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1044 CHAPTER 48 1953 Guide Report on Relative Performance of Air Filters, by Mechanical Division, Association of American Rail roads, January 16. 1038. Air Conditioning cf RaHr ad Passenger Cars, by L.-W. Wallace-and-Q. C. Early, Jr. (A.S.MJS. Transactions, November, 1937). Passenger Car Cooling Methods, by Kenneth Cartwright (Refrigerating Engineering, February. 1936. d 83 and March, 1936, p. 168). Diesel Drive for Passenger Air Conditioning, by J. R. Homaday (Refrigerating Engineering, M^rch. 1942 p. 139). Air Head>] 1946). P.C.C. Car Ventilation, B-3697 Westinghouse Electric Corp., September, 1946. Buses and Automobiles Bus Heating, by E. T. Todd and F. O. Gadd (Heating and Ventilating, Deo. 1946 p. S3). Air Conditioning of Automobiles and Buses, by L. W. Child (Society of Automotive Engineers Journal June, 1938). Bus Air Conditioning, by Jerry Hicke (Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, October, 1938) p. 639). Bus Air Conditioning, by A. J. Mallinckroat and Lara Hanson (Refrigerating Engineering, June 1939, p. 388). , ' Problems in Air Conditioning Automobiles, by F. J. Linsenmeyer (Society of Automotive Engineers Jour nal, July, 1939). Airplanes Comfort in High Altitude Flying, by D. W. Tomlinson (A.8.H.VJ2. Transactions, Vol. 47, 1941, p. 67). Heat Exchangers for Aircraft, by Arthur J. Hess (Refrigerating Engineering, September,1944, p. 192). Heat ing and Ventilating for Transport Airplanes, by B. M. Brod (A.S.H.VJ3. Transactions, Vol. 62,1946). Comfortisation of Aircraft, by Albert A. Amhym (Pitman Publishing Corp., New York, 1946). Refrigeration for Air Conditioning Pressurized Transport Aircraft, by B. L. Messinger (Heating and Ven tilating, January, 1946, p. 63). Ships The Ventilation of Ships, by R. McDonald (Journal of the Institution of Healing and Ventilating Engineers. (British) October, 1939). . -* Ventilation &nd Air Conditioning of the S. S. Panama (Heating and Ventilating, September, 1939, p. 47). Air Conditioning the New Mauretania (Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, July, 1939, p. 431). Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning on Shipboard, by J. H. Clarke (Heating, Piping and Air Con ditioning, August, p. 467; September, p. 629; October, p. 610, 1940). Care of Cargo at Sea, by O. D. Colvin, W. H. E. Hahne, and M. R. Colby (Transactions of the Society of Naval Architecte and Marine Engineere, Part I, VoL 46, 1938, p. 109; PartU, VoL 49,1941, p. 208). Ventilation of Ships, by J. Dawson (Joumal of The Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Lon don Vol. 10, June-July, 1942, No. Ill, p. 89). Modern Marine Engineers Manual, Vol. H, Sections 16 to 19, Inc. (Cornell Maritime Press, 1943). Warship Ventilating, Heating and Air Conditioning, by Comdr. T. H. Urdahl, U.S.N.R., and W. C.. Whittlesey (A.S.H.VJ2. Transactions, Vol. 49, 1943, d. 35). Standardized Heating and Ventilating Equipment for Fighting Ships, by Comdr. T. Hi Urdahl, UJ3.N.R. and Lt. John Everetts, Jr., U.S.N.R. (Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, July, 1943, p. 333). Designing Warship Ventilation with Standardized Equipment, by Comdr. T. H. Urdahl, U.S.N.R., and W. C. Whittle sey (Heatinq, Piping and Air Conditioning, August, 1943, p. 419). Ventilation and Heating of Maritime Commission Ships, by J. W. Markert (Heating and Ventilating, Feb ruary, 1943, p. 32). Why Ship Ventilation, by J. W. Markert (Heating and Ventilating, October, 1943). Evo lution of Ships Ventilation Systems, by J. W. Markert (TAe Log, 1944 Yearbook, p. 202). Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Ventilation and Heating, by H. E. Parker (Marine Engineering, Vol. II, The (Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1944, Chapter VI, p. 319). Blackout at Sea, by J. W. Markert (Heating and Ventilating, March, 1944, p. 55). Your Merchant Marine Will be Comfort Air Conditioned, by J. W. Markert' (Heating and Ventilating, May, 1945, p. 60). Modern Air Conditioning, by J. W. Markert (Marine Engineering and Shipping Review, November, 1945, p. 177). Modern Marine Refrigeration andAir Conditioning, by W. H. Carrier and L. E. Starr (Marine Engineering and Shipping Review, April, 1946, d. 132). Dehumidification Protects U. S. Navy's Inactive Fleet, by Capt. T. H. Urdahl and Comdr. E. R. Queer, (Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, March, 1946, p. 71). . Reconversion of Liner S. S. Lurline, by Robert Tate (Society of Naval Architects and Marins Engineers, May 12, 1949). .. 1946^f ^on^*on"1 * American President Liners, by J. W. Markert (Pacific Marine Review, August, * . Kzport Lines Air Conditioning of Four Aces, by J. W. Markert (Marine Engineering, March, 1949). '( CHAPTER 49 WATER SERVICES 't Sizing Cold Water Supply Piping, Procedure for Sizing Cold Water Systems, Cool ing Water Piping, Estimating Heating Load and Storage Capacity, Methods of Heating Water, Computing Heat Transfer Surface, Hot Water Supply Piping, Control of Service Water Temperature, Safety Devices, Solar Water Heaters, Domestic Hot Water by Heat Pump PROPER design of the water distributing system in a building is neces sary in order that the various fixtures may function properly. The amount of either hot or cold water used in any building is variable, de pending on the type of structure, usage, occupancy, and time of day. It is necessary to provide piping, water heating, and storage facilities of sufficient capacity to meet the peak, demand without wasteful excess in either piping or equivalent cost. SIZING COLD WATER SUPPLY PIPING One of the important items that must be1 determined before any part of the water-piping system can be sized, is the probable rate of flow in any particular reach of piping. The rate of flow in the service line, risers, and main branches, however, will rarely be equal to the sum of the rates of flow of all connected fixtures. In fact, the probability that every fixture in a large group will be in use at the same time is so remote that it: would be very poor engineering practice to design the piping to take care of suchsimultaneous flow. The demand load in building water supply systems cannot be deter mined exactly and is not readily standardized. The two main problems to be considered are: (1) the satisfactory supply of water for a given fixture, and (2) the number of fixtures which may be assumed to be in use at the same time. The minimum flow that will be satisfactory to, the consumer depends greatly on the consumer, his standard of living, his professional needs, size of family, garden requirements, and similar factors. Depending on these factors, the per capita water consumption for domestic use usually varies between 20 and 80 gal per day. Experience indicates that the type of dwelling also has considerable influence on the water consumption. - In apartment houses the per capita daily water consumption is generally higher than in single-family houses. This is due to the use of a central metering system which is not conducive to the saving of water, and to the long hot water lines which cause high heat losses and an increase in the wasting of the cooled water. In designing water supply systems for apart ment houses, a. daily per capita water consumption of 50 gal may be con sidered a safe design figure. Although a considerable number of housing projects have been developed throughout the United States, conclusive water consumption data have not yet been gathered. Nevertheless, it seems that the daily per capita water consumption in housing projects falls in between the consumption in apart- ment houses and that in single dwellings at the same geographical location. 1045