Document oepqg0y8amp830wG7RGYopjgw

FILE NAME: Owens Illinois Library (OWL) DATE: 1938 DOC#: OWL016 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Relevant Abstracts from The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 20 JANUARY, 1938--DECEMBER, 1938 PUBLISHED BY THE WILLIAMS & WILKINS COMPANY Baltimore, Md. 216 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TONICUl.<;' Air distribution from side wall outlets (Nelson, S tew art)........................... 167 freshness, condensation nuclei con tent as related to (Nelsen)............ 213 pollution by Diesel engines (Maurin, K ling)............................................... 187 Alcay, A., and Sollier, N.: Spirochetosis icterohemorrhagica of miners, an occupational disease...................... 143 Alcohol, influence of, on methemoglobin formation from aniline (Schwedtke).102 Aniline, tumors of bladder, rout.:.. . -,. ' *** toscopic examination n- measure in (Wolfe) tumors of urinary bladder, tr. ^v..., -. of (Washburn)............ ; Anoxemia, carbon monoxide i,. ..i* . and (Mayers)............... \ ri AnthracoslUcosls, tuberculous, tu:- culosis of intestines in a i..,:C o h e n )........................ Anthrscosls, relation of anwkv :,n:..... nature of acquired tolerance to (New phere to pneumonia (11;,>t man, Lehm an)................................ 124 Meller)........................ iy, Alexander, L., and Myerson, A.: Anthrax, treatment of, in Bulgaria -a ,:.. Minerals in normal and in pathologic serum therapy (Koschuenar.,:. ; brain tissue, studied by micro Arnold, G.: Investigation of tiie incineration and spectroscopy....... 88 sense in dyers..................... V2 Algren, A. B., see Rowley, F. B. Arnoldson, M., see Duvolr, M. Allergy and occupation (Urbach)........ 204 Arsenate, lead and cupric, efieet on physical, so-called, as compensable liver (Glahn, Flinn, Ivicin) lsj occupational disease (Luce).......... 52 Arsenic, and lead content of Canadian to w heat................................................. 78 tobacco (Zeidler, Wagner). r* Altitude, effect of, on hemoglobin con content of human hair, norma' tent (Sankaran, Rajagopal).......... 210 (Wtthrer)............................. high, sickness (Bosilevich)................ 131 effect of certain arsenates on livrr Alumina, activated, drying air and (Glahn, Flinn, Klein)-- lv commercial gases with (Derr)....... 167 effect of, on toxicity of scluniii-rou.- Aluminum, health injuries from, espe grains (Moxon)_................... is cially pneumoconiosis (Doese)...... 127 poisoning, chronic, from insoctii nl,- industry, upper respiratory tract dis (Schoendorf)....................... 12-: eases among workers of electrolytic poisoning, skin cancer from, in insect plant of (Doroshenko)...................... 63 control (Pein)................................. Hs oxide content of 128 pneumoconiotic skin injury in vineyard workers lungs (G erstel).................................. 87 (Mstras).......................................... ivi welding, skin injuries in (Beintker).. 92 Arsine poisoning, chronic (Schwarz).. I ts Amblyopia, retrobulbar neuritis and, poisoning, fatal, in galvanizing (Ktin- caused by poisons (Terrien).......... 125 __ kele and Saar).................................. 41 American Public Health Association, 'Asbestos (Gioyne, Merewether).......... l it report of Committee on Industrial i plant, dust control in (Page, Bloom- Skin Irrita n ts (Smyth)................... 164 | field).................................................. M Amyl acetate, banana oil or................... 44 I workers, clinical considerations of Andervont, H . B.: Pulmonary tumors I industrial cancer of (Hornig)........ 1*; in mice. IV. Lung tumors induced I workers, occupational cancer in by subcutaneous injection of 1:2:5: (Nordmann).................................... Is ! 6-dibenzanthracene in different Asbestosis and prevention (Winde!)... li'7 media and _by its direct contact in industry, prevention (Prockat)... 161 with lung tissues............................ 42 pathological anatomy of (Biasi)....... 5`> Andrews, J . B .: State action for mine pulmonary. IV. Asbestos body and safety--some basic standards....... 54 similar objects in lung (Lynch)__ 6u Andrleu, E., and Trechinos, G.: . see also Pneumoconiosis Physiological effect of prolonged Aschkenasy, A., see Emlle-Weil, P. muscular w ork................................ 190 Asphyxia, advanced, resuscitation in, Angus, T. C. : D ust control in industry 203 different methods (Coryilos)........ 191 Aniline, form ation of methemoglobin need for prolonged artificial respira from (Schwedtke)........................... 101 tion in drowning, electric shock and Influence of alcohol on methemo (Bates, Gaby, Machlachlau)......... 172 globin form ation from (Schwedtke) 102 Asthma after exposure to sulfur dioxide oil, acute poisoning from (Castrovilli) 178 (Dowling)........................................ 44 poisoning, prevention and therapy prolonged, deficiency of atmospheric with lecithin and cholesterin humidity in (Parlato).................... 70 (Bellesini)........................................ 178 Atmospheric conditions, varying, physi tumor of bladder, cause and protec ological reactions and sensation of tive measures (Evans)..................... 41 pleasantness under (Winslow, Her rington, Gagge)............................... 165 tumors of bladder, clinical signifi pollution, condensation nuclei con cance (Ferguson).............................. 42 tent as related to air freshness tumor of bladder, pathology of (Gay) 42 (NelartO........................................... 213 ABSTRACT SUBJ Atmospheric pollution in Toronto (B arrett)....................................... pollution, necropsy evidence of relation to smoky atmosphere to pneu- 1 monia (Haythorn, Meller)............. . pollution, report on observations in year ended March 31,1937........... Attention, diffuse, contrivance for test> ing and measuring reaction time (Lahy).............................................. Atzler, E.: Work physiology, I ............. Lehmann, G.,andSzakall, A.: Physif ologic&l bases of the efficiency in creasing effect of dextrose............ Aobertin, E., Lacoste, A., Lachaud, R. de, and Martinet, R.: Examinaf tions of liver function in dogs poi soned with CC1 and phosphorous '. oil....................................................... Australia, lungs of coal, metalliferous and sandstone miners, chemical analysis and pathology (Badham T a y l o r ) ........................................... Report of Director-General of P ubli. Health, New South Wales for yea: 1936................................................. silicosis in metal miners in (Moore). Western, silicosis in metal miners - (Moore).......................................... Austria, Lower, tularemia in (Kling).. Avetislan, A. M., see Iljln, N. A. Baader, E. W.: Education in Industrie medicine in Germany.................... Bacteria control in air conditionin (Carswell, Nason, Fleming)......... control of air-borne organism (M u rp h y )..................................... Bad Nauheim salt factory, fund fc poor of............................................ Badham, C., and Taylor, H. B.: Tk lungs of coal, metalliferous an sandstone miners and other worker in New South Wales. Chemicr analysis and pathology................. Bagchl, K. N., and Ganguly, H. D. Lead in urine and feces............ . Balsban, I., and Schtibesch, 0 .: H; drocyanic acid poisoning and r. treatm ent....................................... Banana oil or amyl acetate............... Barclay, A. E., Franklin, K. J., as Macbeth, R. G.: Roentgenograph: studies of the excretion of dus: from the lungs............................... Barer, A. P., tee Fowler, W. M. Barkan, G.: Carbon monoxide pseud hemoglobin, the late detection > carbon monoxide poisoning ar. carbon monoxide effect on tk animal organism.......................... Barrett, H. M .: Atmospheric pollutic in Toronto, Canada..................... Barthe, R.: Avoidable and unavoidab industrial diseases...................... Statistical report on rheumatism in work group................................... j 5 0 JOURNAL OP INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY M tj. * Of miners suffering ante-primary silicosis in 1925-26, over 25% developed silicosis within 10 years and 4.2% silicosis with tuberculosis. Although silicosis is still being contracted, legislation has caused a pronounced reduction.--Helen Lawton. Severe pneumoconiosis and its recogni tion. V. Reichmann. Med. Welt, vol. 11, PP- 1518-1699 (1997). The author describes silicosis without tuberculosis. He considers it severe only if the x-ray shows flaky and tumor-like shadows. Honey-comb patterns he con siders to be an earlier stage, following which comes the nodule stage and finally the one be mentions. He describes its x-ray and clinical pictures and emphasizes the diag nostic value of spirometry, electrocardio grams and spbygmographB.--L. Teleky. Silicosis in the united states litera tu re. G. Hass. Zbl. J. Geuxrbehyg. u. Unfall., vol. U, pp. 901-909 (1997). Short review of some American literature on silicosis, especially its distribution and compensation.--L. Teleky. P ulmonary asbestosis. IV. T h e asbes tos BODY AND SIMILAR OBJECTS IN THE lung. K. M. Lynch. J . A. M. A., vol. 109, pp. 1971-1978 (Dec. 11, 1997). The presence of asbestosis bodies in the sputum does not necessarily imply asbesto sis and a person with advanced asbestosis may not show them in his sputum. After discussing their nature and transformation in the lung, Dr. Lynch describes similar brown bodies seen at autopsy in the lungs of persons having had no exposure to as bestos. One was a coal worker, one a housemaid and another had worked u cotton compress. In some cases a iiisea- of asbestosis was made and stood iinti. tfci history ruled out any such mu >* there was congestive heart failur,- m of these cases, it may be thnt roucxuew itself plays some part in the format*' 4 these bodies. The non-asbestosis body, however, has a black centrum while IW asbestosis one is translucent. The suite* has also seen silica particles similarly sheathed but these are more often ruua4 and again the centrum is black. "As is the nature of all of the objects it spirals that they are formed on a silica base u is the asbestosis body. On that hyjmtbewi the group would become silica bodies at which the asbestosis body is a member."-- Helen Lawson. P athological anatomy o f asrkstom*. IP. di Riost. Arch. f. Gcwcrbcpati. Gewerbehyg., vol. 8, pp. 199-153 (iu57). The author gives an exhaustive ib--np. tion of the macroscopic and micro-:findings in a fatal case of pulmmmr. u bestosis. There was a diffuse lmr--a spreading from the top toward the bottom I t is emphasized that whereas in siiicuMt there is a striking contrast between svr;<x-ray changes and the slight physical luur findings, in asbestosis this contrast >- r<versed. The anatomical and histuiuci'-.i! findings of silicosis and asbestosis dim r throughout. In the latter, the microsc|ni pathological-anatomical ones may in- ex plained by the mechanical action of the asbestos needles. Asbestosis cannot i* used as a support for the existence of silicatosis.--L. Teleky. DUST, SMOKE, FUMES, AND VAPORS: THEIR DETERMINATION AND ELIMINATION D u st control in industry. J . D. Leilch, L. B. Leppard and H. V. A . Briscoe. Nature, (letters), vol. llfi, pp. 779-779, (Oct. 90, 1997). Messrs. Leitch and Leppard criticise the suggestion of Briscoe and his collaborators (Nature, 199, 753, May 1, 1937) that the ad mixture of other dusts might be used to mitigate the effects of siliceous dusts. The positive way of preventing silicosis is to remove dust from the air breathed by the worker, either by the suppression of dust or by the wearing of respirators. In his reply, Professor Briscoe agrees that dangerous dusts should be suppressed by all known means, but he maintains that since the. finest fraction of active dusts is the most difficult to suppress and is the most Sept., 1S8) ABSTRACTS 161 D TOXICOLOGY [to/, to , no. 7 lsed by the spray nozzle. These <re from 19 to 44 ft. from the face. ' drift rounds were drilled for all ch hole was about 5 ft. in depth larged w ith 10 sticks of dynamite ks of tamping. Before blasting, id w ater were turned on in the s, and air only was turned on, to same am ount of ventilation in out the spray. The spraying from 30 to 49 minutes, lasting, impinger samples were . back of the spray nozzles, a t f from 10 to 48 minutes after the blast. inger samples, taken in normal hoi, were counted by the micromethod. The samples were also rk field, to determine the effect on particles in the different size suits showed th a t th e U3e of the d a reduction in the amount of air of over 99% in the first two The dust was reduced in the g from 452 million partides/cu. the spray, to 16 million particles i the spray in the interval from inutes after blasting. The re als over 99% during the later itervals. In Heading No. 3, >n was from 93.5 to 73.0% a t tervals, but it was thought t dust was bloom and shaken dusty surfaces in tikis headincluded in the sample, by blasting, a second which gives a high the vegetation is abundant in winter but degree of atomization with small amounts very sparse in summer. Analyses of lungs of air and water, and a third which yields of five animals (2 lambs and 3 sheep of un an appreciable reduction in the dust con known origin), presumably considered as tent of air.--Chem. Abstr. "controls," show values ranging from 0.36- 0.63% of silica in the ash (insoluble in HC1). P ulverizing silica sand. D. M. Wilhelm. The lungs of 3 sbeep from the sandy region Rock Prod., vol. 41, PP41-48 (Apr. 1888). gave figures of 1.30, 1.34 and 1.75, while The Milwood Sand Co. plant at Zanes lungs of 4 others that bad lived at the edge ville, Ohio is described and illustrated. of the desert yielded 5.83, 1.89, 3.82 hd The dust hazard has been practically 6.32%.--Helen Lawton. !*"; 1 eliminated by the use of dust seals on all I;: ' equipment in which dust is generated.-- R ecent dust exhaust apparatus. F. F. F. Rupert. Prockat. Staub, no. 6, pp. 349-387 (1937). The author describes, with examples and R educe dust count to minimum with redesigned booths. Ceram. Ind., vol. 30, pp. 68-70 (Apr., 1938). The brief article relates how the dust in the electrical porcelain department of the General Electric Co. was greatly reduced by installation of water-wash booths and later by the redesign of the booths. Dust concentrations of 3.8 million particles per cu. ft. are now obtained at the operator's illustrations, the most important points of exhaust apparatus: various kinds of dust removal (gravity systems, removal by utilizing the mass inertia, by centrifugal force, by filters, etc.). Then he describes exhaust hoods, partly in agreement with those expressed in Drinker and Hatch's book, partly also on the basis of some of his own investigations of piping installations.-- L. Teleky. nostrils, and the count in the room outside is 3.5 million.--F. F. Rupert. P revention op asbestosis in industry. F. Prockat. Staub, no. 6, pp. 183-188 V S Solving t h e dust problem. F. IP. Ortman, Jr. Safety Eng., vol. 76, pp. 13-16 (Apr., 1938). The author briefly describes the dust control methods used in the grinding, milling and boring department of the Hoppers Co. a t Baltimore. The original (1937). Description of asbestos, the various kinds, its uses and the way it is worked for various purposes. Many illustrations show how in certain processes dust can be de creased by proper installation of exhaust systems and practical planning.--L. Teleky. obtained from th e dark-field ited th a t the spray waa more -he coarse particles than on the tides. s were also made which ind!he use o f the sp ra y waa m ors S5&- equipment, consisting of a number of instal lations was replaced by a central dust collection system, which has proved satis factory for 13 yrs., with improvements th a t have been added recently. The area of the T he spectographic determination op LEAD IN BLOOD FROM NORMAL HUMAN subjects. G. H. Scoll and J. H. McMillen. Am. J . Med. Set., vol. 195, pp. >ntrolling dust due to mucking " screen has been increased one-third by the 683-637 (May, 1938). netbods of wetting down the --- e mucked.--W. H. Buck. adoption of an improved type of screen, The blood of 89 medical students with no without increasing the size of the screen history of industrial lead exposure was izebs v o n po st m t n a x T . . M ining J ., vol. tO, pp. 166- house. As an auxiliary measure, a large portable vacuum cleaner with interchange able nozzles is used for cleaning walls and examined spectrographically using the interrupted arc. The iron in the blood was used as the internal standard. In one-half employing deliquescent sslins hlorides of Mg, Ca, Na) bars al results at~the Santa Maria mine. Designs for several included, one for a spray limination of S gases caused ceilings.--F. F. Rupert. P ulmonary sil ic o sis and sand dunes. H. Velu. Comp. rend. Soe. de trial., vol. 138, pp. 13-14 (1938). The author analyzed the lunge of adult sheep from a sandy region of Morocco where of the individuals no lead was detected. The remainder showed between 0.001 and 0.06 mg. % of lead in whole blood. None of the individuals presented any symptoms of lead poisoning. The limit of sensitivity Is claim ed t o b e 0.001 m g. % ,--Stewart H. Webster. 1 106 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY M . 29, no. t ier-Villars. Bull, el man. Soc. d. h6p. de Paris, vol. 54, pp. 214-221 (1938). The authors describe the clinical course, x-ray and pathological-anatomical findings of silicosis in a castings polisher. They found pneumothorax, adherence of lung to costal pleura, emphysema and many very small nodules up to I cm. in sire. The larger nodules in the center were caseous. Koch bacilli could not be detected although a careful search was made. The authors consider the case to be a proof of the effect of tuberculosis on an existing silicosis. In 8 other casting polishers with many years' experience, no signs of silicosis were de tected.--!. Teleky. D iseases of the textile in du stry , CAUSES AND PROPHYLAXIS. E. R. Hurlado. Revista del Trabajo, vol. 1, pp. 7986 (Oct. 1937). Of the various causes of disease in the textile industry, the author considers dust as the most important. In the ^otton industry, which iB the most important tex tile industry in Mexico, two kinds of dust have been found, (1) small particles of cotton, (2) sand. Chemical analysis re vealed the presence of 50.9% SiOi. This accounts for the pulmonary trouble found among the laborers. The author suggests ventilation of the carding machines and the use of respirators by the employees.-- . C. A . Sands. D ecisions on silicosis cases. F. Sommer. Monalsschr. f. Unfallheilk., vol. 45, pp. 74-95 (1938). The author who is a pathological anato mist, reports on his experiences in a number of silicosis cases, especially those made very difficult legally by the wording of the Ger man laws. Of his cases, two-thirds died of pulmonary tuberculosis. Among the no table cases is that of a man who died in 1930 of advanced "rock cutter's lung" . He had given up this work in 1919 and the first symptoms were seen in 1921. In 1924 it was diagnosed as pneumoconiosis. In another case, one of silico-tuberculosis, there developed tuberculosis of the urinary tract, and in another tuberculosis of the meninges. In one case the x-ray findings could not explain the severity of the symp toms and at autopsy there was discovered an angitis obliterans of the mid-lung arterial branches. The author reports that deter mination of silicosis is possible by exhuming a body some time after death. Silicosis it very resistant to putrefaction--one body w y exhumed 2 yrs. after death and the existence of silicosis proven.--L. Teleky. T he bearino on silicosis questions or THE THIRD LAW FOB EXTENSION OF ACCI DENT INSURANCE TO INDUSTRIAL DISEASES. Lochtkemper. Zbl. f. Gewerbehyg., vol. IS, pp. 9-12 (1938). This law puts all silicoses on a par with accidents; up to now this was true only for certain especially dangerous industries. The author notes the need of this extension, especially for increasing prophylactic meas ures. One can now decrease the hazard by introducing into all industries protective measures, medical examinations and medi cal supervision. The author reports then on some of his own experiences: finding severe silicosis in a worker who was em ployed in a room near a sandblaster. The quartz dust penetrated into this room and was kept in motion by a moving belt. He has found silicosis in chamotte workers and in clay tube factories (average quartz con tent of the clay tubes was 40%). Another case was th at of a man who for a year had shovelled grain mixed with sand. In first examining an applicant it is im portant not to exaggerate findings that are alarming: old calcareous foci are not sig nificant; on the other hand, a very careful history is essential and one should give special attention to light silicoses con tracted in previous work.--L. Teleky. Silicosis as a medical and social prob lem. E. Eizaguirre. Revista Asset Med. Argentina, vol. 51, pp. 51-59 (Dec. 1937). Although a p art of this article is devoted to a survey of the important work done in silicosis, the author cites a case which was brought to his attention. A man, 40 yrc. old, had been working at sandblasting for 7 years, but had left because of dyspnea, thoracic oppression, and frequent cold. No Koch bacilli were found. Radiologjcally, there were dense shadows in the May, 1958] ABSTRACTS 107 middle and upper parts of both lungs. Oc casionally, he suffered from rise in tempera ture coincident with increase in expectora tion. The patient finally died at the age of 44. The autopsy showed some pleural exu dates in the left lung, marked lobulation, and the presence of some granulation. Microscopic examination showed heavy deposits of iron, silica, and coal dust. In the zones of massive fibrosis, there were places in which the fibroblasts had disap peared almost entirely, but the general microscopic picture was one of fibrosis. Lung permeability had disappeared. The author found the presence of large multi-nuclear cells, whose morphological characteristics differ from those seen in tuberculosis--C. A. Sands. A sbesto sis and its prev en tio n . T. Windel. Arbeitsschutz, pp. 56-59 (1958). Continuing his earlier work (see these abstracts, vol. 19, p. 112, 1937), the author first presents more material on asbestosis in the textile industry. The number of asbes tos workers has increased and now there are -about 1300 in Germany, of whom about 1000 are considered to be dangerously exposed, including the weavers. Up to March 31, 1937 there have been 27 cases of asbestosis, of which 16 have been fatal. Since April 1, 1937, asbestosis has been legally rated as an industrial disease on an equal basis with accidents and since then (in 6 months) 10 cases have been indemnified. The earliest observed symptom of the disease is seen after 3 or 4 yrs.' work. An x-ray should be taken of each new employee and each should be examined after 3 yrs. and then at inter vals to be determined by the doctor. Above all, observers must prove whether or not a light case will inevitably progress in spite of removal from exposure. With the help of many illustrations, the author shows obsolete and new, satisfactory protective measures and describes the technical improvements that are necessary. --L. Teleky. DUST, SMOKE, FUMES, AND VAPORS: THEIR DETERMINATION AND ELIMINATION A STUDY OP THE CRYSTALLINE SILICEOUS MINERALS PRESENT IN SILICOTIC LUNGS BY THE X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD. C. M. Jephcott, If'. M. Gray, and D. A. Irwin. Canadian Med. Ass. J., vol. 58, pp. 50915 (March, 1958). A series of 35 lung ashes and several mine dusts and tamping powders were analyzed by the x-ray diffraction method. The authors describe briefly the fundamentals of x-ray diffraction and also the method of preparing lung ashes. The lungs examined were from persons exposed to various types of dusts, including those encountered in brick making, granite cutting, enamelling, and metal mining. The control minerals used were micas, kaolin, quartz, microcline, orthoclase, talc, tourmaline, chlorite, and | tremolite. The findings revealed that quartz w'as present as the chief constituent in all the lung ashes; mica and soda feld spars were important components; potash feldspars, talc, and tremolite occurred only as traces. It was also found that correla tion between crystalline siliceous material found in tbo lune nshes by the x-rny diffrac tion method and the occupational history of the individual was not possible.--C. R. Williams. P etrographic id en tification of atmos pheric dust pa r tic les. W. D. Foster and H. H. Schrenk. U. S. Bur. Mines Rept. Invest. 95568 (Jan. 1958). A dark-field method of determining quartz by immersion is proposed. The writers preface the description of their method by a brief discussion of the petro graphic technic and its limitations. Com parative tests showing the limit of visibility of quartz in liquids of different refractive indices by light-field and dark-field methods are given. The curve for light field shows that in a 1.510 liquid, quartz particles must be larger than 2/i to be seen. This figure is somewhat high when an oil-immersion ob jective is used. The method described in volves immersing the sample in liquids of various indices of refraction and judging the amounts of various minerals present by the brightness or faintness of the particles in various liquids. It is impossible by this t Apr. 1988J ABSTRACTS 89 T he b e h a v io r o r c e r t a in b e s t s u n d er MECHANICAL IMPINGEMENT. J . B. Ficklen and L. L. Goolden. Science, vol. 85, pp. 5S7-588 (June 18, 1937). The results of a study of breakage of dust particles collected by impingement on vari ous surfaces (dry surface of gelatine and glycerine, dry glass plate and glass plate submerged in water) are given in tabular form. Samples of quartz and feldspar in the size range between 5-10 n and dried spores of pencillium oxalicum were used. The authors conclude th at the amount of breakage depends chiefly on velocity of impingement, type of dust and impingement surface. The ratios of small particles pro duced to particles of original size varies from 4.5 to 100:1. No indication is given us to the methods used in sampling, methods of determining particle size or amounts of dust used in the experiments.--C. R. Wil liams. A microprojection method fob counting IMPINGEB DUST SAMPLES. C. E. Brown, L. .4. II. Baum, IF. P. Yant and H. H. Schrcnk. U. S. Bur. Mines Rept. Invest, no. 3373 (Jan. 1988). The introduction refers to Brown and Yant's previous article describing a microprojection method for determination of particle size distribution and concentra tions of Owens je t and thermal precipitator samples. The regular microscopic method for counting impinger samples requiring timeconsuming dilution preparation, etc., is discussed. The authors emphasize the wellknown eve strain associated with this method, which requires observation of dust particles whose apparent size is of the order 'f 0.1 mm. (the authors have apparently .t the limit of visibility for the light-field method as lit, which a t 100 diameters mag nification would be 0.1 mm.). The difference between the regular micro'ir method and the projection method ! Minting is explained. In the latter, a macnifiention of 1000 is used instead of 100 n in the former. The same objective (lOx) s i:.**d (and apparently the same type of ..in;nation--light field), thus revealing the -tame number of particles. The greater magnification is obtained through a 20x eye piece instead of lOx, and by projecting on a translucent screen a t a predetermined distance. At lOOOx magnification, a lftS particle will have an apparent size of 1mm.; furthermore, both eyes can be used for counting, all of which makes for reduced eye strain. The article describes all the extra appa ratus needed, such as automatic-feed car bon-arc lamp with condenser and rheostat for available current; a heat filter to elimi nate heat from light before it enters the microscope; suitable eye piece; a right-angle projection prism; a ruled translucent screen; remote control for focusing and operation of stage, etc. Any regular micro scope with adjustable tube suitable for counting impinger samples by the standard method is satisfactory for use in the micro projector. For particle size determination, which requires a magnification of 10,000x, a 90x oil immersion objective is needed. Two tables give comparative values be tween the two methods of counting, which show excellent agreement, and three illus trations show typical arrangement of the micro-projector.--N. R. Berm. D ust control methods in an asbestos fabricating pla n t. R. T. Page and J . J . Bloomfield. U. S. Pub. Health Repts. vol. 52, pp. 1718-1727 (Nov. 26, 1987). The various processes used in the fabrica tion of asbestos are described and illus trated. Very useful information, in some cases with schematic views, is given on exhaust hoods coupled with estimates of dust concentrations in the breathing zone with and without the ventilation system being run. A final table shows clearly that the industry can keep dustiness well below 10 million particles per cu. ft. (impinger method, light field counts). I t is intimated th a t the industry should set its own stand ards of air cleanliness on the basis of the performance data given in this report.-- Philip Drinker. N ew rock drill dust control. Engin. News Rec., vol. 119, pp. 1058-1081 (Dec. SO, 1987). A group of contractors in the New York area, under the direction of a consulting mining engineer, have developed a dust 150 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY Ivol. t, no. : whole as unsatisfactory, but Yant's work on the urine sulfates test for benzene ab sorption is praised. Normally inorganic sulfates constitute 85-95%, the remainder being organic. In benzene absorption there is a decrease in this ratio which is quantitatively related to exposure. Methods of prevention and treatment are suggested. Milk, carbohydrates and sugar should have a prominent place in the diet of exposed persons.--Helen Lawson. T he utilization of lethal gases in htgiene. P. G. Stock, Proc. Royal Soc. Med., (Epidem. and Slate Med.), vol. SI, pp. 427-442 (March, 1938). The uses to which lethal gas are put are listed and include destruction of pathogenic organisms, disinfection of water and sewage, destruction of rodents, destruction of insects, and destruction of agricultural pests. The author discusses the different gases used, which include oxides of sulfur, carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide, salforkose, which is a mixture of carbon bisulfide and alcohol, hydrogen cyanide, orthodichlor benzene, trichloronitro-methane, tetrachlorethane, ethylene oxide, and chlorine. He also gives a very instructive discussion of the use of each of the above gases and the dangers encountered in their use. A clear concise discussion of the method of application is also given.--C. E. Schwob. Vapor pressures of solvents. D. S. Davis. Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. SO, pp. 320S21 (1958), and D. H. KiUefer, ibid. pp. 477-479, 665-667 (1938). Nomographic charts are given in which the log of vapor pressure is plotted against inverse temperatures for a group of solvents boiling below 90C, between 90-150, 150- 200, and above 200. The charts sr* especially convenient for anyone workirg in industrial hygiene. A set can be 0' tained for 25 cts. from Industrial a; : Engineering Chemistry, 706 Mills Bldg Washington, D. C.--Philip Drinker. I ndustrial poisons, war gas and t t r cemia. J. A. M. A. (Queries and miVnotes), vol. 110, p. 1508 (19S8). Do industrial poisons cause leucemia ar.: is there any relationship between it and wr gas poisoning? As to leucemia from industrial poison* many sources are cited which tend to in criminate benzene; ethylene glycol mon^ methyl ether and radioactive substance are also mentioned. War gases evidenth do not produce this condition.--Belt* Lawson. Industrial solvents. IF. D. McNally Indust. Med., vol. 7, pp. 295-303 (Junt. 1938). The constant and increasing need for new solvents in industry has resulted in a great number of these substances. The author discusses the group as a whol* pointing out their irritating effect upon th* respiratory tract and skin and their peculiar action upon fats and lipoids as well as upo* the central nervous system. Methyl alcohol, benzine, carbon tetra chloride, trichlorethylene, benzene, tetrachlorethane, tetrachlorethylene, carbor. disulfide, tetraethyl-ortho-silicate, diethylphthalate, all are described individually and the toxicology outlined. There is an excellent table giving a Ik of solvents, their use in industry, tbc':toxic effects, and the autopsy finding* The article is accompanied by references.W. Irving Clark. DUST HAZARDS AND TH EIR EFFECTS Asbestos. S. R. Gloyne and E. R. A. Merewether. Occupation and Health, Internal. Lab. Office, Geneva (1938). This is one of the brochures included in the International Labour Office Supple ment to its two-volume Encyclopedia on Occupation and Health. This particular brochure reviews the chemical composition and physical properties of a variety of silicate minerals commercially known v asbestos; the common uses of asbestos; extraction; manufacturing processes; riskt to health; essential features of asbestos: diagnosis; pathological features; asbestos and tuberculosis; preventive measures; and compensation for asbestosis. Of spe cial interest are the references made to tbr difficulties in diaennsi and fb" Sept., 1938} ABSTRACTS 151 on the formation of asbestosis bodies, illustrated with forty-one free-hand draw ings of these bodies showing their different appearances. The most important single clinical sign of asbestosis is stated to be that of diffuse bilateral impairment of the percussion note which is slight in degree and associated with a slight sense of resistance. I t is best elicited by very light and rapid percussion of the back of the chest from apex to base on each side. The other important feature in diagnosis is the radiographic examination of the chest. The distinguishing differences between the radiographic pictures of asbestosis and silicosis are listed. The brochure emphasizes the point, however, that asbestosis cannot be diagnosed with absolute certainty on either radiographical or physical examination alone. With the aid of both, the disease can be diagnosed with certainty if present in some degree, although n o t necessarily to an extent suffi cient to cause either symptoms or any disablement. In very difficult cases where gross tuberculous lesions obscure the picture, careful investigation of the sub ject's exposure to asbestos dust, particu larly as to the dustiness of the processes engaged in and the length of exposure, will enable the correct decision to be reached. The preventive measures are based largely on those principles incorporated in the Code of Regulations adopted in Great Britain to achieve the British standard of threshold dustiness. The views expressed in the brochure are authoritative and exceedingly instructive.--IT. J . McConnell. T he lungs of coal, metalliferous and SANDSTONE MINERS AND OTHER WORKERS in N e w South Wales. C hemical ANALYSIS AND PATHOLOGY. C. Badham and H. B . Taylor. Extract from Annual Report, Dept. Public Health, for 1936, pp. 100-143, Gov't. Printer, Sydney, 1938. . In a previous paper (these Abstracts, 15, 103, 1933) the authors described their analytical procedure which was adapted from Fresenius' method for analyzing clays and unfortunately is omitted in the present paper. Two- to thrfee-hundred grams of lung are nf into niofoo nnd dried to constant weight a t 105C. The dry lung is then heated a t dull redness until carbon-free. Half a gram of this ash is fumed with con centrated H2SO<, HC1, and HNO*, with decantations and heating in the usual way. This residue, A, is "Silica from silicates decomposed by acids, plus silica present as such in the lung ash, plus undecomposed silicates." Residue A is then extracted hot with 10% soda solution and washed with water and 1:10 HC1, ignited and weighed, giving Residue B. The silica in this residue is then determined colorimetrically. Residue B is then treated with HF and HjSO leaving for weighing, Residue C. The water-soluble portion is then ex tracted and weighed as Residue D. The novel part of Badham and Taylor's procedure, not given in the present paper, but stated clearly in their earlier paper, is in the interpretation of the results. It is claimed th at the "greater portion of the alumina in Residue C was probably derived from a silicate of the form Al,0>2Si0*. The remaining alumina and potassium sul fate are considered to be from a silicate of the form KjO- A1,0,- 6SiOj." "The amount of free silica in the ash is given by subtracting from Residue B the weight of the undecomposed silicates which can be calculated from the Residue C by allotting to the K,SO its correct propor tion of AljOj and SiOj, according to the formula KjOAljOrfiSiOj and to the resid ual alumina its correct proportion of SiO* according to the formula AUOf2SiOi." "The amount of combined silica is the sum of the SiOj extracted by sodium carbon ate" and in the two silicates given above. Carbon was determined on a 2 gm. speci men of dried lung by hot digestion with 25% NaOH treatment with HNO,, and fat extraction with alcoholic potash. Loss on ignition of the final residue was considered as C. The authors deplore the lack of uni formity in analytical procedures by differ ent investigators and suggest that the method of sampling (th e' lungs) should be agreed upon internationally as the re sults of these analyses undoubtedly have important medico-lcgal and scientific significance. They suggest that the lungs 184 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL H Y G IEN E AND TOXICOLOGY I... t . v . , Anaesthetized cats were given intra tracheal insufflations of fine bismuth car bonate, bismuth subnitrate and lead glass powders by means of a powder blower in serted through a bronchoscope. Fluoro scopy and roentgenograms demonstrated th at in the dry state these radio-opaque minerals were not carried into the terminal air spaces but remained adherent to the walls of bronchi lined with ciliated epithe lium. The process of removal could be readily followed. The column of dust on the mucosal surface moved upward with a spiral motion. Neutral bismuth carbonate was usually completely eliminated in 1 to 4 days, the acid subnitrate was excreted slightly more rapidly and the lead gloss had disappeared in from 7 hrs. to 2 days. The reaction of the mineral did not affect the rate of elimination, a result at variance with those of other observers. If the par ticles were suspended in fluid either saline or thin syrup, they were carried into the terminal alveoli from which they were slowly excreted by the bronchial route over periods of weeks. No evidence of drainage to lymph nodes could be discovered. The authors suggest that inhalation of dust in the dry state might be less dangerous than if it were moist. The presence of sufficient amounts of water might permit the mineral particles to penetrate beyond the protec tive ciliary epithelium and allow gradual accumulation in the lungs.--L. V. Gardner. Occupational cancer in asbestos work e r s. M. Nordmann. Zltchr. f . Krebsfortch., vol. 47, pp. 88-S0 (.1958). The author reports on 2 cases of lung cancer of which he made the pathologicalanatomical examination. He reports like wise on the clinical aspects of Hornig's case (see following abstract) and on a 55 yr. old man who had worked in asbestos from his 36th to 43rd years. Autopsy showed asbestosis and in the left upper lobe a markedly necrotic, cornified squamous celled epithelioma. The author mentions 4 additional cases of cancer with asbestosis in the literature and one must agree with him th at, in view of the small number observed and the very few cases of asbesto sis autopsied (12 cases in Germany), the number of cancers found i*sa vt*r\ Mgr, Of these 6 cases, the site of the qn . j cases was the lower lobes, in five u a squamous-celled epithelioma .r.. <; the victims were less than 43 yr.-. ,!:, * all, work with asbestos had Ih-uu:. It yrs. before. After all, the autuuquite right in seeing acausal rci:iii..:. i. tween asbestosis and lung c.a ,r. i Teleky. C lin ic a l considerations ok the u i estios OF INDUSTRIAL CANCER OF ASBEsTut w o rk ers. F. Homig. Zischr. / . Kr<u . foneh., vol. 47, pp. 81-87 (193S). A 35 year old woman who worked in an asbestos factory from 1919-1928 fell ill of asbestosis; in 1937 a sharply defined shsdu* was seen roentgenologically in the upper lei: lobe. This shadow was considered by tiauthor to be a carcinoma and in the derisum on the case, a causal relation between the presence of asbestosis and the developmei.: of carcinoma was accepted. Confirmt.- a t autopsy of the diagnosis of lung car cinoma is presented in a paper by Nordmn:. (preceding abstract).--!.. Teleky. E xperim ental investigation of tiii. SCBNEEBERO LUNG CANCER QCESTION. H . R . Ddhnerl. Ztschr. f . Krebsforsd... vol. 47, pp. m - t S 9 (1958). In a very exact manner, with regard to tie pertinent literature, and with careful con sideration of all factors, the author report on the tumors found in mice kept in tl. Schneeberg mines. In the experiment wer. 48 animals of whom 28 died. Of these, > were given careful pathological and ana tomical examination; the other two wersent to another Institute for examinatio: of their radioactivity. In 7 animal, tumors were found; in two of them, multip. tumors in various organs. Since the experi mental animals came from almost tumor free stock, the number of tumors found i s . high one. In two cases there were tru epithelial lung tumors, in two, ulcers of tk mediastinum, in the other 3 cases there wer tumor-like, more or less generalized change of the lymphatic system. After carefi consideration, the author blames the ra