (2i. 710.00) 933.49 *47. J6 79.569.P5 87 5.750.00 619.18 . 164.00 H.533.18 8268.004.00 709.17 944.47 769.657.64 exports: Salaries Rent and a11ndcMpa..y..r.o..ll...t.a..x.e..s.................................................................... Office supplies and services........................................ Travel............................................................................................. Association Owes..................................................................... Cnter la indent and luncheon*.......................................... Meetings (net of fees. SI.970.00)........................... Telephone ano telegraph............................................... Bocks and subscriptions................................................... Croup lift Insurance........................................................... Print ing........................................................................................ Milling........................................................................................... Test Program............................................................................... Legal, eccouitlng. and consultation fees.......... Pension plan costs................................................................ Conventions ana exhibits................................................. fvcnitwr* and fixtures....................................................... MoUnj ano new space expenses..................................... Mjscellanecus................................................................... ... Cost of publications, net (see Schd'.le A}... Advertising and publicity (see Schedule i)... Research projects (see Schedule C)......................... pff>?es - net.................................................... l5T.aOC.TO l7.9S5.tt 6.549.53 J0.7ni.69 961.19 J.666.10 J.loT.aa 4.966.69 1.21 J.JO 1.131.65 409.47 4.C8C.16 1.000.00 5.760.77 1.075.00 20,669.11 4. 4J3.1J 4.867.47 6.420.97 54.1C1.7S S3.ioe.6i ra.iTi.78 S63.e67,C7 tt.350.70 10.019.6C 2.222.88 5,221.50 52.00 1.405.07 1,940.19 2.373.86 2*3.90 1.056.60 4C9.47 1.509.75 10.154.71 2.628.04 1.071.67 3.197. > 7*. 657.61 10.754.27 71*9.54 1.173.39 7CJ.50 1 30. 59 1*2.21 7*4.72 433.79 133.91 741.00 J.722.99 17.486.97 83.698.49 5,000.00 13.331.51 557.5C 2,130.64 876.92 67 0.51 353.52 1.604.66 1,COO. 03 2.22J.OO 20,669.11 1.471.7? 54.101.75 53.108.63 2*0. 597.76 CCSS 0f 1*0*1 Okt Cr*S(3 FC 7W TA*____ 183.700.01 RCSCPvtS. JANUARY i. I960.................................................... 327, 241. JS 1.7J2.24 51.342.70 9.0*4.26 16.775.?* 29.059.88 *3.429.70 b c s c p v c s . otct^ece ji. i9i0............................................... ( ) Denotes red ft pure. 1 5*.074.91 U-j.bi*. *0 3 72.4*9.58 0TC: Administrative expenses In the expanded Research Program *.re paid, for tnemost parl,to *aencvi Zinc Institute. nich handles the accounting for the program. flPA^OCO R?tAoi POCSAM MPlOYCS pension PlA* fU*B 1*5.0*.00 1.772.98 366,810-M >4.997.16 2.935.68 3.876.11 11.055.2: 1M.1J 1C5.14 1,679.60 242.17 75.25 835.83 2.774.27 1.075.00 1.805 09 615.65 528.90 17e.171.28 741.077.*9 125.733-*5 42.989.62 1218.627.07 8 4.975.87 *.975.47 (lO.lM.7t) (10.1M.T1) IS.130.18 137.805.09 1137 .US 77 mmm LIA21158 U0 i*0U3TltS iSWCITIO>l svpftexmfu sctcuui ro t h e u* ioto d ec eh o c i n. m i**r................................................................................. ArcM ItcWrtl Fl/Kt *d CDAftirvcUon ftyllHlftf P^prlnU......................... .....................,........................................... C*f^-*lC i*>pp1*r^t................................................................... T #Cnfl C-ll lOttr.................................................. CdUl 0$t....................................................................... , $e%*ltetrry 0ft*r1o1c7fv1*jrC.a..ta..l.o.g............................................................................. SrttlOing riy#r*..................................................... .................. . LMd Mof* for MoOe^ft Pluming*................................... aS0w<><9 Attenuating C^ricUrltll Cft of Ltftft*..... TOTAL, SCXEWIC * JO.*11.77 2.05.91 t.9'0.*3 1,000.00 t3.,m00.0o.0s0 5,4*3.39 IJft.ftl ft.301.>4 S Sft.101.7S ftPV>TislftG AftO PvHIQTT AdPvroedrtultcltng&*i*tleyc>e..:.............................................. Co m t "wet I tin................................................... PI 7>**t.................................................................................................... Cmci................................................................................................... AnoOcft................................................................................... ToUl Advertising production, Publicity................. Appr)Ocft contest.... TOTH. SCHEDULE ft 9. $40. H 7,7*4.OC 7.A90.62 9.0J7.M 2.800.11 36,,645.20 7., 736.27 ft .07.7t 41ft. TT 1 51 .10ft. 43 i PtSCAftCM PROJECTS Powder aeteilurgy - PeMStTeer...................................................... ......................... .. Hh I Bu,|y,l - * tor* OMvtTllljr......................................................................... Pi onto tl for *^tr wiuOte vehicle* - Etgle-PI Cief............. ............................... Surf.c. cVr.CttrtU of )^S - of Holtoofp................................ TOTAL. SCHEDULE C Sl7ft.l7t.2ft \ . '. LI&Z1159 April 19l MEMBERS 07 THE UEAD INDUSTRIES AS30CIATI05 Allied Sfealtlng Corp. 5116 V. Lincoln Ay *. Alpha Metal*, Inc, Box 34, Bergen Station American Metal Climax, Inc. 1270 Are. of the Aoerica* American Seeltlng & Refining Co. 120 Broadway American Zinc, Lead S Creeltlng Co. Paul Brovn Bldg. The Anaconda Co. 25 Broadway The 0. A. Arrll Co., Lead Product* Div. Lacgdon Farm Rd. fc Seymour Av*. Milwaukee 14. VI*. Jersey City 4,H.J. New York 20, H.Y. Kev York 5, B.T. St. Louis 1, Mo. Bew York 4, H.Y. Cincinnati 12,Ohio Ber* h Co., Inc. Broken Hill Associated Smelter* Proprietary Ltd. Broken Hill South, Ltd. Tho Bunker Hill Co. Ashland & Lewis Sts. Philadelphia 24,Pa. Collins House, Box 1291 K Melbourne d,Aust. Box 19V C, GPO Melbourne,Australia 660 Market St. San Francisco 4,Cal. Cambridge Smelting Co. Cerro Sale* Corp. Circle Wire & Cable Co. The Conaolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada, Ltd. Conaolidated Smelting Corp. ICO Pacific St. 300 Parte Ay *. 5500 Haspeth Av*. Box 1030 Place d'Araes 1*700 E. Bevada Ca bridge. Mass. Hew York 22,H.Y. Maspeth, L. I.,B.Y. Montreal 1,Canada Detroit 3^,Mich. Day Mines, Inc. Delco-Remy Dir., General Motors Corp. Dickson Weatherproof Bail Co. Dixie Lead Co. 2401 Columbus Ay *. Box 590 Box 6625 Wallace, Idaho Anderson, Ind. Evanston 4, HI. Dallas, Texas The Eagle-Plcber Co. The Electric Storage Battery Co. Ethyl Corp. Evan* Lead Dir., national Lead Co. American Bldg. Box 8109 100 Park Ay *. Box IV67 Cincinnati l,Chlo Philadelphia l,Pa. Bew York 17,B.I. Charleston 25,V.Va. Federated Metal* Dir., American Skneltlng & Refining Co. Aaron Ferer and Son* Co. The Firestone Tire h Rubber Co. 120 Droadwcy 101-19 S. Oth St. Box F, Firestone He. Hew York 5, B.T. Ctoaha 8, Reb. Akron 17, Ohio Gardiner Metal Co. Goldsmith Bros. Dir. of national Lead Co. - 4820 S. Campbell Av*. Ill B. Vabash Av*. Chicago 32, HI. Chicago 2, HI. Eaonond Lead Products, Inc. Beela lining Co. 5231 Hohman Av*. Hamsond,Iod. Wallace, Idaho Imperial Type Metal Co. 31*00 Aramingo Ay*. International Smelting & Refining Co. (Anaconda Sale* Co., Agent*) 25 Broadway Philadelphia 34,Pa. Hew York 4, H.I. Knapp Mills, Inc. 23-15 Borden Av*. Long Is. City 1,H.T. Associate Member . *c^ri * -w -m ^igui i ii im . iMLwpmpwu.p l i ^H6o ) 1# 2 - April, 19&L 3 Lead Product* Co. Ino. Boot 13V1 5 Lucky Friday 8ilver-Lead Mine* Co. Houston 1, Texas Wallace, Idaho John R. MacGregor Lead Co. Mctolead Product* Corp. Murdock Lead Co. k520 W. 15 St. 2901 Park Bird. Box 5293 Chicago 23, HI. Palo Alto, Cal. Dalis* 2, Texas Rational Lead Co. Sew Park Hining Co. Bevaont Mining Corp. Zforth Broken Hill, Ltd. 111 Broadway 300 Park Ave. Box 1903R, GPO Rev fork 6, R.Y. Keetley, Utah Rev York 22, R.Y. Melbourne, Australia Olln Hathiesoa Chemical Corp. East Alton, HI. Pend Oreille Mines ! Metal* Co. Fhelp* Dodge Copper Product* Corp. Price Battery Corp. Old Rati. Be. Bldg. 300 Park Ave. Spokane 8, Wash. Rev York 22, R.Y. Hamburg, Pa. Revere Copper & Brass Inc., Poll Dir. River Sselting & Refining Co. Rochester Lead Works, Inc. 196 Diamond St. Box 5755 390 Exchange St. Brooklyn 22, R.Y. Cleveland 1, Ohio Rochester 8, R.Y. St. Joseph Lead Co. Shattuck Denn Mining Corp. Soclete Mini ere et Metallurglqua de Penarroya Sunshine Mining Co. 250 Park Ave. 120 Broadway Rev York 17, R.Y. Rev York 5, R. Y. 12 Place Vendcoe Paris 1, Prance West 300 Mission Ave. Spokane 1, Wash. United States Smelting Refining and Mining Co. 62 William St. Rev York 5, H. Y. i t The Victory White Metal Co. gyr,an Viener & Son* Vulcan Lead Product* Co. 6l00 Roland Ave. 5300 Hatcher St. 15l*5 W. Pierce St. Cleveland 27, Cblo Richmond 5. Va. Milwaukee <*, Vis. Western Lead Product* Co. P.0. Box 2291 City of Industry, Cal. The Zinc Corp. Ltd. Box 381* D, GPO Melbourne, Australia *Asoclt Member '*****>' ^V^-^vv.. * <* LIA21161 n j HASKI NS a SELLS Cf.TlTICD AU*UC ACCOUNTANT* TWO BROADWAY NSW YOflK 4 March 30, 1361 ACCOUNTACTS' OPINION Lead Industries Association: Ve have examined the balance sheet of Lead Industries Association as of December 31, 1960 and the related state ment of Income, expenses, and reserves and supplemental schedules for the year then ended. Our examination vas made In accordance vith generally accepted auditing stand ards, and accordingly Included such tests of the accounting records and such other auditing procedures as ve considered necessary In the circumstances. In our opinion, the accompanying balance sheet and statement of income, expenses, and reserves and supple mental schedules present fairly the financial position of the Association at December 31, 1960 and the results of Its operations for the year then ended. In conformity vith gen erally accepted accounting principles applied on a basis consistent vith that of the preceding year. LJa^1262 n ') 1t 0 LEAD I r.T DARIES A330CI; ION BAIJLNCK SLEET, DECIPHER 31, 1960 A3 3 ET3 CASH: Operating funds (Including savings bank deposits, $115,853.38)........................................... Employees Pension Plan Fund (savings bank deposits)......................................................................... $382,311.40 137,935,27 Total cash.................................................... $520,246.67 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE.......................................................................................... 200.50 ADVANCES FOR TRAVEL EXPENSES..................................................................... 1,875.00 AIR TRAVEL DEPOSIT............................................................................................ 425.00 TOTAL........................................ $522,747.17 LIABILITIES AND RESERVES ACCOUNTS PAYABLE RESERVES: Ordinary Fund..................................................................... Health and Safety Fund............................................... Industry Development Fund........................................ Expanded Research Program........................................ Bnployee3 Pension Plan Fund.................................... Total reserves. TOTAL $ 11,805.81 $ 56,074.94 25,819.50 72,489.58 218,622.07 137,935.27 510,941.36 $522,747.17 NOTES: (1) Expenditures for furniture, fixtures and equipment are not capitalized, but are charged to expense at the time of purchase. (2) The amount of the employees pension plan fund reserve is based on an acturial computation and covers both past service and current service costs. LVgffJg L"-TTM1 UMt", TT* f:' I TF.'-D 1^JS7RTE3 ASSOCIATION STATSKCrr OK INCOME, KXP:NSE3, AND RESERVES ... 1960 * HEALTH CRDTN/AKY AND SAFETY TOTAL FUND POND INDUSTRY DSITIIXj PMENT P.ND EXPANDED RESEARCH PROGRAM i' T !.OV' rrfiSlO.'i . pl an f l v j ' INCOME: Xe.viershlp asses amenta....................................................... Transfers butveor. funds..................................................... Interest on savings banJc decoslts.............................. Miscellaneous (including o des of publications) Total Inco:ne..................................... EXPENSES: Salaries and payroll taxes.............................................. Rent and light.......................................................................... Office supplies and services.......................................... Travel............................................................................................ Association dues..................................................................... Entertainment and luncheons............................................ Meetings (net of fees, 1,970.00).............................. Telephone and telegraph..................................................... Il.-Oics and subscriptions..................................................... G:-oup life Insurance............................................................ Printing........................................................................................ j Mailing.......................................................................................... Test rrcTja..................................................................... .. Ltga.i, accounting, and consultation fees.............. Pension plan costs................................................................. Conventions and exhibits................................................... Furniture and fixtures....................................................... Moving end new space expenses....................................... Ml ecffl 1 ivieouo...................................................................... Cost of publications, net (see Schedule A)......... Advertising and publicity (see Schedule B)......... Research projects (see Schedule C)............................ Expenses - net................................ EXCESS OF INCOME OVER EXPENSES FOR THE YEAR............ -/E.S, JANUARY 1, 1960..................................................... 737,001.00 9,010.25 1.555.83 747,567.08 157,600.70 17,955.23 6,349.53 30,731.69 961.13 3,666.10 3,107.48 4,968.69 1,273.38 1,131.85 409.47 4,084.16 1,000.00 5,760.27 1,075.00 20,669.11 4,433.13 4,887.47 8,420.97 54,101.75 53,108.63 178,171.28 563,867.07 183,700.01 327,241.35 $103,959.00 (25,750.00) $25,750.00 933.49 619.18 447.36 164.00 79,589.85 26,533.18 28,350.78 10,019.60 2,222.88 5,221.58 52.00 1,405.07 1,940.19 2,373.86 243.90 1,056.60 409.47 1,509.75 10,754.27 248.54 1,173.39 203.50 130.59 182.21 244.72 433.79 133.92 10,154.71 761.00 2,628.04 4,071.82 3,197.36 3,222.99 74,857.61 4,732.24 51.342.70 17,480.92 9,044.26 16,775.24 $268,004.00 709.17 ?44.47 269,657.64 83,498.49 5,000.00 13,331.51 557.50 2,130.44 876.92 670.51 353.52 1,604.66 1,000.00 2,223.00 20,669.11 1,471.72 54,101.75 53,108.63 240,597.76 29,059.68 43,429.70 $365,038.00 1,772.94 366,810.94 34,997.16 2,935.68 3,878.11 11,005.21 148.13 108.16 1,679.60 242.17 75.25 835.83 2,776.27 1,075.00 1,805.09 815.65 528.90 178,171.28 241,077.49 125,733.45 92,888.62 $ 4,975.4/ 4.975.47 (10,154.71) (10,154.71) 15,130.13 122.805.09 t< SERVES, DECEMBER 31, 1960................................................. $510.941.36 $ 56.074.94 $25,819.50 $ 72,489.58 $218,622.07 $137,935.27 ( ) Denotes red figure. NOTE: Administrative expenses In the Expanded Research Program are paid, for the most part to African Zinc Institute, which handles the accounting for the program. r vf, t ASSOCIATION StTPPUXgl<'TAL 3CHI-.-NJIJ3 FOR THE YEAR ENDED DEC^MPER 31. 1360_____ _ . tVar'at--. r-a. -- i.xj?Btet.o-s.rt*.f2i -'. .i.;r<V" r- ,.ra'iyT^voAfc>- 'r %.yi , i'f*-'JWj 1T. Arc'-'' "ootural Ply era and Construction Bulletins i v , r Ln. t, 3 ................... ................................... .. supplements.................................. .............................. Pigmer.c Technical Letters................................................... Sweet' s Catalogs............................... ....................................... Sweet's Design Catalog......................................................... Battery Brochure........................................................................ Sheathing Flyers........................................................................ "Lead Work for Modem Plumbing".................................... "Sound Attenuating Characteristics of Lead".... TOTAL............... SCHEDUIU A $ 20,611.7r 2,4.35 .92 1,970.63 4,COO.00 3,COO.00 6,924.bS 5,655.39 134.41 535.39 4,351.36 4,432.23 SCHEDULE B ADVERTISING AND PUBLICITY Advertising space: Product design.................................... ............................................................. Construction............................................................................................ Pigments................................................................................................................. Ceramics................................................ ;.............................................................. Anodes..................................................................................................................... Total................................................................. Advertising production.................................................................................... Publicity...............................................'............'..................................................... Apprentice contest............................................................................................. TOTAL......................................... $ 9,540.96 7,746.00 7,480.62 9,017.44 2,880,18 36,665.20 7,736.87 8,087.79 618.77 5 53.108.63 SCHEDULE C RESEARCH PROJECTS Powder metallurgy - Rensselaer................................................................. Lead coated steel - National Research................................................ Reinforced lead - Armour............................................................................... Vibration attenuation - Lessells & Associates............................. Sound attenuation - Goodfrlend, etc..................................................... Lead alloys - Armour........................................................................................ Lead Chemicals - A. D. Little................................................................... Heat'emlssivlty - New York University........................................... Ceramics...!............................................. Lead organic compounds - Organisch ... ............................................. Pigments for water soluble vehicles"- Eagle-Plcher................. Surface characteristics of lead - University of Melbourne. Miscellaneous research................................................................................... $ 13,522.92 2,000.00 14,461.81" 26,363.77 2,461.13 28,769.21 30,276.30 6,000.00 28,240.00 5,813.77 15,628.19 4,000.00 ............ 634,18 *}_" TOTAL. *.... i 8178,171.28 gawtpawwiwww!gw|i|wil'wtBW*w!i^^^'-B!|iiw>>?*^'y|y^ tU2l^65 ' v Annual t'cctlng Itinutes Exhibit B !Xv 2-3, 10& FOR RELEASE NOT EARLIER THAN 4:00 P.H., Tuesday, May 2, lj>6l EXP/JICO) RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT By Dr. Schrade f. Radtke Director of Research Expanded Research Program - Lead Industries Association Our program has nov moved into Its third year. I think ve should take stock of our position, revlev the progress of cur research and take a look at vhat ve have accomplished. The Industry has achieved surprising success in this brief spas of tin* and the program has grovn larger with each year. It Is befitting, therefore, that in spite cf Its glamor, ve do not overlook the most Important factors In our research, and that ve remember the solid foundation on vhich our program has been built, and the combined support the Industry has put behind this effort. It would be easy to take pride In the ever growing dollars in our budget - but dollars alone don't produce anything. Money Is Inanimate and accomplishes nothing In itself. Machines merely repeat vhat man tells them to produce. Only people have the ability to make significant advances. Dollars provide people with the time to devote to this program and machines and equipment provide the tools Deeded for investigating new uses for our metals. Behind the research report, to be presented today are long hours of inagincerlrg, planning and programing which Is done by our Industries* technical people In our working technical committees. These steps are followed by screening of research proposals, selection of contractors. m m m m m ym m m m rn. (Presented at "33rd Annual Meeting Lead Industries Association Chicago, Illinois, May 2, 19& LIA2H66 ' rriiliil itiS'itf %rKb arl^irr-i - IS. SCHRADE T. RADTKE -2 - f- award of research contracts and the follow-up to ma'-.e certain that our research Deeds are net. All this requires highly competent technical manpower, dollars for expenses to travel to meetings and to confer vlth contractors and finally. It demands tine avay from assigned company respon sibilities to see that this lnduetry-vi.de program of research meets with success. The technical data are then passed on to the sales and marketing people of the many companies In our Industry, who In turn make studies as to how this Information can nost effectively he used to further their business and to increase the sale of Iced and zinc. In like manner, the Information Is put In the hands of the Lead Industries Association and the American line Institute to permit promotion of the perfected develop ments. Returning again to the technical eanaittees and to the technical personnel of the member cacpanles, here Is where the vital cooperative effort Is made: the pooling of Industry Information, the assistance to the Expanded Research Program, to our research contractors, and to each other. These are the people who make the Industry stand together to insure the technological progress of lead and zinc. Without this Industry backing, without the solid support of Its people, we In the Expanded Research Program could not accomplish our goals effectively. While I have talked about the committee function in this program, it la only one facet of the total effort put in by the Industry people. At the risk of becoming tiresome I will briefly outline several case histories < ; showing what the companies have done to advance our program. These cases `1 do Dot appear In any of our budgets and have not been reported previously. "`t ,o_ ";.,i 111 '!.am 1 >1 HBHWSPMH- miAWdIr LIA211^>7 f-*' \:6JUWi' ^fipjiKTuSai'Stif^f r'.f'ir DR. SCHRADS P. RAOTXB - 3- In cur program for development of improved technique# for sheathing cable ve had outstanding cooperation frees the John 7. Robertson Company who designed the equipment. Installed It arid participated In paying for the operating costs to improve the machine. The American Sneltlng and Refining Company and the Anaconda Company provided the materials used In Improving the machine. We had representatives of the cable sheathing companies vho offered their technical advice and suggestion*. Of very great significance was the outstanding work done by representative# of the Anaconda Company in carrying out the physical testing and metallographlc examination of the products produced on the equipment. The Lead Industries Association contributed by working with us In the final write-up of the technical paper covering this development. In our study of lead-base alloys at Armour Research Foundation, the American Saeltlng and Refining Company and St. Joseph Lead made available to our contractors background Information on lead alloy development to assist them in their work. Consolidated Mining and Efaeltlng Company as well as American Saeltlng and Refining Company provided extremely high purity materials which were used as the base stock for the alloy study. TO reduce the high cost of analyzing lead alloys and the difficulties In carrying out such analyses, we had outstanding cooperation freo American Smelting and Refining Company, St. Joseph Lead, Eagle-Plcher, CCMUJCO and Cerro de Fas co who provided the analytical data for the vide series of alloys which was prepared. Other member companies furnished Information on metallographlo techniques and offered help to facilitate progress of the program. In our Investigation of the behavior of lead asbestos pads ve had outstanding cooperation from Hew York Central vho provided background I information on the use of these pads as veil as from the Abernathy Company f f t > * * *y i l t s, ................ .........................-- ' " LI A211fe6 i i i i h im i i.-i' ' . iw v e v iv e v fijw e w m w .- iM Hvi.n .n in i. m' j DR. SCHRADE ?. RADTKB -- which made all the teat samples employed In our Investigation. Id our examination of new techniques for producing high strength lead alloys the American Saeltlng and Refining Company conducted the first evaluation of test materials which proved the feasibility of this approach for producing new high strength creep resistant alloys. Subsequently special lots of materials and alloys vers presented to the contractor by American Metal Climax and Consolidated Mining and Stailtlng Coopany. In addition, Anaconda and American Ebeltlng and Refining Company lent assistance in proper metallographic techniques, as ve were now working in new areas where existing techniques were d o longer effective. In lead for souod attenuation ve have had excellent help from Cordo Chemical, Bar Ray, various naval research laboratories, Dave Chapman, Inc., Mohasco Industries, Curlator Corporation, American Viscose, United States Plywood, United States Gypaixa, Broken Eill Associated Smelters, St. Joseph Lead, American Sfcselting and Refining and CCKLHCO. Each of these organiza tions contributed sample lots of materials or provided us with information for our study and evaluation. Use U. S. Kavy, which Is conducting a related program, provided us with the results of work they have done In this area. One of the major objectives of this program Is that we are able to produce cheap lead sheet at nlnlmua cost In large tonnage quantities. Initially Consolidated Mining & Sbeltlng Company developed a continuous casting process for producing starting sheets. Broken Elll Associated Saelters took up this idea and expanded It into a ccumerclally feasible piece of equipment which has been designed, built and operated In their South Melbourne laboratories. Because of the Inherent simplicity of this technique and Its adaptability to many of the needs In our progrsm, '' jjp jn wv n jj gw iy s > , II I- im mi. in In w pw m ssism iM t<m B m < ii iHiimi L a in . LIA21169 DR. 8CHRADB ?. RADIKS -5- Broken Bill Associated Sfceltera prepared an outstanding movie on this device vhich will be ehown to you on Wednesday morning Hay 3 at 9:00 o'clock at the opening session. This device will be ultimately of tre mendous importance to us in our sound attenuation program. In addition, these two companies have developed manufacturing cost data and have ex perimented with various alloys which can be cast and have made this infor mation freely available to the industry. In addition. Broken Hill Asso ciated Shelters have studied Dethods for adhesive bonding of lead sheet vhich have also been made available for future incorporation in thle pro gram. Interestingly enough two of our member companies are constructing new office facilities and are using lead at this early date in the con struction of their building to permit practical application of the develop ments in this research effort. In our study of nev methods for producing lead coated steel stock ve have had the wonderful cooperation of the American Can Company vhich has worked closely with us in establishing specifications and in testily the final product from the standpoint of bonding, corrosion, format11ity and adherence. The steel samples for this program are also supplied to us by the American Can Company so that ve will have material of uniform quality for evaluation. We are studying the effects of surface conditions on the chemical and mechanical behavior of lead. Broken Bill Associated Staeltets are assisting markedly in this program and are providing the high purity materials frea CCMINCO as the base stock for our testing. la addition, they are spending considerable time with the contractor for this research to assist us, because of the lotvi distance Involved between our I headquarters and the source for the research. On our very Important program for the development of nev lead organic compounds and nev applications ve have hid vital help from our associated >' ,. v^a^-^lWyi^ii v^i^aiEmiiiitm^tiiiln k 'viVn-y';^in- , .' rf-t^ii*' LIA?1170 DR. SCHRAD2 T. RADIKS -6- companies: The Ethyl Corporation, Rational Lead, Associated Ethyl la England as well as the Cfciartemaster Research and Engineering Command of the Quartermaster Corps located In Hatlck, Massachusetts. These cooqpanles t and organizations have provided analytical help and Information on the l safe handling of these materials. Eagle-Picher Company, Rational Lead, The Ethyl Corporation, Haaaond Lead have all made significant contributions to the research which Is being conducted at Eagle-Picher on lead primer pigments compatible with water reducible systems. This help has been In the form of technical consultation, sample materials and the provision of background data developed at each of these companies' own expense. We > will soon award a contract to the Eagle-Picher Company far investigation of lead pigments for exterior paints. At a very reasonable coet we are obtaining tremendously valuable background and experience from the Eagle- Picher Company which ultimately will be made available to the benefit of our Industry as a whole. V-v.4 We have many ceramic fellowships located in the universities here and abroad. Oir Dember companies have provided background information as veil as many Important sasple materials for our students. We have just recently initiated a program to develop Improved methods for high speed plating of lead. 0. 8. Saeltlng, Mining & Refining Company have turned over to us data which they have developed In this field for the assistance of our contractor. We are looking at problems which are encountered In *-i :! ' j lead plating tanks where electrochemical corrosion Is Involved. The Eathone Division of American aseltlng & Refining Company, Rational Lead and the British Ron-Ferrous Metals Research Association all have provided background data to assist us in this area. gai^^jgj^gnMBjjwnU!* Li A21171 ' J .DR. SCHRADB 7 RADIKE -7- I am cure that I have emitted other Important contribution* made by our member companies and by our associated companies but I have used these fev examples to Illustrate the really vital contributions, that are being made. When someone asks about the dollars being spent by our industry I always hesitate, because the exact dollar* which appear la our Expanded Research Program do not truly reflect this tremendous Industry cooperation and contribution to the over-all program. It Is impossible to convert Into dollars the broad experience of our industry, their back ground, and the preparation of aample materials, yet I hope that I hay* shovn you Just how Important the Industry backing Is to us In our Expanded Research Program and bov ue could not make the progress ve have made ver* it not for this tremendous help. Also, I have not pointed out this re markable Industry contribution simply as a pat on the back for the Industry, rather do I want to show how much our Industry 1* behind this program and how vital their solid contributions are to our progress. One of the very Important programs we have had In the past and which has continued to achieve success for the Industry is the program for the development of Improved techniques for sheathing electrical cables with lead. This program baa been Initiated originally by the Lead Industries Association In cooperation with the cable manufacturers. Ihere have been several machines developed In the past for the continuous extrusion of leeu; but, their range- of capabilities was limited to chemical lead and to copper bearing lead. Ibe machine* were not able to produce the high strength lead alloys which have found such vide application for cable sheathing of electrical conductors. As I have mentioned before, the John 7. Robertson Company offered to look into this program and to modify the existing design of the Hansson Robertson Machine to permit continuous mmmm, ' . - Zwk&ttr ^ ft IW!Pg^ r. SCHRADE f. RADXKE -8- extrasloo of the cable sheathing alloy*. These alloys, of course, are - v* n; anttmonlal lead, arsenical lead, tellurium bearing lead and related alloys. In 1958 progress van still slow and tedious but by the early part of 3.959 success vas achieved and all the alloys vere produced on a pilot plant i basis. Certainly not all the production problems vere solved but the f feasibility of extruding these alloys on the Earns son Robertson Press vas conclusively established. Sample cables vere sheathed and the physical i properties vere found to be at least equal or better than material produced on the conventional Intermittent hydraulic press. Throughout this program, ti .i. > m m i> i.mr .........ti ... SMyuw-us'i LasMe^swsiiaetsf*wy!r^^^<<iwviipjiuepHereiw s! im our member companies supplied the materials, the cable manufacturers furnished us vlth free consulting services and special mention rust be made of the contribution of Hr. Claremont Snyder of the Anaconda Company vbo did all the evaluation of the physical properties of naterlals. When the results obtained from the new machine design premised a significant canaercial potential, the information vas brought together and a paper vas vritten for presentation at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. J.TA staff contributed significantly to the preparation of the peper and vlthout their help ve would Dot have been able to meet the deadline fee- presentation of the paper. The Information vas disseminated In countries around the world. To describe the apparatus ve prepared a short film which had been presented at our first industry meeting. This film, together vlth the data, has also had very wide circulation. At the beginning, the response to the equipment vas lukewarm and there vas seme question as to the value of the development which had been accomplished. However, after the presentation of the paper and the discussions held In the various countries trade Interest Increased and ve have recently learned that during i960 there vere l6 of these machines sold In Europe, 6 In Japan, h In the ,1, I, " IP..II w,rITHT'^rr-r nrmr rt t -- --n------ --------~*r--m---- ...... ` --------- .,.*--~---- LI A21173 ER. SCHFADX T. RAOTCB -9- United States and one in Australia. The delivery schedule of one of the suppliers of this equipment requires completion of one nev continuousextrusion press every three weeks for the entire year of 1961. Other :; *I rj manufacturers of this type of equipment are doing extensive research to modify their own apparatus for producing the alloya I have mentioned or similar alloys. These Improvements certainly mean continued use of lead in cable sheathing, retention of our present markets and the arrest of the decline In the use of lead In cable sheathing. ; This case history highlights two very Important factors which deserve special emphasis. First, that once a technical advancement has been developed, it must be followed up by wide dissemination of the Information to stimulate other people Into considering the knowledge and making use of It. Unless this Is done the benefits of research are entirely wasted. , : : Secondly, that the published research data did not produce an inaediate response, and that there was a lag In time before full use was made of the information and before procurement of the equipment was stepped up. ife&SSfcri-?.-:-.-.t] Thus we learn that people must be patient and time must be allowed j'mu h w w w mww for research results to become fully effective. We see that approximately five years have elapsed frco the Inception of the Idea to its successful realisation In terms of new sales and Increased consumption of lead for cable sheathing. i In conclusion, I want to emphasise the progress which has been made possible only through full support on the part of the Industry. This Is not the work of one man or of a few men; It Is the work of the entire Industry In which technical people as well as sales people are playing an Important part to insure the success of our efforts. The results cannot be achieved over night. As a matter of fact. In this particular case jpiwim. was* LIA2117A DR. BORATE F, RADIX* - 10 - which I have described, five year* have transpired before the effect* of an Idea were realized. I have talked about the results of only one progrea, and d o v I want to turn the prograa over to Hr. Eck end to Mr. Cook who will discuss our over-all prograa and the progress ve are caking. Thank you. < >yaBj|a^j.iiWiffqwg <,<npI >t ^ipjnua^- %gyitjfqfii?^i.k *, ?i*r"> r..|jpn^ bj i <n^|w ,hh| j|i*w^j iptiffi,?.- LIA21175 iWoi'ii >*< lull |-1 ~*r~- lli'i"if - -- Annual Meeting Minute* txbn.it c May 2-3, 10<>l FOR RELEASE HOT EARLIER THAN 1*:00 P.M., Tuesday, May 2, 1961 EXPANDED RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT (CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL) By Albert R. Cook Research Engineer Expanded Research Program - Lead Industries Association 1 Of the 26 research project* dealt vith la our last <iuar'.erly report Dr. Radtke ha* asked me to consider for presentation to you today those deal ing vith the electrochemical and chemical aspects of the use of lead. The use of lead in paint* is a subject of lsnedlate practical interest and importance and ve are particularly pleased that one of our ovn member*, the Eagle-Plcber Company is carrying out research for us at their Joplin laboratorlea under the direction of Hr. Harold Hamer. Their assignment to develop a primer paint for steel incorporating lead compounds and vater soluble vehicles has already demonstrated the rust-Inhibiting value of a number of lead compounds not hitherto recognised. As a result of their work so far, ve have confirmed the value of a number of old favorites and have added some nev ones to the list. Some examples of effective corrosion inhibitors are red lead, basic and normal lead carbonate, chromate, silicate and slllcochromate and lead dioxide. Of particular Interest Is the discovery that reducing compounds of lead containing nitrogen show anti-corrosive properties. These would Include lead nitrite, cyanate, and cyanaaide. The complex ferricyanide also shoved anti-corrosive properties. The next phase of this work will be to develop vehicles which are compatible vith the preferred lead compound* and in this rapidly developing field ve shall be choosing the best available fix* the Industry,.and ve hope paint manufacturers will see their opportunity and I Join us in the development of vehicles suitable for our special purpose. (Presented at j 3rd Annual Meeting Lead IoduEtri.es Association Chicago, Illinois - May 2, I96I) N 229.03 LIA21176 A. R. COOK - jj,Jj h .i . > - -- --' ''"- ~-^":'lV-.'- ^7 Vi'* ,M` -2- K This (Ho. 1) 1* Orville Rose at Eagle-Picher's lab applying paint in controlled film thickness with a wire wound RDS Laboratory Coating Rod. Bill Arrandale (Ho. 2) determining dry film thickness of paint on test panels the instrument being used is the.Magna-Gage vhlch makes use of the magnetic properties of the basic material in its thickness determination. Mr. Marvin Long (Ho. 3) measuring the front Impact resistance of a test paint on auto* motive steel by means of a Gardner Variable Impact Tester. Mr. Boward Hughes (Ho. U) determining film hardness by means of the Svard Hardness Rocker. This (Ho. 5) i Mr. Howard Hughes inspecting test panels In the humidity cabinet. (Bo. 6 and 7) the salt spray cabinet. Mr. Everett Ritchie (Bo. 8) assessing results after the salt spray test. These slides give you some indication of the detailed and painstaking vork vhlch is involved in our research and which is normally suemarlred for us in quite a fev words. We are glad to say that Eagle-Picher Company has agreed to conduct additional research for us. The new project will be the development of water-based paints for wood for exterior use and will cover those surfaces not dealt with in the present research. It is particularly fortunate that both these programs are to be handled by the same group since much of the information developed in our present program will be applicable to the new one. The high speed plating of lead is a project on vhlch work hsa only recently been started. CXir contractor Is Graham, Savage & Associates and this slide (Bo. 9) shows Dr. A. K. Graham, President and Director of Operations This *Xo. 10) is Mr. H. L. Pinkerton, our Investigator and an electrochemist of long experience. The purpose of this investigation is to develop high speed plating processes vhlch will allow lead-coated steel to compete in the non-food container market, for architectural uses and for use as a shield ' t mm ;.".;***M'^.U .uwiWgl/tmfJ LIA21177 i *s * 1 ;1 -- j -AAmA *iA A. R. COCJC " -3- agalnst atcualc radiation. The properties of electroplated coating* ara different from thoe obtained by other method* and it i* very likely that quite thin film* will provide good corrosion protection. However, thia la something which we must put to practical test in this investigation. (Bo. 11) This Is a plating cell used to determine limiting current dear slty. It include* provision for rotating the cathode to simulate high speed plating. (Bo. 12) Measuring the thickness of the lead coating using a Dermltron. (Bo. 13) Adhesion and ductility are measured In this hydraulic press. (5o. ll*) Sample* of lead-coated steel. The rods vere plated In a small cell designed for rapid screening of additive agents for the plating bath. This again Is an exarple of a program whose success would have early practical Implications for our Industry, tackling as it does problems in the large potential markets in the container and building industries. It 1* not at all difficult to appeal to the imagination with project* of the type Just discussed. Here (Bo. 15) are some gentlemen discussing your research into lead organic compounds. They are, left to right. Dr. G. M- van der Want, sub director of Organisch Cbemlsch In8tituut of Utrecht, Holland, Prof. G. J. M. van der Kerk, Director, Mr. L. C. Villemsens and Mr. M. Ruiten. These gentle men are at present evaluating the known methods for establishing chemical bonds between lesd and the carbon atoms In organic chemicals. As a result of this work lead compounds are produced which are then tested to get an Insight into the relation between chemical structure and the antifungal activity of lead compounds. There would be wide application for an efficient fungicide. Dr. van der Kerk's group Is particularly qualified for It* work on organo- lead compounds on account of their widely acclaimed work with tin compounds which had important results for the tin Industry. Included In the Investiga tion will be work on the stability of these new lead compounds. Tb the cheal- L IA 21178 qffWgp^r.; J&^ U-A.^fclA. ^lii-LX*~ ii I'`r'^ i-- jv^*-s-''*f >' A. R. COCK -k. t CA1 industry an Interesting possibility demonstrated by the work so fur is that lead compounds may be used as initiators for polymerization at high temperatures. The normal types of radical formers such as peroxides, azo compounds, etc. - function at much lower temperatures and here ve see the possibility that lead compounds may operate orer a wide range of temperature. This (Ho. 16) is Mr. Willemsens searching for a solvent for crystalliza tion . (Ho. 17) Mr. Rulter at the cracking apparatus. (Ho. Id) An investiga tion into the effect of trlbutyllead acetate on broad beams. We have Just asked Eltex Corporation to coezaence work on the development of processes for deposition of adherent lead films on metal and non-metal sur faces . By using chemical methods for laying down metal coatings on surfaces it is usually possible to obtain a very uniform and dense coating which would be expected to have good corrosion resistance. It is also clearly possible to lay down such a lead coating on complicated shapes and Inaccessible parts. The capability of coating non-metals also has Interesting possibilities and we expect that If this research is successful there will be a number of ' V ---V - Interesting applications for lead in this area. Some of you may like to know that the method for reducing the Ionic lead would be based on the adsorption of a metallic salt or complex which could be converted to catalytic nuclei capable of generating activated hydrogen supplied by suitable hydrogen donors. Dr. Harry Kroll will be conducting this investigation. 5 As a result of our cocralttees* recoszsendatlons and with the help of Mr. Zlegfeld's staff, a survey has been carried out prior to instigating work on the electrochemical corrosion of lead in plating equipment. As a result of this investigation it now appears that there may he solutions to this problem already available. After appraisal of this survey we shall be in a position either to advise the Industry how to overcome this widespread problem or we shall be able to lnstlgnte work secure In the knowledge that pres .at practice 'x.- ` hn9 been thoroughly reviewed. I n-MastiawiMi flsniikHfiririrrfriMfi, L IA2H79 > i A. R. COOK 5- At the University of Melbourne we are sponsoring a fellowship program which la designed to la$>rove our fundamental knowledge of the surface charac teristics of lead. Little is known about the kinetics of adsorption and the. initial stages of the reaction of oxygen on lead and this work should make an important contribution in this area. Our investigator, Hr. V. B. Tare, is working with evaporated films of lead which are first examined for thermal stability over a wide temperature range Involving temperatures between -lfl3C * and 20C . Electron diffraction patterns for the lead films are then examined in order to determine their crystalline structure. Electron micrographs then allow a determination of crystallite sire. It may be of the order of 500 A where an angstrom unit is one hundred millionth of a centimeter. Thia work has given an insight into the effect of oxygen on the surface area of the film laid down by evaporation, the heat generated in the chemi sorption of the oxygen probably causes sintering of the lead, leading to a reduction in surface area. After this initial reaction the rate of sintering is reduced due to the oxygen atoms acting as a barrier and decreasing the mobility of the surface lead atoms. . Such work as this, by throwing important new light on fundamental corrosion mechanisms can have important application over the long haul. In addition to this project we are sponsoring a number of other research fellowships and the majority of these is being dealt with by my colleague, Mr. Eck. Forthcoming work will Include further studies into organolead chemi stry and the evaluation of existing lead chemicals. I have given you a very brief indication of the following projects: 1) Lead In water dispersible paints for steel and for exterior application on wood. 2) High speed plating of lead on a program of research aimed at tha canning and building industries - : - f" L l I  pawpaw--***1 "l IA21180 A.R. COOK -6 3) An Investigation Into fundamental aspects of organolead compounds. U) The plating of lead hy chemical means to Investigate the special characteristics of the electroless lead film. i 5) An investigation of the corrosion of lead used for plating baths. j 6) A fundamental approach to the oxidation of lead. Our aim is to increase the effort on this area of research. (Xir >ast vork at Arthur D. Little on lead chemicals pointed to some interesting areas for future study and ve shall work toward the satisfactory definition of L further projects in this field. Such possible applications as the use of t lead in anti-fouling paints for ships and lead compounds to inhibit slime- producing organisms in Jet fuel case to mind and will be carefully examined in relation to our overall program. We are optimistic that the use of lead chemicals will be considerably increased in the future as a result of our research. Apart from the actual practical results of our program we are finding that our work provides a stimulation to other research groups in industry and in the universities to pay more attention to lead. Oar industry can only profit by this all-round ;! E. increase in research activity on our material. 5. r 1 i' >BHii mi nm nr in" i "in m nr i r ~i -up LIA21181 Annual resting Minutes ',- ' > -- r tV-rY-j- -----' - e. e-nri. - - Exhibit D FOR RELEASE HOT RAF.UEl THAU f>y 2-3,l';6l 4:00 P.M., Tuesday, Hay 2, l?6l EXPANDED RE3EARCH PROORAM REPORT (METALLURGICAL AND CERAMIC) BY 8anuel B. Eck Research Engineer Expanded Research Program Lead Industries Association It Is a pleasure to be with you today to briefly describe the metal lurgical and ceramic projects on the lead Expanded Research Program. Because of the many programs now In progress the comaents on each of them vlll of necessity be brief and vlll be supplemented by slides to acquaint you vlth the people vho are carrying out the research and the activities they are engaged In. for more complete descriptions of the Individual programs there Is available the latest Expanded Research Program Quarterly Report and also, there are exhibits on many research programs which ve Invite you to visit. I would like to begin by describing two programs by which ve are seeking improvement in mechanical properties of wrought lead products to - eventually offer the. lend consuming Industry more self-supporting rolled and extruded shapes. One avenue of attack consists of a continuing study of lead powder metallurgy at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Through the powder metallurgy process new alloy systems and mechanisms for hardening have become available which show very promising results. The majority of the effort has 5 been concentrated on the lead-copper alloys which, by powder metallurgy techniques higher percentages of copper can be retained In a more finely dispersed form than by conventional casting and working procedures. 5 We have a few slides which briefly outline how these powders are 'n? (Presented at 33rd Annual Meeting lead Industries Association Chicago, Illinois, May 2, 1961 1 i 1 "**T L IA 2118 2 -2MR. SAMUEL E. EOC consolidated into wrought forms. Oxr first slide shows Mr. Baum, project engineer, using the microscope to determine the site and distribution of the copper particle within the lead powders. Interparticle site and spacing has pronounced effects on final properties. Prior to extrusion the powders are precompressed into small billets and extruded In the miniature tooling shown in the next slide in which small extrusion produced by the tooling Is also apparent. The consolidation of these powders Into homogeneous wrought forms is achieved only by the working In precanpactlons and extrusions. Ho sintering process usually used In powder metallurgy Is required. Extrusions made In this manner have demonstrated excellent tensile, creep, and temperature stability characteristics. In the lead-5^ copper alloy tensile strengths as high as 8,000 pel are achieved free as-received powders and 5,000 to 6,000 pel free oxygen reduced powders with ductility as high as hft elongation. These strength levels coupled with the fact that the properties are retained on exposure to high temperatures are in their own right very cccsendable. An added benefit, however, is the fact that the creep strength of these powder extrusions is considerably in excess of those of any alloys prepared by conventional methods fren cost Ingot. At a creep stress of 3150 psl Inverse creep rates of only 1T-55t elongation per year result,--a level of performance not hitherto obtained In lead alloys. The work on the lead-copper system os veil as others will continue In view of the premising results achieved to date. 4 In a program at Armour Research Foundation another mechanism by which the properties of lead can be enhanced Is being Investigated. This involves reinforcing a lead matrix with metallic fiber components which is accomplished J by infiltrating fiber structures with Dolten lead. Armour's work has developed techniques for successfully carrying this out and has shown that eccellent properties can be obtained from {he lead-fiber composites. qKSiaiBW^ LIA 2118 3 - [||ffnin if i 4'-;^::rrrWVfr^^ -'- -r--; - - -j-jt-*-^ {-' nrrTiihirfmi irirtfiiiir~n- ir* itrn~- i - 'i`t ~ 'f lirr 'Trr- I I 'I KA. SAMUEL K. EC$ We have seme slides vhich show the apparatus by which Infiltration Is carried out. The first slide depicts the aluminum mold partially filled with molten lead of the desired composition. The preformed and sintered steel fiber mat is being placed on top of the molten lead where It will float as long as the lead and steel do not mutually wet each other. The second slide shows the bell Jar lu place over the mold which is being filled with HC1 gas which reduces the oxide coating on the steel fiber to allow wetting. As the steel surface becomes clean the fiber mat sinks Into the molten lead and becomes Infiltrated. A major portion of the work has been devoted to evaluating gaseous fluxes to obtain wetting between the lead and the steel fiber mats. The most promising flux found Is hydrogen chloride gas which has allowed good Infiltration at temperatures as low as 750 as contrasted to l800F . for hydrogen. The strength of these composites are found to be outstanding. Infiltrated fiber bodies of approximately 50^ fiber density show strengths in the range of 15,000 psl and strengths as high os 26,000 psl have been obtained. Another.Interesting observation is that lead will not separate from the fiber bodies once Infiltrated even though the melting point of lead is for exceeded, and this coy lead to Important applications in bearings and solder composites. The next slide shews how this effect may be put to use. In the center are seme copper sectloas which have been soldered using a section of leadfiber composite. The copper Is vet only underneath the composite and lead does not flow beyond regardless of the soldering position. In addition the Joint is strengthened by-reinforcement from the fibers. This ability of the lead to melt yet remain In place may have Important implications In bearings. ...... ....... ... . .. .;. . .. ( ip ' ii[Ui!,ggg!ii|p|j!||g^|lip^^ ........ ........ : LIA21184 ......,, , r . - -I*-MR. SAMUEL S. BCX While the fundamental program vill Boon he brought to a successful conclusion, ve are at present considering further vork on solder composites and bearings In conjunction vith Amour and the Buyck Corporation vho Is sponsoring a major program on fiber metallurgy. In the area of fundamental research ve are conducting a comprehensive study of high purity binary end more complex lead base alloys at Armour to obtain a thorough understanding of the strengthening mechanisms by vhlch various alloying elements enhance the properties of lead. Thorough under standing of these mechanisms ve feel, vill lead to alloys of Improved mechanical, physical and corrosion characteristics. In recent vork the pronounced role that oxygen plays In lead alloys has been determined vith regard to strengthening. Strengthening due to oxygen occurs rapidly after the solubility Unit cf approximately 6 ppm Is exceeded and 15 ppca has been shcvn to Increase strength by almost 300 psl. We have a series of slides vhlch shov the process by vhlch the high purity alloys ore node in the laboratory. Our first slide shows Carl Reichel, the project engineer at Armour, renovlng the tarnished surface from high purity lead under an inert gas atmosphere to prevent the clean surface from reoxidizing. Only after the lead is finally cast does it come in contact vith oxygen again. Our second slide details the high frequency melting fur nace In vhlch the alloys are made also under an inert gas. The high purity graphite mold Is used and the melt Is cast In a water cooled copper crucible that can be seen below the mold. Troo this vork considerable knowledge has been obtained on the potent role of oxygen ln lead alloys vhlch has always been present but not too veil understood. The effect of numerous alloying additions has also been deter* -O mined and now the investigation of more complex systems to study the inter action of alloying elements is being undertaken. ' >' `1 : * b< . | > ?! r! f ->.,,L1. - . iffwjgywy * LIA2H85 \ v * -- --.r )., r^h--1 A- - *-' - ' ^--* -5- KK. SAMUEL 2. ECX We feel that this fundamental information vlll Vo of considerable value to our Industry as veil as to the consumers of lead products. Direct benefits are already arising from the program In the battery Industry where sooo firms are using the fundamental lnfomation to advantage In their ovn research on grid alloys. The Information Is also being put to good use by many other contractors In the load research program. There are three prograns In applications research for lead which I want to briefly describe. The program to develop alternate nethods for producing load coated steel is presently Coving forward In two separate directions. We have obtained lead coated steel by which the lead was applied by vacuum deposition tech niques In very thin coatings for possible utilisation in the container, in dustry, and this preliminary material has been evaluated by a major container mnnufacturer recently. The results have shown that the vacuum metallised steel did not perform as well as conventionally produced terse coated steel from the corrosion standpoint but better from a forcing standpoint. An initial economic study of producing lead coated steel by the vacuum metal * lisation process Indicates that potentially the process would be competitive to tinplate. The high cost of conventional tome has been the only Uniting factor to Its increased usage in that Its superior corrosion resistance coo- pared to tin;)late Is readily acknowledged. Because of the potential economies of the vacuum metallising process consideration Is being given to extending the study to overcome the deficiency of the preliminary material. Only recently a program was initiated at the University of British Columbia to evaluate techniques for direct roll cladding of lead powders on steel. It is intended to study thicker coatings which nay have architectural applications os well as the thinner coatings of more Interest to the container Industry. Clodding by this preess is carried out by feeding the steel and i ; L i -* i1 ?>b -~rbLt''t:'WT*V'^i'J|rT --^'-.' rTrlir iii-c 6- HK. SAMUEL K. ECK portlculant material simultaneously into the gap of a rolling mill, an! adhesion Is accomplished by the drastic working of the partlculant material* as it Is forced through the rolls. If technically feasible, the process has the advantages of coating only one side, applying heavier coatings than those obtained by hot dipping, and applying coatings of compositions other than tin alloys used In the hot dip process. The majority of experimental vork on our program at Lessells and Associates to obtain design criteria for the Increased use of lead-asbestos pads for vibration attenuation has been completed. The intent for entering this program was to obtain additional vibration attenuation data on the pod* so that greater usage will be mode of them in applications other than building foundations and heavy machinery such as printing presses for which they here been used for numerous years. The technical results have shown, contrary to expectations, that the dynamic stiffness Is considerably greater than anticipated and that the pods, therefore, will not be too effective In the lower vibration frequencies range. This, however, does not subtract froa the efficiency of the pods at higher frequencies which are also cf concern in many applications, and this cccblned with their long life and lower price compared to competitive materials insures their value In the vibration field. At present we are in the process of Interpreting the range of usefulness of the asbestos pads and reducing the experimental data to a form which ram be used by vibration engineers In specifying their Installation. The high-spot Investigation performed by Bolt Beranek A Sewman on the uses of lead for sound attenuation In architecture demonstrated the potential of lead in this area. We have entered Into a major research program with Lewis S. Coodfrlend A Associates, acoustical consultants, to develop methods and material* for Increasing the use Of lead and lead product* In architecture for the purpose of sound control. | LIA21187 MR. SAMUEL X. ECX -7- In the Initial phase of this progran, analyses are being Dade of composites of lead and other architectural material* In various constructions to determine the cost feasible methods of Incorporating lead. Many lead and leaded naterlols ore being considered for possible utllltatlon Including lead sheet, lead-plastic composites, leaded fabrics, and leaded damping noterials. These are being considered In composite con structions with gypsun board, plywood, fiber board, steel, aluminum, cement- asbestos board, and other construction materials. In molting analyses many factors must be token Into consideration such os the mass and stiffness of the individual materials and the composite, resonances, flextural wove characteristics and their effect on transmission Ices In the mass lav range and plateau area. These analyses are basically a screening mechanism by which final choice of structures to be evaluated will be delineated. These preliminary studies have shovn that the moss and limpness of lead result In outstanding improvements when laminated to conventional con struction materials and in many coses yield the added transmission loss necessary to increase the performance of a wall system to elevate it froa on inferior to a superior acoustical partition. The addition of equal thickness of lead to aluminum, for instance, vastly Increases transmission loss perform ance, and this composite will receive further consideration for enclosures of high sound level machinery and office equipment. Combinations of lead and cement-asbestos board or fiber board also show premise for use In partition systems, from these Initial evaluations It Is easily seen that lead has deserved much more consideration for sound control In Industry and architecture than It has previously been given. It Is anticipated that lead I will find many new and valuable markets in this hitherto unexplored area. Finally, I want to review the many ceramics programs now being under taken through fellowship grants to various universities throughout the * : * -6- HR, SAMUEL E. ECX country. This program 1 very diversified, Investigating the cany use* of lead oxide and other compounds In such system* ae glazes, vitreous enamels, glasses, and dielectric ceramics. We feel this progran contributes In many ways to the development of greater usage of lead compounds In the over-all * ceramics Industry. It produces fundamental technological Information which Is useful In Its own right. Through publications of the research In leading ceramics and physical magazines. It stimulates the Interest of others In further study of our materials. It provides a oediua by which young scientific graduates are mode aware of the cony benefits leal contributes to ceramics systems, and It obtains the thinking of eminent scientists who supervise the fellowship programs on our products. Many publications have arisen directly from these fellowship programs which have appeared In leading scientific i journals and many more are forthcoming. In the progran at Sew York University the thermal and spectral enlsslvlty of lead compounds such as lead telluride aud lead selenlde ore being measured and studies on the effect of surface characteristics on these properties are being carried out. From this program It has been observed for the first time that absorption and emission of radiation Is a bulk characteristic rather than a surface phenomena as previously understood. Lead telluride and lead selenlde have shown high emission characteristics and the present program Is concerned with Increasing these properties by alteration of the surface. In the progran at Clemson Agricultural College studies are being made on the wettability of lead glazes on many structural clay product bodies. Hie interrelationships between wetting, glaze maturity, adherence, and Viscosity of lead glazes have been determined, and the superiority of lead glazes with respect to these properties strikingly demonstrated. I - - 8 j -i l IA 2118 ^ i 'V-V KR. SAMUEL E. EOC -> At Pennsylvania State University the ceramic system, FbO-La^Oj-SiOg, has been thoroughly studied with respect to phase relationships and physical properties. In the next slide Hr. Argyle, the fellowship recipient, is melting a glass sample in a platlnua strip furnace for subsequent evaluation. The small orange spot on the white shelf near the floor is the sample being melted. Two papers from thie program have been submitted to the American Ceramics Society for publication. Three programs are in progress at the Department of Ceramics Engineering of the University of Illinois. Our first slide shows Mr. Amin determining by x-ray diffraction the crystallographic make up of the opacifying phase in his study of low temperature lend bearing enamels for steel aid niimtnm. Molybdenum oxide has been found to be an excellent opacifier of lead enamels, producing good opacity without altering the low firing temperature as other materials do. Another fellowship involving the study of recucticn of lead compound on firing ceramic systems is also being carried out, and cur next slide shows Mr. Baertllng following the reduction process by resistivity measure ments. The sample contained in the small tube furnace is being subjected to a controlled atmosphere of known composition to delineate kinetics of reduction. The third program at Illinois is oriented towards electronic uses of lead systems, and in our next slide Mr. Wilcox is making measurements of dielectric constants and dissipation factors on the lead hofnate systems. It is felt that the lead hafnate-barium hofnate and lead bafnate-strontium hofnate systems will exhibit pleroelectrlc properties similar to lead zlrconate-tltanate transducer material and these properties are being explored. - . i ii \ T-9T m imUPW'-TT.'T , "!--I-- I' " " "I, T ' --- ----------- --- - " "'r' LIA21190 -10- MR. SAMUEL E. ECK At Rutgers University lead glasses vhlch devitrlfy during firing are being investigated as potential dielectric materials. In the next slide K Mrs. Etayth, the fellowship recipient, is studying o diffraction pattern of a devitrifled lead glass with Professor Koenig, Head of the Ceramics School 1 at Rutgers, this team has been associated with our fellowship program sines its inception and developed the very low-loss lead ceramic dielectrics which ore receiving the attention of the ceramics Industry. lhey have presented and published several papers on their work. Basic physical properties of lead glasses ore being studied on the fellowship program at Alfred University. Therml expansion measurement* are being made on glasses of the Pl0-K^0-S102 system to determine tbs inter action of the three components on expansion properties. Our last and nost recently Initiated fellowship program is being carried cut at Pennsylvania State University where a study Is being made of the therm-dynamic behavior of lead oxide and hydroxide under high temperature and pressure. In the next slide Mr. White is preparing a high pressure and * temperature experiment on lead C'xopouni3. The apparatus can bo used to study decomposition reactions at pressures up to 600,000 pal. Many lead oxides f: that have been encountered so far Including the well known phase PbOg In rutile fora, PbjOj, minimum fora, FbO tetragonal fora and PbO orthorhombic fora. liuree less well known phases have been prepared Including PbOg in orthorhombic form, Pb^5-, and ft]? which they have established as being ; the sane as the reported alpha PbOXj PbjOjJ and Pt-fO^. Ibis concludes the discussion of the lead metallurgical and ceramic program. It has been a pleasure to discuss these programs vith you and I j thank you for your kind attention. < e. i ?! -' ' m*** r*ai*`te ^flaiv.ii r i --~-^k^MMMmuMaa^aai`tJ^aKiMAMC*C*"B'e tt<'*Hn" L1*?ll9i ""-f'S'' EOR RELEASE HOT EARLIER THAH 12 HOOH, TOESDAT, MAT 2, 19^1 ! LEAD AHD ZIHC IH A CHA5GIHO VORLD By R. Levis Stubbs Director-General Lead Development Association and Zinc Development Association London, England Since I spoke at the Institute's meeting In Chicago tvo years ago, the rein tire positions of sine and lead have changed dramatically. Zinc, vhlch for nearly thirty years had been looked upon as lead's poor relation, la nov the more highly priced. Tree Hovember 195 1 London, and December 1959 in the U.S.A., their prices have been diverging, that of sine having risen as lead has slowly declined. In December i960 the price of lead on the London Metal Exchange fell to L62 a ton. Its lowest for ten years and, although world consumption reached Its highest 8 ever In i960, the price has as yet barely recovered despite the recent announcements of cuts In production. Zinc consumption has expended even more and it too reached a new record level last year. The London price, which rose In October 1959 to 198 a ton, Its highest for several years, has nov settled back to between LflO and 190 a ton, a level vhlch appears to satisfy moat producers and consumers -- or at any rate those outside the United States. Indeed the world situation looks different when seen from the other side of the Atlantic. In contrast to the U.S.A., consumption of both metals In Europe has been rising steadily In recent years. When U.8. stockpiling came gradually to an end In 1958-9, total world con sumption of tine was steadily growing and, the Initial excess production no longer being i * {Presented at Joint Session of American Zinc Institute end Lead Industries Assn., Chicago, Illinois, May 2, 1961) ~ LIA21192 ^ l -2- R. L. STUBBS taken for stockpiling, vas soon absorbed. Co the other hand, total vorld consumption of lead vas not so buoyant and much of the production vhlch previously vent to stock piling vas added to producers' stocks vhlch began to depress the market. The U.SJl. Imposed Import quotas In an attempt to protect Its Industry from the full impact of the grovlng surpluses outside, but even this protection, and reduced production due to strikes, did no more than delay the arrival of the changed situation. In view of the problems confronting the industry it vas not surprising that the conferences on lead and line, held by the United Rations in 1958 end 1959, should have led to the establishment, in February i960, of the International Lead and Zinc Study Group. This new organisation has a membership of 26 countries. Including the Soviet bloc, and embodies all those vlth Important producing and consuming industries. It thus provides a forum at vhlch the vorld situation can be authoritatively assessed, and at vhlch producers have been able voluntarily to reach agreement on steps aimed at correcting the Imbalances between supply and demand. Its preBs notices contain 8 Information vhlch I an going to use In my review of the current situation. THE CURRENT SITUATICq - Zinc The Free World's production and consumption of line metal have both risen by about 100,000 metric tons* a year since 1958. After taking Into account imports from the Soviet bloc and changes in stockpiles -- acquisitions by the U.SJl. and then disposals by the United Kingdom -- there has been a reasonable balance between supply and demand for most of the time. The situation is summarised in the following table: Metal Production Bet Imports from Soviet bloc Stockpiling (Increase -)(decreaae +) Metal Supplies Metal Consumption Balance (surplus +) (deficit -) 1957 2**50 60 -220 2290 2250 *1*0 1958 2250 70 *65 2255 2230 +25 1959 2320 65 --1,000- metric tons 1900 1961 (eat.) 21*30 75 25*tO 75 -25 2360 2390 *35 251*0 21*60 +15 2630 2580 -30 +80 __________ * All figures in metric tons of 2205 lbs. ..' a.:., i - ... L I/4^J 193 - 3- R. L. STUBBS Only once ince the International meeting* began has it been felt necessary to reetrlct tine supplier In Hay 1959 several producer* agreed to curtail sale* but the continued rie in world consumption Boon allowed theee reetrlctlon* to be removed. There are now sign* that during the paat fix months, supplies were again running ahead of consumption, possibly because the recent expansion In Europe has slowed down a lit tle and a* yet there seems to be no significant recovery in the 0. S. demand. Producers' stocks In the tJ.S.A. are at a high level and at present atlll rising, but elsewhere they are low and consumption is buoyant. For this reason, al though some deterioration in the tine position was noted at the last meeting of the Study Group in Mexico City In March, no steps were taken to restrict supplies especially as moat members, except perhaps the U.3.A., seemed satisfied with present price levels. In the immediate future further rises in consumption should be sufficient to absorb the increased production both from existing plants as well as from the new a units shortly to be completed in Australia and other countries. An element of ua- t\ certainty la the Congo production, about 55/000 tons of line and 80,000 tons of tine in concentrates a year, which might still be vulnerable to political upheavals. Imports from the Soviet bloc have also grown a little in recent years, but no great increases are expected in the iroeAlate future. The Soviet countries, whoso production and consumption la rising steadily, but la not dealt with in this report, are cooperating lu the work of the Study Group and seem to want stability In the world market. For zinc then the Immediate outlook seems reasonably good. Any Imbalances that might occur should not be too difficult to correct, providing world consumption continues to aiqpend. Lead . Lead presents a different picture. Its vorld consumption has also risen since 1959/ but by only 60,000 tons a year, a slower rate of Increase than for tine. tfoj Vorld production, however, has fluctuated and in i960 vas slightly lover than In 1957. ^ _ s ; .. LIA21194 . -4- R. L. STUBBS After taking Into account Imports frcra the Soviet bloc, which although comparatively small are rising, and acquisition* for stockpiling supplies have exceeded consumption each year since 1957 as la shown In the table. Refined antlaonlal lead Is included In both production and consumption figures. 1000 metric tons Metal Production Bet Imports Soviet bloc Stockpiling Metal Supplies Metal Consumption Balance 1957 1958 1959 i960 1961 (est.)* 23&) 2250 2190 2270 2200 5 10 15 30 30 -135 -80 -Uo -75 2230 2180 2165 2300 2155 214o 1990 2155 2210 2280 +90 +190 +10 90 -125 * After Mexico reductions The voluntary restrictions on commercial sales made by several producers In May 1959 were continued right up to the meeting of the Study Group In Mexico last March. However, In the absence of corresponding cuts in production, the metal with held vas added to producers' stocks, which In the U.S.A. and In other countries out side Europe have now risen to very high levels. In Mexico the Study Group was faced with a depressed lead market, high pro ducers' stocks and a continuing surplus of new supplies over consumption. In the circumstances seme of the main producing countries agreed to reduce production below the levels they had planned for 1961. Thus In Australia, Canada, Mexico, Peru, the U.S.A., Sweden and the Common Market refined lead production le to be curtailed this year. As a result Free World supplies of new metal will be approximately 2^ (50,000 I; tons) below estimated 1961 world consumption, and production about 70,000 tons lower than In 196b. At Mexico City, the U. S. Government repeated the offer, previously mads : last September In Geneva, to barter agricultural products for surplus stocks of lead l f; ' "" mu : ms 'nrn -5- R. L. STUBBS bald by producers at tha and of 19&> and. If tbasa barter dealt (which are bellevad to Involve about 75,000 tons of producara aurplua i960 stocks and about 25,000 tone of nev production from concantrataa accumulated pravloualy) are satisfactorily con cluded, tha producara* exeats atocka outside the U.S.A. should be reduced to nore ! normal levels. These Impending stockpile transactions, together vlth the curtail ments In production, should strengthen the price of lead and help to stabilize the market, so benefiting producers both in the U.S.A. and elsewhere. Nevertheless It Is Important to recognise that these voluntary curtail ments by seme producers would not be easy to repeat unless they were applied more widely and shared more equitably. However, now that production has been curtailed 1 It will peihaps be alov to rise again above industry's Immediate requirements. RECENT TRENDS IN CONSUMPTION The Study Croup's assessments of the current situation have provided a basis for far-reaching decisions on levels of production, and this work will continue. e However, it Is not the function of the Group to develop consumption, the basis of our long term prosperity, even though Its work may lead to more stable prices, so desirable for encouraging It. The long-term prosperity of lead and line will depend on rising consumption so let us see how they have fared during the past ten years. Focus on 1950. Then lead and zinc were becoming scares and soon the Inter national Materials Conference was set up to ensure that the available supplies were distributed fairly among consumers In the Free World. Shortages persisted for several years and led to forecasts of the depletion of world resources vlthln a few decades. During the next ten years the price of zinc was to fluctuate between L6l and U.90 a ton, and that of lead between 162 and Ll80 a ton. These gloomy prognostications and the instability of prices no doubt spurred on our competitors and lsd some of our own h customers to look for substitutes. In these circumstances It Is both surprising and encouraging that the use i of both metals expanded at all. In fact the total world consumption of zinc grew by nearly s year and by the end of i960 was about >3 higher than la 1950| lead grew 1 U<ni95..................... ; - 6- R. L. STUBB8 by newly 2-l/2* a year and by about 25* during the period. In 1950 the U.8.A. took half the Free World'* tine and lead, and Europe, vhlch va* only beginning to recover from the war, took only a third. How the position 1* reverted, Europe accounting for half and the U.8.A. for only a little more than a third. Consumption in countries outside Europe and Forth America, especially Japan, Australia and India, It alto growing and now accounts for about 15* of the world total -- twice the tonnage of 10 years ago. Europe Is still the lwgest and aost promising market. In almost all European countries consumption of both metals Is rising steadily and In i960 record levels were achieved Learly everywhere. In ten yews the total for lead hat gone up from about 650.000 tons to one Billion tons a yew -- a 50* Increase - and for zinc froa about 700.000 ton* to 1,100,000 tons a yew -- a slightly greater Increase, ror both Details the sharpest rise has been In Germany, the rapid growth In France at the beginning of the period having levelled off In recent years. Considered statistically the developments In Europe are most promising, but the patterns of consumption for both are very different from those In the U.S.A. Uses of Lead 1959 \ Cable Batter- Sheathing let Sheet k Pipe Tetraethyl Others Europe U.S.A. 30* 20* 6* 3 22* >** 2U% 5* 15* 1*0* In 1959 the principal uses of lead (new and secondary) In Europe was for cable sheathing, a minor use In the U.S.A. Sheet and pipe, also alnor uses In America, are more Important In Europe. Perhapa the aost encouraging feature of the European I pattern la the much smaller consumption resulting froa the use of automobiles, which '' accounts directly or Indirectly, for fcsilf the lead used In the U.S.A. Motor cw pro- ductlon la booming In Europe and every yew sees'aore cars on the road*. . - j : i ^ - 1 r : r1 i;. ^7Tj 97 1 Usss of Zinc 1959 -7 R. L. STUBB3 Galvanising Brass Sheet Die Casting Others Europe O.3.A. 29# 29)1 17# 11# 3S* 15# ># **0# 15# 3# for sine (nev and secondary) there are similar difference* betveen European and American pattern* of consumption. The biggest use In Europe 1* for galvanising vhich takes 29# of the total compared vlth about 38# 1 the U.8.A. In Europe bras* run* galvanising very close, taking 28# compared vlth only 15)1 In the 0.3.A. Sheet sine 1* third -- 17# compared vlth a mere b# In the U.S.A. Die casting, vhich Is your first use, consuming kO# of the total, still only accounts for 11# In Europe although It Is growing steadily. Within this European pattern there are great variations betveen countries. Thus only In Belgium and France does sheet galvanising take more sine than Jobbing galvanising, vhich Is highly developed In the 17.K., Germany and Italy. Sheet sine for building is more Important In Belgium, France and Germany where it Is the *>ost popular building metal. The traditional uses of both metals continue to account for a signifi cant part of consumption in Europe, and are holding their ground. The never uses of sine such as strip galvanising and die casting are still to be fully exploited. The use of lead will grow as more batteries and tetraeythl are required. Looking further ahead the political and Industrial development of Asia, Africa and South America should benefit sine and lead. Japan Is an outstanding example of the growth that can be achieved; during the last ten years her animal consumption of sine has risen from 50,000 to 190,000 tons and of lead from 27,000 to 93,000 tons. India also Is nov beginning to expand rapidly and there sine has risen from 25,000 to 60,000 tons and lead from 8,000 to 25,000 tons a year. It la not too much to ex pect that soon other emerging countries will reach the stage when their economies vi11 become significant consumers. _~ !i f | T r` . p....... H|amaw LTA21198 IjWffwny..agar - 8- R. L. 8TUBB3 Australia also has a remarkable record of growth Id tine consumption, from 52,000 to 9^,000 tons a year. Against this premising plctura let us nov examine the recent trends In zinc end lead In the U.8. Bear In mind that your techniques are folloved all over the world and so will Influence not only European manufacturers, hut perhaps even more strongly, the emerging countries vho rightly want to adopt the latest Ideas and whose choice will not he restricted hy the need to use existing equipment. In the tJ.S.A. both lead and zinc consumption are now lover than In 1950. Their decline from the peaks of five years ago has been watched with concern from abroad and It la of little comfort to zinc and lead that copper consumption ,'e also lower. The individual usee of lead and zinc do not seem to have changed much during the period although It la encouraging that the never uses -- die casting and strip galvanizing -- have continued to expand. Tor lead the most significant change has e been In cable coverings which nov take only 60,000 tone a year canpered with lUO,000 tone a year ten years ago. Some of the smaller uses have fluctuated and several have grown. \ However these variations do not account for the overall decline in consump- tlon, nor does the lover production of automobiles and the possible saturation of the market for consumer goods, even though they have obviously played their part. IXiring the period about which ve are speaking your population grew by 26 million, nearly 15%, and your industrial production rose by over 20%. Even more significant was the doubling - of your aluminium consumption and the even greater growth In the uae of plastics. Both have been very vigorously promoted in north America, more so than anywhere else, J and it would seem that they have made Inroads into the markets previously held by the 1> ' 1 traditional metale. THE FUTURE Taken as a whole cur survey of the last ten years contains much to encourage optimism about the future -- steadily rising consumption in Europe and the prospect of _ ., ~ ' i i i ! W*W!W : Kywagry ...... ;! Wmtr.yAwatfasa^taa .V^tAir^-4^'acyvt^cJit'iM^ip^ygpLf <j. 1, 9 it. I.. 3Tl)i-BS increasing demand* from other countries as standards of liYlng Improve and populattjns increase throughout the world. However the recent trend* in the U.3.A., vhere coo* sumption of tine and lead has not grovn with the rise in industrial production, aal is now lover per head of population than it vas a fev years ago, is a varnlng tha'the future cannot be taken for granted. Hevertheless, given reasonable stability of price and larger promotional campaigns, our markets should grov. The Study Group vlll no doubt continue to provide information <vo which production can be planned and so make our short*term problems easier o solve. Soon it Is going to publish a statistical bulletin containing very prompt and comprehensive figures of production, stocks and consumption in the Free World. The Group Is also going to study measures for achieving long-term stability for zinc and lead, including commodity agreements. Whether such arrangements vlll ever be necessary and whether they would be adopted and welcomed by industry remains to be seen. It took five years to prepare the first agreement on tin. Ae veil a* seeking greater stability of prices -- so important to producers and consumers alike -- the producers might also give seme attention to the service they give their customers. Do w consider what the customer wants, and do we provide him with a service comparable to that given by our competitors? Before looking at promotional work I should like to say how highly we in Europe regard the Expanded Research Program which is supported by producers in the British Ccesnonwealth as well as in the United States. We have great hopes that it vlll bring many benefits in the future and appreciate the way in which we are able to follow the work In detail. However the results of research can be long in casing and by their very nature are unpredictable. It vould be unfortunate If our new enthusiasm for research were to allow us to overlook the many valuable properties end existing uses of zinc and lead. They could do more with publicity than they have had recently. Greater promotional efforts in the U.3.A. aimed at retaining and expanding the markets for both metals in face of the vigorous competition from new metals and material* vould, I believe, help to stimulate consumption all over the vorld. : 2 Oo . - 10 - R. L. STVBB3 How I should like to describe briefly some of the work we ere doing In Europe. l'he Zinc Development Association is, I think, well known to you, end through the visit* of varlou* team* sent over by the Association and it* affiliated member*, the Zinc Alloy Die Ca*ter, the Zinc Pigment Development and the Hot Dip Galvanlzers Association*, you will have heard much about the activities of our group. We have numerous committee* dealing with technical problems and promotional work, and ve pub lish advertisements. Issue booklets, make films, give lectures and participate in exhibitions, all on a scale at least comparable with that of similar bodies in the U.S.A. The Lead Development Association Is not yet so big, but It too covers much the same field and it* committees and staff are actively engaged In encouraging the existing uses of lead as veil as seeking nev ones. Of perhaps even greater Interest are the ways In which producers and fabri cators In Europe are cooperating to develop existing uses and to find new uses for zinc. The European Pressure Die Casting Committee and the European General Galvanizers Association are both known all over the world through their successful international conferences; the next conference on galvanizing will be held at Interlaken from the Uth to the 9th June 19^1, and a record attendance is expected. Other European com mittees deal with technical matters and developments ard Information Is also exchanged regularly on analytical techniques. Recently a new European cocmlttee -- Zinc in Architecture -- was set up to study sheet zinc In building and to coordinate the existing work to promote it. Its first bulletin, similar to those of the other European organisations, will soon be published in English, french, German and Italian. We rate this cooperation highly and attribute to it and to the energetic work of the various European development associations, and especially those in Prance, Germany and Italy much of the credit for the recent expansion in zinc consumption. Q 1 There ha* *o far been les* cooperation in promoting lead, but only a fev week* ago the Director* of the European Associations met in London to prepare plans for the regular exchange of views and cooperation on much the same line* as zinc. We im. HWgliirwmi we- ~WB"^ LlA?l20l i ' - H A. L. STUBB3 are now working together on some of th promising new use* for lend euch u eound 3 attenuation and radiation shielding. Ai we expand our promotional work In the U.6.A. and in Europe let us also take etepe to encourage internet in lead and zinc in the nevly developing countries. For aany yearn now the British Associations have had arrangements for the wide dis tribution of their publication* in India and Africa and ve hope aoon that, vlth the assistance of our members, we will be able to follow up this initial work by th* establishment of competently staffed offices in these countries. If a chain of in formation offices for zinc and lead could be set up throughout South America, Asia and Africa, the benefits in th* long run would be immeasurable and would amply repay the expenditure Involved. Hone of u* in the lead and zinc industry can have any doubt* about the valuable role our metads can play in a changing world. We will have only ourselves to blame if they do not fulfill our expectations and continue to expand their con Ssumption . if* irnii)r 3 *T-a^ f ;.* ^gy^yy- LIA21202 'y*im\ '. flisSrii./ . bc w HA33 caidnrrc.-jrora wcrac t o r a bas ic imrancr Chari* V. Reene Director of Educational Services Portland Cement Association I am pleased to have opportunity to tell you something of the vortc of the Portland Cerent Association. Vo share Bare than a fev cooaon Interests. Lead, tine and cement vera a part of early history. ..and yet nev uses of each are abundant today. This speaks veil for the Integrity of these materials and for the progressive spirit of our Industries. As In the case of your own groups, our efforts on behalf of the cement Industry In the United States and Canada take cany forma. That part of our work vhlch I vculd like to discuss, hovever, can be Identified la one vord: "Communication." - In the need for ccnaunlcation, I'm sure that ve have deep cccscn Interest. There Is nothing mysterious about conriMcation.. .It Is basic. It com prises the strands connecting your Industries. It links the researcher, engineer, aales representative and customer. Nearly everything Inportent to the achievement of your purposes depends on clear communication. The best research finding, the test preraotien Idea, the best product Is vorthlese unless the right people know about It at the right time. Rote that I refer to clear communication. Today business people simply do not have tlce to ponder something vague or confusing...such a* this definition of concrete (slide) vhlch a tongue-in-cheek editor ran in a recent Issue of a trade magazine. Ve try for the other extreme: plain, simple, understandable Information. Concrete Is a mixture of cement vith vater, and sand, gravel or other suitable materials. It vlll harden to form maty useful shapes. Those of us vbo work day-to-day vith any product have difficulty realising how little others know about It. Also, ve may not recognize the degree of difference among users. Even college seniors studying mechanical, civil or chemical engineering apeak quite different languages and already are so specialized they cannot readily talk vith each other. In the coostructlon Industry, ve must communicate vith military, hlgbvay and dam construction experts...architects, builders, contractors and public officials. The farmer, the business man, and the houaevife vlll alvays talk and think differently. Each must be reached In terms he understands. Presented at the 33rd annual meeting--Lead Industries Association Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, Hay 2, l?6l . s.- -- - _ ^ K-'' : ........... " " ' N 229.06 ""wswwwsWpSSW^ppS I p, * /. -------- .. - ;-s... : t Charles V. Beene 2- How Km a Ccracvmi eat Ions Work for a Basic Industry We endeavor, therefore, to apply a few besio rule* In our coanunlcetlon which I'm aura are not original! 1. Barer go over recipient'! bead 2. Caa ordinary English-not mathematics, abbreviations or apedal taraa 3. Present one or tvo main idea* V. Tell atory more than once Having established ecce ground rules, vbo carries out tbia responsibility, and hcvl Good communication today requires special skills, Cammicatlons people have long since ceased being a hybrid between a shipping clerk and a preae agent. They are professionals, as much responsible for the success or failure of an organization os other professionals on the management team. It follows, then, that cm organization should have sufficiently skilled people for the ccecunications assignment. There are, of course, many ways of reaching people. Thia meeting is a good example. However, an Important part of our Association's preooticn depends on reaching large numbers of people quickly, economically and regularly. Thia mass communication function la the main area of ay responsibility, and I would like to tell you aooething of how ve carry out such work. (Slide--Advertising, Public Relations, Publications, Motion Pictures.) To cccEsmicnte effectively with diverse groups through these well-traveled avenues, top-notch creative vork is necessary. We try to be realistic enough to know that information must be transmitted to busy people who frequently ere Indifferent to our message. Thus, each advertisement, booklet or film requires careful definition of purpose. Each is a separate creative challenge. Advertising is our most direct avenue of moss ccexaurd cation. It caa exert considerable influence on how people think end act. It helps build a favorable climate of opinion essential for the successful promo tion of concrete In major markets. Ve use trade and professional magazine advertising to carry the story of concrete to architects, engineers, builders, contractors and public offi cials who specify materials for a large port of all paving, structural and conservation construction. Our consumer advertising appears In national magazines directed to prospective heme buyers, farmers, influ ential business groups and the public at large. In all, about 370 national advertisements will run this year, all processed and placed through the J. Walter Thompson Cocpany, our advertising counsel. You might ask why ve use magazines for national advertising. Basically for four reasons: (Slide--Selectivity, Flexibility, Continuity, Economy-- with discussion). Here are advertisements representative of approaches we currently are using to promote specific markets: (Slides--typical national and local ads--with discussion) I I | * -- - f * V i \ l it l E; L' iiiiiwiiijn'wKg*.1*:ii^i)M^!!^iq!jiai:iM> '"-- ..,-,,.,^,M.^.-.; ......... - - -- ' " LUZUO' .* Charles V. Reene -3- How Has* Consunlcat ions Work for a Basic Industry Cur national advertising program ia no more important than local advertialng carried out by most of our 35 district offices. last year more than 15,000 messages such as these were sponsored by PCA district offices in newspapers, farm papers, local magazines. Radio and television also were used. Local advertising is closely coordinated vith our national campaigns. Many of these ads were especially prepared for use in a particular city or state to help solve a specific business problem. In covering l9 etates and 170 metropolitan areas, this represents a substantial creative assignment. The advertising agency's 12 field offices throughout the country maintain continuing contact with our districts In carrying out this program. In view of the substantial growth of the cement industry during the past decade, it Is increasingly Important that the public understand and think well of our lniustry and product. To help achieve this, PCA public rela tions people employ a variety of techniques. Public relations literature is frequently quoted and has proved one of our best methods in this field. It tells the story of the contributions of the industry In terms of engineering, research, safety and educational activities. Oxr public Interest notion pictures have much the same character. Am exception is an ar.mial newsreel showing interesting end outstanding uses of concrete which is widely utilized by schools, civic clubs and other community organizations. IVost of our public relations films are placed vith notion picture distributors. last year more than one-half mlHion saw these films in person and over five million viewed them on television. Our publicity and public relations work is divorced from product advertis ing. However, ve use institutional advertising as a public relations tool. This Is a typical advertisement (slide) directed to editors, broadcasters and thought leaders. Many young people go to work after high school. Thus they are an important part of our population to be reached. In the past two months we have dis tributed for high school use approximately 23,000 copies of the jxibllcation, "The Making of Cement," shown here (slide). Also, our Public Relations Bureau provides information and display materials to colleges to reach tomorrow's architects and engineers. As another means of ccncunlcatlon, the Public Relations Bureau prepares speeches, presentations and releases. As to releases, ve avoid indis criminate mass mailings. What Is released must be legitimate "newt." Our largest single public relations activity is editorial service. Birdln-hand clippings Indicate that articles prepared in whole or In part by the bureau appeared in U79 national and regional magazines In the past year. 1 ; 1 i : 1 ? ' 0 < LIA?12 05 Charles W. Been* 4- Bov Kui Communications Work for a Basic Industry Additionally, the Public Relations Bureau has responsibility of coordinating its work with that of full-time public relations representatives in moat of our district offices. Thera is constant inter-flow of information and ideas erncng this group. Each field representative tailor# his work to tbs promotion needs and objectives of the district office. In public relations as veil as product advertising, services of the J. Valter Thompson Company are utilised. Usually this is for a special PR campaign when time or talent is not available Internally. Because public relations work is subtle and frequently indirect, it some times is able to impart knowledge or persuade a favorable opinion where direct promotion eight antagonize. Public relations la also a two-way street. It can do ouch to increase the understanding and use of our product; it also should help interpret the wants, needs and desires of the public to the enlightenment of overall industry promotion. A third major tool in PCA'a cocminlcatlons program is literature. Our current index includes over 500 numbered publications. About 6,000,000 pieces of literature are distributed per year, largely through field offices. The form varies from a simple nailer to a complicated technical book. This year we expect to produce acme to new publications, mere than 30 of which will be in color. Since World War H the engineering field has mushroomed, and our production of literature has expanded to keep pace with related needs. With increasing specialization and diversification in markets, we seem to be relying even more than heretofore on literature to help back personal promotion work. Emphasis is placed on good publication design and efficient distribution. All publication work is done internally with the exception of printing, which is purchased on a competitive bid basis. The number of motion picture projectors in churches, schools, civic clubs and community organizations has increased from 25,000 to more than one milllcn since World War H. This growing emphasis on visual communication represents a fourth important opportunity to tell the story of concrete through well conceived educational notion pictures. There are about 80 title# in our catalog Illustrated here (slide) which vary from general interest productions to specialized training films. As you see, we expect to release 12 new films this year. All steps In the production of these motion pictures also are accomplished internally with the exception of the final laboratory processing. This makes for efficiency and a low cost per picture which cannot be matched commercially. Our advertising, public relations and publications activities require a great variety of still photographs for illustration. This coverage also is accomplished by our photography crew# who spend a great amount of their time in the field. - In mass communications ve try to present clear, positive information to audiences important to decisions favorahle to concrete. Ws strive tor f' f' Li. " t*->To^Mjigag^flgB^g^wtC58ffCT^ t&*r>+-tezMi^r lA?l2 06 'I i Charles W. Reene -5- Eow Mass Concunlcatlcos Vork for a Basic Industry tbs straightforward and, if you vlll, simple approach. However, ve look for ideas that stand us apart free the crowd. There is nothing so powerful as a useful ilea conveyed to the right people at the right time. Most basically, there Is the ever-present consideration: how to do the best Job at the least cost. In choosing means of ccrrtunication, ve ask ourselves these questions: (Slide--Purpose to be served! Audience to be reached! Message to be conveyed!). There is no pat answer or formula. Most frequently several avenues of camrunication are used to accomplish our purpose. And of coarse ve must always think in terms of a total promotion program in which all action is coordinated. More than ever before, there is need for skillful and vigorous cocmunicatioa. Perhaps you will agree that the advances of the 60's hold highest precise for those industries in touch with the people. ! I iI - .H i LIA2120? i V Speech by E. C. Quinn, Vice President - Sales Divisions, Chrysler Corporation, at the combined annual meeting of the American Zinc Institute ami the Lead Indus tries Association, Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, May 2, 1861, 10:15 A. M. U NEW PATTERNS IN WORLD AUTOMOTIVE COMPETITION I am very happy to take part in your meeting this year. The automobile ! industry and the zinc and lead industries have operated in close association for a long time --to their mutual great benefit. My main purpose today is to talk about some of the challenges and opportunities that people in your industries and mine are going to encounter as we move deeper into the Sixties. But before I do that, I would like to talk about the automobile industry's Immediate prospects as they appear to us in Detroit. The automobile industry being the biggest consumer of your products - die castings and galvanized sheet, batteries and body solder -- I know that what happens from day to day in the industry is of the highest interest to you. The most reliable indicator of current levels of activity in the automobile business is the daily rate of retail sales -- and by studying the daily rates of retail sales over a period of weeks or months we can often spot significant trends. For example, last October and November the rate of new-car retail sales was approxi mately 21,000 a day. In December the rate fell to 19, 000 a day. And in January It fell again to 15,000 a day -- where it stayed right on through February without any further declines. In March the dally rate rose to 17, 800, with a further estimated rise to 18, 400 for April. The spring upturn is now well underway. Solid evidence that the spring upturn of retail sales of new cars may be the sustained rise we've all been looking for comes from a similar examination of recent trends in the daily rate of retail sales of used cars. In October and November, used cars were selling at a rate of 26,000 a day. In December that rate fell sharply to 23,000. But Instead of following the downward trend of new-car sales into January, LIA21206 the dally rate of used-car sales Bnnpped back up to 25,000 In January, 25, 600 in February, and 29, 000 In March. Preliminary figures Indicate that used-car sales held steady In April. This evidence of recovery in used-car sales is important to us because, as you know, used-car sales normally Improve in advance of new-car sales. For a minute or two let's take a look at some of the broader trends that provide additional reasons for optimism. It is now about a year since the first indications of an economic downturn appeared, and If experience with the other postwar recessions has any validity, this should mean that Improvement in general business activity is not too far away. Defense and other types of federal and local government outlays are being i increased, and inventories in many lines of business need to be rebuilt. Personal savings are at a very high level, so the money and credit are available to be used when the buyers decide to use them. It is clear that consumers have been holding back on their purchases -- especially their purchases of durable goods like automo biles. But we know they like the automobiles that the industry has brought to market this year. We know also that the older cars are being retired from use at the fastest rate on record. So the basic automotive needs are there, along with the means for filling those needs. r On the basis of these indications, we estimate that new-car sales this month and next month will be back up to the level of 19, 000 to 20, 000 per day -- which was the level of sal^s reached in the fourth quarter of 1960. If this rate of sales can be reached and sustained, U. S. retail new-car sales for 1961, including sales of about 400, 000 Imported cars, should come very close to 6 million units. This would mean 1I a good volume year for the industry, even though it would be somewhat below the -level1 of laat year, when total new-car retail sales amounted to 6.6 million. 4 k LIA21209 3 Wo Jill know that developments in tin* automobile industry over Die last few yearn have had a profound effect not only on the automobile industry itself, but also on the industries associated with it. One of the most important of these developments has been the increasing popularity of the smaller cars. In the more-car-per-car market that was at its peak In the mid 1950's, it seemed clear to us In the industry that people would go on year after year demanding wider, lower, longer cars - better equipped and with a wider range of luxury options. The automobile market, however, has been changing, and one way to measure the degree of change is to compare the popular-priced 4-door sedans of 1958 with those of 1961, including the compact sedans. In 1958 the average length of these volume cars was 207 inches. In 1961 it is 202 inches -- or five inches shorter. in 1958 the average car-weight was 3, 418 pounds. In 1961 it is 3,250 pounds -- or S168 pounds lighter. The V-8 engine hit its peak In 1957. In that year it powered 80 per cent of the cars sold in the volume sector of the market. In 1961 - - partly because of the excellent performance of the current six-cylinder engines -- the V-8 is powering 57 per cent of the cars sold in this sector of the market -- a reduction of 23 percentage points. What does today's strong demand for smaller and more economical cars mean to the automobile industry? One way to answer this question is with a single phrase -- profit squeeze. The popularity of Bmaller cars has reduced the industry's average wholesale price per unit. And what does the great demand for these cars mean to the zinc and lead industries --in fact, to just about all the industries associated with the manufacture of automobiles? Well, I don't think we need a mathematician with a slide-rule to tell us that building smaller cars requires less '*r material per car. And we are building lots of smaller cars. The average compact now accounting for a large share of the low-price volume market is 26 inches .shorter and over a thousand pounds lighter than tlic average car of 1958. ' * si.-..'-" " .f - ' .. . - \ * .?*t. ^'<4frrv-^- v-v&Hsr^--- LIA2121C i 4 For these and related reasons, what happens in the compact market ia of vital interest to your industries and to mine. And it would be helpful to all of us if we had a blueprint of the future showing exactly how popular the compacts are going to become. Unfortunately, no such blueprint exists. We do know, of course, that although the growth curve of the compacts is flattening out, it is still rising. Com pacts -- which last year accounted for 27 per cent of all domestic retail sales of new cars -- are now accounting for 34 per cent. And it appears likely that this figure for the current model run wi'l be one or two percentage points higher. Given these conditions, what can we expect for the future? Is the automobile Industry approaching a time when the profit squeeze will become even more intense? Are related industries in metals, glass, textiles, and other materials going to have to prepare for curtailed sales to the automobile industry? These are possibilities - but before we call for crying towels let's look at a few facts. To begin with, although the move away from the more-car-per-car market of the Fifties indicates that many motorists are highly interested in economy - certainly many motorists are highly interested in other things as well. They want performance and convenience, comfort and space. Bigger cars -- from the standard-sized, all-purpose family vehicles to the luxury lines -- are still accounting for 66 per cent of domestic sales of U. S. -built cars, and we see a steady demand for these cars in the future. And speaking of the substantial demand for larger cars -- some of the so-called compacts are quite large when you consider their wheelbase, weight, and horsepower. In fact, all compacts introduced since the three major companies brought out their first ones in the fall of 1959 have been larger. Moreover, within a given line of compact cars, frequently the most popular model is not the most economical model available. Top series are very popular. According to the sv:rtm l ! LIA?1?11 I 5 mo8t recent figures available, top series are accounting for 65 per cent of compact sales. In addition, about 40 per cent of all compacts are equipped with radios ** about 45 per cent are equipped with white sidewalls -- and 58 per cent are equipped with automatic transmissions. As the Wall Street Journal put It a few weeks ago, "Auto makers are finding that economy sells best when It's mixed with a little luxury" -- sad to luxury we might add performance and convenience. From ycur point of view It might be pleasant for me to assure you that all of t these signs point to a quick return to the more-car-per-car market -- and therefore to automatically increased sales for line and lead products. But neither 1 nor anyone' else can honestly make that prediction. Right now the automobile Industry Is going through the most sweeping transition in Its history. It is gauging motorists' reactions to a wide variety of automotive products in a new kind of market. The relative stability 8 of the automobile market of the Fifties has given way to variety, dynamic change, and now and then even confusion. Where once, only a few years ago, consumer demand seemed to move clearly lii a single direction -- that of longer, lower, wider cars -- it now moves in all directions. With the automobile market In its present state of change and with the undeniable popularity of the smaller cars -- where does hope for growth for our industries lie? How are we in the automobile industry going to counter the profit squeeze? And how are those of you in the zinc and lead and other related industries going to make up the amount of material that has been taken out of the average car unit due to the development of the compacts? 1 would like to suggest that our greatest hope for growing markets - markets for what you sell and I sell -- lies not in more-car-per-car, but in more-car-per-caplta. .. - LIA21212 6 Let me explain what I mean. We In the automobile industry will continue to give the Individual motorist all he needs or desires in the way of options, luxury, and large size -- in short, all he wants in the way of more-car-per-car. But it may well be that a major part of our future growth will be the result of the car population increasing faster than the population Itself. Another way to describe an increasing ratio of cars to people Is to call It more-car-per-capita. Steadily increasing per capita car-ownership has been the traditional line of development for the automobile Industry In the United States and In other Industrialized countries as well. Here in the United States we have experienced phenomenal growth In per capita ownership since 1920. In that year, on the average, there was one car for every 13 people. Now, there Is one car for every three people. Our future over-all growth In per capita ownership will be more modest - although In different sections of the country the rate of growth varies widely. As one automotive writer recently pointed out, if the 7,700, 000 people in New York's five boroughs had to be evacuated by automobiles, almost every one of the available * 1, 300, 000 cars would have to carry six people. In Los Angeles County, on the other hand, with its higher per capita ownership -- six million people and 2-1/2 million cars -- in a mass evacuation no one would need to ride in the back seat. Clearly, more-car-per-caplta is an established trend. There are many reasons for believing that it will be a continuing trend. What are some of these reasons? Let's look first at one important popula tion shift that will occur between now and 1965. The number of young people between I the ages of 15 and 24 will increase by more than six million, or about 25 per cent. In the lower age-range of this group are the high-schoolers who are obtaining their first driving licenses, many times through driver-training classes at school -- '< i awWMWMPlI !W aWB.yOWWW| LI<?1213 gwa'rty^wn^ 7 I <*> id which, by the way, are multiplying rapidly all across the nation. In the upper age-range of this group are the young-marrleds setting up new households. The sharp expansion of the 15-to-24 age group will provide a strong stimulus for the growth of per capita car-ownership in this country, because almost all of these young people will be first-time car-buyers. Since these young people are just getting started in life, there will be certain restrictions on their expenditures for personal transportation. But certainly they will provide an excellent market for economy cars and used cars. As 1 mentioned earlier, activity in the used-car mar* ket strengthens the whole Industry. It keeps trade-in values high and encourages new-car purchases. There are other reasons for looking ahead to substantial growth of per capita car-ownership. Take multiple-car families. In 1954, there were four million multiple-car families in this country. Last year there were seven million -- an increase of 68 per cent, or about 11 per cent a year. A continuation of this average rate of growth would mean that in 1665 almost 11 million families will own two or more cars. Several factors contribute to the growing number of multiple-car families - as well as to the greater use of automobiles generally. One is the rapid expansion of the population into the suburbs, which continues unchecked. As you know, a great majority of the suburban communities make little or no provision for public trans portation, and the people in them must rely heavily on personal transportation. Two other factors are what we call the specialization of function and the personaliza e tion of ownership. In the past it has been the custom to think of the automobile aa an all-purpose vehicle for the use of the entire family. But with modern life becoming increasingly complex and diversified, people have begun to think that *' , 8 one car in the family is entirely Inadequate. Most families wont a car that Is suitable for trips to other cities or for hunting and vacationing -- and they also want a car that is designed for the dozens of short hauls that suburbanites make every week. In other words, they are beginning to want a stable of two or more cars that are designed for various uses. In addition to this specialization of function, we are seeing the beginnings of an Increased personalization of ownership. Individual members of families are beginning to look upon the possession of their own personal car as a practical neces sity, giving them mobility and Independence in a world that has been geared to private rather than public transportation. This growing emphasis on specialized function and personalized ownership -- which is reflected in the increasing popularity of the com pacts and station wagons -- could make the automobile markets later in the 1860's e far bigger than the most optimistic of us now anticipate. You have a tremendous stake in the future of the automobile industry, and you are interested In knowing as much as possible about how fast we In Detroit expect our market to grow. Since 1955 the market for new cars sold at retail in the United States has averaged a little better than six million units a year. We expect this average to rise in the next few years, and after 1965 the average year should produce close to seven million new-car sales. By 1970 the eight-million-car year is a definite possibility. And where the total number of automobiles now In use is approximately 61 million, by 1970 the number should be about 80 million -- or 19 million more than at present. These are optimistic projections, but we believe they are justified. We look e for substantial growth in our industry -- and. of course, this ought to mean substantial growth for your industries too. For example, the weighted average poundage of zinc die castings used in all makes and models from the compacts to the luxury cars -- V,b.' , ' ``'' 'I. ; !* based on figures provided by the Zinc Institute -- Is 59 pounds. Using 59 pounds - and figuring on the basis of a eix-million-car year -- we conclude that the automo t t 1 bile industry consumes a total of 177,000 tons of die castings in an average year. If present consumption patterns should continue to prevail on Into the Sixties, In the aeven-mllllon-car average year which we expect to come after 1965, the consump tion of zinc die castings by the automobile Industry could rise to 207,000 tons --an i ki I increase of 17 per cent. Or take solder. Our engineers tell me that 4-1/2 pounds is a conservative estimate of the amount of body and radiator Bolder used In the average car. Assuming the same base figures that we used for zinc die castings, we conclude the automobile Industry's consumption of body and radiator solder for the manufacture of passenger cars could rise from its present 13, 500 tons to 15,750 tons -- again, an Increase of 17 per cent. Now I realize, of course, that any time you project figures of this magnitude and complexity five to ten years Into the future you must include some mighty big "ifs" in your projections. The dramatic changes in the last few years clearly Illus trate how fast changes can come In the automobile business and how far-reaching the consequences can be. For example, the gas turbine engine is just one development that could revolutionize the industry. This engine has about 20 per cent as many ; moving parts as a comparable reciprocating engine, needs no radiator or liquid cooling system, and runs on anything that will flow through a pipe and burn. There are bound to be many surprises ahead. The thing every company must do Is to be strong enough and flexible enough to turn surprises into opportunities. Research and technology are going to be more Important than ever before --as you well know. Those of you In zinc dle-castlng,- for example -- using the findings of ,j.v--i-.-i_*n. tm*#-* * i LIA21216 10 the research program you began financing at the Battelle Memorial Institute five years ago -- have been making real progress In the finishes of your products. And I understand that with regard to functional automotive parts, you are working with some promising alloys which are lighter, stronger, and better able to withstand temperature extremes. I also understand that tome of you In the lead industry are carrying on research th8t may eventually find application In the automobile Industry - particularly in the field of antt-corrosive pigments. This kind of aggressive product research and forward planning - - reinforced by regular consultation with automotive engineers -- will go a long way not just in maintaining present zinc and lead con sumption levels on into the Sixties - - but in raising those levels. One thing you can be sure of -- your competitors in metals and in plastics are not going to be standing still. With your Interests and Investments all over the world, certainly you are aware that competition is not just national, but international. No one has made this point more clearly than It waa made tn last month's Harvard Business Review by Peter Drucker -- who believes that ultimately our strength in the world markets depends on our strength at home --on what we as businessmen do to hold our costs in line here -- and on what we do to build quality into our products here. Every businessman, he wrote -- including the businessman in Kokomo, Indiana in the heart of America -- must ask himself one simple but all-important question: "What would I have to do to be able to compete in Osaka or Dusseldorf or Bordeaux?" Mr. Drucker then answered the question in the only way that it can be answered. "if a product cannot compete in foreign markets, then foreign products can drive it out of Kokomo. " We in the automobile industry are very much aware of the pressures of foreign competition. Evidence that we are meeting these pressures lies in the i '* ,is. ' ' "'iP" v' 1 ................... ' t tfWsK-. I!i^wynMTTTjwrrmrjirwTr.'~~rr`------- "T" r-- % LIA21217 ' ' ' ) u receding tide of automotive imports. The high-water mark waa reached In 1959, when 810,000 Imported cars were sold in this country. In i960, the first full year for the sale of the new American-built compacts, salee of imports fell back to about 500,000. And with the sales of Imports still declining, it is generally felt that the import sales for this year will be in the neighborhood of 400, 000. Our competitive response is turning back the automotive challenge from abroad, and it is helping us tc move out into the world market and Increase our exports. The American-built compact cars have turned out to be highly attractive in other ports of the world, because they combine what the motorists of many countries think of as luxury-car performance, comfort, and convenience with economy in the initial purchase price and low cost of operation and maintenance. In 1960, 47 per cent of the cars built in the United States and shipped from U. S. plants for sale in Sother countries were compacts. e It may very well be that -- with some relaxation of trade restrictions - - the wide range of U. S. -built compacts will become one of our most powerful competitive weapons in the International automobile market. And that market has vast potential for the growth of per capita car-ownership -- the same kind of growth as that which has characterized America since 1920. Generally speaking, Americans are now well-supplied with automobiles. The peoples of other countries are not. For example, in England in 1946, the first year after the war, one car had to serve 17 people. Now the same number of Englishmen have two cars at their disposal. That is an increase of 100 per cent -- with plenty of room for tremendous growth yet. As you would expect, the world automotive market outside of the United States is growing faster than our own. And by the end of this decade, when eight-million-car years may not be too unusual In this country, the market for'automobiles outside the borders of the United States_may very well be as big as or bigger than the United States market. ft `"V-V; Wr'- -Sc' LIA21218 12 We in Detroit are increasingly aware of the enormous new worldwide challenges to our competitive ability. We have made good progress In meeting them over the past few years, and we intend to do even better in the years ahead. It has always been an article of faith with us in the automobile industry that there is no such thing as an entrenched and unassailable position in the automobile market. Opportunity always exists for the automobile company that can come into that market with a new product idea and the will to promote that idea aggressively. The same thing may be said of the supplier companies. Year after year we have seen new automotive products make their bid for customer favor. The result of this competition has been a net gain for the motorist and an expansion of the country's economy. Now we are witnessing the effects of this same kind of creative competition on a much bigger stage, and it will be a source of great satisfaction to all of us In the years ahead to make a contribution to the world economy through free and vigorous competition - - the same kind of competition that has helped to make our country strong. - .11nr-....... -f-f-#- I t. i- t 1 ...in. ^i,"1 Jwu'iw j u iwiwwiir.TinPiwrrmimirrrnrr i~ ;irij>nn^^irr ~rn;miTirrrrT ri-ri-,iin"-r,M-rfiT"'T,,Ti7iT",li,^,>-"-T , T --Wife ypm** Ll4^l?29`....... ST0RA03 BATTERY OUHXqC--I96l C. Herbert Alien President--Association of American Battery Manufacturers, Incorporated, Vice Presldent--Vitalic Battery Company, Incorporated and Southland Battery Company, Halloa, Texas I doubt if there are any here vho do not already know that during the year i960 the battery industry used less lead than it did during the preceding year. I can assure you that the battery manufacturing industry did not plan it that vay. All of us vould like to see our respective market* in crease rather than decrease. It should be remembered that 1959 vas the biggest year in the history of automotive battery manufacturing and, vhen both replacement and original equipment butteries are considered, i960 va* not very far behind 1959- la fact i960 storage battery production vas exceeded only by that of 1959 and record-breaking 1955* 1" I960 the decrease In replacement batteries required vas mostly offset by the increase in original equipment batteries used for nev car production. The decrease in total production was actually less than one per cent. Replacement battery production vas leva approximately 4 per cent, original equipment production vas up 8 per cent. . ` Battery sales in units and in dollars have not kept pace vlth the Increase in automobile regictretions in the United States. Since 195^ automobile registration has increased approximately 26 per cent. Battery production has increased only 11 per cent. Mileage driven by these automobiles, as estimated by the Bureau of Public Roads, has Increased a total of 28 per cent. Vehicle miles per battery have increased 15 per cent since 195- , This can mean only one thing, ie, batteries manufactured during recent years are lasting longer than they did several years ago. All of us realise that more efficient utilization of leady materials does not immediately help the volume of your business, but it does place your Industry and my industry on a more firm footing for the future. In order to compete vlth other types of batteries or other energy sources, ve must all strive for economy and reliability and longer battery life. Let's not tempt "necessity" In the old adage "necessity is the Mother of Invention." - United States Bureau of Mines reports ahov that lead used by the battery ..... industry in i960 vas approximately 7 per cent leas than vas used in 1959* Since total battery production in i960 decreased less than one per cent ; from 1959, this indicates that there vas less lead being used per average battery during i960 than vaa the case in 1959* The same report for i960 shovs a decrease of slightly more than one pound lead per battery fren the 195^ statistic* vhen the average lead per battery vas 19-9 pounds. Presented at tha 32nd annual meeting--Lead Industries Association Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, May 2, 1961. *1iwppwiiw^WjWHWP^^W'** W'WlP.W ' '|W">|i "Vi nffliin-inirniii.^Tnrrnyi.fiTi >nnimn~ltiTii>inw w h t h if rim, it yminromiw n ......... >i i LIA21220 . ....... -- ----------^ Mr. C. Herbert Allen -2- Storage Battery Outlook--1961 The replacement battery production reported by the Association of American Battery Manufacturers and original equipment batteries required for new vehicle production, together with the battery lead reported used by the United States Bureau of Mines Indicate that lead per average vehicle battery was 18.3 pounds In 1S^ a trifle less than the 18.4 pounds calculated for 1950. Dividing battery production Into battery lead re ported for 1959 gave 19.8 pounds. Ho explanation is offered at this time as to vhy the 1959 figure i that high, vhen the corresponding fig ures for 195O and i960 are lever, le, 10.4 and 18.3 respectively. Itotvlthstanding the fact that there it less lead per battery, they are lasting longer. Previously mentioned car registrations and battery pro ductloo statistics confirm this statement. Batteries are lasting longer for several reasons: 1. You lead producers and fabricators are turning out a better product. You have made improvements vhlch have helped us battery manufacturers to make better batteries. 2. Automobile manufacturers have improved the electrical systems to better protect batteries against deleterious overcharging and under charging conditions. In other words, batteries in the new modern ears are less subject to failure even If neglected by the automobile user. The 12-volt battery Is apparently doing a better Job than did the 6-volt battery. 3. Most battery manufacturers are now using more quality control measures than ever before and recently developed processes are resulting In better quality. Research towards that end Is still In progress and should never stop. Hot too cany years ego an average 6-volt automobile storage battery de livered only 20 to 25 vatt-hours of electrical energy per pound of lead. Today it is cannon practice to see 6-volt and 12-volt batteries delivering 25 to 35 vatt-hours energy per pound of lead when discharged at the 20 hour rate. The energy increase Is even greater when making comparisons at the higher starting current rates of discharge. Regular sire passenger car 12-volt batteries today are using approximately 19^ pounds of lead each as compared with present-day average lead usage In 6-volt batteries of 16-1/3 pounds each, or approximately 19 per cent more lead la required for such 12-volt batteries. However, 12-volt batteries for compact and imported cars have the same or slightly leas lead than Is used in average present-day 6-volt batteries. A survey mads by me Indicates that average compact car batteries use one half to one per cent less Iced than is being used In average 6-volt batteries. (Ref. Table n.) Yes, batteries are lasting longer. They are lasting longer even though electrical energy requirements on practically all automobiles have been constantly increasing, and they are doing so using less lead per battery than five to ten years ago. _ L1 A?12?1 Mr. C. Herbert Allen -3- Storage Battery Outlook--1961 I aa Baking these statements vith full knowledge of the fact that for i960 the American Automobile Association reports they hare had another Increase In "Emergency Road Service Calls" caused by "Battery and Electrical Breakdovns." However, the percentage of total calls vas dovn to 24.76 per cent In i960 from a high of 25.21 per cent In 1959* I believe the nomenclature "Breakdown" is misleading. Such statistics can only be accounted for by assuming that many of such calls dll not necessitate replacement of the battery. Oftentimes a battery Is accidently discharged when lights or other electrical accessories are inadvertently left turned on for extended periods of time while the vehicle Is idle. Unless the autcooblle engine and generator are operating, the current thus removed can exhaust even a new fully charged battery In several hours. How else can we reconcile the fact that battery sales are not keeping up vith the Increasing number of vehicles being used, and are lagging the yearly Increase In total vehicle llee traveled. An educational program aimed at having batteries and electrical systems more frequently tested and advising vehicle owners cn proper battery and electrical system service might do much toward eliminating such emergency roed calls reported by the American Automobile Association. As for future years, 1962 and beyond, the amount of lead per battery will become somewhat less than at present and battery life will become longer. However, as previously stated, batteries and battery lead required vlll not show a corresponding decrease. United States population and the re sulting increased use of automobiles will have offsetting effect#. Tha United States Bureau of Public Roads Is charged with the responsibility of planning highways for future vehicle use. After a very exhaustive survey, they are anticipating Increased vehicular usage and travel. In the year 1966 the population will be 195 million. Motor vehicles registered will be 69,161,000 instead of the 73>900>000 currently registered In the United States, a 21 per cent Increase by 1966. They estimate that vehiclemiles traveled will be 899 billion as compared with today's 720 billion miles annually, a 25 per cent mileage Increase. In 1971 motor vehicle registration vlll be 101,240,000, another 13 per cent increase, and in 1976 there will be 113,642,000 vehicles in use, a further 12 per cent increase, according to the Bureau, (53 per cent more In 1976 than last year). These estimates by the Bureau seem reasonable considering past increases and the population Increase that is sure to take place. Unless there are drastic changes In the sources of electric power used In auto mobiles, lead for lead-acid batteries will probably be on the Increase foar years to ccne. I have constantly strived to keep abreast of all research and development work. Rothlng has been uncovered to my knowledge that has caused me to worry about new devices replacing storage batteries as a source of electri cal energy as required in today's automobiles.I I made a detailed study of statistics p>ertalnlng to vehicles and batteries used In the United States and lead used by the battery Industry. This study covered s period of 10 years beginning with the year 1950* I feel quite certain that what Is going to happen this year or next year cannot , ............. i . LIA2L222 iin ivm --m h u u m i Mr. C. Herbert Alien -V- Storage Battery Outlook--19^1 be forecast by studying only statistics covering production end sale* of automotive accessories. In order to forecast what la going to happen la the future, it vould be neces3ory, I an sure, to consider vhat is going to happen to the country ia general. Economic conditions have an effect on the number of automobiles that vlll be used on the hlghvays, the mileage traveled and the number of batteries required to replace those veering out. Eovcver, recessional effects on the sale of replacement batteries are not normally aa great as the effect on the general economy. The Inventory situation of not only automobiles in dealer hands, but also the inventory of storage batteries in the hsnds of dealers, chain stores and In distributors' warehouses can have a big effect an the number of batteries that will be manufactured In any given year. During the past two years domestic vehicle factory sales and Imports ex ceeded nev vehicle registrations by 1,559,000 units. This indicates a heavy dealer stock, therefore, nev vehicle registration should exceed domestic vehicle sales and imports in 1961. The excess should be ap proximately 500,000, ie, 6,1*90,000 domestic vehicle sales plus !00,000 Imports and 500,000 excess over production equals 7,390,000. X used this figure for estimating nev vehicle registrations for the year 1961. To arrive at total registrations In the United States, the scrappage of vehicles and inventory adjustments, as calculated in the statistics far this paper, vere averaged for the past five years. That quantity, b, 181,000, vas used to balance out as an Inventory adjustment for the year 1961. Thus i960 total registrations of 73,097,000 plus estimated 1961 nev vehicle registrations of 7,390,000 minus scrappage and Inventory adjustment of l*,W5l,000 equals estimated 1901 total vehicle registration* of 76,006,000. I used this figure as an ectlnate for 1961 total registra tions. We know that, for various reasons, inventories of batteries in varehouaes of dealer and chain stores vere materially reduced during the year i960. Consequently this reduction in stock at the sales outlets caused an Im portant reduction in the demand for batteries from manufacturer*. I do not believe the production of storage batteries vlll suffer because of stock reduction again this year. Replacement batteries required In 1961 vlll probably exceed the quantity required In i960. The net result is that the total 1961 requirements for storage batteries should be approximately the sane as vere required during the year 1959- The demand for replacement batteries in the first months of 1961 is starting out veil ahead of the corresponding i960 period. !lev vehicle production Is behind i960. The net result on toteil batteries required Is 6,106,590 for 1961 compared vith 5,236,5^5 for last year: I960 1961 3 Replacement batteries shipped through February 3,505,000 5,091,500 Vehicle production through February 1,730,7^5 1,015,090 * Total batteries required 5,236,5^5 6,106,590 This shows an increase of 870,000 battiri.es or 17 per cent more for I961 than for i960, le, January and February only. W W W ffpPW iM flJ Jip nil 1,..ik.g ,IUHI'.I' l'!(!aW>J.tlliajr;nr irHTr~1:-------- i-- ------------*** LIA21223 Hr. C. Herbert Allen -5- Storage Battery Outlook--1961 A review of the data 00 Table TV shove that 15.9 per cent of a year's batteries are required In January and February. On that basis, total battery production for 1961 should be 39/350,000. However, tvo Booths' battery production cannot be used to rake an accurate forecast. I there fore resorted almost entirely to opinions expressed by other battery manu facturers to estioato 1961 total battery production. t It should be remenbered that the replacement battery business Is still seasonal, I have reviewed shipping reports cccplled by the Association of American Battery Manufacturers by calendar quarters. The statistics are shown on Table IV. Sone Indication that battery sales are leveling out and becoming steadier Is apparent but the change Is rather slight. Hie United States Rcplacenent Battery Industry figures indicate shipments for recent years are running 21 per cent, 19 per cent, 30 per cent and 30 per cent respectively for the first through the fcwrth calendar quarters of a year. Approximately 20 years ago. United States Replacement Battery shipments were 21 per cent, 16 per cent, y> per cent and 33 per cent for the first through the fourth calendar quarters respectively. Fran the above it is seen that the last calendar quarter now accounts for 3 per cent less shipments than it did 20 years ago. The second calendar quarter accounts for 3 per cent nore shipments ncv than it did 20 years ago. Average shipments during the first and third calendar quarters are the same as they were 20 years ago. , ' : ; ; ; > ' i ` ; [ The average number of original equipment batteries required during the highest calendar quarter for the past three years varies to about the same degree as do replacement batteries. There is a difference however. Batteries for original equipment are required in greatest quantities during the first and second calendar quarters. Batteries for replacenent purposes are required In greatest quantities during the third and fourth calendar quarters. Ibis has a alight leveling off effect on total lead required by quarter# for original equipment and replacenent batteries combined. However, the total for the last six ncnths of a year averages 57 per cent of the year's total. The corresponding figure for replacement batteries alone during last half of a year Is 60 per cent. Fifty seven per cent of original equipment batteries are required during first half of a year. ; : ;> , 5 ' i. Tour main interest, I knew, la how all this adds up In terms of lead tonnage. Statistical Table HI Indicates a velghted average lead content of 17.6 1 pounds of lead alloy and leal materials per battery. That weight when multiplied by battery production In i960 falls ehort of the total usage reported by the Bureau of Mines. The last report 1 have from that Bureau ; shows the battery Industry used 3**7,00 tons of lead during i960. In con- [ sideration of usual upward revisions, I have estimated that final tonnage ; for i960 will be 354,000. Deducting 38,000 tons estimated use for Industrial, aircraft and other special types of batteries, leaves 316,000 tons used by ' the automotive battery Industry. As before, it Is anticipated that half of ' this quantity will be in the form of anticonial lead alloys--the balance In [ the form of lead oxide. That quantity divided by the total automotive batterles manufactured In i960 gave an average lead weight of 18.3 pounds. To alleviate that Inconsistency, I Increased the battery lead weights determlned, as shown on Table II, by applying the factor 1.044. Lead per : f battery was then estimated as shown on Table III. j. LIA2122A A I Mr. C. Herbert Alien -6- Storage Battery Outlock--1961 In order to assist me In arriving at conclusions as to the lead that vill be required for the battery Industry this year, I again sought the opinions of approximately 25 or 3^ large and oedl'm sire battery manufacturers. Use composite of opinions ventured Is recorded In Table I of the statistics compiled for this presentation. I think it Is Important to point out that there vas a remarkable similarity of opinions expressed by the various persons contacted this year. In contrast with a divergence of opinions expresced for the year i960. This uniformity of opinion. It seems, lends velght to vhat ve should expect during this year In the vay of battery production and lead consumption by the battery Industry. The original equipment battery shipments, or production forecast of 6,950,000 units Is based on the opinions expressed as outlined previously. The replacement battery forecast of 27,550,000 units for 1961 was also arrived at In the same manner. The statistics callable I show that the AAJH ratio of reregistered cars to replacement batteries is 2.5 for the 1961 forecast. This ratio appears normal when compared with the ratio existing during the past four years. The amount of lead required for the storege battery industry in 1961, as mentioned earlier, vas based on both the opinions expressed in the poll of battery and supplier manufacturers, together with battery lead weight measurements previously mentioned and as outlined in Table II. It appears as a net result of all the various Influencing factors mentioned, that the battery Industry will use approximately the sane quantity of lead this year as vas used during i960 (35^,000 tons). Rote that greater 1961 battery production Is estimated using the same lead as vas used In i960 for less batteries. This concurs with my findings that the lesser lead velght per battery will partially offset greater battery production. I made an attempt to correlate future battery production and battery lead consumption vith forecasts made by the United States Bureau of Public Roads. The Bureau forecast gives estimates of population, vehicle registration and vehicle mileage for the years 1966, 1971, 197^ and 1991* Table V outlines the procedure used to project future battery and lead production. The ratio "Total Vehicle Reglstratlon/Total Batteries* is not usually taken as an indication of battery life, but for purposes of the forecast, I believe it Is sufficiently accurate since the same method Is used con sistently throughout Table V for each year covered. It should he pointed out that the Association of American Battery Manufacturers indicated life is based on replacement battery shipments and re-reglatered cars. The indicated life used in Table V is based on total vehicle registrations and total SLI battery requirements. The following comparison Is made for In formation purposes only: Life by above method (months) AAN "Indicated life" (months) i2 25.6 1222 24.8 25-8 122 26.5 26.6 122 23.9 24.7 195<S 24.0 24.1 12SI 21.0 22.4 1221 22.7 23.0 It Is understood that the progressions used for arriving at future battery life and for estimating the future decrease In lead quantity per battery 1M I 'f f WJM' vmjmn m ijsnn 1W D i m r f i i? s IwiP.iyijiTjiyr^^a^>*^.y9ggif!f, w^> *rr wwwyaif LlA2 1??5 " Mr. C. Herbert Allen -7- Storage Battery Outlook--1961 are arbitrary. However, barring unforeseen change* In battery development and battery energy requirements per vehicle, the present trend Indicates a change aa ehovn In Table V tabulation. Improvement In battery life over future years vas projected a* miming that future progress In that direction vill not be as rapid a rate as occurred during the past five years. Progress nov la planning and development stages vill take place, but the effect of such known planning vill not result In a fixed life Increase every year. I have estimated that the rate of Increase vill decline each five years aa Indicated by the following! Period " * " 1955 i960 1966 - 1971 - I960 .380 years 1966 an additional .076 years 1971 " " .038 years 1976 " " .019 year# luring this period of tii-e unforeseen additional Improvements may be made. The above estimate Is based only on foreseeable Improvements, notice that a leveling off of life Increase Is Indicated. The "Lead per average Battery" in future years vas projected by assuming that the rate of decrease Indicated for the past five year* will not con tinue. This la because present usage la determined to a large extent by 6-volt batteries which will become a scalier percentage of total produc tion In future years. Apparently owners of older vehicles using 6-volt batteries are using low priced batteries with low lead content. We can't forget, however, that batteries for compact or economy cars may become a greater factor. If they reach fifty-fifty proportions, then average lead per battery will decrease more than la Indicated in Table V. Weighing all the above possibilities, I assumed that the rate of decrease in lead con tent will decline as follows: Tear 1955 Year i960 Year 1966 Year 1971 Year 1976 19.4 lb/battery actual 18.3 lb/batter7 actual 17.6 lb/battery est. 17.2 lb/battery est. 17-0 lb/battery eat. 5.6$ decrease 4.0$ " 2.0$ " 1.0$ " This also shows a leveling off effect. The net result a* shown on Table V Indicates there vill be a general Increase In lead required for future SLI battery production as follow*: Year i960 actual Year 1966 est. Year 1971 est. Year 1976 est. 316.000 ten* plus Industrial battery lead estimate 354.000 tons, a 12$ Increase plus Industrial battery lead 389.000 tons, additional 10$ plus " 429.000 tons, additional 10$ plus * "" The above may be an optimistic outlook, but that'* vhat Z get with my figuring and estimating. I would Indeed be negligent if I failed to acknowledge all the help I've received in compiling this Information, statistical data In particular. Members of the Association of American Battery Manufacturers, my associates LIA21226 Hr. C. Hertert Allen . v -3- Storage Battery Outlook--1961 at Vitallc end Southland Battery Coapanles, and battery manufacturers In general vero cooperative beyond ny expectations. United State* Government Bureau* and the Autccobile Manufacturers Association vere alto very helpful. A* an example, Hr. Ken Green, with vboo noat of you are acquainted, 1 a veil recognized authority on battery rev material requirements, including lead. X knov he recognizes the fact that I have used some information published over his signature early this year. He vaa kind enough to make a mass of Information available to me concerning his latest t.hi nlrl ng on the subject of lead requirements for batteries. I note from the program that there are many other very Interesting subject* that are being presented during this meeting. X aa confident my attendance here vlll be veil vorth vhlle. For this reason, as veil as for the honor that has been mine through your Invitation to address you here, X varrt to say thank you very ouch. C. Herbert Alien < ' i 1 8 --'<-'<***<'*iB***r,'?*-t>--' LI ^2 1227 STATISTICS FWt LEAD IHDUSTSlES KEETIKa - CMe390 W*; 2, 1961, Automotive Bitter; and Bitter; Lead Statistics (Units > 1000 SICS>1 vH.r Inllcstsl sttarvlM) TAIL! I C<*p*lt* Opinion tstlsated lH * IfitO 19* IKI IH7 1964 IKS IKt ran an fegl strations. ne* cert only 8e-registralions (by difference) Realslrations, annual gala Safes, domestic fro* u. 5. factories Sates, export fro* 9. S. factories Production, . 5. Inct udlng nil 11ary Hites per vehicle, average (in lles) Ic/eppegt end 'Inventory* adjustment 1 2 2 t 2 I 1 J 71.806 7.790 VMS 2.909 6.490 >00 too 4.950 8.661 7J.I9T 7.570 66.377 2.371 T.7> 361 m 7.905 720 5.169 71. V4 6.98) 66.543 3.196 6.375 312 7 |9 6.726 700 9.720 3,765 66.329 5. VI 62,9*7 1.169 6.786 306 659 5.121 665 9,656 6.212 67.159 6.660 60.319 1.976 6.791 >7 3 27) 7,220 667 9. 571 6.666 65.16) 6,650 5a.333 2.6*j 6 8,674 59* 112 6.919 621 9.6?> *.396 67.77T 6.127 56,600 6. 186 6.685 667 60 9.169 60) 9.615 3.963 59.56) 6.365 52.176 2.286 6.15) 601 36 6.601 561 9.609 6,077 urraitJ (t >4 12 >it Tj t m) Production - 0. S. Total Si 1 sizes Production - Original equipment 514 tiles oniy frojovtion - Replacement Scl sizes only * PrcK.^cti^n - Tractor type* (estimated) Production - Export** Sil sizes only () (12 veil only. O.C.) fl2 voit only, replacement) set. (1? volt total) 1 12 nil auto. tUl.. O.E. 4 riplacmnni Ratio to re-registered cars (a) txw uro> 11 urrm k u w a c t w i** >c:sl (.rids, posts, etc., tons) Percent r-etal Oxide* cf Lead'(Tons) fetal m Batteries (tons) Less in3yftrll rsttery use (est.) Lead In Auto, batteries (by differences) (tons) lead In Average Auto, battery, (lbs.) (xl) (5) > X.MI 6.950 27.550 too 1M i.pso ia.oe.0 21.019 601 M.990 6.950 27.660 190 190 6.950 16.300 21.260 611 2.SO >6.6)5 7.905 21.330 200 200 7.905 11.9:0 19,805 571 2.50 >*.719 6.726 27.495 290 210 6.726 9.M3 16.56 9 681 2. >6 >0.661 5.121 25,270 268 222 5.121 7.670 12.591 All 2.50 33.709 7.270 26.9*3 276 771 7.720 5.960 13.200 yn 7.31 32,521 6.9)9 75.0)6 277 361 5.S59 1.5)9 7.396 731 2.3) 35. 776 9,169 25.876 377 606 3.691 6*7 6.1)3 171 2.12 >1.009 6.601 23.771 277 609 1.0)0 >1 1.061 at 2.20 9 171 181 a 18) >6* >5 >19 U.) 178 691 190 a >sa 38 316 19.3 IfT 691 193 >31 39 . 3*3 19.9 160 515 153 >u 26 7*1 16.6 169 521 175 >51 >9 3?> 19.2 192 521 179 3l 62 379 20.2 in 521 19* 38C 36 >fe 19.6 7 26 >09 19.9 - - *** - estimated or forecast K^ch cf data s> j*r. for Tear lHO Is subject to late* revision ^ven final retorts are verified ana checked by sources Of Information ind! cateJ. Cvvtol eccCM't for variation la *elafit foe tee* 1959. tear end e<5- justment by 9. of M. adding 20.000 tons to batter/ teed usage may explain. Ably forecast try Ren Green of t. S. ft. (l) - United States Bureau of Public feeds i2) - Aultrtj^l le *wufactvfer Association mi ()) - txarvple = 1V.9 r*j. I 1?$9 r>e feg. - 1959 tOUl rtg. Z 68323 6 4W) - 71526 s J7s a4) . for 1959 {) - The Association of a**r I can Battery nanaf ectyrers. Ine. 1W0 Tear ftoc* - Tor practical purposes, production considered sa^e as snlp^eMi reported. (5) - United States bureau or Hines r i '.uuiixwy* e^u.je.JHj.appu-'ses^pw ya*.SWU,M.|WWMi!pff . null! nr; L I A 212 Z l Mr. C. Herbert Allen Storage Battery Outlook--196l '! Table II___________ Lead Weight* per Average Battery 6-Volt Vehlcls Battery 12-Volt Reg. Site Vehicle Battery 12-Volt Compact h Import Car Battery Eatiaated flow for 1961 Per Ken Green note* 3/l5/6l Gaithers report* covering approx. 37 different brand* and 78 type* of batterie* weighted by flcv by site 35* . 17.2 lb 16.7 .. 35* _ 20.3 lb 21.7 _ 22* . 16.4 lb 16.8 Assay Z 00 scrap batteries 15-6 17.3 15.6 Assay Y on scrap batterie* 15.8 18.5 l6.2 Weighted Average 100* 18.23 lb I8.67 16.26 16.94 i 0 Average* 16.33 Bureau of Mines reported and adjusted battery lead usage 19**5 16.25 17.53 gave a i960 weighted average per vehicle battery of 18.3 lb. To adjust above to actual Bureau of 1tinea weight*, factored by 1.044 17.05 20.31 16.97 18.30 % ? r The above variance* betveen weighted average* calculated and average* based on Bureau of Mine* report 1* probably due to need for weighting to ccmpens ate for variation* in distribution quantities by different nanufacturer* and brand* oeasured. t-. : ' s r: iJt'* Kr. C. Herbert Allen LI A? 12 2 9 Storage Battery Outlook--1961 I Table III Zatlnated Total All Sites 6-Volt Vehicle Batteries 12-Volt Vehicle Betterlee 12-voit Conpact & Icport Car Batteries no* 100* 39* _ . r* 22* Lead Weight each IS.30 lb IT .05 lb 20.31 ib 16.97 lb Tear - i960 (batts.) 34,599,000 13,493,610 13,493,610 7,611,700 Lead required i960 Ton* 316,600 115,000 137,000 64,600 0 Tear - 1961 (batta.) Lead required 34,600,000 13,603,200 13,603,200 7,673,600 1961 Tone 319,200 116,000 138,100 65,100 SEASONAL NATURE OF BATTERIES REQUIRED FRIO* M MANUFACTURERS (ilOOO) S.L.I. TypM Soerco - A.A.B.M. t A.M.A. ____________________ 5 I n fOUT_______ ____________THU l* ________ ' ^ ttpucacn w t t o ic j * - otitiUL tQoinerr mattr* t o t u . ttnAcooT 1 mia . EQvincrr tint Mom ISM ion te? Teen) Teen * er I960 her. Quarter 1*5* its* IMO kfr. TaaaJ fifc Tmt s * p*r QotrUr Tima Tur iwr. Teen* Teen * Qn5r*trer JOA. fab. MrO 2.00a 1.003 1.977 t.an i.m 1.J74 i.eas t.**i 1.07? 1.155 1.709 uu a.) 4.4 0.2 21.1 17) 4*9 *11 " 474 ie.3 *44 970 m 411 . J4 407 70S IX .T 15.9 2.094 1.344 i.m *.r 7.2 4.* 22.7 H>rll *r Jure 1,2*1 l.tsa i.nj 1.W 1.9*3 2. lit 1.M 1.430 2.072 l.aot 1.564 1.554 .j M 7.9 10.7 >51 m 4*7 *2* 440 TJ1 407 470 720 9*4 *.4 409 o.t 409 0.2 n.a 2.003 2.171 2.9*3 4.5 4.4 7.0 20.9 My WQgSl mt. 1. let I.) 2.70* 2.W4 2.72* 2.MS I.1J1 2.150 2.701 1.14J 2.93? 2.747 a.4 0.4 10.9 20.7 300 447 914 in 2*9 JTl 110 w *07 924 4.0 2** 4.4 314 4.* 17.4 2.7*7 1.574 3.042 U *.4 0.4 24.9 Oct. i.m ov. 1 1.141 t*c. I J.Oel TOT*. 25,270 >. 2.7t* 2.447 .*j 2.434 2.022 2.040 2.949 2.777 27,596 25,229 24,3(4 11.3 0.7 10.9 100.0s >1.5 100.0* m 402 4*4 41* yot 4*4 400 STJ 411 5,062 4,725 7.105 943 ) 633 0.1 429 5,4 6,565 100.0* 23.0 100.0* 3.503 3.0** J.Ml 22,931 10.4 9.4 10.3 100.0* 30.1 100.0* * - 9ourc - Assoclatloa of t+mricm *site<7 Manufacturer* - 0 A I reports fcaltary shlp^nts* trm Manufacturer* UMM son as oattery Production 3owr<* - MiicsaoolU Mftftufacturara Assoclatlo* - 'Vehicle Production* uumO aach vehicle Manufactured retire a bat tar/. JWJU..' JWf- m oayv^rjuiaMi1 wBswv!|P,fweiigR.AwwNy . ^*^**?**m. 'iii-Jiwpriniggw LI421231 03 CJ-3'* Tft'bla VProjected Battery Life and Lead Usage ______________________________________ Tear 1955 i960 1966 1971 1976 Population, Resident 48 States (000) Motor Vehicles Registered, public & private (000) Total Vehicles Registered/Total Batteries Batteries Shipped or Manufactured (000) Vehicle Mllea Traveled (000 000 000) Vehicle Klles/Eattery Miles per Vehicle (aver, per year) Lead per Average Battery, Lb Estimated Lead for S.L.I. Batteries, tens (000) Battery Itfe indicated by above ratio (month) (l| il) (2) (3) (1) (4) 164,000 62,727 1.75 35,775 603 16,870 9,615 19.V 346 21.0 178,464 73,697 2.13 34,635 720 20,775 9,740 18.3 316 25.6 195,353 9,161 2.21 40,300 899 22,300 10,080 17.6 354 26.5 211,653 101,240 2.24 45,200 1,051 23,300 10,515 17-2 399 26.9 229,758 113,642 2.26 50,200 1,200 23,900 10,575 17-1 429 27.1 S' * B (l) Source 1955 and i960 Automobile Manufacturers Association Pacts & Figures. Forecast for 1966 through 1991 by United States Bureau of Public Roads. (2) Ratio obtained by dividing total vehicle registration by total batteries (AAIM "Replacement Shijrsents" and vehicle production requirements). This ratio assumed to indicate battery life in years. (0. E. fc Replace ment combined). Years 1955 through i960 Indicate Increase of .38 years to life cf average battery. Future life Increase estimated by assuming that gain during 1960-66 vill be ,0j6 years, 1966-71 vill be .033 years, 1971-76 vill be .019 years Increase to average battery life. (3) Replacement battery shipments reported by Association of American Battery Manufacturers and batteries re quired by vehicle production reported by Automobile Manufacturers Association. * (4) Assuming lead per battery in future years vill decrease as follcvs: during 1960-66 2% during 15)66-71 ljt during 1971-76 % i 1 * 'Wic ij ,l2vAul i  riw^^mv vi * .1*21232 U VtiP omaa "k e v npaTEEKS" Dari4 M. Borclna, Assistant to the Secretary Lead Industries Association "Hev Frontiers," the designation thcfc we hare given to this session of our annual meeting, ho* nothing to do with politics. It Is simply co incidental that the vigorous aggressiveness sad initiative shown by the lead Industry In opening "new frontiers" have taken the spot 11^31 at * tine when the tern has struck the public fancy. Thousands of our best scientists, hundreds of our greatest corpo rations, cany agencies cf our government are right new engaged In taking advantage of the properties cf lead to solve their own problems, resulting in new lead products and uses. VhyT Hot because those people have a vested Interest la lead, not because they want to do our Industry a favor, not because lead Is the only raw material they have not explored! Bo, but because the lead Industry Itself Is talking lead as it never did be fore. Througl the power of technical advertising, technical publicity, end most of all, technical service. Industry has been awakened to the pos sibilities of lead In modem technology. It has been our privilege, with the whole-hearted support ve have had from the membera of the Industry, to disseminate the necessary technical laTcraaticn throughout Industry os a viiole and to cultivate, through technical service, the ground where our seed* have taken root. This to us seems the surest and least costly way to open "new borizcca." In this way the research dollar can be multiplied manyfold. In this way ve can help industry to fill In the missing pieces of each particular Jigsaw puzzle. Ve must know what lead has to offer and keep In close touch with Industry to know what It needs. That Is how the Lead Industries Association and Its staff operate*. Ve try to know more about lead than anyone else, we try to know what In dustry needs, and ve try to fill that need. In this session ve are attempting to give you a brief sampling of what Is going cn along ease "new frontiers." Time Is entirely Inadequate to give you a complete picture. You vill hear from a few people who have been attacking these frontiers with fresh vision. Seme are people with whom we have had the privilege of working closely; others have been entirely on their own. All are typical of the people who are looking ahead with lead and merit cur help, wherever possible, to bring their Ides* to fruitlcm. Once the technical aspect* of our new product develojment are licked, tha real selling Job begin*. That Is our Job too. Ve have to tell th* vorld about the wonder* cf these new frontiers so that when they are opened, ________they will beecoo populated with the right kind and number of customer*. Presented at the 33rd annual meeting --./Lead Industries Association, Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, Hay 3, 1961. N 229-09 t .;-<-^-*i'k'r^>tK-A;3?!/'*..,. L IA21233 i| i David M. Boro la* 2' Opening **Hv Frontiers" Bov ve function u the technical service voica of the lead industry My tost be illustrated by a fev case histories. A recent visit vlth a large manufacturer of fans and bicvers de veloped tha information that they were cariously concerned vith a nolaa problem la their never equipment, equipment thnt vas producing bansful noise levels. With the aid of the data contained in the Bolt, Bertmek and Kevnan report entitled "reproved 6ounl Barriers Suploying Lead," va vera alia to convince then that lead tight ha the eolution to their problem. Fortunately for us, they agreed, and as a result they are cur rently conducting tests on lead materials. Another case history I vill describe deals vith lead-asbestos astlvlbratlon pads. Tha vice president of the El Paso National Beni vs* in Montreal about a year ago, stopping at tha Queen Elisabeth Hotel. Els ova bank vas then planning a cev headquarter* building in El Paso on property over and around railroad tracks. Realising the Queen Elisabeth Hotel vas built over railroad tracks vith no noticeable vibration prob lem, he vent to see the maintenance engineer vho told tala about their use of the lead pads and that ha could get further information frea tha Lead Industries Association. He contacted us, ve sent him our folder and other data on the pods, and he recccsaended their use to the archi tects and engineers. Unfortunately for us, tha architects and engineers had never slept at the Queen Elisabeth Hotel so va had a telling Job to do. Vith the aid of the bank vice president, our selling Job vas ade quate and tha lead-asbestos pods remained In tha specification. Vas this the end of ItT Not cn your life! Tbs railroad nov got into the act and hired a consulting engineering firm in Chicago. Urey then contacted us and the necessary data vera sent along to them. Tha last ve heard, laat veek, tha lead-aebestoa pads are being installed this veek. Many other requests for technical Information on lead are received by the Association and seme cif these are displayed cn a board In the back of the ballroom. I hope you vill get a chance to look these over. Base of the usee for lead that vill be discussed during this session can not nov be ccnsid-red as using significant quantities of lead, but vho among you would hare said in 1925 that tetraethyl lead vould become the second largest consumer of lead in the comparatively short period at a little more then thirty years. Perhaps va have here in one or more at the products to be discussed another TEL. Let us hope sol Hope is not enough, of course! Ve vill have to continue our ag gressive approach to "Nev Frontiers" in lead end aid and abet every effort by technicians throughout industry to think lead and to use lead. To provide the type of information that these technicians need and vent, ve as an industry must: I 1. Develop the necessary technical information through research. 2. Inform the technicians vhat lead is doing and can do through mass communication channels., 3. Provlds a personal technical service staff prepared to vork vith technicians on speclflo Jobe. -As a result of forward looking members of the Association, ve are cur rently engaged In all three steps to a greater or lesser degree. History vill oe the Judge as to whether or not ve are doing a proper and adequate Job. ` *wr Ajyv.enu urn 'j . **\ PIT A! ns MARKETS Gordon Eubanks, General Sale* Manager, Clevite Electronics Components Division. Piozoelectricity Is not a new phenomenon. It was first discovered In 1680 at the Sorbonne by Pierre and Jacques Curie. Their studies at this tin* were conducted with crystals of quarts, tourmalin# and Rocholle ealt. Ihe practical application of piesoeleotrlclty was not significant until the early 1930's and was pioneered by the Brush Development Company of Cleveland, Ohio. Severe limitations were discovered in crystalline materials and efforts were made to find Improved materials. In 19h0 it was discovered that (BaTlOj) barium tltanate could be treated electrically and be permanently polarised. This discovery promoted the use of piezoelectricity as ceramic could be pre pared in sizes and shapes not attainable with crystals. Cr.e major limitation of barium tltanate la its upper temperature limit of approximately 100 C, This limitation was overcome In the 1950*s by the discovery of lead tltanate slrconate (Fb(TiZr) O3) with limiting temperatures around 300 C. The tech nical term for this ceramio Is cumbersome to us# In conversation so I will refer to PZT which is a registered trade mark of the Clevite Corporation. I don't wlih to dwell on the technical aspects of ceramio materials but the latter material is of interest to all of you because of Its high lead con tent. A brief look at the percentages of material used in PZT formulae should be useful. Ey weight PZT contains approximately 65? lead oxide (H>0) 12? titanium oxide (TiOj) and 23? zirconium oxide (ZrOj). In our operations at Clevite today vo are using approximately U0,000 pounds of ceramio powder per month, or 13 tons of lead oxide. We realize this 1* not tremendous volume for the lead Industry, but a look at the present and potential market is encouraging. Today's mrket for piezoelectric ceramic Is shared with barium tltanate, but the trend Is to PZT with Its Inherent characteristics of higher tem perature operation, greater stability, uniformity and ability to with stand pressure. Volume business today is concentrated In two areas, ultrasonic cleaning and sonar devices. Both of these product areas are expanding rapidly. Sonar in its broad sense la the military application of piezoelectricity to under water sound detection. It is the counterpart of radar In air. Some com mercial uses are for fish finders and depth finders In pleasure boats. I an certain you will hear more in this mooting concerning ultrasonlo clean ing and Its many varied applications. The number of units in this field is increasing but the volume of coranlc per unit le not large. Other ourrent markets for j?T Include phonograph cartridge elements (large volume, small quantity ceramic), fuse elements for detonators, microphones, delay lines, accelerometers for vibration measurements. Host of the Presented at the 32nd annual meeting--Lead Industries Association, Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, May 3, 1961. ,1 > N 229.1 ^^ ^ ^2 3^ ?o 8 : i PZT and Ita Markets 2 elements carry a rather high price tag based on required manufacturing techniques, but havo a small volume of ceramic powder, Vhen we consider future market potential for PZT ceramics, it is difficult not to become over-enthusiastic. Kew product ideas are being generated ao rapidly and by eo many eourcos that evaluation of their merits is quite a problem. It has even been suggested that a piece of ceramic be imbedded in the heel of a woman's shoe. Every step would generate a spark and light a neon bulb. More serious ideas include spark ignition for oil or gas fur naces and clothes dryers, electrostatic air filters, etomiration of fuel oil, speedometers, and, of course, spark purp devices for gasoline engines. Hie latter use of ceramic will be discussed by another speaker. Many present products of PZT are used in markets which are expanding rapidly. Most significant to -he lead Industry due to the heavier tonnage, is in use of underwater devices. The military program for increases in the number of submarines and the expansion of oceanography as a study frontier will re quire increasing quantities of piezoelectric ceramic. We are only starting to produce ceramio electric wave filters but the future for the product is excellent. We anticipate sales of hundreds of thousands yearly. One last coroent regarding the future products will point out the broad basis for scientific research in the use of piezoelectric ceramics. We have discussed products ranging from high production phono cartridge ele ments to heavy military applications. Recently one of the largest elec tronic companies announced a unique successful experiment with PZT sheet stock, Ir coating the surface with a luminous material they were able to excite the ceramio electrically and produce visual figures on the surface as in a cathode ray tube. Little imagination is required to visualise the TV picture tube of the future hanging from tho wall in a picture frame. To suzmarite, Clevite as a large producer is using lead oxide at the rate of over 150 tons per year in l?6l. This quantity should double within two years, and at least double again in the following five years. * " " * " -------------------- r * - - .. r.-^S<^{t~r`-}#?*}*.M LI A 212 36 SHALL ZTGISS IC^ITTCM WITH TKS "SPARK FUHP* Martin J. Gler.day, Manager, Special Product#, Clintonetics Division, Clinton Engines Corp. The small engine line generally encompasses those gasoline, internal coa- bustion engines with ratings between cne-half and ten horsepower. During World War II there wero approximately one million engines used In the four-year period. Since that period, the number of engines used has Increased each year to the present volume of 4 1/2 million per year. The general turnover Is every five or six years so there are approximately 20 to 25 million small engines In use in the country today. They find their use on lawn mowers, outboard motors, garden tractors, chainsaws, pumps, rototlllers, hay balers, and numerous other utilities which make our American way of life what it Is today. Throughout the history of the gasoline. Internal combustion engine, the ignition of the combustion mixture has been accomplished with an electric spark. The availability of electrical energy has been a major problem In the engineer ing, design, and application of the small engines. Thi., has been a particular problem since the electrical energy has had to be in the fora of high voltage to Initiate a spark. The small engine line, by its definition, demands a certain degree of portability and, therefore, the transformation of chemical energy to electrical energy found its adaptation primarily in the larger engine design. Hence battery ignition is used in the automobile. The storage battery is adapted to the high current and low voltage output, but the ignition coll transforms the low voltage, high current to high voltage, low current as Is necessary for the ignition spark. In the er-an engine line the ignition spark has been accomplished by the use of the magneto. The magneto takes mechanical energy, a turn of the crank or pull of the starting rope, and transforms it to electrical energy. This transformation is accomplished through magnets and a coil for generating a low voltage, high current type energy, and then as in the battery system, it is transformed with the ignition coil to high voltage and low current as is re quired for ignition. The storage battery and various magneto systems have bees in existence eince the birth of the gasoline engine. Tremendous strides have been taken in the science of engineering the storage battery and the magneto, but there has always been ^fts feeling that something was missing. Somewhere, somehow there must be a method of supplying ignition with undreamed of advan tages over the storage battery and magneto systems. The professional men have been waiting for some breakthrough that would open the field for them in en gineering and designing systems around some phenomenon that would suffice the needs not satisfied by the battery or magneto systems. Sines 1953, ths engineers of the Clintonetics Division of Clinton Engines Corporation have kept a watchful eye on the developments within the ceramio Industry, namely piezoelectric ceramics. In July, I960, after experimentatloo and analysis, it was concluded that the stags of development was ready for the adaptation to the ignition systems in the small engine field. Clintonetics engineers recognized this major breakthrough and programmed accordingly* 0 Presented at the 3^ Annual meeting -- Lead Industries Association Drakt Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, May 3 1961. ~ J.'LMjil' ! "' ............... ... IIM IJ'I.;V ,, jLl _ JH J m r- : f l t ( L r Hri r: I N 229.11 LIA2i 23J - 2- 0Hr, Martin J. Glendav Snail Engine Ignition with ths "3park Pump" 1 program for experimentation and development va3 organized vith Cleveland Graphite Bronze Corporation and work was begun. Cleveland Graphite Bronze Cor poration had developed an ignition system around their advance csramics and were also convinced that they had made a major step in the small engine field. Their system usee the epark pump to change mechanical energy to electrical energy and a switch to tine the spark to the engine cycle. Their crystals in the epark purp> can easily withstand the numerous dssign requirements in the email engine field. This epark pump develops high voltage directly without the need of a transformer coil ouch as the storage battery and magneto require. To the people connected with the lead industries, this engineering aeco<* A pllshmerrt means that lead will be used in each epark pump crystal. It also Beans that the ignition coil is no longer needed in the small engine systems, however, it means even more than this. The tacting programs at Clintonetics Division of Clinton Engines Corpora tion and Cleveland Graphita Bronze Corporation have shown this system to have the are ua12nsd..lriesatmeedTLdehbeosesfelocelwinam*gpiinnaeabtiiwloitenieigsohftw.berehaadkebrepeoninlotso,kincgoiflo, ra.ndThceonadcetnusaelr. advantages 3. Easier starting engines. 4. Longer engine life without maintenance. Cleveland Graphite*s system as applied to Clinton engines encompasses all four major advantages. The two main advantages as far as the user is concerned are easier starting and longer engine life without maintenance. For all prac tical purposes the ignition system will last throughout the engine life without maintenance and the spark plug life has been experienced at five times the present life. The other main advantage is that newer and improved starting methods are available since the spark pump output does not require any set speed to produce the required ignition. Clintonetics has programed customer testing of three hundred Clinton en gines. These tests on lawn nowers, tillers, and coccerclal gocarts have con firmed our laboratory tests and developed enthusiasm throughout the country. Twenty thousand hours of testing have enlightened even the skeptics. The evolu tion of the piezoelectric systems within the ignition system provokes dreams of one-half inch spark pusps and switches, making room for larger output and light er engines. If the magneto and battery systems are any form of a guide, ten years will see piezoelectric Ignition systems on all small engines and most large multicylinder engines. Including automobiles and trucks. The features of this would coincide with the automotive industry*s trend to engine life, bearings with no grease Jobs, batteries which would outlast the engine, infrequent oil changes, and life-time spark plugs. Clintonetics and Cleveland Graphite Corporation are happy to bring this n first breakthrough in a new revolutionary Ignition system to the point of use by the public. We are sure the many advantages will promots englna sales, promote accessory ealas, and bs of untold benefit to the paiblic. > i t r !T F gi. I Li A?12 38 TK^ygyT.KCTFIC PCWCT O^^ATigi AND LIG`f[V?inHT CLAY BLOCKS Sid W, Turner LIA Staff. I hope you've all had a chance to look at the deswnstration model thermoelectric generator in the back of the auditorium, If not, drop beck after the cession end we'll bo happy to demonstrate It. We've been publicising this new use of lead in LEAD, Wisre it has appeared three tins3 and have written it up in the Information Bulletin several tines. The reason for this interest on our part is that thermoelectricity looks like good new outlet for our product with a big future. For those of you who are not familiar with thermoelectricity, it's material that will create a current when heat Is applied at one end. This would be power generation. The converse of that is: if current ia passed through this material, cue and will get hot and the other end cold. This phenomenon Is called a "heat punp" and is tbs basis for thermoelectric refrigeration. Which material is used for refrigeration or power generation depends on Its efficiency -- what the solid state physicist calls the "figure of merit." . Pig-urea of merit for different materials depend on the temperature range of application. It happens that in the teeperature rang for rafrigeration --* that is fren room temperature down -- the most efficient material at present Is biEarth telluride. Cn the other hand, in the temperature range most use ful for power generation -- that is between about 350 P. to 1250 F. -- the most efficient material to data is doped lead telluride. In short, the field for lead in thermoelectricity is in power generation. In an actual power package lead telluride generators are capable of conversion efficiencies of about 7 to 9^ This is not enough to compete with the high efficiencies of the big land based utilities. But it is enough, so they tell me at Minnesota Mining 4 Manufacturing, to carve out a real commercial market for these devices in the auxiliary power and portable power package fields. In fact, they tell me at 3M that although they're happy to supply the military with lead telluride devices, their real ala is to develop cocxaercial markets for thermoelectricity -- and they're confident they can do it. They're not alone in this fealing either. Other cccpanles, including Wastlnghouse, are also aiming for cocxaercial thermoelectric markets. Cocxaercial uses can be separated into two classes. Auxiliary power from wests heat sources -- where the electricity generated would be essentially free -- and power packages for areas remote from power lines. Thermoelectric power Is attractive for portable power packs because its efficiency, even though low, is comparable with small gasoline motor driven generators. The first demonstration of a remote power source was the Snap HI built by 3H for space vehicles (remoter from power lines you cannot get). The Snap IH was never shot into space but the feasibility of thermoelectric power from an isotope hast source was demonstrated. It provided 7j5 conversion efficiency Presented at the 33rd annual meeting--Lead"Industrial Association Drake Hotel, Chioago, Illinois, May 3 1961. " { > | | j } j f 1 ; ; 1 ; ; . : ' 1 1 r N 229.12 t Sid W. Turner -2- Thno*l*ctrio Power Onsratloa end Lightweight day Blocks. with relatively light weight and no moving parts. Socw Snap Hi's here recent17 been built and s t l being placed into service. These end propane unit# of 4 to 10 vatts vill ba used to trickle charge batteries to supply power for reacts vaather stations and buoys for the Coast Cuard. The Snap X is being developed and will have an output of 300 lew. One of the early eorcasrclal usee of lead telluride for remote power is by Horthem Illinois Cae Coepany. They purchased a 10 watt generator from JH to check the feasibility of powering the cathodio protection systems on their gas mains with these devices. Heat would ba supplied by burned gas frets the main. Their tests show that electricity frea lead telluride packages Is actually cheaper than froa power lints. An exaapla of "waste heat" application that's getting serious attention at 3M is an auxiliary power supply for hosne gas heating furnaces. The big advantage here la that the home heating system Is completely relieved of its dependence upon electric power lines and the danger of power failure. Thermoelectric mits in this application provide the electricity to run fans end blowers, or pumps for hot water systems at essentially no cost for the electricity. After all, 25% of a furnace's heat goes up the stack anyway and the thermoelectric element introduces a negligible loss -- yet produces the needed power without maintenance. The only cost Is in the original investment for the installation. Present costs are about $35 a watt, but Mimosota Mining tells me that volume production will bring this dow to comparative levels. A big program is under way at 3M to Bake a production model of this home beat ing auxiliary power source. So far, they have support from 12 gas utilities. 3H is confident of the success of this program vdiich would probably mean the conversion of all gas home hosting furnaces to this type. Gas cccpaniea, after all, are anxious to get away from having to use the electricity in their pro ducts. An all-gas home is their aim. I might add that the same principle would apply to oil fired home heaters as well. Each one of these power pack ages would supply sense 300 watts power and require about 5 lbs. of lead tell uride. As there are approximately a million gas furnaces manufactured a year, this figures out to about 1,500 tons of lead for this one use. Bringing the price of these things down to less than a dollar a watt would make thermoelectric power very attractive in large power packages too. Portable basic power supplies in the 5 to 10 kilowatt range are being developed right now. With the lower prices, it is anticipated that 100 to 1,000 kilowatt power supplies would be feasible by 1965. Power sources in this rangs are extremely interesting to the Navy, The reason here is fairly obvious. With sonar as sensitive as it is today, our undersea fleet with its payload of Polaris missiles really needs to cruise silently under the water -- and this is Juat what thermoelectric power could make poesibla. What about Its use In the automobile? Replacing the generator is a possibility. Here several lead telluride elementa using waste heat from the manifold could supply a continuous charge to the battery. I have been told that there are considerable engineering difficulties in this arrangesnent, howevsr, but 3M feels that a real good bet la the trickle charging arrangement for battery powered cars and trucks. ~ . ; ii .MJP.P 'MjPH H PWWP fWwW - A I I) mp.i j u t pI i t * j | : : , f. l LI A?12 AO t I )i 314 W. Turner ~y~ Ihennsslsctrla Power Generation end Lightweight Cl47 Block*. A3 ccc&h lisas happens vh->.i raw lead products are devalued, one of the product* they C'a;* ;ta with are older ls.% ! products. Ths question is... >411 thermo electric portable povar packages compete with 1**4 acid batteries? In certain cas4, th 6-43<sr Is yoa. Co ths 4 watt buoy pewar package, 1 spoke of before, a few pour-j cf load tellurids in this application replaces airy asra pounds of laid arid butteries. On the plus elds, however, Klnneecta Mining fesla that an arrangcr-s-nt using lead tellurid power to trickle charge batteries 1 ex tremely attractive and should make the battery such more competitive creating many new applications. I would like to turn from thernoelectricity for the last couple of sdnutea of my talk to tall you about a new ceramic product with, I think, big future. That is lightweight glased clay block. Lightweight block is manufactured by incorporating into the fired clay large quantities of a bloated lightweight aggregate. Weights of this product are reduced dramatically. For example, standard block which Is 12 inches by 8 1/2 by 8 1/2 in concrete weighs somewhere around 60 lbs. In standard brick it would weigh that or more. But lightweight block under 20 lbs. has bean manu factured -- and block between 20 to 30 lbs. has passed all of the structural standards for top quality concrete block. Lightweight block like this gives real advantages to the architect beesues it allows faster and cheaper construction. Of course, lightweight concrete block is cccErcially available, day block is tore ejpensiv than concrete without any special features so that cor than likely it won't compete directly with lightweight concrete block. But unlike concrete block the clay block can be glazed. This does give the clay block a competitive edge where color i* de sired. A lightweight clay block with durable, maintenance-free color is an excellent low cost building product for hospitals, schools, industrial plants and offlea buildings. A block 12 Inches thick can be glazed on one aid or both sides. Che-block-thick construction of these glazed blocks would offer the beauty of color at low cost. Pilot quantities of lightweight glased clay block have been manufactured -- all those that I've checked on have used at least 15 to 20% lead oxide in the glase. At a recent meeting in Chicago of people interested in lightweight day block, an architect from the New Tork Housing Authority indicated his interest -- and the interest of his department -- in this type of product. Hie reasoning mm based upon cost. According to the Housing Authority, the cheapest way to build a building Is wi th masonry and not with porcelain enameled steel or any of the other curtain wall products in use today. He quoted figures centering installed prices of porcelain enameled steel versus installed prices of masonry. They werei porcelain enameled steel... $4 per eq. foot in place -- masonry... *2.25 per eq. foot in place. In short, he wants to use masonry. However, maintenance is a problem -- particularly of painted surfaces in the halls and entrance* LI A?1241 i Sid W. Turner l*~ Iberraelectrio Power Generation and Lightweight Clay Block*. Glazing tha product Is th* anrver, according to tha Housing Authority*a architect. A couple of installations have already been Bade by tha Housing Authority *t th* Edgtiiara house* in Par Rockaway in Long Island, New Tork. A prediction on lightweight block was mads at tha Basting I referred to before. It was mads by tha editor and publisher of one of the major ceramic magazine*. His prediction --"In tire, lightweight clay block will account for 12,000,000,000 brick unit* par year." We can assume that most of this will b* glased if w* figure 6 brick equivalent* to th* sq. foot, and about a quarter of * pound of ' glaze per sq. foot -- these are standard figures. This figures out to about 250.000 ton* of frit per year. Figuring tha lead content at 20 thl* would yield 50.000 ton* of lead oxide per year. I think we would eettl* for a fraction of . that* ; vm kvm iww ww j awwHj.wmy I jn^Hfpgg-iv. suf.yajLLW!W>,-vy^1 *. m 1*"f 1 . ^uwim'^ma rJ LIA?124? ) TK2 POTlCl'TlU rea l e a d kir.TTC'.rz: nssm Prucs raider Lead Industries Association Staff Frore what you have heard here today you rfiould have gleaned two isportant idea* ~ First, lead seems to have an important role to play in many rapidly growing Job* of noise and vibration control, and , , , Second, neither the basic theory nor knowledge based on experience is very widely spread among the people who should know most about the p roblens of noise control -- the architects, designers, and builders who will be using it. Concerning the first idea, we can only be grateful to Mother Hature for Baking lead such a good acoustical naterial. Concerning the second, we can and should do k * thing to bring at least a practical Knowledge of hew to use lead and leaded products to the people who need it, I think we can say that we are off to a good start on this Job, You knew of the high interest we're had in the subject of lead for noise control. The Association has distributed about 15,000 copies of the Eolt, Beranek and Kewmaa study to architects, builders, and design engineers. In addition to these, it ha* filled none than 5000 requests from individuals for this report. It has public lied sone of the outstanding case histories of the acoustical use of lead, LIA staff 0 menbers have visited, phor.ed, and written dozens of people with specific problem* and specific questions, Ve haven't always had the right answers for the*. Sometime* we have gotten into problems where wa wonder whether anyone has the right answer. We have had seme successes, too. We have seen encouragirg results in folding doors, machinery enclosures, inherently noisy equipment and even, in one case, a pleasure boat. From the talks you've hoard today you've also gotten sons idea of how complex the practice of noise control can be. Even the basic units of loudness and pitch are difficult to feel at horse with. If you were to look up "decibel" in your dictioo- you'd find it defined as "the usu3l unit in the measurement of sound intensity," Apparently Webster doesn't feel very much at home with decibels either! According to the experts, if we were asked to turn tp the volume control of a hi-fi set until the male was Just twice as loud as it bad been to start, moat of us would haws Increased the decibel level by 6 to 10 db. That gives us some sort of an understanding of the unit of sound that Alexander Grahan Bell devised. In terns of it, let's look at what sort of a Job lead can do. If we could build an Ideal room (slide) and partition It off with 8 pound lead Into six cozpartaents side-by-side, each partition would block out about 30 db of a sound pitched at middle C on the piano. Let's ring a bell pitched at middle C In compart ment number one -- and ring it as loudly as we can , . , say with the same noise Intensity that a four-engine Jet aircraft produces! 160 db, Cocpartment number two, separated from that noise by only 1/6 inch of lead, will be, at 130 db, about as noisy as the noisiest factory you've ever been In, Cn the other side of the next partition, in cocpartment number three, with another 30 cJb blocked out, the middle C tone will corse through with the Intensity of a sub way train pulling into the station as you stand on the platform. Another partition away the sound has dropped Presented at the 33rd annual meeting--Lead*Industides Association, Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, Kay 3, 1961 enmag Bg*T**` N 229.13 9t- . . ) r*jy rypy; - "**"**r |_IA212A3 ! o <) } i TKS PCfTEKTIAL FOR IAD A5 AN AOC.SHCAL I'ATEIHL -2 to 70 db -- about as loud as a busy street. Still wiother and we are at liO db ~ a quiet conversation in your living room with the T7 oet turned off, And in the last coupe rtrwnt, after five drops of 30 db each, tho 10 db of sound left ia probably less nole# than you have ever experienced. The quiet there would be coeparabla to the sound of your evn breathing if you stood perfectly still, all lions, deep in the heart of a silent cavern. Keep in mind that this was an "ideal" room, Ho one has yet learned to use lead so effectively in practice. Still, it is an ideal which can ba and is being approach*!. One final oolnt about our ideal room illustrates the complexity (not to say perversity) of the science of sound control. We used only 5/8 of an Inch of lead altogether to reduce the roar of a Jet plane to the quietest environment we can Imagine, let, had we used one single sheet of lead 5/8 inches thick, the original 160 db roar would have been reduced by U2 db to about 120 -- still very definitely in the boiler factory class. Things are complicated still further by the fact that each pitch will have a different penetrating power for lead ( and other) partitions. If, instead of a musical tone at middle C (about 260 cycles per second), we had started with *60 cycle hum* of a radio, erch of our partitions would have dropped out 20 rather than 30 db, On the other hand, had we started with a piercing whistle of 2*000 cycles per second, the lead oarrioru would have been nearly twice as effective with a drop of $6 db. Manufacturers of high fidelity equipment tell us that they can faithfully reproduce any tone or cooblnation of tones from 20 to 20,CO0 cycles per second. If we have good ears, we can actually hear this whole spectrum of sound -- and it is certainly there for ua to hear. There is no one in this room who could not tell, blindfolded, whether he was listening to a friend apeak to hln in person or on the telephone. The difference between the sound of a "first hand" voice and the sacs voice on the phone ia that the telephone ccrpary cuts out all but the essential frequencies. The phone is designed to reproduce frequencies between 200 and 2000 cycles per second. The difference between "first hand" and "telephone" voices lies in the omitted tones. Just think of the combinations of pitch and intensity of sound involved in talking. And think, too, of the variety of buzzes, groans, whistles, honks, bumps, grunts, squeaks and roars that are produced by the humdrum equipment we surround ourselvee withl -- the elevators that brought you to this session, the clatter of silverware and china at breakfast, or the sound of a bus going by outside the window. When you stop to think about the amount of noise we make with telephones and televisions, trucks and buses, and all the other paraphernalia of living a la 1961 It would seem that there is a market now for materials to give ua a little peace and quiet. Fortunately for us as acoustical product producers, 1962 is likely to be a little noisier than 1961, And so far as the obvious trend of mechanization can tell us, each succeeding year will be a little noisier still. Another contributor to the growing burden of noise on the new frontier is the Increase in city population -- more of us living closer together with more mechanisation to make It possible. Still another factor ia the old battle cry that "they don't build then like they used to," It applies to so cany of the produota we use every day from our homes and office buildings right through our automobiles^and, for that matter, pencil sharpen ers. The stress today Is on paring off any superfluous material and weight. Sy and - more - - , ............ --Wj) at. &Lt. tiff** ' -***&* *.- . '~****r*'- a^mw****.M".oy l IA 21 2 4 4 n THE Pgra.TIAL F03 LEAD AS AM ACpnsTICAJ. MATERIAL -3 n large it la a healthy trend -- but it does leave ua with light "dry wall* houses u Instead of heavy conventional construction and cast plastic rather than cast Iron rotor enclosures. With more of us crowded together in cities, making nore noise with ncre gadgets, and having less mass between us and the noise, there moat certain ly will be an increase In eephAsis on roise reduction. In dealing with interested editors of the technical press and others, we've had to raice an educated guess frontline to tine as to how much lead is going to be used in the noise control field. It Is patent that nobody can make such predictions with accuracy. On the other hand, we have dcr.a rers than glibly quote an optimistic figure. Our estimate has been that leaded plastic materials will be consumed at something like 300 to 500 tons of lead per year within the next few years. The uae of sheet lead acoustically nay be somewhat smaller, but should be a comparable figure. At the time we were asked these questions, naterials like Mr, Chapman's Acoustl-flex curtain were still in the planning stage and we have not allowed for the potential they add, Jkrt the point to note in this is that a new concept like Aoouati-flex did come Into being and does add considerably to lead's possibilities. It is not an isolated example. The Navy, now faced with a host of difficult acoustical problems stealing from better sound detection equipment, has become interested in the use of leaded plastic. There is no guarantee that materials now available will fit the Navy's requirement. Still, we have witnessed test3 which show a leaded plastic combination to be better than the best materials they have found to date. Siwuld the Navy settle on this material, you can multiply any estimate we have made by a factor of five or ten in the irraediate future. And it is to be expected that the knowledge that such a material exists will promote its use in solving tough industrial problems immediately, It is equally to be expected that from such a start lead will find acoustical uses in our homes, offices, aid public buildings soon after. - 30 - M1WTW If f w . iflWUMUMU WllPHipiUWj iijWiyIlgJMWW IW. M L IA 2 12 4 5 J I PRESENT STATUS^ ARP THE ^ X r f ( M. KsKullan, Cleveland Electric Vehicle Co. FRCE'JCTICH Q? ELECTRIC street trucks in the USA ceased In the early 1930*8. A sizeable group produced prior to that tins are etill in operation. At least two of these Old Timers are 1912 CX heavy duty electric trucks with a capacity of lh tons. \ ABOUT FIVE TEARS AGO Ihe Electric Storage Battery Co. decided there was a market for electric multi-step delivery trucks if engineered specifically for certain applications. An electric truck was devel oped from the ground up and three different models were designed. The first was a Dairy model with a normal payload of 3,000 lbs. and 17$ cubic feet. One of these vehicles le at this meeting for your Inspection. The second was a General Purpose nodol with a normal payload of 3,000 lbs. and L30 cubic feet. The third model waa a smaller vehicle with a normal payload of 1,500 lbs. and 190 cubic feet. Ihere ie always a give and take between payload, number of stops, terrain, mileage and type of road surface. Variable factors increase payload or mileage, etc. \ THE CKLT PEAL RESISTANCE in selling electric multi-stop delivery trucks has been the high initial cost. Statistics from field tests at Borden*a and others, have been accumulated. A summary of the Borden tests Is in the brochure which is available to you. The field test results dearly show the operating savings, even with the high initial Investment, and this investment can be substantially reduced with volume. In addition, tho initial investment need not be higher than gas trucks as the electric power can be purchased on a monthly billing basis, just the same as gaso line or electricity is purchased in present operations. FUTURE MARKETS CAS HE estimated fron the following! S 1. There are 120,000 retail rilk routes in the United States, of which 70? (or 6ii,000) are under 30 miles in length, and governed to speeds under 30 niles per hour to confom to urban speed limits. 2. Retail bread, parcel delivery, laundry and dry cleaning routes exceed 120,000 -- with an estimated 50? under 30 miles in length. 3. In England there are 35,000/li0,000 electric multi-stop vehicles on the road with production exceeding 2,000 per year. I recently read of Coca Cola in Belgium buying 200 English electric delivery trucks for their retail routes. U. Th# I960 market for gasoline multi-stop vehicle* in the USA was li2,000 vehicles. A modest ten percent of this market would be a substantial eleotrio truck r. ; Presented at the 32nd annual meeting--Lead Industries Association, Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, Hay 3, 1961. r" - . 1 * W>I JUJ. JW UJUM. Ul-1 , , N 229.14 ***!?*!***^`^'l'*',fAJB*?i)<W'>s ***-'a*^' '<-- ' LI A 212*6 -2manuf acturing activity, and could us* up to 9 million pounds of lead (WOO tone) annually, with Replacement battorlea every seven years multiplying this amount, 5. Ih addition there are many special possibilities! a. American Telephone & Telegraph has 97,000 vehicles in its system. Sixty percent of these vehicles are 1/2 ten or lest in capacity and average 30 miles per day, b. In-plant trucks in large plants such as Dow Chemical Co, at Midland, Michigan, with 150 one-ten trucks which never leave the plant sits and have low daily mileage. c. All of you in the lead industry have vehicles which average less than $0 miles per day. d. The Post Office Department which is already purchas ing three-wheeled electric vehicles, recently pur chased up to 10,000 multi-etop gasoline vehicles of which certainly a large percentage should have been electric, TO SUM IT AIL UP, the modem multi-stop electrle delivery truck is in pro duction and reasonable deliveries can be made. The potential market la substantial and it can become a worthwhile market for lead. Help 1s needed in promoting the use of these electric vehicles and your assistance is solicited both in promoting the use of electrics in all multi-stop delivery activities and within your own companies. Certainly the lesd industry stands to gain materially from an expanded use of electric vehicles. i I