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N39128 SWP 00S708 rilCIi ONE I * G, B, HEGIC In d u s t r y Ma Digest"; Secre Varnish Prod tm. National Association, etc HECKEL 1321 Arch CASTOR OILS af <ostr Oil Derivatives ILS-- Rsfinod Castor Oils Processed (8lown) Castor Oils Polymerised Caster Oils Mifioral Oil Soluble Castor Oils Hydrogenated Castor Oil Acetylatod Castor Oils Dehydrated Castor Oils Emulsifiobl* Castor Oils Castor Oil Dispersions mim%4t:l7\:Zara,e Acetyl Ricinoleate Qctadecadienoate Artinr Hydroxystaarate BMSI05-- Castor Oil Acids Dehydrated Castor Oil Acids Undecylenie Acid ALDEHYIMES>~.HeptaMehyd* JAPS--Potassium Rlcinoieate Ammonium Ricinoleate Barium Ricinoleate Calcium Ricinoleate Cadmium Ricinoleate Zino Ricinoleate Zinc Undecyienote MiAL RESIDUE--Caster Pomace fii mm mrm mi mmms ts$n, s is mo a o w a y , iw iwm. %, a y . imf c% Bspiit, i. leg HfSfi Lit ItfSliSj III 4 Ceumero fcfreien Oxidizin Plesficii@ Cool-To Aromati Slwe t h e n ev FfTTSBU Chemicala tor rh SWP 0 0 6 7 1 2 /' HYDROCARBON CO Foreword ....................... Advertisers, Index of.... Hot Spray Process.......... Lacquer Section ............ Material Index.............. Paint Section.............. Varnish Section ........... INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Abbe, Inc., Paul O.................................Inside Back Cover Advance Solvents & Chemical Corp.............................. 355 American Zinc Sales Company..................................... 333 Archer-Danirls-Midland Company................................ gg Bakeiite Company (A Division of Union Carbide and Carbon Company) ..................................116*117 Baker Castor Otl Company............................. ............ 4 The Barrett Division (Allied Chemical & Dye Corporation) ..................................................... gj Btnney & Smith Company...........................................Insert Brighton Copper Works, Inc...................... 158 Day Company, Jf. H.................................................... 353 Falk & Company.................................................. 3 Harshaw Chemical Company.................................... 335 Krumbhaar Chemicals................................. 334 Lead Industries Association........................................ 355 Neville Company.............................................. j Pan American Chemicals............................................ g Prince Manufacturing Company.................................. 4 Retchhold Chemicals, Inc.................... Inside Front Cover R. B. H. Dispersions (Division of Intcrchemical Corporation)................... 65 Shellac Information Bureau of the American Bleached Shellac Mfrs. Assn., Inc....................... 359 V. S. Industrial Chemicals Co. (Division of National Distillers Products Corp....................... 332 f or e Many technical authoriti of the malecir.is p.d services Acknowledgement is ma rendered hy the Scientific Vanish ik Lgiqucr As$hc., jc.hr. F. Broekec, j. O. O reviewing much of the ma a he foflcjwirsg firms tog have contributed text matter AA^r,'? Solvent* * Chemical a .-. Ztr m Of., 1 D-wc piaoili l.hciu.iials. in Gc-.c.-ii iiiMliic f.o., Oificlf-l Csii-vR O'.ip. The Oh ms * < , Heieules Powder Spencer KelittieB *08 Soria. Ju C^oskey Varnish (.<>., Monsan The hltvilk Co.. The New J ;%,r Amcrkcn Petroleum Ch''m,cals. Jnv., !tiishcd-P4#sn OieimcsU, Shellac In duln. fi.\, Frcd'k A. SCeu-n United C.abti Grraocny, tnc., Walcroaints. lm., Whiitakci, & Co.. Wyr-rulotts Chemicals -C .'seder ii* G. Wen!. Graham n-rdr ! S-r-r!. M. M. Grub T a ii'irciVsc,--.; T. G. Stewart N. W. Putnam. Wilt*., George J Budy. j. Ti.mp. i- M. Out:. F. M. ri V. Jlvaler. f. G. Wautarw W. T--o--bcy, W-a`lter "F, "Kvsterrr# Ur.nmk' R. H. Wieth, W Grisham, S. Werthan, F. 5. ( jiam /. Green, f.. J. Meeskc, E. Marshall. &. A. Pctcls.irt. I be Npsv Paint. Varnis published annually in Nov MW O'aS matter perti be submitted to the publ THE PAINT SECTII What is paint? <** machil or by Sing\.^ pray painting dine^ofL"dtrrvcinL,,"l>inMfreP oKnl " roUcr-coating" and sol d*f'y"- What is the purpose of paint? ^To protect or to decorate surfaces or *o i--Drove resistance and for many other' purposes. What additional services does paint render? rliogrrhIrhrotott,ss/ifs1it,rtbtnussarno,dta^rVngagVenc*y hant d^a prei`v.erenftli-ve`so"f dreEafyfuasneds coss of interior illumination and tac3cide!nt"sn. * s,rain- As traffic pamt it reduces Wfsst is Meuse Faint? ma^HitsdSnin ,`he? r0";C' bcauli'* "><= defaces of of dwellings. h S,ruct,on o{ buildings--especially What I the he$t House Paint? ihc^Lt'^ Pr0`!CU and What materials are used in making House Paints? -Jrs'-ss st^gsuas^ Hem may such pigments he classified? sg'jsz, flnf sr the wMft etlirs? WMte lead: the basic c several varieties), bask kad. zinc oxide (`''Ame Process"), leaded zincs (c r;f lead sulphate, (5% ,c there are Jour types), tita combined .with a definite antimony oxide or coated l mat is Sasic CarosMte Wh A coraponwd of lead, c composition- inf Basic carbo stcteKtf to-be- 2PbS30'Pt> of present knowledge a modern scientific instrum to be a mixture of the fo (1) 4FbOOa 2 Pb( O (2) 21'ist'JOa Pb (O (3) PbGO.i The .process of manuf hence the name "Old Dutc 'i\e American procedu Lead Is melted and cas "buckles." The buckles, diameter, are placed in p one pint of dilute 3% a are placed in rooms hold to 1000 pots each. The and Issycn ot taubarii p rooms, technically called ing period of about 12 acid generated by fermen wtA the acid vapors, com a bask carbonate white le This, after it is crushe water, and dried, forms h sold in the dry state to or ground in linseed oil purposes. Wat Si "eartnf Process W In this process melted by -.a jet of air or supe lead is charged into lar wooden Ctinden, and subjected during 10 So 12 days to toe action of air and purified carbon dioxide gas from buying coal. The white lead produced by this process is finer in particle, and somewhat whiter and more uni form than Dutch Process white Scad. Wltaf Is EtocMytic White test? HHwstMsce. Being a. reactw lead reacts with the v la "tke- Bsa- to fa**1 lfiad ..AtlW the film and incre the lead- soaps we flexible, laesb -like fibers in doth, Sms containing white lead Lead plates--Anodes--suspended in a solution of Sodium Acetate containing a trace of Sodium Carbonate, and iron plates--cathodes--suspended in a solution of sodium Carbonate, and the two solutions separated by a fabric diaphragm, form an electrolytic cell On application of the electric current the lead dissolves a? Iea?, aCc*ste at the anode and is precipitated immediatelf in the anolyte as basic lead carbonate. It is then earned in suspension by the flow of anolyte through the cell to a "settler.5* The clear anolyte returns to the cell. The settled white lead is filtered, washed and dried. The carbonate ions that are removed from the catholyte, b)r migration through the diaphragm, to precipitate the white lead, are replaced by Carbonaiion of the eatholyte external to the cell. The product is a very pure, brilliantly white and finely divided pigment. I 1 ' What is Esistsn White Lead? Witt i* itotBpseu-SlBHirt Pra This is a precipitated b eery- fine particle size produ A mixture of finely divi lead formed by agitating furnace, is-charged into a fonh a slurry. A small perc after which the batch is a ated. and basic carbonate w "sise white lead produce Preens i the most basic in commercial production flexible and' can produce a ate While leads within the 4PbCQj 2Fh(QHh PbO The outstanding charact by this process ate extrem hiding power, and desirab Huston White Lead is made by a unique chemical process. Basic lead acetate solution is first prepared by dissolving lead oxide, formed on the surface of highly punned, feathered lead through the action of air, in normal lead acetate solution. This basic solution is clarified and treated with GOg whereby the basic portion is precipitated as white lead. I he white lead is separated from the normal lead atetaic solution remaining and washed, dried, pulverized and packed dry or ground in oil. The strict control possible is responsible for the excepbonal purity and clean white color of Euston White Lead. ; l are tin characteristics if Basie Carfeaoate Wftift Urt? ft " fivc 'white "pigment which disperses readily m linseed oil and other "drying oils" and stimulates their drymg. It works easily under the brush to form an opaque white film having excellent durability and water Hat Is Pul# Briil White Basic carbonate' white l neftl-fi in tanks, and the e residue k called "j*Sp "l dried by heat. Hater the pr fur oil Was utilized, to disp pulp. The moist pigment type miser, and 'the displ later process is more eco and results in a snore unifo What Is Basis Silicate White Basic Silicate White L development of the Natio volves a new pigment conc By means of a dry ph lead sulfate is reacted wit pigment comprising a sur 12 SHP 0 0 3 7 1 S p-u and monobasic lead sulfate firmly bonded ,o a silica core -n" r*"'.,,JI,R PiRtwnl nai a reac*iv~ surface with the uO1/ $?* !?;,ora' r3ci 'on-ii as bssir caibcnasr white "**` * "3V v?s*.?r oj }>ah (- siiic^ir whb !c;vi 45X osiers a diitlrj advantage rcmpaied with other reactive ;S;n4 T" sa ion :>| b:!?" silicate white lead 45K ffiol pe*^ W"h baSiC C0rbOnaIP whi" What is Bad Lead and Orange Mineral? i.u' ra!lK< 7'd l)i".lrnt composed principally of Pb,04. iA0^JSfltm MWfc l.'.J i . of rtd. Icadused in paint arc classified rpd lead: thc --*" ,,r^d Lrad Produces an excellent rust inhibitivr metal protectne coating, widely used for painting iron and What is "Sublimed" er Basic Sulphate White Lead? This product is so named because it is obtained bv a 5(ubi,,m?"on process or `fume' process from lead sulphide ufedCm`r-rdKa CnAa } "n'S by a Prc,cess analogous to that t c ^ Produce ABiertcan zinc oxide and leaded zincs. ItdiePn,S ^u med d!rec"y as a very fine, inpalpablc white powder, without grinding. Chemically, it is differs,dnhm ?rf`nfy 'rh,te !t;ad. being apparently a basic ingPcons,r,u,fon; ' ^ HaS aPPro*imately the follow- Lead sulphate ......................... Lead oxide............................... Zinc oxide............................... j j c /. ,c.cr &% It exceeds in the fineness of the particles the "basic them ":nefh ?d" f ^a`c lfad> and is at least equal to quahtilts Ph hT"' bncly. covering power and wearing befnf d,ff"S frfm> basic carbonate white leads in the fiilnh,.^,SOnOU5' resists the blackening action of muchU grcaterdcgrec dS ^ *' *" a"d f * "> a binldf tt wlphate ^adjX*dr arc chemically com- btned m sublimed white lead, forming the true basic sulphate (approximately Pb3 S3 0L This chemical combination of the sulph compound explains the. hig nMefit possesses. Us phys *T. iron, -'sic normal lead s value, because it is cryst TJ-- twitie presem '5 Mrfaali"ai.mupt o! zinc su used is; its manufacture. WStat are tft elfaraeteristies ; ,i,,, ,|J nlgment? pro ...htini-d'Wad possesses in oJTep.-rio: i:> that of pi S5< the extreme -ei {.|f oft of Imiiiri n u reits the discoloring a o her harmful gases in th am other Teat! pigment. It reacts less strongly the "drying oils." When more freelv than corrode msusufactursn to Introdu counteract tile tendency What is Sublimed Blue Lea A ablt<naio<t oroduc lead the process a? man what different composit analy'sis follows: Lead sulphate ....... Lead oxide .......... Carbon ............... Zinc oxide ........... Lead Sulphite ....... The carton comes from Wlat are the etoraetirisM Being a "fume" prod high (more than twice is as high as that of oth in suspension and brus than most lead pigme linseed oil and is no Official tests place it inhibitors." 14 S 'V o Wfiit is lists Os*? ava^Ubirifco^cili ;rPU"d f and oxygen ss 9* awhistueitafubmlee co*mbus!tion!rh,,a,mh- 'P OK.ide > ?. me`htacll,cresZull,>8canin` fabric bags which coll TM, fiL":" and. fi,f";^ '>rough combustion gases to esc "nl ?x,ae and Permit the metallic 2inc` vapors are orn M a \ almo3pher'- The processes. In the FV,,..i. _J? ed by ,* well-known we obtained by di.'tiil'ine 'th ' metall`C * *ap -m the American * `ml ,2mC '? re`TM- md fuel, usually anthrar'ii K|Ure ca*clned z,nc ore suitable furnac,. i,, which' tb* ^ C<"''' k,bwaed " a burned directly tl\Zc Lit The R and processes has enabled r ' * "e ^ex,^'bty of these variety of grades of zinc oWd'*)1"" * develoP a wide f the paint industry. (N. J. Zn. Co TM"` ^ many n<`eds at in She cltaracteristies gf 21m e`W ranging from oTtoVs m'icrons'i'n j'"'11 f a~l.pi^ments shape of zinc oxide as viewed . d,amctcr. The particle microscope varies over . wid^ undcr ? high-powered nodular shapes to acicular raP,8c..,frm round or oxide is one of ^rwhitest ni !i?e .3hape!i- Zinc ultra-violet light and when ETM*1' 1 j P aflue to protects the fdm from th. d" . lncorporated in a paint, violet rays in sunlight While r"ft,Ve a5`ion of the ultra - hidinR PbWr f. pain,b hfr PropIrdelTe'of more importance It is a :, , , ProPer*ies are the atmosphere and is S olffd "byV the ss"ullpphhur gases in pprrooooff ppiiggmPec"nt'. IJ,tn1iss"aiils*oCel"f"0rfe-'-/.c'ofnnssllddeerred!. 3a5,a___fu_m__e- used as a preventive for m;idl"P,SnOUiS' 2'nc ox`dc is contributes to the hardnes^of T'"8' yellowinff and also a very valuable pigmem i Pamt ,? ms- 2inc oxide is chalking and dirt reSn ofC0"`r"lhn8 ihc decking, * used in mXall amoCnl, f "r paint *"*. and coatings: i,, metal protmtT Pa^ntTT 0*her. iyP of in enamels for minim P>aln,58' (or rus* inhibition . mX-JS.ZSZ.'gSTL cJ" ** 16 What are leaded line OiMas Leaded zinc oxides are line ore and -lead sulphide Process. When the lead together in this manner, t as a co-fumed leaded lin present as-basic Scad sulp white lead. Leaded zinc o basic sulphate white lead, a 35% leaded zinc oxid produced by Intending zinc both of which have been zinc oxide is primarily use paints. Wat are the characteristics They are widely used in not only provide a conven sine oxide and white lead ance and weathering prop Their hiding power an exterior house paints ar similar mixtures of white What it lino Siriflda? The chemical formula most readily produced by through a solution of z sulfate solution with a s washing and calcining the constituent of lithoponc, hiding power. What are the etorasteristics This pigment finds spe hiding power and dense also imparts resistance to retention and resistance to What ii "Lithapma"? Normal lithoponc, a w about 28% zinc sulfide duced by precipitation fr and zinc sulfate. The p strongly calcined to develop optimum pigment properties. A modification of this pigment is "titanated" lithopone --a blend of about I5r/, TitK and 85% normal lithopone. What ms the characteristics of Uthepone? Lithopone, first made in this country around the turn ol the century, is used in large tonnages by the paint industry-nm only for its good hiding power but also for toe special properties it adds to finishes. In wall coatings based on latex, resin-emulsions or casein, lithopone ir widely used because it imparts can ..... mon' treedom from lap marks and color float ing, and greater resistance to washing. In oleorcsinous ana pigment gives added density, ftoiaotii i?.nd Gcrub resistance. It is the principal pigment in many metal primerfr a,U-tomobUes and * `ike.in which gZi sanding properties are essential. Its firm bonding with naW^Vyt?w,ML adj*.to,lhe wear resistance of'traffic pa,ms and porch-and-declc enamels. In the latter, litho- TtZ.te |scd.len* retention and marked large" tonnages^ r L"h0p" e " TM TM What, art the Titanium Pigments? Primarily titanium dioxide (TiO). The pure oxide proximateW*47y frm i,mfn,'tr- a mineral containing ap- diS Whit7 f" ^`n' ,rT an<i 53 P "nt titanium Unbelt !h' ll'P,OS,`s a;c found in various part* of the sou cel ofI"d m anada. chief commercial sources of supply are Travancore Beach India and YorTsiate^d^^'ri ^ATM n" larRe **" * in' New store state and in Florida. By chemical treatment the iron removed and the pure dioxide preeipi" This "Redur^H"* " Marketed under various trade names. ini e i d Rra,d<? fusually designated as "C") contain- thfos Sulphate- arc a,3 consumed in large quan- Rutile types range from mod pending on the treatments and in their manufacture. They a bluish than Anatase, higher in opacity and tinctorial strength more suitable for exterior finis of chalk resistance and tint ret Hilt irs tsfi elaraetifislies f Extreme fineness of panicle _,1.2.5!-- brilliant whiteness and alkali resistance, inertnes lacquer ingredients. They are industrial finishes, lithograp cellulose lacquers, enamels, e Hit Is an "Inert" sr "fteinfe Properly speaking any pig chemically with any of the "non-reactive pigment." In carbon Mack, lamp Mack, gr "chrome green"), etc., arc a "inert," however, is usually colorless natural "extenders" to paints for various techn Tovidr the solid base on wh in i.V chemical lake colors active pigments in the pain percentages of magnesium s may be added to while lead excessive spreading rate (thu the paint film) or to give it magnesium silicate or silic bases). It will be noted that the inert pigments are co themselves. Note: The inert pigmen tensively to adulterate the The pure or unreduced Titanium Dioxide is manufac tured in two crystal types--Anatase and Rutile. The Anatase pigment is lower in spccifir gravity, somewhat Wuer rn color, and less chalk resistant than Rutile. The IS Sftat inert Pigment* are in C Barium sulphate ("baryte white") silica (silex, diato silicate (asbestine, "nytal" tated alumina, kaolin, alu P^.ate,, (fOTsum, terra alba, "burnt gypsum" or "anhydritr,") calcium carbonate (ground limestone), Paris white, whiting, etc. In thr calcium carbonate group a coated precipitated type has recently been introduced which increases lustre and How and .eliminates brushmarts at high pigment concentration in paints and enamels. In addition it reduces absorption by porous surfaces. is Sarittm Sulphate m Barytas? Chemically, oro> atom of barium combined with one nio-cci..,-;' of ..-unc acid (BaSO^) in which the barium replaces the two atoms of hydrogen in the acid (HzSO). ft is a widely distributed mineral. The principal American sources are Missouri, Arkansas; Tennessee, North Caro lina and Virginia. Prc-rsarmion consists essentially in gnadiBg, reasovittg Imparities In an acid bath, thorough v-s>mmg. and bolting or sedimentation, tilanc fixe it produced by precipitation from solution of a soluble -strium salt by means of a soluble sulphate. The process a sintibr to |bat..iw,|itlie}fse.--In the preparation of some of the more ,piiaiteat lakes barium sulphate is pttc-ifMated simultaneously -with, the "striking" of the ccAjr. ,.e mnem of "bs:>" E,it "ijainc-,-"- )hus more mitmatc. torming what is known as a "lake color," The CJr-": Ci'wcnsii'a* "cSsromu greens*1 are thus produced. Wfet art ths characteristics if Barium Sulphate? Extreme chemical stability. As a pigment it is, in the lull sense of the term, inert. Being practically colorless in oil it has no modifying effect on the color of other pig- menti. ft is therefore an . excellent means for diluting T!P'.y without modifying their tone; for hrtmg chemically active pigments and thus prolonging the life of the paint film; for modifying the spreading di.vidcd pigments, thereby increasing turn thickness. Used in moderate percentages with white lead or zinc oxide it is held by many authorities to increase durability. The heavy weight of these pigments has a tendency to cause hard settling upon storage. Wiist is Silica tr Site*? It is an oxide of the metalloid, Silicon, containing one 20 atom of the latter and two ato one of the most abundant "crust," existing in many for crystal," amethyst, quartz or familiar. It also occurs in exte ceous earth"--"kicselguhr" jkrVioii., o*' rmcrra-opic alga beds The robt! ' .>!ifa are c sudden qnrnching, grinding floating." Dtatomaceous eart particle size. What is "Blealite" Inert Extend Diatoms, microscopic aqua skeleton in- the form, of soft, crumbles, ii the source for d Wfcet are its uses in Paint? This product is used exten m extender pigments. Being butting value is high and th , agents. They extend' the h ments and increase the stren film. It tends to reduce or dering the film porous, thu Slushing and leveling is also What is Magnesium Silicate? A complex combination of magnesium and water. Th alfyC), but varies ir, nature i true talc or ' soapstone," tre liie varieties usually found shade into one another, b physical properties which graphical source. Wtel are the characteristics e "Inertness,'' fineness, unc (under 3), and a physica keep it in suspension. It is make a `smoother" paint than other inerts. The as "asbestine") art generally 21 SWP 0 0 6 7 2 0 K-i m m film materially. Magnesium silicates are believed to be of special value in fire-retardant roof paints. 1. Helps to disperse hard to gr 2. Imparts case of brushing m What is "Alumina"? 3. Shows*unusual suspension p Aluminum Oxide (AI2O3) . Its most familiar forms are corundum, emery, ruby, sapphire. Aluminum sulphate I, Speeds up fnetory productio 5. Produce smooth looking film ("alum') under certain circumstances, precipitates aluminum trihydrate (aluminum hydroxide, "hydrated alumina''), which is used as a mordant In dyeing and as a base in the manufacture of chemical colors and lakes. I he silicates of aluminum---china clay, kaolin, feldspar, etc --are commonly, though incorrectly, Called "Ma mma, ` and therefore are included here under that heading. They arc complex hydrated silicates. One of these is china clay, which is decomposed feldspar. For use it is washed and "floated." Another type, Pyrophyllite (Ali>0:r4Si02-HfcO) is also a well-known "inert/' or sandiness. 6. Provide an excellent means freedom from ropiness. 7. Certain Aluminum Silicate ASP 1100) show remark Processed aluminum silica color. 8, Chemical inertness anti 1.4 - 5.5 and free of lime effect Irmr-sensitive colors body due to r.hrmical react 9. Excellent .durability. ASP 1100 is coated with ste What am the characteristics st Aluminum Silicate? grades are not foaled. ''Inertness" and practical absence of color--though in What is Calcium Sulphate? this the clays are inferior to magnesium silicate and cal Th*. hydrated sulphate of the cium carbor-iiite-- impalpable fineness in the case of kaolin 2H.O)' familiar as "gypsum," a jh and appreciate `tpotli'* in the case of feldspar; micro- of Paris (the latter dehydrated 'it aypio-acici4ar form- in the case of pyrophyl- *wjth water it rrbydrates and "s ntr. uuicrwtsc the pigment is comparable in its properties e..wp ,, familiar in Portland to magnesium silicate. hydrated, however, it loses this Being one of the cheapest of the "inerts" it is specified ineri pigment it is carefully grou in station paints, freight car paints, etc. by some large consumers, consequent dehydration, and bo "Dead burnt" calcium sulp Wliaf is Aluminum Silicate Pigment? (ASP) An inert extender pigment which results from process ing domestic china clay so as to remove grit, mica, sand, hard particles, water soluble salts and other impurities t-lr nallira^>r >n rhy. Aluminum Silicate Pigments Oilier from ordinary clays in that the specialized process* mg also permits specific particle size fractionation, espenally in the fine particle range of l/-j mirron average ami S/i microns maximum, This processing further assures a controlled moisture content of IV maximum in contrast with china clays which are known to vary widely. The Aluminum Silicate Pigment is a flat hexagonal plate and is used in paints for the following reasons: which all the water has hern d preferred extender .pigment for Dioxide and is used in large tonn Wftat are the characteristics of C Inertness, medium softness, manipulation. Its solubility in impairs its value in some formula it is comparable to other "ine Dudley, of the Pennsylvania R erence. What is Calcium Carbonate? One atom of calcium combin the carbonic arid radical (Ca 22 23 OTf* > i: H as limestone, marble, Mexican onyx, crystalline calcite, satin spar, stalactite, Paris white, chalk, etc, The most familiar commercial form is "whiting," the best of which is known as "Paris while," "cliffstone Paris white" and "bolted whiting." It is formed through long ages, simi larly to diatoinacedus esrih, from the shells of minute for-aminifera inhabiting prrhistorir oceans. The best varieties arc obtained from ihr rhaik dills on the east coast of England--hence the name "difFstone." The chalk is coarsely ground in water with "edge-runner" mills, then with flat stone mills, floated in water, thor* oughly dried, am! carefully rrgroursd to avoid besting. Hnely ground marble dust, etc., is often offered for sale as "whiting." Calcium carbonate is also a synthetic :>igrncnt made by one of two methods, the precipitated product of the synthesis of lime water and carbon dioxide sir the precipi tated product of the mixture of sodium carbonate and lime. Wltaf are the characteristics f Calcium Carbonate? Each of the various forms has its definite properties. Whiting, partly because of its peculiar structure, tends to hold ^pigments in suspension *ud will neutralise any traces oz iree mineral acid in oil or pigments, ft "spreads" web and is regarded ss especiady useful to neutralise acid residues in the chemical iron oxides, bleached barytes, etc. Another type, known as "white mineral primer," is made from marble oust, calcite etc., finely ground and water floated. It has a crystalline structure and k comPaTM*^ *n properties to other inerts of similar structure. The most recent type of calcium carbonate pigment already mentioned, is described as "treated calcium carbonate, (``Surfex") and apparently has polar proper ties which differentiate it from other forms. Regarding calcium carbonate in general it is worthy of note that "old time putty" made of linseed oil and whiting alone has been known to endure, without appar ent deterioration, for half a century. What are Iran Osida Pigmanis? Iron oxide pigments arc divided into two major groups: natural oxides or earth colors, and synthetic or pure oxides. Each group is further divided into four 24 colors: red {ferric oxide, FegOs oxide, >) ; black (fe and brown (mixtures of the o siiiOi'fds range :n iron oxioe ron contain varying amounts of ma organic matter, etc. whic h influ strength, and physical properties analyse from 99 to 99% -iron o impurities. Natural oxides arc: manufac five b^sic types: hematite, a r oxide; 'limtwiitc, a yellow or b drated ferric oxide; siderite, a is calcined- to ferric oxide; mag black oxide; and calcined pyrite ore. Ores suitable for pigmen only a small fraction of the tota must be carefully selected not on but for such properties as colo cic. The natural oxides jisost co field and their sourer are: Spa Spahkfi hematite; tVrsian Uuirise ore imported from iVrsin iron oxides with a high mangan raw and burnt siennas from i domestic fimontie ores; metall calcined ismor.ite end siderite from domestic hematite and black oxide from magnetite ore. The principal basic material of synthetic oxides is copperas o 7H&Q): Pure yellow iron oxide ing colloidal iron hydrate fey proceeding with a precipitating of copperas, scrap iron and o ItTM light lemon yellow to da Pure black iron oxide is p using an iron salt and an alk tion. Pure red iron oxides are methods (!) calcination of calcination of pure black oxid tion of copperas with the oxidation to Fe2Oa. A comp salmon red to deep purple re 25 SWP 0 0 6 7 2 2 ..v. it : ' '.'i' - i; ,, ,,,......,. . . ...... : . (. . . ....... i'f'- ` '- Light rrd shades are known in the industry as pure Sight red oxides and dark shades as pure Indian reds. Another group of synthetic red oxides, named Vene tian reds, is made by calcining lime and copperas to give a product analyzing 40% Ke^Oa and 80% CaSOi. Iron oxides are permanent in color, non-bleeding, resistant to acids, alkalis, and heat, opaque to ultra violet light, have excellent covering power, and are normally chemically inert. The choice of type depends on the requirements of end-use. What ars "Chemical Criers"? / nr first broad classificp.tscn of ehcmlcri y;. colon .can .be -made -by -placing them in groups of organic pigment* and inorganic pigment* and this classification has gome ifgmtiemc*: became-ad the pigment* in each grouj- c'dl iisy:- c;vtor,> properties in common. Most organic .pigments are. made from dyestuffs- - ctoeattcal. -mMh Ibo b i a* intermediates, that are arrivcti .ffpsn. .c.pal #&r, Generally sp?akln^f pigments of type the l^lutaatnrsH, particularly in tints, of Uie organic pif?mep2 atid t2?re arr few -j.tccpSicE?. ;Qfg&ngc- pigments as s class are FTsotre- -Mfecfy tir' . -gcitibl or- tii la ifeE goSwnis, tfttaners and., soap solutions than the inorganic pigments, - Whenever tefmmm is made to Weeding, the particular TM lireagg MiostsJ bp stated, since same pigment* tfcft are ssnir-l>Seec!i;i;rin one material may bleed ttt others. The organic colors are not aseeggsaty --eoBnpaiii" entirely of organic matter and in many cases meiaHw salts .are combated to for*, tasters and' lata. MelSlfie *>** tta* nr commonly used include those f barium, cafctani, aisiafimia, lusgsten, moSybdiMium, !ea4, tin ^ strontium. Examples of organic pigment* are Tolu- ijpfj Reds, Lithol Red*t Ifansa Yellows and Yefftsw . Lakes, as well as the.. Pisospise-Ty;.ig:jtie and Mofyhdlc- Tales prepared from srnrfe dyestuffs a# -Victoria Bstte M^lbyl .Violet, Brilliant Green, Malachite Green and Rlioaamine Red*. The inorganic color pigment* are composed of metallic compounds ef sron, lead, zinc, chromium, aiuiiiiiusni sulci meny other.:, Pigment colors in the .inorganic group iuclsiJc the s.cad Chromate Yellows and Oranges, Iron Oxide YcUotm, Cadmium Yellows and Reds, and Red Oxides. Zinc Yellow, Iron Blues, Chrome Greens, Chromium Oxide, Hydrated C marine Blue are also include These chemical colors are trolled conditions which pro uniform not only from the sta position but alfo shade, stre grinding. The precipitated pig ->l chemicals which (a ,n.eeipit-UfS or separates fire process- pigments are ;:-y b:?misS3 P- nijKiiui? of sTfs miun Oxide, Hydrated Chro marine -Blue are examples of fettminig process. The Gadmsu bf the precipitation process a in a'furnace.-In order to develo Various burning process;':', sirs of the Important black pigme Lampblack and Bone "Jack, a to the presence of carbon. In the manufacture of som eqttipneitt generally consists o rizir ;or.t-"*J can drais by .tr tank--Jo which the precipitaion equipped with maciianicai agi tie cbciiicafs mare easily anS 1 -that dnriitg the strike there the precipitating solution. The life solutions, the concentra temperature at which the pre ihe agitation of the solutions influence the precise shade an that is formed. The next step ment to remove objectionable tolution. This Is accomplishe water and then allowing th settle, aarl the clear liquid a jettird out, is then siphoned o settled pigment is then aga agitated and the pigment is and this washing process is jala are removed. Sometime carried out In filter presses e purpose. The thin water sl pigmen: h pumped to filter 26 2 1^ **" ;T' !-#' aSHSg HSfT -%- ^CJF.=J'Cv. -1 gig 1` I i; --P pigment from the excess water and at this stage the pig English Vermilion--English Verm ment is said to be in "pulp" form. The p;-p color it then loaded on trays and plac'd in drying ovens where it is dried at temperatures ranging from 110 F. to 190" F. depending upon the pariirular color, AfW drying, the pigment is in the form of large lumps whicl arc ground on a pulveriser to a very fine poWfler ail mercury sulphide pigment, the co light, bright Vermilion shade. It bieeding red having a very low paints and enamels it tends to d light. Because of its high coat its then packed for shipment. Lithol Reds--JLithol Reds are m IIEDS The more important types of Inorganic, reds are tit sWentwliatt* Tobias Acid and B type of red fit available as Sodium n.-r.i ami Lsd'.es; tfee Sodium Is Iron- Oxide .Reds and the Cadmium Reds. Engli^ Vermilion might, be mentioned but ils use -Is FelatsveJ limited in the paint industry-. There are many differ types of organic reds and in'.this Mel review it is oiij possible to tench upon the mare important ones, whid' include Lithol Reds, -Para Reds, ToluHine Reds, Ghjoe incted -'sea .Tied and Alizarine Red Lakes. Muff is what may be Rimed a iSlesssB- lilbols are deep reds or WF the lowest In iswr.of.ftie organ used In enamels where maximum quired. They arc non-bleeding in !B lacquer advents and badly in s used to quite mm extent in exterio Iron Oxide Reds--Iron Oxide Reds may be divided not have the iightfastnejs of Para R into two types; one being the natural occurring oxide aml'titefeforc alt not generally use amt the -other, the synthetic or manufactured products. er bulletin paints. They find The man-ufaetufeii Iran-Qxldia cover a wide range "sf ;r.3r;--i,-toy enamels, novelty fi shade* varying from a fight red to..a. eosnparativdf teg Ejfitiils-noutani a metallic reslnatc m|-or.-iaafn, They are -essentially pure Iran Oxides fcigfctet in - masRonc and cleaner that are mss6t by roasting- iron sulphate, -a by-product opacity--:f the non-resinated Lith of the iron pickling industry, or a Jerri;: hydrate, in i poorer-fiftw Sn enameb. or furnace, iron Oxide Reds are very . permanent and opaque cow comparatively low in cos', but they lack ihc rich, bright hues cf the organic reds. Theirprincipal .use is for railway finishes, marine pan, home Par Meds--Para Reds are pro assdiates Paranttraniluic and. Be awsfcHfe In-fight and deep shade brilliancy an# very good Kghtfa and barn paints and for floor enamels and many type of metal primers. aietf in enatBeb and have ve ency for exterior use. One disadva Cadmium. Reds--Cadmium Reds are precipitated pig- use .of Bara. Red for cratain app menis, She chemical eompcsitioo bring cadmium' sulphidt to bleed in oils. It also has poor in combination with, some selenium, and the types is fUtfaot Reth or Toluidines and is HMBt cominsn. ^ose in -this country arc co-precipitated used in'baking enamels that are t products- containing barium sulphate. They are furnace tures over 200" F. treated after precipitation and they will therefore with stand high baking temperatures and they are available in a rangy- sf shades from-a very light red-to a deep rd M^tsareoit, They have good brilliancy, bring considerate brighter tlwB the Iron Oxide Reds but less brilliant thsi the organic red toners. They have a low oil absorptios >. apf al .CshSo^afflvveengtso. od CgflcotsdsmIhnunen1aR15medJefskl.s aa_ n--red asorementofimn-eb. s.lee.uds, iend3g' 1i s-- automotive finishes, Toluidine Reds--Toluidine Red that have excellent lightfastness ance to bleeding in oils than P organic reds they should not b if#tfastness b Important, Toluidi front eziMiirls. automotive finishe huBetin paints where maximum Chlorinated Para--Chlorinated 28 29 SWP 00S 7Z 3 SWP 0 0 6 7 2 4 i se - * - ol Para Red that contains some Chlorine in the molecule. It ia_n. vesy %kt fed, Mq; ffladr lighter than Paras in Toluidines, and has excellent brilliancy. Its gjropertlB arc similar to those just mentioned for Toluidines the- -escjepiioH. that it has .-poaner fee#? resistance, ft used principally in exterior finishes' where it Is desiraMs to employ a red of this approximate shade with toMtittn* Sightfastncss. Madder Lakes--.Madder Labes are produced from a dyestuff., bswp, as .Afoai-ioe Eed nd -tsfa the place cf Ae edfowig .matter that was "-made many years ags ftm tie msdsksr pirna. It is a bluish shade red that k-.cotfe pMliwJy mmgpafem, _ntl its use i the paint indusfn largely coafaed to stains where g permanent m pigment is. desired, and it Is used in .mating mahogjuy shades. It hsj very good permanency-and hi ' " in oil and Jacques- solvents. Madder hake h also for artuto1' oil colors. a mainly norms! lend ckroir.f,!e, ted molybdate anti lead sulphate. ?crixh`?r and have many times the Chrome Orange. Because of opacity -:re mere ere.-o.-nies! to use despite pe-tiod !hi,t> Chrome Orange. They ;rn fesve I'Sffilent gloss in rnKsncls ant! a extent in .'. oii:bins!:o.i v-:th dark si-r nzsge of having excellent bril St !c'.v cost i permarir la comparison with the older type M much improved products with respec :..- Ut darkening, arr nm* availa find extensive use in farm machinery Orange Mineral---Orange Mineral yfseni .mac's in ;-. furnace by roasting suMthied' litharge; it is a very bright o anting- strength. It is not all that fa the standpoint of permanency as. on w ORANGES ' tal change occurs and a white chalkin cu the re.-fac prohub!,- due to the The inorganic orange pigmesste iQ matt eamnsm w s-i!C,*r. It has very good opacity, v C.P. Ghmrmm Ormmk SMskJme Grange, Oraapfi tswrand Is sometimes employed as fcfinera!, and a an-erfei saw; shade of ByS-stei In s ' Vermilion Reds. Orange Mineral is Otsia Ys Id w . The -Htgaule orates include nialttarafe mented enamels to any very great exte Ciyi'-.aif,*:, ClHlisBtlB-aiiiSiie Owa-ge- ansi. Orange Lafa. feprimers for metal surfaces. C.P. Chrome Oranges--C.P. Chrome Orange Orthonitraniline Orange--Orthoni basic lead etawaafes. made by the precipitation prong produced Irom the intermediates O from leatf'.-acetsie or. lead- nitrate, and sadism bichromate. Bets- Naphthei. It is a very bright, By ^syigg' iBr amUMfoiia, pmticufcsty the alkalinity, it orange having good lightfastness whe is passible to preAiee a image of colors from a wary fet enamels, ii is used for awning paint tstf? -is*lali orange. .Chrome Oranges haw _ - Minparativcly good alkali fastness !;?! very good MghJfastaggs and they show less tendency to ? manufacture of casein uair-.Sc. One d darken on. severe, .exposure- to light than is characteriser Orihoiiitraniline Orange bleeds badly of- Molybdate Oranges and the lighter shades of L solvents. Chromate Yellows, because of low cost and nsr'scn-iiicy Dinhraniline Orange-- Dinitranilin they are used where a* orange pigment Is desired, sate it 'a necessaryc far gome .special use to employ a. diffeM typa_ to obtain Letter tjrllfianicy, aflali Isaacs*, ns* filing properties or to avoid the use o a lead pigment i%e- datte* tstafc find application la fc manufactuce *f irom Dinitraniiine and Beta Naphtho shade orange that has excellent figh ment has better resistance to bleeding jJtriii the octhoriiffaniltne type, and awning paints. It is suitable for trim past Inlribitive paints, and are generally relented to a and il matches the Federal shade kno Basie Lead Chromates. {Image. It has comparatively poor Molybdate Orange---Molybdate Oranges are precipi- therefore is not generally employed tafcd lead eiawnate plgraente, the composition of wliicl I he baked. 30 3! Orange Lakes---Orange Lakes are made by precis- dpitated pigments of much finer pa tating an orange dyestuff on a base, usually of alumim greater tinctorial strength than th hydrate. They are transparent and vary from, poor to Is* saitSes such as ochre. They are ve with, respect, to ligfitfastnrss, depending upon the pas> wry useful for producing cream a titular dyestuff used. Their principal use is in ft , where the brightness of Chrome Ye production of transparent metal coatings for cans, boil: They have exceUees : an caps, etc. "1 bey are non-bleedin" in .nb.rj isi but arc sensitive to high temperatur high. temperatures at which finishes of this type a* ccme redder at temprraiurrs ir. exces uauiilly baked. They are no; sufficiently lighttVit for up JOJI'ORs that arc to be subjected to exterior exposun; Zinc Yellow--Zinc Yellow is a when used in combination with, the tfamparcwt Ytftt laent of eomparatively low tinting Lakes a "gold" effect is produced. .-fesetiisg x solution of potassium bi wide. Its principal me is in the YELLOWS hiisibiti-.'-r paints and particularly prim teutg used by the aircraft indust Inorganic Yellow pigments include C.P, Ghrotig partially water soluble and while Yellows, Hydrated Iron Oxide Yellows, Zinc Yrtfew-attf asakttsg .green- trim paints in combin Cadmium Yellows, The mare common swgauttt jseita cutumium oxide, it should not be us pigments are the -Hama Yellows and Yell Laiac (Jan dnaatu may be objectionable. receptiy the Benzidine type of yellow-.-h-a- hem itfe#* fa-. yetow enamels since on severe duced. weather greenish and leas brilliant. Chrome Yellows---Chrome Yellows are . available in a ssoiiriSy used as an artists' color. wide- range of shades from a very .light or greenift| Cadmium Yellows--Cadmium Y yellow known as Primrose Yellow down through- tB SsSjjfciSe pigments and the types in Lenwjs or Light shades to what is called a Meiura1 wpresipttatidl pigments containin Yellow. These are. lead chromate p-gsneatg a*I-.si Cadmium Yellows are available I Medium Yellow is about a normal lead- chromate^ OM- .a. greeitllii or Primrose Yellow tainting -35: per-cent or spore lend.- clwB*ate-,- Tbipfii&l# r..r gei&sj shade, -and they have g hues contala Varying amouttts ef co-prectpltaled lead -fcanewaad do not darken on expo chroeeete and lead -wafpliste. Chrome Yellowa mre vetf pretence of sulphide fumes. In tin bnghl yellows and eousideriAle progress hag bees mate permanent on weathering as the m-mtgm fmsrs Ip Improving-their JfigblfBstiteg(,-.afe&0Ug& '"as"; -ttslg i* particularly evident even .-the .-Osrcttiie- Yellows- darken to sosfte degrce-ca from eondmiatHMs of Cadmium Y espsisusc to. fijdd. The Tmtotito Chrome Yellows me tfei able blue or bluish green. The Ca more objeetianabte in this respect. The Chrome Yellow excellent heat resistance which is are considerably brighter and are available in r. znuck they are furnace treated pigment ryccter range .of shades than the Hydrated frost Oxiite Yellows, Chrome Yellows are not alkali fast and they vrj.s not withstand extremely high baking temperature* without discaktcition. CIk c p p c Yellows are used in print, ^ssd emtistelg, also .halspnsute^ feus not in casern paints ct finishes that are to be applied, to .surfaces "that .are araaune, such as cement or stucco. Being lead pigments, Chrome Yellows will blacken in the presence of Mtlptwfafc raamds and also casein paints. Hama Yellow---Hansa Yellow i ,tv3up of organic nro pigments that lighlfailness and alkali resistance. It about four times that of a go approximately the same shade. H paratively poor opacity in enamels vr-ldoro sited except where a non Iron Oxide Yallows--Iron Oxide Yellows are pre- quired, prohibiting the use of a Yellow. The heat resistance of 32 33 SWP 0 0 8 7 2 S ft si particularly flood, and it therefore is not well adapi for use in baking enamels. TVe ,4C.P indicates commercially pur free from extenders such as barytes, cl > e...l.l.o..i.v. Lake* - Y...r.j.i.o. .w Lakes are imMa.nd.ee ibryy |pureecup{ww!h|;il|e th(,er Reduced Greens rcoonnttaain a tatum soluble dyes, such as Uimolinc 'follow and combination of barvtes and clay, the da tra/uie, on an aluminum hydrate base. The YrBw! lhe suspension properties of the Lakec ss aarier ttrr.aihiu.tppaarrernmt min ooiill aanmdi llaaccqquuer vehicles ai* base the disadvantage of not nrr used for metal decorating finisshhers., such as ca'^aj,Je for color retention in the packa bottllee caps, not dues etc. I hey withstand the cittl ,,jj paints 3l-!(i enamels, due to the Ir tom;;:>ry baking schedules for finishes of this type and k v.^ g|uf ;s a highly oxidized iron fcr i ombhminantion witih (< )rainnge Lakes., uprroodduucrer gi*old shade!1 efc1 nrr-ence oSf ann .oxiifl ftkhnafit rdlersienes Ibvsyi lo\ Aluminum hydrate has the desirable property .,{ besrj}. n-ioiaiiy deoxidized which means tha transparent in oil and varnish vehicles, but unfortunateM, ^ 0jor w strength because of this c it also is reactive with some vehicles and care must ty fi,ag"' aRr(] Chrome Green paint, p taken to he sure that the vehicle used is eompati`4, ' r yel!owcr in the package With pigments rout;,,.ling aluminum hydrate. Ihe YrilJj^e but after it has been applied an Jwn"ttM*cV for fimshtt thsi}.^ ^ ,Jemanl3 for oxygen again sa ft v //' n e*'rno.r rxoo*u'| . , f ~>iii generally rrvm bark to nearly , ''-'Kimr Ytllow-' Benzidine Yellow is a c ips nait'f Greens are widely used becaus :or a group oi organic aaw pigments that naw a very bi*r.*v opacity, lightfastnrss, excellent s strength, mo.iersicly good light fastness and nlka5"' b|v low cost !inT^f:J^nVrPi.'in!T-ta.are *"*** <li`-h,or;brnW Chromium Oxide- Chromium Oxi " "--w " " m'~ * " by burning a mixture of sodium ?--5*Wi'n.--fn the mte-mrniate reducing me,i which converts which .the dfcfifer-fsenxKfifie is coupled. s ne .ftenzicucc Yellows, as a class, arc less light tna rjansa fficiv, but arc much more higher in ctrrpgth _n:e-/ aye n;,-: recommended for rxirricr , c.t-1 iixv rlr.osa Yellow;,, are not sensitive io alkalis, jiiL ami other cumnion inuustria; or a.ruospheric gr.sct Gr e e n s "" Inorganic Greens are Chrome Greens. {:h Oxide and Hydrated Chromium Oxide, The ......... '(kiC^tmic Oxide. Chromium Oxide pnnnaSr.e..n. t 'and indestructible .pig.ment isssrto atfang alkali and acid*. It is m isrisSly and much less brilliant than C. ami for tinting purposes it is more rj good opacity and has low oil abso & quite an extent.in specification pain If- is possible to vary the hue of Chrom what by controlling conditions during Greens include the Phospho-T-utigstic pigment;, jatifc sari tilt range of shades obtainable is co from basic dyes and also Phthalocyanine Green, Chromium Oxide is an abrasive pigme Chrome Greens--Chrome Greens consist of the mixH wear on roller mills. Although the precipitates of a Lead Chromate Yellow and Iron 3lue. particle is hard, the aggregates are so By varying the proportions of yellow and blue a a very small amount of grinding. Be range of hues is produced. Chronic Green:: have excel- fasiness Chromium Oxide is used in lent itgutfastness and good opacity and they are used i finishes that are to be applied to extensively for most all types of paints and enamels 1 hey cannot he used where an alkaline condition * present either in paint or on she surface to which a fiuiA I applied. This is due io the sensitivity of both *| Hydrated Chromium Oxide is made by an SpCrhordouTmceiudwmbOy xibidtue'r.,nibnugt it a Oxide -- Hy entirely diffe is a fire proce mixture of s yellow and the blue to alkali. Chrome Greens are par durrd in what are termed the C.P. and Reduced grades and boric acid. This is a very clean ment that has excellent lightfastness 34 35 and is used in considerable quantities in green enamels. It has poor opacity and fairly high oil absorption and is never issed by itself hut usually in combination with a suitable opaque white, and yellow is ad^ed when necesairy io modify the ^hade h is much rnoiv exp.-ndt^' oa a ilnitsig basis than. Chrome Green but it used where package stability is desired-'and also for brighter and cleaner green tints titan can be produced v/ith Chrorne Greens. Ph&spho-Tungstic Grams--Phospho-Tungstic Grecm are manufactured by .precipitating bask dyestuffs, with s i@lbtio.ii of- pbospho.-timgstie acid .and in some cases phospho-mofybdic acid. These pigments arc compara tively transparent and therefore not suitable for making opaque coatirga except in tints where the opacity is imparted by the opaque white. They prqduce much cleanei tints than Chrome Greens They have fair light* for interior use, and are used for toy finishes, novelties r.nd kitchen furnishings, but they do. xtpt.have sufitekui permanency for exterior enamels. The phospho* tungstic pigments us a class are fairly sensitive to alkali so pigments of an alkaline nature should never be used with greens of this type as fading will occur on storage of the enamels in the container. Alkali also impairs the lightfasiness. It is advisable not to use zinc oxide or white lead or extenders such as whiting, as the slightly basic nature of these pigment < *vSi, cn Song standing, cause fading of weak tints in the package. Phthatocyanine Gvssn -- Phth&ioeyariine Green is a highly chlorinated copper Phthatoi-yanme of a fairly bluish green hue that has very good lightfastness and alkali resistance and is non-bleeding in oils and lacquer vehicles. It produces very brilliant green tints but it y very high in price. PhthaSocyanine Green is stable in solvents and retains its color very well in green tints. Being not very opaque it is used almost always in com bination with opaque white for finishes with good hiding power. Bl u e s The inorganic blues in general use are Iron Blue, Ultramarine Blue and Cobalt Blue, the latter being used in relatively small quantities because of its comparatively high cost. The organic blues used by the paint and varnish industry include the phospho-tungstic precipita tions of basic dyes and Pht Iron Blues--Iron Blues a solution of a soluble fe phate, thereby forming a -he:* oxidized to a ferric fall is \:i'd with sodium made Item straight sodiu satisfactory pigment prope the names-of Prussian. Bl etc.,: but these -names-hav as far as describing any produce Iron Blues that and others'with-a decide tone* range from a comp eba-, jet, dark blue. Ir fastness and me used by very permanent finishes s trim paints. Iron Blues should not be used v/ith Surfaces where alkali ma is very strong tmrtoriall neres'iary to formulate ca and vrnicie in order ?o o Ultram^rirtg Blue - Ult blur with a reddish hue aid t'liAirels end romn cause of iis very bright cate the shade of Ultram pigments. One desirabl is its very good resistanc Ultramarine do not reta exposure although what fading of the pigment disintegrates and the co pearance of the pigmen powder, and naturally appear to have faded. blue shades but here a Blues, the durability is i white and amount that that is used. Ultramarine Blue is should not be used whe into contact with acids e dation or exposure condi 36 Ehthalocyaaine Blue--Phthalocyanine Blue is a copper Phthaiocyamr.e and ii has. advantages nci poached by any of the other Hue pigments. Its outstanding prop erties include excellent fastness to light in tints-and-a very clean greenish: blue h-ue. It is eon-bleeding in oils and solvents and standards are available today which overcome the tendency te crystallize ;s a ficccuiste ex hibited by earlier Phthalocyanine Blue pigments. Wtmt ar Lite Caters ter Cster Lakes)? Lake colors are made by - precipitating -a soluble dye on a reactive or absorptive base or substratum such as alumina hydrate or gloss white (coprecipitated alumina hydrate and barium sulphate or blanc fixe). Toners are organic pigments which do not contain.a substratum. Reduced or extended pigments arc ones in which a tones type has f*e tel-tto with an extender which may be alumina hydrate, gloss white, blanc fixe, day, whiting, barytes or other extender. In the case of Lake Colors, the color cannot be isolated and used separately from the substratum. Wtat are Carden Blacks? Tins rer|-<3arbj Black identifies an important group of hideStfM canons used as reitdbrciog agents la the -rubber- industry, anti- coloring:, pigments- in..the- ink and paint industries. They ate' differentiated from other bMeeet:materials such.as.Jara*ab'*ndvbone_chpfB by unique chemical and physical characteristics. Carfson Stacks we isanufactured. by either partial cofeastion or theriftai decompOSttMiii of-gaseous or fiotiMl tiydrocarboias, and "tnedSST of mepaoitioii ha:. been the principal basis for claSMficar'd'n. CarHsh 'Stacks prepared by fhe. impinge ment of. small natural gas flames are known as Ghmmel Blocks, Impingement Blacks, or Gas Blacks. 1 hose pro duced by the partial combustion of essentially gaseous Hydrocarbons in dosed retorts or furnaces are classified as Funsacs Combustion Masks. The Furnace Combustion illad;,; are further divided into two types--those produced from oil, known as Oil Base Furnace Blacks and those produced from gas, known as Gas Base Furnace Blacks. Carbon blacks produced by thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons in preheated furnaces are designated as Furnace Thermal Blacks. These three types of carbon blacks compose about 97% of the world's production. Other carbon containing blacks include Graphite-- mined or made synthetically by heating selected carbon 38 materials in an electric f charring animal bones in to pigment fineness. Olde Ivory Black and Brop B Black?) by char ovrns and grinding to pigm consist of carbon in-aiing are ;as ores, cleane cases, and ground to pigme Other Hacks, nori-curb mined or made synthetic in acid, precipitated c:i f vjibi a`:i and su-am to oxi obtained; Mmgamese Sla ore which is mined and required fineness. Steal are-tils'Characteristics v.beifiicai!y. Cy.rpon Black carbon with varying amo and oxygen, and have a 0.5%. Physically, they spherical particles, quasi radfaldat dimensions. The Black is'valued', in' indust its uns state of subdivisi diameters of 50-5,000 A. C ent grades covering this Slacks contain from 5-15 oxygen; furnace and the less than 1% of similar ness, high hiding power Carbon Blacks render th and plastics. The furnac traditional lampblacks in ordinarily much stronger The Lampblacks and F by lower oil absorption and lower surface areas color blacks. 'T'he blue to popular for tinting and w Lr.mpble.ckc have pH va blacks range from 7 to 10 Acetylene Black is ve particle size. This is due Graphite among the ca due to ite unctuous quality, familiar in stove polishes, lead pencils- and dry btbricMk. h comes in several forms--"Hate"--amorphous and specially ground or "mscninkeiL" It is a. permanent.carbon, and--used ebteflyin protective -paints or cleCtricaity conducting- films and in combination with cat bon blacks, pigment:! or1 ex tenders. "one Blacki arc- .'karacteriitically very blact in color despite the -large particle diameter (grinding proefcaa). They possess low oil absorption values, low iintin; strength relative to the carbon, lamp or furnace 'black. They are used mostly' for tints, artist colors arid artificial leather coatings. In the latter case it also acts as a filler in conjunction with the high color values. Bulk of tbit pigment e.c the calcium phosphates, the ash ranees from approximately 78 to 85 per cent. It has an alkaline pH, usually around 8 to 9. yeatable Blacks are carbonaceous pigments usually bisb in "ash ranging from- IB to 50 per cent. They are occasionally used as fillers. The tinctorial value is low as well as the blackness. . Mineral Blacks^--These pigments are mostly used at fillers, are .ground to pigment fineness and- in themselves nr-c ` value arm rcta-fively low in color, la tf'OK cases they arc useful not oniy as extenders (black) but also for flattening properties due to their low oil absorption values. They arc high in siiicious matter. Iran Oxide Blacki--The synthetic type is the more useful and occupies an important position in the paint industry. They are precipitated pigments and have a small particle diameter. They sr,:- low in oil absorption, stable, easy (o disperse and are useful for shading or tinting, for primers and for coatings of maijy types. They also have many other specialized uses. Carbon and lampblacks are amorphous though certain types of the former ("Spectra Blacks") show microreflecting facets. The spreading rate of a pure carbon black paint is extraordinary, consequently it is usually reduced by admixture with an inert pigment. These paints are also proverbially durable--lampblack lettering cn old signs, in many instances has stood out in relief after the wood surrounding it has been deeply eroded by "weathering." Wfe*t are Siflng ilsf Oils (usually vegetable or animal) which, by abcorp- lion of oxygen, harde Stimulated by the-cata salts of certain metals In order of importanc seed), tung or "don AlcuiiU-s Foidii (Mem but now grown in-inc fish oils, (irons menha oil (from a-small.genu Coleus. ~W?.3svzn.) cially useful in cartin hest--smoke-stacks, b Ccutalr. "semi-dryin importance--Soya be Manchuria, bait now g in cheap pair.;.-, cott which have little to r Of this list soya b both in paint and va cultivation of which large experimental sc considerable usefulnes Dehydrated Castor oil tha: bodies rapidl dries rapidly to yield water resistance. (2) durability. (If) pale retention. No other possesses this unique No t e. Linseed oil paint and varnish oil technical study than now obtainable in ma What are Driers? Driers arc metallic catalyze the oxidation The metals commonl zinc, calcium and i organic acids such as etc., to provide the r may he formed in t reacting litharge, man resin acids, but drie allowing flexibility in 40 ' cJi iS' Modern driers are concentrated solutions (e.g. 24 Vo lead, f>V< cobalt) of the metallic soaps of either naph thenic acids, 2-ethvl hexoic acid, or tall oil, Napthenir acids arc derived front petroleum, are quite resistant to oxidation, and have been used for over twenty years to produce perfectly satisfactory driers. 2-ethyl hexoie acid, a synthetic material, has been used commercially rela tively recently to produce premium priced driers of some what lower viscosity, paler color, and less odor than the naphthenates. Tali oil is substantially a mixture of rosin and fatty acids and although acceptable driers can be made from it, they exhibit somewhat poorer stability because of the unsaturation of the component acids. The type of coating, its application, and drying re quirements govern the choice of the metals required and the amounts needed. Why are Drying Oils used in paint? The primary purposes are to provide a means tq allow uniform application to the surface, hold the pigments to the surface by forming a firm, adhesive, flexible bond, and to contribute to the ultimate durability of the paint. km ttia sam prep@rtians ef Drier used in all Paints? No. The pigfftfms,' file Oil type, and' even climatic conditions govern the amounts and types of drier used. The lead pigments generally act as mild driers, whereas pigments such as carbon black and many organic colors require higher amounts of drier than normally used. Raw- oils respond well to lead-manganese driers, whereas bodied oils usually require a small amount of cobalt. In high humidities lead-cobalt is used regardless of oil type used. For "fume-proof" paints, calcium replaces lead as a drier. Fm what fiurpesg are Driers added to paints! Without driers, oil paints require days to reach a con dition where they will not become rain-spotted, pick up dust and inserts, and can be repainted. With proper driers, this condition can be reached in a small fraction cf the time. D Driers prolong the Site f paint? This is a moot question. Without driers, the oil may be greatly absorbed by the wood leaving an "oil-poor" film to combat the elements. Also, a film that is fluid 42 for a long time would be spots by dirt and Inserts. On commonly thought of as ox oil films decompose by chai might be assumed that driers No conclusive studies have b vestigate th:r>. it ;s. of cours minimum amount of d icr u oct oa The use of mriaUie soaps Protective Coatings Industry The earliest forms were the ground into the vehicle or were made by reacting the derivatives and also with lin were developed a need v/as of- drier and this need resulte thenates, In the never-endin arid better materials to vnwh work osi- Octoatrs. The p Reuter-}-- OCTOATES arc- th OCTOATES are the meta Acid. Historically they are The first ones were produced cost of raw materials was so were not of commercial inte the acid has been reduced b tion and the resultant OCTO the Naphthenate driers. OCTOATES being the homogeneous acid are, by th pure, chemical compound. qualities of the synthetic fatty exhibit certain unusual and properties are of great intere Industry in its search for im The theoretical discussion o the scope of this article, and ing discussion to its practica So l u b il it y OCTOATRS show e all cases are superior t of the same metal and c 4 EFFICIENCY OGTOATES exhibit a greater drying activity than Naphthcnates. In all experimental work done, lO'/t less tnrtal as OGTOATES gave a better or equal drying than the comparable Naphthcnates. St a b il it y OCTOATES are more stable as a concentrate or in naphtha solution, as well as in the various paint and varnish vehicles in common use today. Mis c ib il it y OCTOATES have proven to be more easily miscible with the various paint oils, alkyd resin solu tions, and oleo-resinous vehicles than either naph thcnates or tallates. Od o r OGTOATES being made from an odorless syn thetic fatty acid and specially selected solvents are for all practical purposes odorless. There has been a large interest in odorless paints in recent years and ESSAR OCTOATES are by far the most suit able driers for this type of material. St a in in g OCTOATES are made from a water white acid. Thus the only staining which can be noticed is from the metal itself. Generally the OCTOATES are lighter in color and will remain lighter in color than the corresponding Naphthcnates. 6c/< COBALT OCTOATE is a good example as it shows a clear, true cobalt color which has minimum staining effect and does not show up as a dark stain in white paints and enamels. t Sp e c if ic a t io n s In conclusion, "ESSAR" OCTOATES are made from a technically pure, water white and odorless synthetic fatty acid. The resultant metallic soaps are a definite improvement over all preceding types of soluble paint driers. The metallic portion of the "ESSAR" OCTO ATES is also very closely controlled as to purity, and the result is a carefully made, accurately controlled chemical compound. _ For the utmost in drying quality . . . specify OCTO- 44 AXES for all of your dryi Solids Vis % Metal* (Mas.) (Ma Lead 24% 60% A Cobalt 6% 40% A Zinc 8% 50% A Manganese Calcium Hole: 6% 43% @ 5% 50% k Metal 0.25% Wt./Gal. 0.20 Lb. mm Is "Kettle Bodied Oi A term used \o design at an elevated temperatu Mt 1$ a "MW9 III? A Boiled Oil is one w "boiled" does not mean flit are Volatile "Testers" Certsin liquids which f used in paints, but on more or less completely. T turpentine" -- "wood tu tine") alcohol (methyl ("V. M. and P. naphtha allied coal tar distillates more generally in varn etc., than in paints. Wfeif m the Steaeteristtes Os those commonly us is a distillate from the s residual product being ro tine distilled from pine by two processes--one Turpentine," with wate retorts. There is no impo and "Wood" Turpentin more uniform in comp recovered from the little application in "V. M. and P. Napht the lighter distillates fro tice, the "fractions" are point, distillation rang "fractions*' used in the paint industry range from 0.703 to 0.808 in specific gravity. "Mineral Spirits" are petroleum fractions of higher boiling point, therefore evaporating more slowly. The variety available for specific uses covers a wide range. Benzol or. properly. Benzene, is a distillate from coal tar. There are several "fractions" in the series (benzene, "solvent naphtha," toluol, xylol, etc.) of which "Benzol," and "Solvent Naphtha," are the only two ordinarily found in paint. The first is tfyat fraction which boils at 82 C. (ISO6 F.) ; the second that boiling between 130* C. (298 F.) and 160 C. (262s F.}. It is some times called "160 degree benzol." Whs! are !h@ Uses a! "Benzel," "Solvent HspSiths," tie.? They are powerful solvents, but ?jt benzol vapors are Injurious, its general use h rcsJiictcd, Thev are,used, in ;!Oinp varnish removers and more generally in oil stains. Their use is also recommended by painting authorities in first coats for resinous or "greasy" woods, such as yellow pine and cypress, to assist adhesion. What is "Lustrex"? Lustrex* 601-2: A freeze-thaw stable unplasticized styrene emulsion. Lustrex* 820: An alkali-soluble copolymer of styrene. When used jointly with Monsanto plasticizers like Santicizer 160 or HB40, the Lustrex products are useful as styrene emulsion paint vehicles. ' Whst ara soma @1 tha sewer grinding Aids asset Vehicles? The following products made by Advance Solvents and CJhemical Corporation are typical of this class of product: wmm An aluminum soap useful in formulating paints and enamels. It is distinguished from the more familiar aluminum stearate in both physical form and its be havior in use. It is amber-colored tough solid, which, when progerly incorporated into paints and enamels, produces results which are both interesting and desirable. Body or viscosity is increased appreciably. The actual increase deoends on * A product of Monsanto Chemical Co. ' I. the amount the heavier b 2. acid number give heavier 3. method of in oil gives hig Short chunky g stearate, nor w out. Lustre and drying terial causes no fatt ii slow up'crying o cheesiness or tender characteristics are stearate's behavior. Pigment2 wetting is plus m grinding liq directions have behav 1, less oil is re ment--incre the paste gro 2. grinding tim compared w Many find thes characteristics o to g?eater milt Penetration into architectural enamel Viskoplus. In dear nounced. Flowing and leve clusion of small am oil vehicles which w ing, effects a great causes the paint to effect is not accom dency to sag or curt Pigment suspensi grinding vehicles pr to incipient gel stru Since Viskoplus solvents or oils, it is of heat. One typic be prepared Oy incorporating one haii pound oi ; Viskoplus in one gallon of linseed oil. 1 his may be done as follows: ' When used in grinding liquids, it is suggested that j the enamel or paint vehicle contain one pound of Viskoplus to every ten gallons of oil. In other words, instead of using ten gallons of straight oil, use right gallons of straight oil plus two gallons of the Viskoplus solution. The use of such mixtures should show most of the advantages enumerated at the beginning of this descrip tion, that is, increased body, greater wetting power, shortened grinding time, easier brushing, better flow, and less pigment settling. r.. mmmi A specially compounded wetting agent for pigment paste systems. It is an outgrowth of investigations to Perfect a product of greater efficiency than that of Soligrn Zinc Naphthenate, which has been widely used for the same applications It is produced to the following specifications: Specific Gravity.......................... 0.994 Non-Volatile ................................... - 59CA Color (Gardner) ............................... 11 + Flash Point........................................... 125F Viscosity ............................................... A It produces the following benefits in paint manufac ture : A. Faster pigment paste mixing time. B. Greater pigment to vehicles ratios, resulting in greater mill output. C. Improved final grind. D. Finer grinds with fewer mill passes. It is compatible in the broadest sense with virtually ail olrorrsinous and synthetic finishing vehicles. It shows its greatest efficiency when utilized in the range of 1% to '\*A maximum on the total paste weight. Wr recommend that the formulator test the efficacy of this product by first using 3 parts per 100, and then cutting down as his experiments show that lesser amounts will serve with equally satisfactory results. 48 i iih a . y :i r i. found benefit . .r ing of chrome greens some iron oxides. In m it contributes an addit ination of sagging in Flooding and floati on the top of a film i pigments, which differ in the submerged port fested by a uniform c film. Floating is chara An agent, such a? A preventing these con Among fisc principle poor wetting and poo because of its excellen stabilizing effect, has and floating, and to p some films. It is recommended blues, carbon blacks, produee Hooding or dosage, as a starting <0.3% ) AAFA, based Pi! YS Color ............... Viscosity ........ Specific Gravit Pounds per ga mn-im This is n pale colore used in problems inv It is unique in that i and usually requires Ph y s Acid Number Non-Volatile . Active ingredie Color ............... Weight per ga This product has proven particularly useful in red- Imd-in-oil dispersions to insure against livering or to recover spoiled hatches, '/a *'* on the total paint is usu ally sufficient for lerovery and /a V/ for prevention. , With fro?? ?! has been widely used hut its efficacy has to be determined in every case with each vehicle involved. Earth colors, such as the umbers and red oxides which ?!(! trouble with liver ioimslion. seem ?o be s u m * ?h bb to the sirtion of AALA. both in olcorcsinous vehicles and in * . nr y\tir -md ? -rnivhrr r-ffm nvrr nnivond so'cnf w it ?>. s; nnft n o'f' r ~ n cu n t rnrw * * in* r t,---, 5 '.> 5 ' nn f n e j j i j ; i ' : i; ,j repre^nted dr be ;; :ur .........1 romuaiihlr varnish and resin mi-turev hut u =< drnmirh worth trr'snrr ;n nnv mttar.ee c* ur iivmpna . ; v-d- ... ...i,.,uv ........ ....... ; ` b ` O: ;h ?"' ? -.VH? f^du- 1 *.<: <' ;> -s ? 5 | `- i > rsi'ine *!>'?! !!!!!!>' U ? U > i. < --- 5 :U; r r 5! : - ' ' i T i r-T 7 7 7-? ?T -- :r? i .. nEEHT ! sins is a svuthetic Oigaiiic piouuit, used tu pfc-vcm the forlnatiuii of surface skin in packaged pain's and ! It is eiirettve in aniuunu ui U.i to U,,iw ny v oluinc on tin- paint, enamel or \ armsh. It does not d.seoloe paints or tarnishes, nor does it contribute to yellowing of white paints. It is volatile, and when used in normal dosages does not prodtiee any deleterious eficets in paints or varnishes, ` nor does not nllcct the drying time of the paints or var nishes in which it is used as reeommended. Also, it does not have an objectionable odor and can be used in any svnthetic or orthodox paints, enamels, and varnishes. The recommended dosage for this product is 0.1% to 0.3', 1 by volume on the paint or v arnish. The use of so small a quantity aliens the cost of the finished paint negligibly. It is recoinmrnded that it be added to the paint or varnish as it is being thinned down. Ph y s ic Color (Gardne Viscosity (G-H) Specific Gravity Pounds per imllo 7< Active.......... Avid Value ...... Clarify ............... puf f This is a synthetic lounri brnchrial -n U rotHv .n Piunrc Tnfi y V nv vniilmr n A rtAlpr P- imiHF: 7 .iMiisrii'v Lis = f I r l L ul nrocCi ssi \ as Filler ih iid. ;.t;.rii Didti. u ;l ua ' r-. J! TVnffiiVo nr n.-\n \> : p ..a ij.- ; flit ;; r :, : :> ii r-c a-. ni.if . iirii fiv iiir ussi jfc liiimi or varm rflri'ls un ifiv.)s^ ami WdMUflinlv .il iilt [iiiii Also, it does not disco aliia i tihi: -J ' > i;)^ Om it is recommended cosily Is del dosage is I t It docs noi pciiviiii instances, where it doe vse of ! to 3% of APA blown oil, by volume, paint. Ph y s Color (Gardne Viscosity (G-H Specific Gravity Pounds per gal % Active Ingre PifT This has been espe eostty of paints where jc... - c,ii.. Hissed tall if, or other similar- vehicles--have been used. It works well also with most alkyds and long os! varnishes. It - is compatible with most conventional pant vehicles and solvents. The bodying .effect is almost immediate, and not progressive on aging. The increased viscosity may permit additional thinning, resulting in lower fin ished cost. Ph y s ic a l Co n s t a n t s Color (Hellige) .................................. 6-8 Viscosity (Gardner) .......................... A Specific Gravity..................................0.98 Weight per gallon..............................8.15 Solids ................................................ 18% Application; The viscosity increase usually results in ease of brushing and longer lap time. Recommended dosage % - 2% by volume, based on total volume of she paint, will generally produce the desired results. CALCIUM PULP This is an outstanding product for use in putty to prevent oil-oigment separation, and in paint to aid sus pension and ease of brushing. It shows improved package stability and ease of handling as compared to the calcium pulps usually offered to the trade. The material is available for prompt shipment. Ph y s ic a l Pr o p e r t ie s Volatile ............................................ 62.5% Alkalinity on solids......................... 7.9 Ash on non-volatile......................... 6.7% Acid No. on non-volatile............... 4.5 Dosage; In Putty--/%% to 3% In Paint -- '/i % aids suspension 2% to 10% in flat wall paints helps brushing qualities All dosages are based on the oil content. Wst b Ssiprfer LseltMfi? A commercial soyabean lecithin consisting of natural soyabean. .phosphatide* with soyabean oil as solvent or carrier. Although it has been demonstrated that lecithin is 0fi!f"tone of a number comiBercial soyabean pro usage. Is generally called Superior lecithins, regard mately 65% soyabean ph bean..oil... The-grades dif cosity. The phosphatide* propertirs because of th ;hry contain phcscd-o'ns - ..... ,1;......... of ........... fsis structures . are attracted attracted -by oils. This m fying agent with the. abi penetrate materials con Lecithin is an active antio mat It mumer H*. 37? A' multipurpose - defoam emujsiots paints, and late in suppressing foam dur formation of bubbles d several antifoasning agen wishes to defoam seve carry - .stock of severa No. 37 is diluted with 5 best results. What is EHspersaid 117A? Am anionic dispersing condensation type that i ting agents for water hydrolysis and the actio and stew Kind pigment acterislics. Upon drying non-rewcttablr. Further, it is also non-foaming. Whs! is Emiism Freeze St The general name a which are designed to sion, or similar type of i stabilize these systems Under freezing conditions. Unlike other low temperature stabilizers, most of which merely lower the freezing point and have to be used in fairly large amounts, the Emulsion Freeze Stabilizers are de signed to be used in small amounts as an additive, often less than 1 % being required. It acts as a stabilizer rather than a freezing point depressant inasmuch as material containing it are frozen solid, the effects being reversible at room temperature. . What is Latex Paint Stabilizers (Modified Casein Solutions)? Sold to paint monofatturrrs to be incorporated, gen erally l.; :hr range of about 7%, into latex paint systems. These stabiiizers are used to impart controlled viscosity and to supply easy working and brushing properties and to help stabilize the latex itself. Different types are avail able based on ammonia or sodium salt. What is "Creosote Oil"? Strictly speaking, that distillate from coal tar which is heavier than water. Its largest use is as a wood preserva tive. Because of this property it also finds extensive use in shingle stains. What ar "Gan Yaraiahai"? As used in paint manufacture they are solutions of natural resins or of fossil gums in drying oils, with added volatile thinner:! and dryers; or of the newer "synthetic resi.j" varnishes, or of varnishes prepared from China wood oii and csterized rosin--the latter being a chemical compound of resin acids with glycerine. They are used chiefly as the principal- vehicle of enamels, quick drying floor paints and "synthetic house paints." Mat are Quick Drying fleer Paints sr Enamels! These are often called "four hour enamels," etc. The principal vehicle is usually a varnish of the modified phenolic or of the ester gum type. What are iaisHrying flense Paints? Paints which harden within a few hours after applica tion, permitting the application of a second coat. In these, as in the "Four Hour Enamels," the phenolic type resins generally play an important part in conjunction with specially treated drying oils. 54 Itat Sirwiei Sttouli Be Expec Praperty Prepared Nj bi Piiat? From three to five years, the surface, the conditions conditions. Hew dees Paint "Fait"? By chalking, peeling, "a normal wear. "Cnatking" progressive ir..vprobably due--to cuo.-roneni oil. "Chalking" ing"--minute cracking. "Peeling": indicates imp face. Any paint applied t surface usually `peeks." M moisture back of the pain tion methods are chiefly re "Alligatoringait incom the paint cracks into large break away from the surf attached. It is usually du new coats over old . coats, z hard coat over an elastic "Scaling and Flakin targe or small segments. elastic paint would peel, a according to the degree of "Norma! Wear": grad tegration and removal by Wlaf is the Matt Desirable M Obviously by "normal chief objects of the hone intelligent pSiht technolo meet this requirement. Hew is this ficcemplished? First, by careful selec remitting laboratory co physical and chemical chemical research for me by experience with large ft under intensified natural conditions--such, for instance, latter, the vehicle is designed as exposure in hot, humid or dry climates, and the ' than a fluid product. They "acoeferated weathering machine." Paint manufacture is combinations for various us one of those industries which, within a few years, has in white or tints. developed from routine traditional practice to a highly specialised technical industry and is still in process of rapid development. Wl*t ire 11b Km t( Ciiain Pai Largely for interior wall What Is tbs Cause at Blistering? Heat vaporizing moisture under a paint film. Only comparatively new and mflexablc films are subject to this defect. Incompletely dried lumber, poor construction or sidewall condensation would appear to be the chief causes. The blister may disappear, but the film remains tories, public buildings, e plaster especially) under o opaque coat between the fir oil paints, etc. Some type* illumination of industrial b types are used principally f brittle and permanently detached Whstra "Mill Whites"? What is Flat Wall Paint? White paints of the ena Thai type of interior paint designed to produce a iustnetes* 'washable finish on interior surfaces--especially on plaster, etc. The vehicle is usually a Specially prepared varnish, oil or alkyd, with rather high volatile content. However, eMarwatni robber vehidti are secdvmg in creasing consideration. Pigment content b comparatively high. The pigments - principally used are Titanium Cal cium or Lithopone, with Magnesium Silicate and Cal cium Carbonate as extenders. Zinc oxide is sometimes used for pulling. waJ-T surfaces.- of industrial p ings, etc., to augment iffu hazard, promoting- physical illumination. They include die' first to level the surfa second to inwe reflection are usually offered in thre "semi-flat*' and "flat." Som measured quantities of a addition of which will pr Wat *r the Merits if Own Finishes? pigments uses! are selected iithopose, zinc oxide, 'zinc These finishes are most desirable due to their resistance to stains, smudging and greater decorating possibilities. titanium dioxide, sublimed inert- -pigment. The vehicle Being washable, they are more sanitary than wall wood oil varnish paper and, being more durable, arc, in the end, more economical. What is Cetnnnt Faint? Wlat sr# Oasiia Paints? The name is applied to p decorate canenl, concrete Improved types of the products formerly known as "water paints." The "binder" in these products is casein containing Portland Ueinen and may be safely applied (Irons milk) with a non-toxic preservative. The pigments, varying according to intended use, may be pure "cliff- based paints are finding wid of their high chemical resi stone Paris white" (whiting), or other white "inert" pigments, with zinc oxide, zinc sulphide, lithopone, I*s agf esmat sr piaste titanium pigment, etc. They are furnished as'a dfy powder appseatira at Oil Faints? to which the user adds water; as a paste to which addi tional water is added by the user; or as a Plastic Paint intended for decorative relief effects. In the case of these By preliminary treatmen in the proportion of eight By chemical action of the 56 1 (calcium oxide or hydroxide) the lime is transformed to calcium sulphate (gypsum) and the zinc salt into zinc cCj*S>Jc{i.reacts with the oil acids. Surfaces should be allowed to dry thoroughly, _at*d excess salt crystals removed by brushing before painting. flat g Sealers? Costings devised ;o Oil the pores of unduly absorbent surfaces, in piepasaticn for painting. By preventing the absorption of oil from the' paint they not only reduce the number os coats required, but insure a stronger film. In some cases a sealer is also used to protect she finished coat from attack by chemicals in the surface to be coated; such as a primer for fresh plaster. Wkit arg "Hat" Plaster Sealers. Coatings devised to not only fill the pores of plaster and prevent penetration but also to protect the finished coat from attack by alkalies or chemicals in the piaster. When a "hot" plaster sealer such as one based on Pisolite is used, no preliminary treatment of the surface is re quired. What are Piislite Paints? . Piiolitc resin solutions or Pisolite Latex water emulsions that have been pigmented, Pliolite paints are based on a styrene-butadicnc resin or latex, are noted for their alkali resistance and other desirable properties, and are popu larly termed as "rubber-based" paints. Paints based on the resin are recommended for concrete flora; exterior stucco, concrete, masonry and cement- asbestos shingles; "hot" plaster; chemical resistance; traffic marking; and industrial maintenance. Paints based on the latex are recommended for interior walls, ceilings and trim work. WMt !i Mwahm* Paint? Aluminum pigment consisting of finely divided alum:mum particles in' flake form suspended in a suitable vehicle, usually of the long oil varnish type. Its chief met arc in jt&inting structural steel such as bridges and tanks, interiors of industrial buildings and as a priming coat and finishing coat for wood. The aluminum pigment is obtainable either in the paste or powder form. Alumi num paints, owing to the shape of the metal particles. 38 have the unique property of- "les plates rising to the surface of the there a practically complete metallic Wtut-tw* Ship Bittsat Paints? Special coatings designed to pro areas of ships from corrosion, and to ment of marine organisms, m: kn paints. Ship bottom paints are divided in ft) Primers--Either Med Lead (2) Ats-Gorroi Paisrt--A under the Antt-Poufing, an the bare metal, or prefer primer. .. (3) Anti-Fouling Faint--A top able poisons such.-.as copp pounds and formulated to at a controlled rate with venting the attachment an organisms such as barna algae. (4) Boottop Faint--A paint f ids tae *se?. between thelines which k alternately water and exposed to the During the past ten years the qu paints has undergone a marked im about through continued scientific New raw materials, such as plas organic poisons, arc contributing to bottom paints. What is Zinc Dust? Metallic zinc is finely powdered tion process a slight film of zinc particle. Mixed with special veh negative to iron, it is highly efficien and as a priming coat on metal u has proved equally efficient in pre and scaling due to rapid changes o What are "Industrial Paints"? Coatings designed for use in the 59 CO % '3 of industry. The range is very wide--from automobile to agricultural machinery and implements--and in each die s#a:ntf k designed for its specific purpose, usually under specifications of test requirements. What are Resin imuhlm Faints? Improved types of watcr-thinnahle paint products, suppbrd in paste 3orm to which the consume/ adds sufficient water -o produce a product agitable for appli cation. The binder h usually an oil modified synthetic resin vehicle, cither of the rdkyei type or she oleorrsinnuj variety, and made vaster thinnablc by she use of stritebS? cmtdsiJyjng ttgrnts and protective colloid. The prime whit? oigments used include litbcpnne and titanium dioxide, and extenders such as clay, talc, mica, etc. arc used in addition. These paints arc furnished in a wide variety of colors as well as white. The chief advantage of the resin emulsion paints over casein types is the fact that they possess moderately good washability after proper curing. What are the Uses of Rosin Emulsion Faints? interior types are used for wall surfaces in private dwellings. public buildings, factories, etc., and are applied over wailboni'd. piaster, previously painted surfaces, as well as for priming in preparation for finish coats of other types. Exterior types employing alkyd resin in emulsified form provide cxceMra* dusahiuty on properly prepared sur faces such as concrete, masonry, brick, cement block, etc. Wusi are SynOudk la'te: faints? The latest improvement in water-based type paints. Supplied in ready-to-use form these paints have as a binder a synthetic latex in emulsified form. The co polymer. s:yrcnc-butndiruc is most commonly used. Titanium dioxide, Ifchopone. and selected extenders i.SvfsSi-/ supply p;fpnr7?mric4i. Finishes varying from nearly flat to a good degri-c of gloss are possible, depending upon formulation. They are available in a wide range of tints and in deep solid colors 74s well as white. What are the Uses sf Synthetic Late* Paints? For interior application to walls, ceilings and trim work, providing a soft and decorative fnm,h which is 60 easy to apply, dries r of real washability. T of resistance to alkali. that are "Synthetic Rub Faints containing a ps a major ingredient same materials 53 sy "0:vs?v; : riyiie'7=, *c *"c ms grea:??- alkali and aci for exterior t:Term same raw materials interior masonry-type are the main uses. Ill fig? of an m Foreg True Test of Paint Value? Service. The cond nical, governing the are so numerous and myone but an expe Ho l m" paint is design tions and the better average conditions w the many competing record of success ra paints that the cons There is always a rea --why a certmin pain falls to meet the re usually obscure and range of common kn matic that no -paint o on the bask of subs and" nothing copld b of a given paint in a straxioD of its- value practical' demonstrati and durability which paint to expand fro industry in the late present day. SUMMARY The inescapable conclusion from all that has preceded h that paint manufacturing is a progressive industry, dependent upon the knowledge and skill at the command of the manufacturer. At the time when the first edition of this "Catechism" was published, in 1907, manufactur ing practice was based largely on tradition, modern technical science having not yet been born. During the period intervening the subject has received intensive study from trained specialists and the use of a multitude of devices for the measurement and evaluation of raw materials and finished produces has become almost uni versal. The measurement of such cryptic properties as surface tension, electric charges, catalytic action, absorp tion and adsorption, reflective and refractive indices, have become routine practice with all advanced manu facturers--especially raw material manufacturers, whose technical salesmen disseminate technical information throughout the entire industry. As a result the industry has largely "cut loose*' from ancient tradition, involving the classic method of "trial and error." As the paint of today is radically different from the paint of yesterday, so the paint of tomorrow will differ from that of today. Those who have the responsibility for the selection and application of these therefore owe it to themselves as well as to their clients to keep them selves in touch with this development--it is a responsibil ity inherent in the service they offer. The scientist is abroad in the land and in his eyes nothing is valid that cannot be proved--he is no respecter of trade traditions, no matter what their age or ancestry. "Try all things. Hold fast to that which is good"-- until something better displaces it! IfiO INDEX Alkyds ISlyresols) ................................................ Alumina...................................................................... Aluminum Paint .............................. ..................... Aluminum Silicate............................................. Aluminum Silicate Pigment f ASP).................. Asphaitum ................................................................ Bakelite ............................................................... Barium Sulphate or Barytes................. Characteristics of ....................................... Benzol, Solvent Naphtha, etc........................... ``Bleeding" ......................................................... Bloom............................................................... "Blush" Moisture......................... .............................. Cotton ......................................................... Blueing .............................................................. Brush Marks ....................................................... Brushes, Care of ............................................... Calcium Carbonate........................ Calcium Sulphate.......................... "Carter*' Process White Lead..., Cellulose Acetate.......................... Cement Paint ............ ................... Chalk, or Whiting, etc................ China Wood or Tung Oil.......... Chipping or Flaking ............ Clouding ........................................ Colors Chemical ................................ Black, Carbon .............. Blues .............................. Greens ............................ Lakes ............................. Oranges .......................... Reds .............................. Yellows .............. ........... Varnish .................................. . White........................... Copolymers and Copolymerizalion Styrene-butadiene ................ Coumarone-Indcnc ........................ Cracking ........................................ Crawling ........................................ Crazing .......................................... Creosote Oil ................................. Crimping .............. ......................... Crinkling ........................................ Deadening 161 Defo&mer No. 37 ................*......... * "Dieslite" ............................................ Diluents, Lacquer . Dispersed 117A . Driers .................. Liquid ........ japan ...... Octoatea .... Strength .... Electrolytic White Lead... .. Emulsion Freeze Stabilizers. Enameling or Silking....... Enamels .................................. Enamels. Lacquer.................. Epon Resin ........................... Ester Gum ............................ Huston White Lead................ Fatty Acids............ Filters Paste Wood ... Liquid ...----Finish. Hard Oil .. Fire-Checks ...... Flash Point.......... . Floor Sealers........ Floor Varnish .... Maintenance . Fossil Gum Resins Gloss Oil.......................................... Glyptals............................................ Gravity, Specific ............................ Greening .......................................... Grinding Aids & Vehicles........ Advamix .................................. Anti-Flooding Agent (AAFA) Anti-Livering Agent (AALA) Anti-Skimming Agent (ASKA) Calcium Pulp ............................ japans ...................................... Puffing Agent (APA)................ Puffing Agent No. 2.......... .. Viskoplus.................................... Gum. Ester........................................ Lacquers...................................... Vsrniihes .................................. Hot Lacquer Process.......................... What Is?................................................. Application .............................................. Cost ......................................................... 162 53 21 124 53 41, 90 92 67 43 92 12 33 108 68 73 7132 73 94 94 100 no 103 97 96 97 72 95 134 103 109 46 48 49 49 30 32 99 51 51 46 73 138 34 148 148 151 148 Formulation .................................. Properties ...................................... "Inert'' or Reinforcing Pigments......... japans Black .............................................. Driers .............................................. Grinding . ............ ............. ........... Kopols .................. ..................... ............ Lacquer(s) Brushing ........................................ Cracking ............ ............................ Ctotalizing .................................... Diluents ......................................... Enamels .......................................... `Flat" ............................................ Gum ............................................... Sealer........ ..................... ................ Nitrocellulose Application of ....................... Primers .................................. Primer Sur/acer ..................... Use on Floors......................... Priming Coat ................................. Resins ............................................... AmbcrUc ................................. Ambcrois ................................. Arochem and Aeroplaz, etc... Bakelite .................................. Coumarone-lndene ................. Dursplcx ................................ Durez ...................................... Epon........................................ Giyptals........ .......................... Krumbhaar ............................. Rczyl ...................................... Slicones ................................... Teglac ..................................... Vinylite ................................... Sealer .............................................. What is Lacquer?.......................... Latex, Synthetic Paints......................... Latex Paint Stabilizers................... Lead. Red and Orange Mineral........... Blue Sublimed .............................. Lead, White Basic Carbonate ............................. Characteristics of ................... Basic Silicate 45 X ...................... "Carter" Process.......................... 163 Electrolytic ................................. Huston ........................................ Pulp Ground ........ .................. ' `'Sublimed'* or Basic Sulphate Thompson-Stewart Process Lecithin .................................. Lifting .................... Linseed Oil.............................. "Lithopnne" ............................ Livering ................................... Lustrex ..................................... Magnesium Silicate Mill Whites ........ Nitrocellulose or Pyroxylin Nitrocellulose, Lacquer Application of .......... Pigments .................... Primers ...................... Use on Floor ............ Oil(s) Boiled ............................................ Castor, Dehydrated ...................... China Wood or Tung............ .... Creosote .......................................... Drying ............................................ Use in Paint............................ Falkidine ........................................ Fish <Falkovar) ............................ Gioss .............................................. Hard Finish .................. Hydrocarbon Drying (PananoU) Kettle Bodied.................... !......... Linseed .......................................... Mineral .......................................... Oil Varnish .................................. How Made ............................ Oiticta .................................... Perilla ........................................... Soya or Soybean.......................... . Stand Oils ............................ .. Volatile and Essences................ Orange Mineral and Red Lead "Orange Peel" .................................... Paint t Additional Services .......... Aluminum........................ . Casein .............................. . Classification of Matetials Cement.......................... .... 164 12 12 13 14 1s3s 137 68 17 106 46 21 57 118 146 138 14! 141 45 41 71 34 40 42 95 100 69. 75 45 68 72 67 94 70 70 69 71 72 14 139 10 38 36 10 57 Driers .................................................. Ortoaies..................................... *. Failure ................................................... Flat Wall ............................................. Floor Paints or Enamels....................... House Paints ....................................... Industrial ............................................ Material Used in House Paint........... Mill Whites ......................................... Purpose of Paint................................... Quick Drying ....................................... Resin Emulsion ................................... Ship Bottom ........................................ Synthetic Latex .................................. True Value, Test of ........................... What is Paint? .................................. Perilla Oil ............................................. Pigment(s) Basic Carbonate White Lead............... "Dicalitc'* .......................................... Iron Oxide .......................................... Nitrocellulose Lacquer ....................... Titanium .............................................. "Reinforcing** or "Inert" ................. Pitting or Pinhoiing ................................... Plaster Surfaces .......................................... Plasticizers .................................................. Pliolitc.......................................................... Pliolite Paints ......................................... Powdering and Flouring.......................... Puckering ...................... ,....... ................... Pyroxylin or Nitrocellulose ............ .......... Remover, Varnish .................................... Resin Emulsion Paints.................................. Resin (si Fossil Gum .......................................... Synthetic ............................................. Alkyds IStyresols) .......... .................. Amberols ...................................... AmberUc .................................... Arochem,Arofene, etc.................. Bakclite ....................................... Beckaeitc .................................... Beckosols .................................... Beetle ........................................... Celiolyns .................................... Coumarone-iodene ..................... Cycopol ....................................... Duraplex .................................... Durcz ..................................... Duritc ......................................... Falkote ........................................ Falkyd ......................................... Glyptals ....................................... Hydrocarbon (Panarez) ............ Krumbhaar{Copal Type!'......... 165 Mclmac .............. .............. Neville and Nevindene .. Parapiex ............................ Penta .................................. Pentaerythritol (Pentalyns) Phenolic (Phenac) .......... Pol^mide .......................... Rcsimcnes .......................... Rezyl .................................. Silicones ............................ Synthetic Rubber Paint .. Teglac ................................ Urea-Formaldehyde .......... _ Vinylite .............................. Ribs ................................................... Rubbing Varnish .............................. Runs and Sags.................................... Sealers (Floor) .................................................. ''Hot*' Plaster Sealers Shellac...................... ........................................ .. Shipbottom Paints .............................................. Skinning .............................................................. Silica or Siles .................................................... Silicones .............................................................. Soiveot(s) ............................................................ Benzol, Solvent Naphtha, etc.................... In Varnish .................................................. What are Solvents?.................................... Soya or Soyabean Oil.......................................... Spar Varnish ...................................................... Spirit Varnishes (Shellac) ............................ Spotting .............................................................. Spray Equipment .............................................. Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers ........................ Sweating ............................................................. Synthetic Resins, SEE RESINS. SYNTHETIC Tack or Tackiness ................................ Thinners Volatile ........................................ What are.......................................... Thnmpson-Stewart Process White Lead Titanium Pigments .............................. Tung and China Wood Oil............ .. Varnish(cs) Agricultural All-Purpose Baking .... Body.......... Classification of Varnishes Coach........ Color .......... , 8(i 86 , 127 , 86 87 85, 87 as Dipping ............................................................ Durability .................................... .................. Exterior ............................................................ "Fiat" ...................................... Flat Drying and Flat Mixing... Floor .................................................................. . 88 . 88 135 61 | | Flowing ............................................................ Gum...................'................................................. Insulating .......................... Interior ............................................................. 89 | 87 89 109 } 94 i 108 1 58 Machinery ...................................................... Marine ...................................... Material ofVarnish Manufacture Mixing .................................................. Oil ......................................................................... How made ........................................ Polishing .......................................................... Purpose of Varnish............................. Qualities of Varnish ............................ Quick Drying.............................................. 74 59 107 20 135 92 46 93 .92. 120 69 85, 97 Remover .......... Rubbing..................... ..................................... Speedy, Specky or Sandy................... Spat ............................................... Spraying......................................... Spirit ............................................. Spirit (Shellac) ..................... what is Varnish? ....................... Vegetable Oils ....................................................... Vinylite ......................................................................... 67. 73 105 146. 147 89 t06 Whitings. Chalk, etc........................................... Wood Fillers Liquid ................................................................ Paste...................................................................... Wood or Tung Oil........................................... Wrinkling ................................................................... 107 45 93 13 18 Zinc(s) Dust ...................................................................... Leaded ................................................................ Oxides ........................................................... Sulfide ................................................................