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564 CHAPTER 23 1955 Guide REFFERENCES * I=B=R Installation Guide No. 5, Baseboard Heating Systems (Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers, Second Edition, 1953). A Study of Radiant Baseboard Heating in the I=B=R Research Home, by Alonzo P. Kratz and Warren S. Harris (University of Illinois, Engineering Experi ment Station Bulletin No. 358, 1945). * A.S.H.V.E. Code for Testing Radiators (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol 33 1927, p. 18). 4 A.S.H.V.E. Standard Code for Testing and Rating Concealed Gravity Type Radiation (Steam), (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 37,1931, p. 367); (Hot Water), (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 39, 1933, p. 237). (See also A.S.H.V.E. Trans actions, Vol. 41, 1935, p. 38, and Vol. 42, 1936, p. 29). 5 I=B=R Testing and Rating Code for Baseboard Type of Radiation (Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers, First Edition, July 1950). * A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 998--Factors Affecting the Heat Output of Convectors, by A. P. Kratz, M. K. Fahnestock, and E. L. Broderck (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 40, 1934, p. 443). 5 Factors Influencing the Heat Output of Radiators, by A. C. Davis, W. M. Saw- don and David Dropkin (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 42,1942, p. 185) and (Cor nell University, Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 29, April, 1942). * Heat Emission from Radiators, by K. F. Rubert (Cornell University, Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 24, 1937). * Comparative Tests of Radiator Finishes, by W. H. Severns (A.S.H.V.E. Trans actions, Vol. 33, 1927, p. 41). 'Heat Loss from Direct Radiation, by J. R. Allen (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 26, 1920, p. 11). " Heat Output of Concealed Radiators, by E. A. Allcut (University of Toronto, School of Engineering Research Bulletin No. 140, 1933). "The Heating Effect of Radiators, by Charles Brabbde (A.S.H.V.E. Transac tio"nsIn, vVeosl.tig3a3,tio1n927o,f pH.e3a3t)in. g Rooms with Direct Steam Radiators Equipped with Enclosures and Shields, by A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz, M. K. Fahnestock and S. Konzo (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 35, 1929, p. 77 or University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 192). Investigation of Various Factors Affecting the Heating of Rooms with Direct Steam Radiators, by A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz, M. K. Fahnestock and S. Konzo (University of Illinois, Engineering Experi ment Station Bulletin No. 223). 14 A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 962--The Application of the Eupatheoscope for Measuring the Performance of Direct Radiators and Convectors in Terms of Equivalent Temperature, by A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz and M. K. Fahnestock (A.1S5 .THh.eV.KEa. taTTrahnesrmacotmioentesr,--VIotsl. V3a9l,ue19a3n3d, Dp.ef3e0c3ts)., by W. J. McConnell and C.L Yagloglou. (Reprint No. 953 from U. S. Public Health Service Report, pp. 2293-2337, Sep14teTmhbeerT5h,e1rm92o4-)I.ntegrator--A New Instrument for the Observation of Thermal Interchanges, by C.-E. A. Winslow and Leonard Greenburg (A.S.H.V.E. Transac tio1n1 sT,hVeoCl.a4lib1,ra1t9io3n5, opf.th1e49T).hermo-Integrator, by C.-E. A. Winslow, A. P. Gagge, Leonard Greenburg, I. M. Moriyama and E. J. Rodee (The American Journal of Hy gien**eT, hVeoGl. lo2b2e, NThoe. rmI,oJmuelyte, r1in935S,tupdpie. s1o37f -H15e6a)t.ing and Ventilation, by T. Bedfor and14CA..SG..HW.Va.rEn.erR(eTsheearJcohurRnaelpoofrHt yNgoie.n1e0,6V7--olT. h34e, CNooo. l4in).g and Heating Rates of a Room with Different Types of Steam Radiators and Convectors, by A. P. Kratz, K. Fahnestock and E. L. Broderick (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 43, 1937, P- 3891)0. Humidification for Residences, by A. P. Kratz (University of Illinois, Enginecf- ing Experiment Station Bulletin, No. 230, p. 20). CHAPTER 24 PANEL HEATING Definitions; Application Methods: Embedded Piping for Ceilings, Walls, or Floors; Warm Air and Electrically Heated Ceilings, Walls, or Floors; Output from Panel Surfaces: Radiation, Convection and Combined Heat Transfer; ' Floor Panel Design: Design Conditions, Calculation of Room Heat Loss, De termination of IJMRT, Determination of Panel Output, Graphical Determination of Panel Input and Water Temperature; Ceiling and Wail Panel Design; Hot Water Piping, Installation and Control; Snow Melting: Design and Installation IN this chapter the term, Panel Heating, is used to describe a method of space heating which employs large heated areas of interior room surfaces operating at relatively low surface temperatures (80 to 125 F). The heating elements usually consist of warm water piping, warm ab ducts, or low temperature electrical resistance elements embedded in, or located behind, ceiling, wall, or floor surfaces. Panel heating may be considered as another method of convenient and effective space heating. The heat loss requirements may be calculated in the conventional manner except that the heat loss through the area occu pied by the heated panel need not be included. An assumed reverse heat loss from the panel, however, should be included in determining the boiler load. The heat release from the panel is expressed in terms of hourly heat output per square foot of surface. The room air temperatures to be main tained are approximately the same as those maintained by heating systems employing cast-iron radiators, convectors, or warm air ducts. This chapter does not include a separate discussion of such topics as the influence of radiation on human comfort, the mechanisms by which human beings release heat, and other similar topics that apply to all '`methods of heating interior spaces for human comfort/ The reader is referred to Chapter 6 for a detailed discussion of these, subjects. APPLICATION METHODS -The great majority of panel installations of the past 40 years (which is the period of the modem utilization of this method of heating) have used warm water as the heating medium which is circulated in embedded pip ing- More recently, the use of warm air ducts, and embedded electrical heating elements, has come into favor, especially where specific local fac tors have influenced such use. Steam has been Used only occasionally because of the problems which result from its higher temperature. . When the heating medium is warm water, both ferrous (steel or wrought non) or non-ferrous (generally copper or aluminum) pipe or tube are used widely in ceiling, wall, or floor panel construction. Tube sizes used are t> 5, f and J in. O.D., while piping is generally { or 1 in. I.P.S. Where ooil* are embedded in concrete or plaster, no threaded joints should be used ferrous pipe coils. The construction should be of all-welded, type. Changes in direction should be made by bending the pipe itself, rather than by use of fittings. Solder-joint fittings are used for non-ferrous heating 565 ilk