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vehicle accidents others -- of whom 150,000 wtirticTS^ presents a most serious challenge to .ill who hehevcTf?* society and rite sanctity of human Lite i .uul WlnTCUiS, titese human losses are accompanied by a stagger ing economic waste oP at leasr a billion and u half dollars annually; and Whereas, remarkable reductions and low death rates already , achieved in. certain states, cities and otiier population units, show Hut these unnecessary and costly tragedies can be net only controlled, bur acttullv re duced, by known metitods proved by experience; (Therefore he it Reiuilueh, riut rite Juttoiul iwiety Council does solemnly urge upon ail our people, through, their suite and local govern ments arid organisations -- and as individuals -- to reduce motor vehicledeaths and casualties by at least 55 percent by the end of rite year 1940, in eadt state, county and city; and Be it turrit or Rcsiriuch, that die Council does hereby pledge its own whole-hearted assistance and rite active and earnest ettorts of its riiousaniis of members everywhere, and cordially invites the cooperation of all other organi sations and agencies interested in safety on our streets and highways, to the. end that during' this five-year program at least 36,000 lives stiail bo saved ami the killing and maiming oHittie children, and all our people shall cease, upon our highways. 9'Utional aXdetv Council J&U46yzZixn1*`crt,Jtttt f, Hanttf/tny Mirret+r tfoxscuhve l3)mmitt^o^tJi^9Tationa| (Safety ^ _ |mg,-^t^opJhnois,9Coyeihber 18,,1935; i": T-. IMS dPPorts U HLVe^6/ Sdf 4V*'\ to^Ve t. ^ CO^ 6^et^ ^ /? M*5*A &LJ.ejintweL(jlLt HALF-HOUR OXYGEN BREATHING APPARATUS m-s-a safetyMeouipment M.S.A. Products include Breathing Apparatus . . . Inhalators . . . Masks of all Types . . . Gas Indicators . . . Gas Detectors . . . M.S.A. Safety Goggles . . . M.S.A. Protective Hats and Caps . . . Edison Electric Cap Lamps . . . Safety Clothing . . . First Aid Equipment . . . Submarine Escape Apparatus . . . Descriptive Bulletins will be sent on request itmmvnjg/iavnfefiv 1 NO LENS IS ft SAFETY GOGGLE USE UNLESS IT FURNISHES S' k'j?':'' riP^' SSh CLEAR, UNDLSTORTED vision *4 Safaety njlneet: Can you afford to overlook the safety factor of eye comfort when selecting safety goggles for your men ? We hardly think so, therefore, we wish to bring to your attention that Willson Flat Super-Tough lenses are made from the finest quality flat, ground and polished plate glass obtainable. The quality and flatness of this glass absolutely insures the normal eye complete comfort and freedom from eye strain . . . Of course the Willson Flat Super-Tough lens, because of the Willson method of heat treating which insures uniform strength, passes by a large margin all approved and sane tests for toughness. WILLSON PRODUCTS,*, READING, PA. The NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS U pubtUhed motuhlj, >y the Natlunal safety Council, M North Wcker Driro, Chicago. III. Yearly ub*crit>tiuu Cue* *.*. *uiuiue 33. Number I. Entered * terond ci**s matter June i, 1411, tt Uie Poatofflce *t Chicago, IlHnui*. under the Art .if Marrli 3, 18.4- Additional entry at at, Joteph. Michigan. JANUARY, 1936 f 2 ]Q.evoLutionh el OLD IDEAS ABOUT Tvi ft IN CHAINS One of the most important chain achieve ments in industrial history! Tested under severe conditions for over 3 years, the new HERC-ALLOY Heat Treated Steel Sling Chain has proved itselfa "double duty" chain in both strength and endurance. And, best of all, it cuts sling chain maintenance to a new low. Check thru these HERC-ALLOY. superiorities: OHeat Treated HERC-ALLOY throughout the entire chain to give maximum uniform strength. o Links are INSWELL Electric Welded by a new pro cess fully covered by patents. o HERC-ALLOY Heat Treated Hooks give maximum strength at these vital points. O Short, narrow links reduce to a minimum the dan ger of bending or gouging when used around sharp corners. AH Joiner Links are of Heat Treated HERC-ALLOY. Write for descriptive folder on this new extra-strength, low cost chain. COLUMBUS-McKINNON CHAIN CORP. general Sales Office; TONAWANDA, N. Y. HERC-ALLOY Heat Treated Steel Chain is manufactured from a high grade alloy steel containing nickel and molybdenum, Heat Treated under the most modern pyrometer control by an exclusive process. The result: an alloy combining in the highest degree these requisites: ductility, extreme strength and resistance to wear. &aligned and built by COLUMBUS-McKINNON NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 9 Aerial View: Research Laboratories and Manufacturing Plant of Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc., New York, where the World-Famed Burroughs Wellcome & Co. First-Aid Products are made. UNIVERSALLY USED The universal use of `Tabloid' First-Aid in the industrial and public utility fields is conclusive proof of its indispensable value and service. mardk 'TABLOID' -* FIRST-AID This protective shield is an international safe guard for man power--plant personnel has peace of mind and a real sense of security wherever this equipment is instantly available. Illustrations depict typical outfits from our large and varied assortment. Write for quotations on your First-Aid requirements Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S. A.) INC. 9 & it East Forty-first Street NEW YORK CITY Associated Houses: London (Eng.) Montreal Sydney Cape Town Milan Bombay Shanghai Buenos Aires JANUARY, 1936 For Industrial Plants No. 754 `Tabloid* FirstAid ("Pae-Kit"). (36 unit.) Measurements: 133g x 9 x 2H in. Weight: 8 lbs., 10 For Motor Vehicle*, Trucks, Salesmen's Cars, etc, No.728'Tabloid* First-Aid ("Mato-Kit"). Meas urements s5*4 x 3*4 x 2*4 in. Weight: 1 i lb., 2 on. For Industrial Em ployees, Household Use, etc. No. 714 `Tabloid* FirstAid ("Pocket Kit"). Meas urements: 4x2,jx .% in.Weight: 3ozs. Send for New Booklet, ` `Tabloid' FirstAid for Safety." Name Street address_________ City ALL IMPORTANT . %HCH Of w&sr* ' - TRIMO ike 0t4Utanclincj PIPE WRENCH Notice from the drawing above howTrimo's jaw swings back and forth 3/32 of an inch more than any other type. Just that added extra 3 /3 2 of an inch places Trimo miles ahead in wrench performance. It means a quicker bite, tighter grip on the pipe and an easier release when you swing the wrench back to its original position. Add to this feature Trimo's construction of the strongest chrome molybdenum and nickel alloy steel--Trimo's handle is drop forged, not cast--then you see why Trimo sets new standards of safety and service -- why it is far and away the best wrench value money can buy. TRIMONT MFG. CO., INC. ROXBURY (BOSTON) MASS. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 5 l.-.ai-ifciil*-1''' # Passengers in every type of common carrier, as well as those who ride in the back of privately owned automobiles, are en titled to greater protection against cuts from broken, flying glass. That is why every effort to extend the use of Safety Glass All-Around is surely in the best interests of the public. LIBBEY -OWENS FORD GLASS COMPANY. TOLEDO, OHIO. S Li b b ej,- O W E 1M S Fo R D JANUARY, 1936 u'iL.JCL. PLATE .V'") k lA-A ROUND National Safety News Volume 33 Published monthly in the interest of accident prevention and industrial health JANUARY, 1936 Number I , >,,a Contents We Expect a Lot from the Safety Man.....................................................10 N. M. Argabrite But the Safety Man Can't Do It Alone.....................................................11 J. L. Vandegrift Back to Work........................................... ................................................ 12 Hart E, Fisher, M.D. The Most Hazardous Occupation in Kansas.........................................15 J. C. Mohler The Nation Responds................................................................................... 18 Murderous Monoxide .......................... F. M. Van Deventer 19 Enemies of Eyesight..................................................................... J. M. Smith 21 How to Detect Combustible Gases.................................... P. S. Williams 23 Cleveland Industries Hold Fifth Campaign........................ .. ............ 28 H. M, Schnerer He Has Saved Thousands of Fingers................... ................................... 27 Curtis Billings First Aid Treatment of Burns............................. J. J. Wittmer, M.D. .33 The Aftermath of Sudden Death............................................. A. J. Bracken 35 The Driver's Reaction Time .................................................................... 36 Methanol ........................................................................................................ 38 Industrial Data Sheet D-Chem. 18 Safety Isn't Forgotten When the Whistle Blows ..................................... 48 Wandering Minds......................................................................................... 56 B. L. Jones Departments Editorial .......................................................... 9 The Managing Director's Page .................14 The Safety Exchange .................................... 30 Industrial Health .................................... 33 The Bulletin Board ............. ,,40 Personals ..........................................................55 The Safety Library ...................................... 56 The Honor Roll .............................................62 Coming Events ..... 67 The Accident Barometer ........................... 80 CARMAN T. FISH, Editor C. H. MILLER, Advertising Manager STANLEY H. KERSHAW, Poster Editor Copyright 1935 by Natiotui Safety Council, Inc, Printed in U.8.A, Entered u second-class matter June 1, 1931, at the Post Office at Chicago, 111., under the act of March 1379, Additional entry at St, Joseph, Mich. The price to member* for rstra subscriptions to the NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS is 14,00 per year. Single copies. 40 cents. Reduced quantity prices for yearly sub- Mriptloru and single copies on request, -Subscriptions are tftJiibie only to members of the National Safety Council, Member Audit Bureau of Circulation. This tnagaiine is Indexed in the Industrial Arts Index. Statements and opinions adranced in signed articles are individual expressions of their authors, not those of the National Safety Council, National Safety Council, Inc. 20 North Waclcer Drive, Chicago, U. S. A. New York Office, 9 Eut 41st Street Office of the Education Division, 1 Park Ave., New York City Honorary Members ROBERT W, CAMPBELL ARTHUR WILLIAMS ASSOCIATION OF IRON A STEEL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 6 National Safety Council Officers, 1935-36 Cassius H, Watson, M. D., President D, D. Fennell, Vice-President for Pub lic Relations Hart E. Fisher, M. D,, Vice-President for Health John B. Gibson, Vice-President for Safety Councils Hon, Harold G. Hoffman, Vice-Presi dent for Public Safety Albert S. Regula, Vice-President for Engineering A. V, Rohweder, Vice-President for In H dustrial Safety li H. T. Hqllnsten, Vice-President for Membership Albert \V, Whitney, Vice-President for Fkiucation William E. Worth, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer W, H, Cameron, .Managing Director Executive Committee Members at Large The Above Officers and: Harold S. Buttenheim, The American Citu Robert I. Gatun, Aetna Casualty and Surety Co. Harry Guilbert, The Pullman Co. G. F. Larson, Missouri Pacific Railroad Thomas H. MacDonald, U. S. Bureau of Public Roads K, J. Mehren, Portland Cement Assn. I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Corp. George F: Sanford, General Electric Co. C, W. Smith, Standard Oil Co., tlnd.) Safety Council Representatives Gen. John H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council Donald A. Finkbeiner, Toledo Safety Council Edwin A. Kayser, St. Louis Safety Council Robert L. Schmitt, Louisville Safety Council R. B. Fortuin, Lehigh Valley Safety Council James M. Strike, St. Joseph, Mo., Safety Council Sectionai Representatives A. L, Armstrong. Chemical G W. Dekpesy, Food Capt. E. W. Fiske, Jr., Marine E, E. Grant, Paper and Pulp William Ct Knoelk, Street and High way Traffic J, A. Purdy, Wood Products C. T, Winegar, Aut've & Machine Shop Past Presidents Robert W. Campbell Arthur T. Morey Lew R, Palmer David Van Scbaak' Ralph C. Richards' Charles P. Tolman Arthur H. Young Marcus A. Dow Lewis A. DeBlois Carl B. avel Charles B. Scott Walter G, King Homer K. Niesx* Lt.-Col. Henry A. Reninger C, Eugene Fettibone Carl W, Bergquist James i. Banash John E. Long JANUARY, 1936 &) Three decades ago Weed Chains were put on the market to make mo toring safer . . . Thus the American Chain Company was conceived in Safety and has always been dedicated to that ideal. Its influence can be noted everywhere. Acco Welded and Weldless Chains safely and economically perform a multitude of tasks--where "Strength and Dependability mean Safety"--in industry, in the home and on the farm. Tru-Lay Brake Control Cables are on millions of automobiles, safeguarding human lives everywhere. Tru-Lay and Lay-Set Preformed Wire Ropes lift elevators in buildings and ore in mines, assist in the con struction of buildings and bridges. Page Chain Link Fence encloses industrial plants, estates, farms and playgrounds. Wright Hoists move material quick ly, safely, economically. And Reading, Pratt & Cady Valves safely control steam, oil, water and searing acids. All of these, (and many others) are products of the American Chain Com pany or one of its divisions or asso ciate companies--all adhere to the tra ditional policy of building safety into products that bear the Acco trademark. So, as the twig was bent, the tree has grown. The ideals of this company have become an integral part of every product and a potent factor in safe guarding human, as well as mechan ical life, in industry, in the home and on the farm. AMERICAN CHAIN COMPANY, Inc. and Associate Companies BRIDGEPORT CONNECTICUT Here are the Associate Companies and Divisions of the American Cham Company, Inc, American Cable Co. * Andrew C Campbell Division 'Ford Chain Block Co. "Hazard Wire Rope Co. ? Highland Iron & Steel Co. "Manley Manufacturing Division "Owen Silent Spring Co. "Page Steel & Wire Division Reading, Pratt * Cady Co. * Reading Steel Casting Division * Wright Manufacturing Division * Dominion Chain Co., Ltd., Canada * Parsons Chain Co* Ltd. and British Wire Products, Ltd., England COUNT THE COST of Eye Accidents apiece. And for men in the metal-working industries there are 26 eye accidents per 1000 men per year. Dig into your eye-accident cost records. Then ask the American Optical Company industrial representative HAT a worker's eye is worth to him W--only he can say. But if he loses it stationed near you for an estimate of the cost of effi cient eye protection. In the complete American Optical it may cost $2,000 in compensation. Two thoCuosmanpdandyollianres there is a goggle for every eve-hazard in direct compensation alone--the price of a new ous job ... a goggle that men can wear in complete piece of production equipment--the price of a good comfort... a strong goggle that will save their eyes. worker's services tor a year. One sightless eye costs more than Even minor eve injuries are expensive. One company goggles for 1000 men. Write or counted up the cost, found eye-cases averaged $225 call our nearest office todav. . merican This new book will help you count the cost ol eye-injuries "-show how others have stopped eyeinjuries--help you figure your profits on eye-pro tection, Write for it. f ptical Company Manufacturers. tor raor* than 100 years, of products co aid and> preserve vision. Factories at Sourhbridge, Mass. In .Coasotidaxea Optical Co., Led. Branch oihees m all principal industrial centers 2081 NATIONAL SA4 FETY NEWS 9 JANUARY, 1936 fETY HEWS Published by National Safety Council, Inc. Outward Bound who are not receiving some much-needed training. Too many of them will also take the wheel of an automobile some EVER before has the Safety Movement approached day without an adequate sense of the responsibility involved. N the New Year with more difficult problems confront One of our neighbors has our unqualified respect. His ing it. The nation is facing a situation scarcely less grave house is rented but his care of the premises would be an than war; in fact, there is indisputable statistical evidence example to many an owner. that the United States has suffered more casualties from the And the snow never remains long on his front sidewalk. motor vehicles on its highways than from the guns of its external enemies. Thirty-six thousand traffic deaths a year cannot be re garded complacently. Add to this list several hundred thousand victims of more or less serious injuries and we have an appalling picture. Our humane instincts are shocked, of course, but we seldom stop to analyze the significance of these figures. The loss to a family when a breadwinner is killed or crippled is obvious, but the loss does not stop with the immediate family. Even a comparatively minor accident will put a serious crimp in the average family budget. The far-reaching effects of all these accidents constitute a depressing total of misery and discouragement, ft is an economic drain that the country cannot afford. The Safety Movement is starting the year 1936 with a clear-cut objective. It has proposed to the nation a reduc tion of 35 per cent in traffic fatalities by the end of 1940. Public officials, the press, and other molders of public opinion have endorsed. this campaign and offered their fullest co operation. A reduction of 35 per cent in traffic fatalities during the next five years would mean a saving of 38,000 lives and a quarter of a million serious injuries. In setting this quota, the National Safety Council realized the difficulties involved. Motor vehicle mileage is increas ing steadily and highway speeds are higher. There has been little or no strengthening of methods of training and con trolling drivers. The encouraging side of the picture is the interest being shown in accident prevention by governmental bodies, civic organizations, and by the general public. Newspapers in many communities have rendered splendid service in arous ing safety consciousness and their support in the five-year campaign will be invaluable. A realization of individual responsibility for safety is be ginning to niter into the public mind. Communities are organizing for safety and there is a tremendous amount of energy awaiting competent leadership to direct it along useful lines. 'HU*7 In This Issue IRING a man sounds like an every day affair, but H hiring the right man to act as safety director is a job of major importance, says N. M. Argabrite in the leading article. The executive who is looking for the ideal safety man described by Mr. Argabrite may have to compromise but if management expected more from the safety man, the accident rates wouid show a decided drop. The title of this article may sound forbidding but its author displays a sym pathetic appreciation of the safety man's job. (Page 10). And on the facing page, j. L. Vandegrift tells us what the safety man has a right to expect of management. Since safety concerns the fundamentals of operation, management has a very definite interest in the work. Management has a right to set high standards for safety performance and the safety department in turn must have the backing of the management. No sign is more welcome these days than "Help Wanted." While men are not returning to work as rapidly as we could wish, some of the problems of recovery have begun to appear. The men who have been unemployed for long periods have suffered in mind and body. Those who have been cm the job carrying extra burdens have depleted their physical and mental reserves. Young people just out of school have faced disillusionment. These are some of the problems - facing the safety and personnel workers. (Page 12). Too- often the serenity of life on the farm is marred by accident. More than half of the occupational fatalities in Kansas occur on the farms, although the state has a wide variety of industries, such as coal mining, salt mining, rock quarrying, oil drilling, and other enterprises considered more or less hazardous. Realizing that the prevention of acci dents is no less important than the improvement of farm products, the state Board of Agriculture has inaugurated a year-round safety program. (Page IS). Between 500 and 700 deaths occur in the United States each year from carbon monoxide poisoning. Most of these are caused by a running motor in a dosed garage. Certain defects in an automobile, however, may make it a lethal Good Citizens chamber. Even concentrations too small to cause collapse or death may cause accidents by impairing the driver's N the way to the train these winter mornings we cannot O help sizing up the householders along the route. The criterion is their activity in using the snow shovel. alertness and judgment. (Page 19). Not long ago we visited a plant that had established an outstanding safety record. At that time we couldn't help There are several homes where this implement is seldom feeling that safety had a good break because practically all used There are able-bodied males in most of these house of the plant was on one floor. Stairways are a problem but holds where the snow on the sidewalk remains until a thaw many companies keep down the accident rate in spite of removes it. Some of these homes have boys of football age them. (Page 39). JANUARY, 1936 10 N ACCIDENT, as many of us A viewed it some twenty-five or thirty years ago, was something loss of an old faithful assistant and for the family that has been deprived of its bread-winner. that could not be avoided, something Then there is the question of public that just happened. Those were the days opinion. A heavy accident rate will of small properties. We had small power undoubtedly cause very unfavorable re houses, each manned by an engineer, a action in the community. People do fireman, and an oiler--in many instances not look kindly upon any company that working twelve hours per day. We had is continually creating cripples and caus three or four so-called electricians and ing deaths in their midst. The local linemen who did all sorts of work from press cannot afford to let such things go unloading coal to stringing wire and wir unnoticed. ing houses. Our machine units were Let us, however, face this question small and our business was smaller, and more from the financial standpoint. I suppose that with organizations of that There is liability insurance, both em size every man was more or less of an ployee and public, and this is no small individualist. He was often his own item. There is the loss of capable trained foreman and he looked out for himself. men, and I doubt if there is another As I look back over those days, I can asset on the property which is of more recall accidents in sufficient numbers to value to the property than its trained convince me that our accident rates must employees. have been terrific. I cannot help but The executive, as his property grows, compare one of the first properties with comes to the conclusion that these acci which I was concerned with one of the dents must be stopped, or rather that large properties in which 1 am now in they must be reduced to the irreducible terested. On the old property of 35 minimum. He realizes that he, himself, years ago we had not to exceed 22 em cannot take time to rush here and there ployees and on the present property we to caution his employees and guide them have practically 2,200 employees, or as he would if he were handling a small about one hundred times the number organization. He therefore comes to the that we had in earlier days. conclusion that he must place in his organization a man who can give his URING 1934, there were two deaths entire time to this work. Once he has D on the present property and the come to this conclusion he has only fatalities therefore amounted to a littlsetarted. It is not as simple as it seems. less than one for each 1,000 employees. Hiring a man sounds like an every day If we applied that rate to the small affair, but hiring the right man to act property with 22 men, then we would as a safety director is a job of major im have had only one fatality on the small portance. property in about fifty years. We all What kind of man is this man whom know that the record of the small proper you want to guide and train your organi ty was much worse than that. I can zation? This man must go among the recall quite a number of fatalities dur members of your organization; he must ing my experience on the small proper get their interest; he must obtain their ties. My guess is that our accident rate confidence; he must win their respect, in those days must have been terrific, and he must be of such a turn of mind and yet we paid little attention to it. as to be able to unravel the answer as This leads me to the conclusion that to what caused the accident, and how to we became accident conscious as our prevent its recurrence. properties grew, and as the executive began to look through a magnifying glass, so to speak, he saw a picture mag nified to one hundred times the picture T seems to me that the first qualifica I tion is that the man must be mature. I do not believe that you can do as good that he was looking at in the earlier days. a job by sending a youngster among First and foremost, we should view seasoned linemen and power plant men. accidents from a humanitarian stand and I do not believe that you can get point. The executive should feel that them to pay as much attention to what he has no right to run a business that he has to say, as they would to an older kills off a number of men each year and and more experienced man. leaves a trail of widows and orphans If I were selecting a man to head a behind when it is within his power to safety organization on a large property, reduce that record so appreciably. Not I should look around for some well only has he no right to do this thing rounded superintendent who during his but he has no stomach for it. He worries career had personally done all the things about it primarily from the humanitar that are now being done by those with ian standpoint. His heart aches for the (Please turn to page 32) NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS * JANUARY, 1936 11 HE safety man may expect many ing to approved standards which include Tthings of his management. He necessary safety factors. In a public may expect a large, well-equipped utility, for instance, it is essential that office, with push-buttons to summon pole lines be built in accordance with messengers, clerks and secretary. He recognized standards, and that they be may expect a fat salary; experienced maintained in a condition favorable to assistants to relieve him of arduous de the safety of the men who work on them. tails; he may expect the dignity of an It is essential that so-called unsafe plant executive job and other luxurious ap conditions be kept at an absolute mini pointments. But how a safety man is to mum. With respect to tools, these shall get these things I cannot tell you, for I have tried to waggle them out of my management for years without success. What is vastly more important is to determine how a safety man may obtain the moral support of the management in initiating an effective policy and in in stalling suitable practices with respect to be constructed according to approved standards and maintained in satisfactory workable condition. The materials shall conform definitely to quality specifica tions. Perhaps there are fewer accidents that happen through the inherent fault of the machine or materials than is gen erally appreciated. the safety of the personnel. I am personally suspicious of the title of "safety man." It awakens a fear that he may be a "negative" man run ning around admonishing the workers E must have standards for our Wworkers in industry' if we are to have the work efficiently performed, and, of course, it cannot be efficiently per with a series of Don'ts. A "Don't do that or you might get hurt," etc. I am afraid too that he may be constantly concerned with the superficial things of operations --and therefore not really an important adjunct to the job. The safety man may be responsible for these lines of approach when they exist, but more likely it is a fault of the management that he is per mitted to exist as such a safety man. A quick and merciful exit is to be expected and desired in such cases. Safety, to my mind, has to do with the very fundamentals of production and all of its operations. Accidents are a form of industrial waste, just like a product defective in quality, and therefore are indications of wrong methods, wrong engineering, faulty supervision or general inefficiency. Arising as they do from formed if there are accidents. The work ers should be selected with regard to their physical and mental fitness for the job and with due regard to the potentialities of the individual for progress in the or ganization. After his selection, the em ployee should be trained properly in the work that he will be required to do, and adequately supervised. He should have inculcated in him the proper attitude towards the job with respect to its cor rect performance. While these factors affect the man, it is easily evident that they are in fact responsibilities not of the man but of the management. We may all agree that a few of the classifications of accident causes which apply to the individual are recklessness, carelessness and ignorance. I have never seen a reckless person in the telephone production failures, the same corrective business. I have heard the term careless action must be taken as in the more con ventional industrial failures. applied to many accident causes during the last fifteen years and I have seen many accident reports which indicate HERE are three principal factors ignorance of the employee, but I submit Tto be considered and directed in that the so-called ignorance and careless guiding accident prevention activities fianctors are management responsibilities. any industry -- the management, the They indicate lack of training, or of men, and the machines. overseeing, or of selection standards, or By the management is meant all those who have any supervisory or manage ment responsibilities. By the men is meant the general forces, the people who possibly of discipline, all of which are faults of supervision. The accidentprone employee is also a sad commen tary on effective supervision. actually do the craft work. By the Management is the absolute answer to machines is meant the appliances and the accident prevention question in materials with which the work is done. industry, I am convinced, and the start Production losses, such as accidents, ing point of management's interest in arise from the failure of any one or from this subject lies in the management's a combination of these factors. philosophy of safety and its attitude It is necessary that the machines and toward this objective. appliances be built and operated accord (Please turn to page so) 12 . ,,;r. j I rir**^. . ^ ' rffn] /mri J Jf&ut&-'r'tr.' mN\ !!i H| S i^VN unmivi, >t I :w* - - - ...s$njj'',V* '~, VU*~-VWvjf ^?t: "w"Jfc,,raTM''`:':-- " - -" :a*' -3'*""'" By HART E. FISHER, M.D., F.A.C.S. Chief Surgeon, Chicago Rapid Transit Company; Vice-President for Health, Rational Safety Council Men returning to work after long periods of un employment have undergone decided changes in mind and body. Those things which seemed sufficient for successful employee relations NLESS we profit by past emerg U encies and make preparations ! for the resumption of normal will not fit the changed conditions before us times, I am afraid that the new order of things will prove costly to manage ment in both man - power and money. Those things which seemed sufficient for successful employee and public relations in the past will not quite fit the changed conditions before us. We must realize that those millions returning to gainful occupation after a long period of unem ployment with its attendant sacrifices we will need these Smjif men raore fban ever. Will we find them able to carry on? Recently some of my good friends have passed on from causes traceable, I believe, to the pres sure under which they were working. Are we directing our attention now for new blood and spirit for the future. These young people, numbering hun dreds of thousands, want to work. They emerge from school with ambitions high but enforced idleness has dampened their spirits and ^convinced them that education is a mockery. It will be diffi cult to adjust them to the routine and discipline of industrial life. These young- and worries will have undergone decided changes in mind and body. Those who are concerned with acci dent prevention in industry will have a man-size job on their hands. Where in the past the story of safety has been carried to the employee through mass education, in the future we must indi vidualize the worker and convey our instruction by personal contact. Each man differs from his brother and a differ ent method of approach is essential. What types of employees will be avail able to industry on the resumption of normal activity? What is the nature of the material that the safety engineer and his staff will have to deal with? Those employees who have been re tained during the depression to main tain a skeleton force constitute the first group. These men will be advanced in years but they are the backbone of the company. Around them we must build toward safeguarding these employees by helping them to conserve their efforts? Perhaps a well devised vacation would help to restore some of their reserves. The second class includes those for merly employed by the company. They have been unemployed from one to six years. They have become older and at the same time their skill has suffered from lack of daily application. Their spirits have been dampened by economic insecurity. Will they be as safe workers as before? Mentally and physically, they have developed defects that are likely to show up under stress. Their sense of discipline has suffered and this will be reflected in the early months of reemployment. They may have built up a fear complex, and fear does not make for orderly work performance. Many believe that industry is responsible for their unemployment and this belief has been strengthened by the continuous stert, who should be the backbone of business, have been handicapped. One daily hears the statement that "the good old days are gone, never to return; life will be different in the future." Such statements come from middle age and old age. Young people bring youth into the nation's affairs. Their ambitions and hopes, if not blunt- up the new personnel. During the years attacks on industry by political theorists. of depression they have had employment but their work has been increased by taking over added duties. Their re sponsibilities have become greater and this has taken a toll of their mental and physical reserves. With business recovery In the third group we find the po tential workers--those who never before have had steady occupation. These young men and women have left school or college since the onset of the depres sion. It is to this group that we look NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 13 ed, will soon restore confidence. They will make their own "good times." The fourth group of prospective em ployees is made up of the chronically unemployed. Their numbers have in creased greatly during the depression. These people work as little as possible. They believe that the world owes them a living. In this group we find many of radical tendencies. They are easily led by trouble-makers and incited to mis chief. They are not capable of think ing for themselves. Not all are radicals, of course; many desire only moderate contentment without responsibility. Some rove from place to place. To these chronically unemployed we must add a new class which, prior to the depression,-wanted gainful occupation. But long years of idleness have killed their will to work. They would rather remain on government dole than accept remunerative work. In this group the alien part of our population outnumbers the native bom. The sixth group of applicants com prises the old age group. They repre sent many years of useful occupation aid will be a real asset to industry if they are given a chance to apply them selves. Some may say that many in this group have become too old and have physical defects that will be hazardous in em ployment. But by proper placement, job analysis and medical supervision they can be maintained at useful work for many more years. I am talking not from theory but from 23 years of con tact with transportation employees. There is one group of willing em ployees that is practically barred from industry through fear of the compensa tion laws. I refer to those who are crippled or have one or more defects. Placement of this group in work that will fit their condition will return to the industry many a loyal and efficient em ployee. Many can be trained to new tasks within their powers. In all my experience I have never known an unfair award by the compensation boards to an employee with a deformity who had visors. They wait for accident occurrence before instituting safety measures. If the safety man cannot foresee accident potentialities, how can we expect the workers to exercise caution? received an injury. What will be the physical condition and mental caliber of these groups? All of them have undergone varying degrees of hardship during the past six years. 3, Lack of ability to judge speed and distance. This occurs within our ocular mechanism. We may have monocular or one-eyed vision instead of the normal binocular or stereoscopic vision. This condition may be unknown to the worker and to the medical examiner. Their troubled minds have received con stant shocks. When men can see no relief for an economic situation, their hopes become deadened. Repeated dis appointments lead to disillusionment and loss of confidence in those in authority. A suspicion complex is developed, and when you add to their confused state of 4, Limitation of the normal fields of vision. These persons may have narrowed fields of vision, or telescopic sight. Acuity of vision may be normal but the individual will be un able to see objects at right angle to the eye. Many do not know they have this condition which is conducive to accidents in operating motor vehicles and working around moving machinery. mind the propaganda of self-seeking leaders, they look to anyone for relief as long as some action is forthcoming. Thwarted ambitions and suppressed desires are especially unfortunate for the young people because they are in the formative period. They will carry these emotional build-ups for a long time, and in many cases the effect will be per manent. Suspicion and resentment must be allayed and an honest effort directed toward building up confidence in the working personnel. Some will be loath to accept the practices and plans for merly called welfare or industrial rela tions. Industry must lay its cards on the table, for industrial strife can be avoided and good employee relations can 5, Reaction time. A person may see or hear an accident possibility and before he can being his muscular forces into performance the acci dent has caught up with him. There are three forms of stimulation--visual, auditory and tactile. The period it takes for a person to react after stimulation is called reaction time. If this reaction time is delayed, either through normally slow performance or through distrac tion or illness, the hesitation may produce an accident. The methods used for measuring re action time are standardized, 0. Physical defects. Defects and diseases cannot always be detected by superficial medi cal inspection. Their detection can be made only through clinical examination, including X-ray, laboratory tests of blood and urine, the Wasserman test, cardiographic records, meta bolism tests, and blood pressure examination. A less thorough examination fails to detect the accident prone and gives a false sense of se curity to both the worker and his employer. be built up by no other procedure. Should defects be found that make a man a hazard at his work, he should be DURING the past six years we have placed at work within his limitations. been remarkably free from epi Do not junk human material, conserve demic diseases, but when the reactioitn. With a little patience and effort, the sets in we may find individual vitality defective man can be fitted into the and reserve forces so depleted that di organization, and he will be able to sease may assume serious proportions. carry on for many years in useful ac Many diseases and physical defects will tivity. be traced back to the depression years. Twenty-three years of experience have Let me refer again to the hazard of convinced me that accidents are due to the following factors, and what is said for the transportation industry applies mental distraction which has received scant attention in industry. The safest and most efficient work is produced in also to other industries: an environment where disturbing ele ments are absent. Distracting noises i, Mental limitation--the lack of capacity for orderly thought. As the brain directs our ac tions, it will be seen that, should the mind be limited, the functions performed by our re sponsive actions may be incomplete or dis may cause a work error or precipitate an accident. Scenes through open windows tend to distract attention. Hurry and fault-finding foremen are distractions. rupted, and so precipitate an accident. Train ing and experience usually broaden mental capacity for orderly thought and performance. Should the individual's capacity be limited he will be unable to understand fully the safety plan. Lack of training makes doubly for acci dent proneness. 2, Inability to visualize a potential accident hazard. The poor safety records of some com panies may be traced to this lack of visualiza tion on the part of safety engineers and super Then we have the element of climate. When the worker is too hot or too cold he is in danger. These conditions dis tract the mind, sap vitality and induce fatigue. Disturbing thoughts caused by anger, grief, worry, envy, hate, greed, jealousy, disappointment and the like may be f Pease turn to page 74) JANUARY, 1936 14 The Managing Director's Page The Severest Accident HE most severe industrial accidents are invariably Ttraceable to faulty equipment, the absence of reliable safety devices (and under this classification belongs protection that the worker must wear), or to unsafe working conditions. More often than not, there are several con tributing factors. This startling discovery was made only after years of patient research, ft started industry on a new train of thought. Industry progressed to the point where it was willing to educate and protect the workers, to guard ma chinery. and improve its housekeeping. The oid theory which blamed the employee for whatever misfortune might befall him has been discredited, but it still persists in unentightened establishments. This attitude has never been so aptly illustrated as in the classic accident report of a worker who had lost the fingers of both hands. This "unfortunate wretch (the report stated) was absent- minded. careless, heedless, and deserving of his terrible wounds , Had not hundreds of other workers passed over the same spot during that summer morning? . . . .They did not slip; they had their minds on safety .... They were watching every step, and regardless of the condition of the floor, they did not slip; they did not fall into the nearby machine and have their fingers amputated." INTERESTING ITEMS When v,c announced the Five Year Highway Safety Campaign to reduce accidents by 35 per cent by 1940, we naturally expected responses from state and city officials, officially endorsing our objective. But the enthusiastic, whole-hearted telegrams and letters that were flashed back almost immediately made ns gasp. Within a few days no less than 42 states (throngh 31 governors and 2? other officials) and a great number of municipalities pledged full cooperation. Many industrial members had written to governors and mayors! These sincere cooperators not only expressed their willingness to help, but wanted full details for a local campaign program to begin at once. To say that we are encouraged by this display of interest is hardly enough. Inspired to reach our goal of at least 38,000 lives saved in the next five years is a much better description of the action to be taken. The Campaign will be closely tied-in with the National Traffic Safety Contest, which, in 1935, drew 800 cities and 33 states in this nation-wide competition to reduce traffic accidents. It now appears that 1935 will go down in history as another alltime high for traffic fatalities equaling 1934. What a pity! What needless sacrifice of human lives. It is difficult to explain why big financial support is not available when we can so conclusively demonstrate that it will save thousands of lives. Less than one month ago the new home safety booklet, "Safe At Home," was released for membership consideration. Its success is indicated by the second large edition now being distributed. One industrial executive wrote, "We believe that safety in the home is something which should be brought to the attention of all employ ees and their families, and we believe your booklet will be well worth while." But it happened that in this company there was a fairminded and conscientious safety committee. The committee decided to make more than the usual superficial study in this case. The members finally determined that the floor was oily; that the worker fell headlong into the open gears of a nearby machine; that it was fair to both the employer and the injured worker to classify this accident as due to lack of safeguards, since the gears were uncovered. A most elementary principle of safeguarding had been ignored. In addition, these careful investigators reported a second ary cause for this terrible mutilation--slippery floors. The report added: "The floor at this point was more than usually dangerous. It is fair to assume that the injured employee would not have fallen if the floor surface had been cleaned up.'' In conclusion, the committee said the worker was not as careful as he might have been. A hundred years from now, 1 am confident that the uni versal verdict on accident causation will be something like this; Most accidents, and certainly the serious accidents which result in crippling injuries, are due to unsafe physical conditions. Such conditions must be corrected, or if that is not entirely practicable, some means must be provided for the employee's protection. Perhaps the safety program will involve both elements. Common sense tells us that it is dangerous to tolerate stairways so perpendicular that only an acrobat could use them safely, or to allow an employee near a grinding wheel without goggles. The National Safety Council has repeatedly urged its employer members to give more attention to physical pro tection. Admiral Byrd studied the conditions which would confront his crew in the Antarctic regions and made his plans accordingly. He equipped his men with safe masks which, would defy a temperature of 70 degrees below zero. With similar foresight, all machines, equipment and physical con ditions of the workplace should be checked and rechecked. In publishing information and accepting advertising, the National Safety Council endeavors to include only safety devices and equipment from reputable manufacturers whose products meet definite standards. Because of the demands for ready information on sources of safety equipment, a "Buyer's Service" is included in each issue of the National Safety News. This section of the News is carefully super vised, checked and revised each month. Members can assist their fellow members by writinsr about their experiences with the various types of protective equipment. The employer always pays the bill for accidents, and it is a big bill. Even well-designed, well-made safety equipment is relatively inexpensive. Its cost is small in comparison to that of a serious injury. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 15 UT on the farm they call them O accidents. So do they every where, in the belief that such events just happen. A farmer pours gasoline into a run ning combine motor: the can explodes and the farmer dies of his injuries with in twenty-four hours. Another farmer is cutting his winter wood supply with' a buzz-saw. The saw, breaking loose from its frame, strikes and kills him instantly. A load of hay topples over and the farmer riding on it is mortally wounded when his body is pierced by the tines of a pitch-fork. Happenings like these are not rare in Kansas. About every third day a Kansas farmer is killed in a work acci dent. One hundred twelve such deaths in the state last year, S03 in the past five years. And that is not the whole story. Thirty, forty, or fifty times as many non - fatally injured, many with permanent disabilities. The Kansas Board of Agriculture is expected to promote the welfare of Kansas farmers and the prosperity of the state's agricultural industry. We develop methods of improving the quali ty of farm products. We study seeds, soils and fertilizers. In short, it is our business to help the farmer create for Caterpillar Tractor Co. Neither the lantern nor the cigarette was lighted when this picture was posed, but it illustrates a common cause of farm accidents. Often the operator also forgets to shut off the motor before tilling the gas tank. himself a comfortable, secure mode of vey of the accident situation, to include living. non-fatai as well as fatal injuries. That being our job, we obviously must We have begun the educational pro include farm safety in our program. How gram in several directions. One of our inconsistent it would be for us to recom first jobs was to print a four-page leaflet mend an improved variety of corn to a in colors, on stiff paper, giving the known farmer and then to be unconcerned about facts concerning farm accidents, listing the possibility of an accident on the ma the precautionary measures necessary to chine he is using to cultivate that corn. avoid them, and recommending first-aid The above figures on farm accident treatment for accidents that might occur. deaths are supplied by Dr. Earle G. This leaflet was arranged for hanging Brown, Secretary of the Kansas State in the kitchen, the barn, or the garage, Board of Health. The Health Depart as a constant safety reminder. Wide ment reports show that farming is the distribution was secured through co most hazardous occupation in the state, operation with the Grange, the Farmers' accounting for more than 50 per cent of Union, the Farm Bureau, the Extension all occupational fatalities in Division of the Kansas State 1934. And don't forget that College, and the Vocational Kansas has its coal mining, Agriculture and 4-H Ciubs. salt mining, rock quarrying, Altogether, about 40,000 oil drilling, etc., all consider copies of this leaflet were ed more or less risky en placed in the hands of in deavors. dividual farmers of the state. Our attack on the farm This action was supplement accident problem is taking ed by radio addresses, special two forms. First, an educa articles in the Board's own tional program based on publications, and numerous what we already know; press notices. second, a more detailed sur J. C, Mohler It became evident, how- JANUARY. 1936 16 ever, that to deal intelligently with the farm accident problem in Kansas, we needed more information. It was de cided, therefore, to take a state-wide census of farm accidents, which was done in the spring of 193S, probably the first cultural industries. The figures have a special significance because most of these casualties were males in the prime of their powers, trained for farm produc tion and management under Kansas con ditions. '3^'E'VE tJ T:"F vA R M thougS' the number of replies was dis appointingly small, together they serve to give a cross-section of the farm acci dent situation in Kansas. From the 3,255 requests mailed out, replies were received covering 744 individual cases. These replies came from all parts of the state and may be considered typical, we believe, of Kansas conditions. Summitry of 744 Individual Cases Kinds and Number of Accidents ACCIDENTS Each year a hundred farm people in Kansas ` lose thdir lives by accidents on the home farm, and many others are permanently crippled. Farming is the second most hasardous-occupa- _ . tion of all persons gainfully employed in the * state, being exceeded only by the extraction of .. minerals, such as coal mining, rook quarrying or oil drilling. : Host farm deaths and injuries from accidents come through the use.. of machinery, followed in the number caused by live stock, chiefly > horses, mules and dairy cattle. Most of such accidents are the results 1 of carelessness, thoughtlessness or recklessness and can be prevented by vigilance and care. Accident* Seldorn Just Happen -- They Are Mostly Committed ' First page of a booklet distributed by the Kansas State Board of Agriculture in a campaign for safer farms. of its kind on such a comprehensive scale. The county and township asses sors, who are required by law to gather facts needed by the Board of Agriculture, were provided with proper schedules and called upon to gather data as to the number, circumstances, and results of farm accidents. Of the 10S counties in the state, reports were received from 104, showing a total of 3,255 farm accidents in 1934, or one accident for each SO farms, with an average of 4.7 persons injured for each 1,000 inhabitants. An exceedingly important fact de veloped by this report of the assessors, and one on which information had not been previously available, was the loss of time due to accidents. When the records were compiled in the office of the Board, it was shown that persons injured in farm accidents had been dis abled for the amazing total of 132,934 days, or the equivalent of 3 SO years of lost labor on the farms of Kansas within a single twelvemonth, with an average of more than 40 days for each accident. These losses represent a tax on the capacity of Kansas that this state can ill afford. But that is not the whole story. There were 127 persons perma nently disabled, and as Dr. Brown had reported, 112 who were killed, making a total of 239 persons who will never resume their places in the state's agri The larger number of accidents oc curred in the central and eastern parts of the state, with 19 counties in this section accounting for more than SO accidents each. Marshall County led with 94 accidents and was followed by Sedgwick with 91, and Dickinson with 83, while 25 other counties in these areas reported from 30 to 49 accidents each. The information in hand does not justify conclusions as to the possible re lation of accidents to types of farming, to local conditions or to the number of farms in a given county, but added in formation and further study may de velop such information. SSESSOR'S returns show that 33 per Al. cent of accidents occurred in the use of machinery, of which 8 per cent were attributed to tractors. Twentythree per cent were credited to horses, 6 per cent to automobiles and trucks, 2 per cent to cattle and 2 per cent to falls of various kinds, while the type of acci dent was not given on 34 per cent of the reports. From these reports, it ap pears that a large majority of all farm accidents are attributed to two principal causes--farm machinery and live stock. As the information supplied by the assessors was of necessity very limited, more details were sought by mail from each family reporting accidents, and al- Karm Equipment ......................................... .266 Tractors ............. 57 Threshers ..................,,.................... 14 Binders .... ,,.....................................11 Rakes ..................................................2 Wagons ...........................................22 Silage cutters ...... il Stationary engines ...........................13 Wood cutting ................................64 Other farm equipment.................... 72 Animals ................................... ................. ....198 Horses ............... _167 Cattle ............................................. 25 Other farm animals ...................... 6 Other Classifications ....................................280 Autos and trucks .... ,,...................... 95 Falls .................... 35 Gasoline ....... s Other explosions ...... ,,.................. 8 Guns .................................................. 12 Cave-ins .................. 5 Play ............. 9 Other accidents .......... 58 744 Much has been done bv the manu facturers of industrial and farm ma chinery to safeguard their products. Our accident analysis, however, emphasizes the importance of continued guarding for farm equipment and machinery. This question was brought to the attention of the Farm Equipment Institute and the National Federation of Implement Deal ers. The latter organization, at its an nual meeting in October, 1935, adopted the following resolution: Realizing our responsibility and that of the manufacturer to our customer, the American Farmer, and that the use of more power-driven equipment has greatly increased the hazards of its operation, we most strongly urge upon the manufacturer the need for providing proper safety devices for the protection of the operator of such equipment. In the same month, the Farm Equip ment Institute, the National organiza tion of the manufacturers, also went on record, as follows: WHEREAS, Every manufacturer of farm operating equipment realizes fully his responsi bility to safeguard adequately his products and WHEREAS, Farm machines are now so de signed and built as to minimize the possibility of accident to the careful operator, therefore be it NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS RESOLVED, That we commend the efforts which have been and are being made to safe guard all farm machines. We suggest that all manufacturers and dealers use their best efforts to educate the users in the proper handling of farm equipment so that the farmer himself by exercising due action and diligence may avoid unnecessary and unfortunate accidents which are the direct result of carelessness or negli gence. We do not overlook the fact that the operator of a most carefully guarded piece of farm equipment can get hurt in its use, by removing guards, or by ignoring the most common sense rules of operation. We expect to devote con siderable effort to educating Kansas farmers toward safe operation of their equipment. At the same time we appeal to manufacturers that their products for the farm be safeguarded to the utmost. What about other farm hazards, such as accidents with animals? Every farmer knows that domestic animals are poten tially dangerous under unusual condi tions, no matter how gentle and well trained they may be ordinarily. Exces sive heat, insect pests, deranged diges tion or other causes may make even a well trained animal fractious, or even vicious, and there is no protection against such outbreaks except continuous cau tion on the part of those who handle them, and the safeguarding of children. In the course of our study many excellent suggestions were made by farmers with respect to preventing such accidents, but space prohibits listing them here. They will be printed in the official report of the census. As a part of our study we attempted to find out not only the types of acci Animnlfl rank next to machinery in the accident reports from Kansas farms. Even normally gentle animals become fractions at times. dents, but their causes, realizing that in such information we would have the key to prevention. Here is what the analysis showed: Reasons Given for Accidents Carelessness .................................. 212...... -29% "Unavoidable" ................ 230........ 31% Defective farm equipment............ 96 Vicious animals ............................ 98 Sleepiness from exhaustion............ 6 Drunkenness -------- 4 Not reported ...................................119 This table, we realize, is not satisfac tory. "Carelessness" is too general a lerm on which to base much safety effort. The item "Unavoidable" is, to our minds, subject to amendment and debate. More adequate information con cerning accidents under this classifica tion would undoubtedly have shown that a very considerable number were really avoidable. Hence, the number in this class, as shown in the preceding table, is not to be accepted as the truth of the matter, but rather as a part of the prob lem that remains to be solved. We also found that approximately 85 per cent of the victims of farm accidents were males in their most useful years, those on whom the farm operations pri marily depend. While the loss of any member of a farm family is to be. de plored, the sudden taking away of the bread-winner is a calamity of far-reach ing consequence, whether it be for the limited time of recovery from injury, or the eternity of death. In the one case, it means a disruption of farm operations with the consequent expense and loss of time that cannot be afforded, while in the other it means a complete reorganiza tion of the farm program and personnel that may change the life course of the remaining dependents. Our survey has convinced us of three things: Farming has become a highly mechanized industry. Farm machinery is one of the two principal sources of farm accidents. 1. Kansas farm accidents are more numerous than those occurring in any other of the state's industries. 2, The fundamental causes of farm accidents are the same as those in other industries--un safe equipment and unsafe workers. A year-round safety program must be a regular job for the Kansas State Department of Agriculture. JANUARY, 1936 The Nati on Responds State officials commend the National Safety Council's cam paign for a 35 per cent reduction in traffic accidents by 1940 *S NEWS of the National Safety /\ Council's five-year traffic safe- X X. ty campaign flashes over the wires and leaps into print on the pages of hundreds of newspapers, a realization of the individual responsibility for safety is beginning to filter into the American mind. The campaign jyas announced late in November by the Executive Committee of the Council as an answer to Governor Harold G. Hoffman's challenge delivered at the Louisville Congress. The New Jersey executive urged a coordinated, sustained drive for safety, suggesting for every state and municipality a definite accident reduction quota of seven per cent a year for five vears, starting Janu ary 1, 1936. Already 41 states and the District of Columbia have volunteered their serv ices in the great war on the needless slaughter on the highways. As the com mendatory messages of governors and mayors appear in the press, it suddenly becomes apparent to the individual that the preservation of his life and the lives of others is his very own problem. And, perhaps unconsciously, he realizes: "My state, my city--I myself--may be represented in the 38,000 lives which will be destroyed by the end of 1940 if this campaign does not succeed." What is perhaps equally important is the fact that executives have been inocu lated with the same thought. In indus try, where safety has been established on a working basis, it has often been said that all safety activity should "start at the top." Unless the plant executive is "sold" on safety, those under him cannot be expected to be sold. The governors of 41 states are in ac cord with the campaign. Some have al ready put into motion a definite program for the accomplishment of the 35 per cent reduction in accidents. Others are undertaking the organization of state safety councils where these are not al ready in existence. Similarly, many mayors of cities have announced their readiness not merely to enlist in the drive against death but to carry out their pledges with action. The states enrolled in the campaign, in addition to the District of Columbia. include Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Ma.yland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon. Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Car olina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Said Governor B. B. Moeur, of Ari zona. in promising the support of his state, "No greater work than this can be undertaken for humanity's sake." "Our state is taking steps to promote safe driving," wrote Governor Olin D. Johnston, of South Carolina. "I wish the National Safety Council good luck and Godspeed in this important move ment." Immediate action has been promised by Governor Paul V. McNutt, of Indi ana, who declared that "Indiana has a state-wide program planned and will be glad to cooperate." Governor Harold G. Hoffman, of New Jersey, assured the Safety Council that "there will undoubtedly be formed in a short time a state safety council cooper ating with official groups in safety ac tivities." Why Not 50 Per Cent? Although the Council's goal has been announced as "at least 35 per cent by the end of 1940," Governor Clyde Tingley, of New Mexico, expressed the op timistic belief "that as much as SO per cent reduction in accidents may be attained as a result of such a campaign." He promised the cooperation of all state departments of New Mexico. "Oklahoma has enlisted for the dura tion of the war on traffic accidents. We are already organized to cooperate in this gigantic but necessary effort to re duce traffic deaths and casualties. We will be d'sappointed if we cannot achieve this objective before 1940." Th's was the resDon.se of Governor E. W. Marland, of Oklahoma. Governor Hill McAlister, of Tennes see. wired: "Tennessee th-ough its high way patrol and all other agencies, pro mises you 100 per cent cooperation In the effort to reduce motor vehicle deaths and casualties 35 per cent. It is a great movement and will have the support of Tennessee citizens." From Governor Henry H. Blood, of Utah, came this message: "Intelligently directed efforts for the reduction of the terrific loss of life and other disastrous effects of traffic accidents must have the support of all thinking citizens. You have the earnest cooperation of Utah citizens in bringing the appalling condi tion home to the consciousness of each individual highway user." These are only a few of the encourag ing executives' messages which greeted the announcement of the campaign. Editorial Commendation Until the National Safety Council can crystallize a more elaborate program for waging the five-year war, individual co operation must be solicited through safe ty media now at hand. One of the most powerful of these is the press. A typical reaction of that group is reflected in a communication from the South Bend, Ind.. Tribune, announcing a "Safe Driv ing Pledge" campaign similar to that conducted by newspapers in other parts of the country. After congratulating the Council, The Tribune very practically says: "It is obvious that to accomplish last ing results, such a campaign must be sustained. If you are able to suggest additional means by which this news paper can assist the program in its terri tory, the suggestions will be put into effect immediately." A powerful Safety editorial in the New York American began in this manner: "The movement launched by the Na tional Safety Council to save .38,000 lives bv 1941 is one of the most praise worthy movements ever undertaken in this country." The outlook for the campaign is fur ther brightened by the fact that indus trial members of the Council are step ping into the battle, carrying the safety principles of the plant onto the street and highway. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 19 Mur<%rotff Monoxide By F. M. VAN DEVENTER Mechanical Engineer, Cities Service Oil Group it If you have frequent headaches while driving, have the car examined before buying headache tablets HERE are, perhaps, half a mil Tlion or more cars in operation on American highways which are definite hazards to public safety. And A their owners seldom realize it. This does not refer merely to such I obvious hazards as defective brakes, horns, steering gear, although these shortcomings may also be present. The menace under consideration is the leak age of carbon monoxide into passenger compartments of moving vehicles. That carbon monoxide, even in minute quantities, is dangerous, is quite widely known. Between 500 and 700 deaths t occur in the United States each year from carbon monoxide poisoning, usually because an automobile is operated in a dosed garage. In the case of moving motor vehicles the hazard is not merely that of asphyxiation. Smaller quantities of the deadly gas may impair the driver's judgment and dull his senses, with tragic results. The present article is based upon the I results of a highway investigation which justifies the conclusions presented here and points to methods of reducing ma terially this hazard to the motoring public. This investigation led to the astounding revelation that approximate ly five per cent of the cars picked at JANUARY. 1936 t random from the highways by state police for examination contained suffi cient quantities of carbon monoxide in the passenger compartment to impair the judgment and alertness of the oper ator after an exposure of from one to two hours. Absorbing small concentrations of car bon monoxide over a sufficient period of time results in drowsiness. This may or may not be accompanied by such warn ings as headache, dizziness, or nausea. A person breathing air containing 16 parts of carbon monoxide per 10,000 20 This hay-wire repair of a gasket cost ,i life. It stopped the noise but not the deadly carbon monoxide. parts of air would be in the zone of im paired judgment -after an exposure of approximately three quarters of an hour; in the zone of collapse after an hour, and in the zone of probable death after t hours. These effects are on an aver age adult in good physical condition. Anemia and other forms of illness accen tuate the effect. Children and adults of small stature are more rapidly affected. Small concentrations breathed over a period of three hours can also produce a state of impaired judgment. Three parts of carbon monoxide in 10,000 parts of air may result in impaired judgment iyin about 2 hours, although it is ques tionable whether a person breathing this concentration would ever collapse. This concentration is equivalent to a glassful of CO mixed with the air in the body of a coupe. This quantity of monoxide is contained in a hatful of exhaust gases from a motor only slightly out of adjust ment. Prior to the winter of 1933, Cities Service Power Prover operators tested the exhaust gases of nearly 300,000 cars. They observed that the majority of ve hicles were being operated at a suffi ciently low percentage of combustion efficiency to produce excessive quantities of monoxide in their exhausts. At the time this was considered merely a waste of fuel, but when the National Safety Council issued a public warning that there was an alarming increase in the number of drivers going to sleep behind the wheel, and when the Travelers In surance Company issued a bulletin in dicating that there were nearly 500,000 "unexplainable" highway accidents each year, carbon monoxide assumed a new significance. With the cooperation of the state police and motor vehicle authorities in seven Eastern states, several hundred cars were picked at random from state highways and examined. The examination consisted first of driving the car on the highway and mea suring the concentration of monoxide in the passenger compartment with a con tinuous carbon monoxide indicator. This was followed by a determination of com bustion efficiency and percentage of monoxide in the exhaust using the power prover. An examination was also made of the exhaust system to determine leaking gaskets or flanges, split mufflers, or other defects which might result in the dis charge of exhaust gases under the hood or floor boards of the car and an ex amination for openings through which vitiated air might enter the car body. The operator was aiso asked whether he or other occupants of the car suffered headache, dizziness, nausea, drowsiness or similar symptoms while riding. At the invitation of an association of fleet owners in New York City, repre sentative units from each of several fleets were tested. Similarly, at the invitation of a highway official of a central state, more than 200 school buses were tested. The following conclusions are based up on these various tests. 1. Between 3 and 6 per cent of the unit' tested were found to contain dangerous quanti ties of carbon monoxide in the passenger com partment. 2. Fifty-seven per cent contained traces of monoxide. Although these cars did not consti tute a hazard at the time, conditions would be come worse with continued use of the car. 3. Detectable exhaust leaks at some point ahead of the normal tail pipe discharge point were observed in more than 40 per cent of the units. The majority of these leaks were not evi denced by the sound of escaping gases or by soot stains. 4. Low combustion efficiency which results in excessive quantities of monoxide in the exhaust gases was observed in 66 per cent of the units. It was found that there were five forms A ripped muffler and a motor out of adjustment made a lethal chamber out of an automobile. of infiltration to account for the presence of carbon monoxide within cars: 1. Trailing eddy currents. 2. Pick-up following another car. 3. Exhaust leaks. 4. Exhaust manifold heaters. 1. Crank case breather pipes. It was found that ail dangerous con centrations of monoxide could be at tributed to a concentration of two or more of the following three factors: 1. Low combustion efficiency, with as exces sive proportion of carbon monoxide m the ex haust. 2. A leak in the exhaust system. 3. Openings in the floor board or other part if the body shell. Regardless of the form of infiltration responsible for the presence of carbon monoxide in the car, the concentration is always in direct proportion to the per centage of monoxide in the exhaust gases of the motor. The concentration within the car is also dependent upon the ex tent of the leak in the exhaust system and the extent of the opening in the car body. When new cars are delivered from the factory, they are, or should be, adjusted to operate at a high combustion effi ciency. However, a periodical check ing of the ignition and carburetion sys tems is required to maintain combustion efficiency during the life of the motor. If all motors were thus maintained and if exhaust systems and car bodies were kept tight, the carbon monoxide dangers would be minimized, if not eliminated. Asphyxiation* and Accidents The following cases will illustrate how low combustion efficiency and leaks re sult in tragedy. The operator of a truck was found dead at the wheel. While dead men tell no tales, a half-empty box of headache tablets and footprints in the snow around the car bore mute evidence that the driver had suffered headaches. Appar ently his truck struck a guard rail. The driver, realizing that he was groggy, had pulled off the pavement to take a nap. He was found later seated at the wheel with the engine still running. When the carbon monoxide detector was placed in the cab and the engine started, it showed a concentration that would kill any normal person after only a brief exposure. It was not feasible to test the car on the highway, but there is iittie doubt that the concentration then would have been sufficient to re sult in drowsiness, if not complete col- (Please turn to page ?o) NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 21 Enemies of * Eyesight By J. M. SMITH Illuminating Engineer, S'ela Park Engineering Department, General Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio HE change from an outdoor ex Tistence to a life lived predomin antly indoors is perhaps the most outs*anding transition which the human race has undergone within our knowl edge. We moderns, forgetting that our eyes have been in the progress of develop ment for hundreds of thousands of years, have created all sorts of'jobs for them under vastly different conditions from those nature intended. Instead of distant vision, we have dose vision--IS to SO inches. Instead concentration as from holding your hand read or write: there were no movies, no of broad daylight we have extremely low at arm's length for more than a few automobiles, no basement machine shops ievels of indoor natural and artificial minute's time. It made little difference ---all of which afford mental relaxation light, and, not content with all this, we to the Indian skinning a buffalo whether but increase the burden on the eyes. have, on the average, lengthened the substantial bits of flesh were left on the What are the elements which go into working day that our eyes must serve us. hide. The modern leather worker has the process of seeing? They are three: The ideal distance for seeing is 20 feet to split a hide into many layers and The eye. the seeing task, and light. We ur more--no doubt because so far as our match and grade the leathers so that can do very iittie for the eyes themselves, ancestors were concerned objects seldom milady may have a faultless pair of beyond sharpening them with the aid of required close scrutiny. The major task shoes, or so that the old masters may glass. We can do very Iittie about the which the primitive man had was to see be bound in a perfectly matched leather seeing task itself. If we are working on ferocious animals so he might protect binding. Today the craftsman must be a lathe, we must continually keep our I himself or to kill for food. able to withstand continuous visual con eves on the task. We cannot change the The eye is provided with muscles for centration. type or the color of a newspaper. The converging the eyeball into position for Nature planned for the eye to cease one variable is the light, and that we can near vision, but nature intended these to functioning at nightfall and have a control. How important, therefore, to be used for short periods and not to be period of rest. We have steadily in study the effects of this factor and to under strain for many hours each day. creased the hours of hard labor for the know how much light we are actually Therefore, it is just as logical that fa eyes to about 16 hours a day. Even 100 getting. tigue should result from this continuous years ago very few people knew how to Nature on a bright summer day give? JANUARY, 1936 22 us upwards of 10,000 footcandles of illu mination. We find no discomfort as we play tennis or golf. Even on a rainy day there are several hundred footcandles outdoors. The fellow reading under a tree or tinkering with his automobile in to furnish satisfactory illumination. With the knowledge which the science of seeing gives us today we recogliize the fact that higher levels of illumination should be employed. In order to meet the seeing requirements, the task must LOW MEDIUM INTENSITY OF ILLUMINATION Better illumination releases energy for useful work. HIGH' the shade has illumination of perhaps 500 footcandles. In the modern factory building, with large windows covering most of one side, on a bright day there are about 100 foot candles near the window sill. On a cloudy day the value would be much less. .And the light value decreases very rapidly as the distance from the window increases. Even on bright days, there is inadequate illumination except at the windows. You can perceive that artificial light ing is necessary for the plant even though it operates only during daylight hours. In Cleveland an analysis of the weather bureau records for the past thirty years revealed that the average day consists of six hours of sunshine, six hours of cloudiness, and twelve hours of darkness. This, of course, varies with the season of the year and shows that artificial lighting is more necessary in the winter months. There are also continual variations in natural illumination indoors which re sult from clouds, smoke, change in the sun's position, and so forth. Natural light cannot, therefore, be relied upon be studied, determining the detail re quired, what contrast conditions exist, and how much time is allowable. After these factors are ascertained the light ing may be prescribed. The levels of illumination which are recommended for various tasks are based on researches in vision, on observations of results in actual installations, and on the adequacy of present equipment and methods to provide satisfactory illum ination with safety and economy. In average manufacturing areas it is desirable to provide levels of illumina tion of the order of 20 to 50 footcandles. This may be provided from a general lighting system which will provide an even distribution of light over the entire area. For tasks which demand greater at tention to detail and must be seen ac curately and quickly it is desirable to provide illumination of the order of 100 to 200 footcandles. These higher levels of illumination in general may be most economically provided by the use of a reasonable amount of general illumina tion augmented by individual or sup plementary lighting. It should be remembered that it is essential to have good general lighting as a basis on which to build these higher levels of illumination. The general light ing should provide at least one-tenth as many footcandles as is provided from the supplementary lighting equipment. For example, with 15 footcandles of general lighting, ISO footcandles would he the maximum that should be provided by supplementary lighting. In the great majority of instances, im proving seeing demands higher levels of illumination. But this is just one factor that is controllable. Other elements such as quality, control, direction, and sur roundings, enter into the problem and require an intelligent selection of reflect ing and diffusing equipments and their proper location. Probably the most apparent and at the same time the most vicious factor of quality is that of glare. Glaring lights are hazardous to eyesight and positively wasteful because they reduce visibility. The pupil of the eye functions to protect the retina from sudden exposure to ex treme brightnesses. Everyone has exper ienced this reduction when driving at night against the beams of an oncoming automobile. Glare is an undesirable and usually unnecessary by-product of poor lighting. When glaring light sources are in the line of vision the pupils of the eye narrow down automatically, thus restricting the opening for "seeing" light to enter. From 40 to 60 per cent of the useful light is often wasted, counteracting the effect of glare. Similarly, reflected glare - - that is, brightness reflected from shiny work surfaces, glass-topped desks, store count ers, and the like--may prove even more annoying and interfere with vision to an even greater extent than direct glare. This calls for an intelligent analysis of the seeing task and dictates the choice of equipment and its location so as to insure both adequate diffusion and proper direction of the light on the work. The illumination of the surroundings, that is, reduction of severe contrast be tween the immediate visual field and the rest of the room, is of extraordinary im portance in relieving eye muscles and obviating the necessity for frequent adaptation of the pupils of the eyes. Let us now consider the economic side of good lighting. While statistics have been lacking regarding the relation of lighting to industrial accidents, a recent estimate indicated that faulty illumina tion is the direct cause of about 5 per ant of all industrial accidents and is a (Please turn to page 66) NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 23 How to Detect Combustible Gases By P. S. WILLIAMS Chemical Engineer, Standard Oil Company 0/ Cati/orma esignation of gas as "com D bustible" or "explosive" points out that the primary hazard in volved is a lire hazard. The familiar fire hazards, however, are those involv ing such substantial objects as build ings, combustible liquids, fuels, rags, paper, hay, or even finely suspended dusts and mists. These substances can be seen and recognized as possible fire hazards. Where gas is the combustible, a vertdifferent problem of detection and pro tection appears. Simple visual observa tion no longer suffices to indicate the presence of danger. The sense of smell cannot be relied upon, as its accuracy toward any one odor varies in the great est possible extreme with individuals. Even an experienced person becomes confused when any variety of odors is offered. For instance, it has been demon strated that experienced oil operators mistake oily odors unaccompanied by appreciable vapor for alarming vapor concentrations, and vice versa. Further more. many highly refined volatile com bustibles. natural gas, and even the light vapors of some "sweet" crude pe troleums are so nearly odorless that even explosive concentrations may fail to arouse concern. The need for accurate and rapid detec tion of combustible gas or vapor is vital for many reasons. A small spark will ignite mixtures of vapors and air, while it ordinarily requires the application of a flame to ignite those combustibles which are not accompanied by vapor at ordinary temperature. Gas or vapor may travel wherever there is space, up or down, through pipes or passage-ways, out of vents, hatches, or holes. It is present wherever the surface of a volatile combustible is ex posed, whether the amount of liquid or other parent material be large or small, confined or unconfined. When its visible source is removed, the gas or vapor often remains. A space cleared of vapor can not be assumed to remain so as long as the volatile material is present or is be ing handled within reasonable proximity. Added to its mobility and ease of igni tion, combustible gas or vapor forms highly explosive mixtures with air. The explosion not only results in immediate damage from its own violence, but in stantly spreads flame to all combustible material within its reach. It bursts con tainers and bulk-heads, and allows the spread of burning liquid. When we hear of a gasoline tank ex ploding, it should be emphasized that neither the liquid gasoline, nor its vapor alone is the explosive. The explosive is formed when the gasoline vapor unites with air. When ig nited, the oxygen in the mixture rapidly reacts with the gas oline vapor, thus causing a sudden re lease of energy con stituting an explo sion. Not all combust ible gas mixtures are explosive. A flammable mixture of gases, such as methane and air, may be diluted with one or another of its constituents un til it is no longer flammable. The di lution limit of flam mability, or simply JANUARY. 1936 Results of a gas explosion on board ship. A modern flame safety lamp. the limit of flammability, is the border line composition; a slight change in one direction produces a flammable mixture, in the other direction a non-flammable mixture. There are clearly two limits of flam mability, a lower and a higher, for each pair of combustible gas and air. The lower limit corresponds to the minimum amount of combustible gas, the higher or upper limit to the maximum amount of gas capable of conferring flammability on the mixture. 24 Gas detector of the visual type. These border-line compositions are usually referred to as the "lower ex plosive limit", and the "upper explosive limit." Vented into the air, mixtures below the lower explosive limit do not constitute a fire hazard, but mixtures richer than the upper explosive limit will burn, or may form explosive mix tures. In looking through the annals of the detection of combustible gases, it is apparent that the most spectacular and widely celebrated method is to look for the leak with an open flame. This method is based on the operator's elementary knowledge that gas burns, and the funda mental accuracy of his assumption is usually quite amply demonstrated. Aside from these tragically stupid episodes brought to us through newspaper reports, the practice of soberly throwing a lighted torch into a confined space as a final check of its safety, has persisted in some quarters until quite recently. This was done, of course, after cleaning and before entry of men to use welding torches or other sources of ignition. Vagrant and unreliable as the sense of smell may be, the advantage of its constant readiness for service cannot be denied. The great value of its protec tion against gas hazards is quickly recog nized where the supply of domestic gas is changed from manufactured to natural gas. Natural gas has practically no odor. To provide a warning of its presence. it may be "odorized" for distribution by tion of any one layer of gas mixture to the addition of some stinking material, ignite the neighboring unburned layer, the smell of which may be easily identi and such mixtures are thus capable of fied as characteristic. self-propagation of flame. Hence a flame Great credit is due the gas distributors arrestor must be some device which will for this effective step in the direction of absorb enough of the heat liberated by safety. Like all safety measures, it is a flame on one side of itself that a layer not infallible, and its shortcomings must of flammable mixture on the other side be kept in mind. The concentration of will not be ignited. odorant is limited for various reasons to It was found by the investigators men that amount distinctly obvious to a nor tioned above that fine screens woven of mal nose in a gas and air mixture still wire would cool the flame of burning well below the lower limit of flammabili methane sufficiently that it would not ty. A bad cold, however, will deaden pass through them, and at the same time the olfactory sense to the extent that a would not too seriously obstruct the cir dangerous concentration of gas is some culation of air to the flame. Modern times not recognized, or a dull sense of flame safety lamps are still protected smell may miss it. Damp earth has a against flash-back and consequent igni distinct tendency to absorb some of the tion of the gas mixture being tested by smelly constituents of gases. a system of screens. While this arrange Acknowledging the shortcomings of ment gives satisfactory protection in these primitive methods, apparatus of methane mixtures, and other gases of many descriptions has been devised, relatively high spontaneous ignition tem and at present there are available a num peratures and low flame propagation ber of very reliable instruments. rates, there are other gases encountered Methods and apparatus for the de industrially which will flash through the tection of combustible gases have natur screens. The application of flame safety ally grown up in the coal mines. When lamps or any other device so protected the exhaustion of surface diggings first is limited accordingly. led to underground mining, and con In the modem instruments designed fined spaces were formed which accumu specifically for combustible gas detec lated gas, the open lights used in those tion, free natural circulation of the at days started the long list of coal mine mosphere is not essential; therefore disasters. As eariv as the seventeenth mechanical means may be employed century, examinations of coal mines were to draw the sample for examination made by lowering a dog down the mine through such a device. For this reason shaft in a basket. When the dog en more efficient flame arresting equipment countered considerable methane, or "fire can be built into the sampling system, damp," in the air, he howled. An echo some of these being so well perfected of this practice persists in Staffordshire, that flame will not pass through them where a deputy is still a "doggie." A little later, the sensitivity of an open flame to fire damp was observed, and a class of workers called "candle watchers" developed, who became expert in de tecting the approach of explosive con centrations by the elongation of the candle flames. From this beginning, through years of sad experiences, the first flame safety lamp appeared early in the nineteenth century. Clannev, Stevenson, and Davy, working contem porarily toward an identical end, brought out almost simultaneously, devices em bodying the fundamental principles Continuous indicator of the thermo couple type. which are used in our modern flame safety lamps, The primary consideration in develop ing flame safety lamps was to keep the main body of flammable gas from being even In the most violently explosive mix tures of acetylene and air or hydrogen and air. ignited, and at the same time permit As a source of light, the flame safety free circulation of the atmosphere past the flame. Mixtures of gas and air between the lamp has given way to the electric cap lamp. It is still used to considerable extent, however, both in mines and in explosive limits burn because enough industry as a detector for combustible heat energy is liberated upon combus gas, especially methane. Briefly, esti NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 25 mation of the concentration of gas is made by measuring the elongation of the flame of the lamp and comparing it with a standard of flame heights. Such lamps are not regarded as entirely safe equipment under all conditions, and to be a useful gas detector must be in the hands of an expert. Improper mainte nance or other causes may make the lamp a source of an ignition. As the sciences of physics and chemis try developed, effort was turned toward providing a non - flame - type detector. Variations of the gas analysis apparatus found in laboratories have served a use ful purpose. Such devices take an iso lated sample and make a test under what might be called "batch" conditions. Where conditions-are subject to change, as is usually the case in dealing with gases, the considerable time consumed between taking the sample and arriving at the result becomes a serious fault. The Burrell detector is one of the most successful examples of the "batch" sampling indicators, and it makes itself useful in certain specific applications. The Burrell detector is essentially a U-Tube, one end of which terminates in a gas reservoir or combustion chamber, and the other end in a gage glass having A mine model electrical methane de tector in nse. a calibrated scale. A sample is drawn into the chamber and the combustible burned from it by means of an electric ally heated filament. The contraction in volume due to burning is then read off the gage glass to arrive at the pro portion of combustible originally in the sample. Temperature changes materially influence the indications, so that this detector requires a skilled operator for dependable results. During comparatively recent years, there has evolved a group of combustible gas indicators which are designated as the "catalytic type." The fundamental principle involved is the same for all of this group; namely, that metals of the platinum group may be arranged to pro mote the oxidation of combustible gases mixed with air, even though the gas may not be present in sufficient concentra tion to form a flame. The heat liberated 'WHEATSTONE BRIDGE'CIftCUIT Method used to measure gas concen tration by change in resistance of sensitive element. by this oxidation reaction at the surface of the metal varies with the concentra tion of the gas, and the consequent rise in temperature of the metal is then esti mated as an index of the gas concentra tion. This group of indicators has proven to be most flexible in its application, and includes the majority of devices which are considered adapted to general use. The fundamental difference between the various catalytic detectors from the standpoint of adaptability is in the method employed for estimating the temperature of the sensitive element. The simplest method of estimation is to observe visually the change in color of the element with change in temperature, and compare it to a standard to arrive at the gas concentration. This has some what the same primary disadvantage of relying on the skill of the operator for its accuracy as is inherent in the flame safety lamp. Detectors using this method have been developed with mine service in view, and are protected against flash - back by a system of screens similar to those used in the flame safety lamp. The indicator is carried into the atmosphere to be tested, and the gas mixture reaches the sensitive element by diffusion through the screens. General application of this type of indicator is limited by essentially the same factors as considered under flame safety lamps. It should also be pointed out that indicators depending on diffusion from the surrounding atmos phere to bring in the gas mixture, (in- Face of combustible gas indicator. eluding flame safety lamps), lack the feature of remote sampling essential to many industrial uses. Another method of estimation is the measurement of the temperature of the sensitive element by means of a thermo couple. This idea has been developed into a commercially useful instrument, particularly well adapted to semi-fixed installations. It has been developed around processes, such as lacquering, japanning, etc., chiefly for the purpose of ventilation control. Consuming con siderable power, it is usually operated from an electric lighting circuit, and could hardly be termed portable in the sense applied to a general testing device. The sample is drawn continuously from its source through a flash-back arrestor and a set of heating coils on into the detector unit. The detector unit, in which is located the warm junction of the thermocouple, is an externally heated platinized mass. As most of its appli cations have required handling high boil ing point vapors, heating means is pro vided on the sampling line near the detector unit to avoid condensation. Sample is drawn by an electric motordriven tan. The most adaptable method of indi cation utilizing the catalytic principle is undoubtedly that of measuring the change in resistance of a platinum wire brought about by an increase in its tem perature. The Ralph detector, devised JANUARY, 1936 26 for use in coal mines, was one of the first of this type. It measured the change in resistance of the platinum filament by the galvanometer of a Wheatstone Bridge. As its successful performance was quite limited, it was not commer cialized. About 1927, however, a de tector primarily for use in coal mines was successfully evolved along the lines of the Ralph indicator. This indicator is built to operate on the storage battery carried by the miner to supply current to his electric cap lamp. It is a neat and substantial piece of equipment, par ticularly well adapted to mine use. The filament is encased in a screen protected chamber similar to the flame safety lamp or visual type catalytic detector, with an electric cable connecting this cham ber, or "head", to the balance of the apparatus. The "head" is held in the operator's hand and thrust into the space to be examined, indications of the gas concentration are read from a meter or "galvanometer" suspended on the oper ator's chest. The indicators developed against the coal mining background were too specific to be transplanted far afield. The need for a combustible gas indicator which could be applied generally to industrial gas hazards was made acute by the rapid is a connection from a point between the expansion of the use of gasoline and filaments, through a sensitive meter, and other volatile combustibles handled away to a point between the fixed resistances. from the control of expert supervision. The battery current heats the filaments The problem was worked out, and in a to a temperature at which the oxidafjon paper given before the American Petrol of combustible gas will go on without eum Institute in 1928, Mr. H. H. Hall interference. The circuit is balanced by described a catalytic type indicator de the zero adjuster so that when there is veloped by the Standard Oil Company no gas present, there is no current flow of California, and commercialized as ing across the bridge. the J-W Combustible Gas Indicator, which incorporated the essential requireents of a portable indicator for general industrial use. Since then other indi cators of similar pattern have become available. The requirements for such a device include: Both filaments are mounted as a unit within the reaction chamber. One is open to contact with the sample, while the other is sealed tightly into a glass tube. This arrangement compensates for tem perature fluctuations in the chamber. As oxidation takes place on the surface L Sale Operation. The indicator itself shall not become a potential source of ignition, either through Same originating at the sensitive ele ment, or on account of mechanical or electrical defects. >. Simplicity. Both the physical operations involved and the reading of the indicator shall be such that the instrument may be placed in the hands of non-technical operators with the assurance that satisfactory results will be ob tained. Wide Application. The readings shall not change materially in meaning over a wide vari ety of gases and vapors, so that personal judg ment or auxiliary information will not be re quired to interpret results. 1. Sensitivity, A positive, unmistakable, reading shall be given at a concentration at or lower than that which represents a liberal factor at safety. of the exposed filament, its temperature is raised and its resistance rises corres pondingly. Such a rise in resistance causes a flow of current through the in dicator meter in the bridge. This meter is calibrated to show the concentration of combustible present as a proportion of the lower explosive limit mixture. The operation of the indicator is very simple. The current is turned on by means of the switch, and if necessary, the voltage and zero setting is adjusted by turning the knobs located below the respective meters. Sample is then drawn through the indicator bv working the aspirator bulb. If combustible gas is 5. Accuracy. Readings shall be accurateenough over the range of conditions in which the operator is interested that his procedure may be guided unerringly. 6. Reliability. Provision shall be made to warn the operator adequately of any defect or mrsadjustment likely to impair the reliability of indication. 7. Remote Sampling. It must be possible to obtain indications from points inaccessible to the person of the operator, and from toxic or otherwise unsafe locations, 8. Portability. The indicator must be an in dependent portable unit, light and convenient to handle, and provided with means of suspension such that the operator s activities are not ham pered, 9. Speed. Indications must be continuous during operation of the device, and completed without delay. Continuous combustible gas indicator and alarm. 10. Continuity oi Service. A simple, rugged, construction insuring economical continuity of service under adverse conditions is essential. The Wheatstone bridge arrangement used in the Standard Oil development may be taken as typical of the circuit employed in measuring the change in temperature of the sensitive element of a catalytic type indicator by change in conductivity. To form the bridge circuit, the battery current is split, part of it going through two fixed resistances in series, and part present, its concentration is registered immediately on the indicator meter. Should remote sampling be necessary or desirable, sections of sampling hose of appropriate length may be attached to the sample cock, which is the point of intake on the indicator. A section of rigid tubing, called a probe, on the end of a short piece of hose makes it easy to reach inaccessible points or defi nitely localize the source of sample. through two filaments. The "bridge" (Please turn to page 66) NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS m He Has Saved Thousands of Fingers August 1,. Kaems, safety engineer for the Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis., has prob ably prevented the accidental amputation of more fingers and hands in punch presses than any other man. He is shown here stand ing behind models of his devices in the ex hibit of the Power Press Section at the Louis ville Congress. By CURTIS BILLINGS ROBABLY no other man has pre P vented the accidental amputation of as many fingers and hands as the hero of this article--August.Kaems. And Gus is both proud and modest of his achievements. A power press is, at best, a brilliant example of industrial ingenuity and effi ciency. At worst, however, it is an in fernal "double tripping" finger chopper accredited with the mutilation of more hands than any other machine used in industry. Kaems has conquered the power press. He has pulled its teeth or trimmed its daws, according to your preference in metaphors. To be trite but honest, he is an unsung hero, a man whose good works will be forgotten, and yet long remembered. For thousands of press operators the world over will have all their fingers when they retire, because Gus got in his good work in the first decades of the twentieth century. It has often been that the greatest inventions are the simplest. The lever and the wheel are examples. While not so fundamental as these, Gus's inven tions are simple too. and effective. He is the father of the now famous slide feeds for power presses. A power press is a big, tough machine. It doesn't coax or wheedle anything. It insists. The steel reinforcements on the corners of your trunk were pressed into shape cold and the hoies in them were punched on a power press. The casters on your bed were similarly made, and tens of thousands of other small but essential parts used everywhere. It takes tremendous force to bend and punch cold metal. Punch presses consist of a die of the proper shape on which the piece of metal is placed. Then a huge ram with the force of a ton of steel which, actuated by a powerful electric motor, is forced down on the metal. From the time these machines were invented operators have got their fingers under the rams at the wrong time--and a quick, dean amputation invariably re sulted. The metal is placed on the die. a treadle is touched with the foot, and down comes the ram. Woe unto the operator whess timing fails, or whose mind is momentarily distracted, or whose machine for some unfathomable reason "double trips" when the t eadle has been touched only once. Training the oper ator is important but instruction alone is insufficient protection where a punch press is involved. Gus's invention was a si nple one or. to be more accurate, his scores of in ventions were simple. He merely de vised little slides down which the pieces of metai can be dropped. The operator's hands need never come near the danger zone. Each slide must be especially de signed for the work at hand, for it is necessary that the metal land on the die in the one, exactly right position. Here is where Kaems used h's ingenuity. Some years ago the fame of these chutes was so great that fvaems was sent ail through the east exhibiting them. And for years he has brought them with him to the Safety Congresses of the National Safety Council. He is glad to talk about them, to explain them, to help delegates (or anybody) devise suit able slides for any job. JANUARY. 1936 28 mftflVMENT IN THOUSANDS A graphic summary of (lleveland'e five industrial safety campaigns. The grand prize for 1935 was awarded to the National Carbon Company, Inc. (Edgewater Division) at the Annua! ANO fUN-HOURS WORKED \\ lTYo 'jf' ASINGU ACCIDENT Banquet held in Cleveland December 13. This company had an average monthly employment of 1,626 workers and worked a total of 1,307,535 man hours without a disabling injury. Fol lowing dose behind the winner was the Cleveland Plant Department of the Ohio Bell Telephone Company with 1,027,519 safe man-hours. In third place was the Stone Knitting Mills Company; fourth, the Glidden Company, and fifth, West- FREQU :ncy/ c W (932 I93S 1954 (US YEAR fREQUENCV ANO ^CVERlT^f YEAR NO Of ACCIDENT* PER ioo riRm enroueo Cleveland Industries Hold inghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, all with more than 500,000 man-hours free from disabling injuries. The following basis of rating the con testants was established by the first ad visory committee in 1931: table: ii Points Charged Type of Accident per Accident From 1 to 7 days lost time .......... 1 Over 7 days ................_................. 2 Permanent Partial Disability..... 5 Death or Permanent Total Disability ............ 19 Fifth Campaign The severity rating is determined by multiplying the number of points charg ed by 1,000 and dividing this total by the number of man-hours worked. The 1,821 lost-time injuries reported By H. M. SCHNERER Electrical and Safety Engineer, Division of Safety and Hygiene, The Industrial Commission of Ohio in ti e present campaign were distributed as follows: 911 causing less than seven days' lost time; 843 causing loss of more than seven days; 55 causing loss of mem ber or permanent impairment, and 12 HE Fifth Annual Greater Cleve Tland Industrial Safety Campaign. April 1 to September 30, 1935, was probably the greatest community industrial safety campaign yet conduct ed. It exceeded the most optimistic hopes of its sponsors, the Division of Safety and Hygiene of the Industrial zations would have to increase their efforts to protect the factory worker. Fortunately we were able to secure the invaluable help of the Cleveland Safety Council and The Cleveland News. The Council turned over its office for the campaign headquarters and the News has presented annually a beautiful deaths. Safety engineers furnished through the Division of Safety and Hygiene made more than 150 plant surveys. This resulted in reestablishing old safety or ganizations and starting several new ones. Safety meetings were held in many plants and increased attention was given Commission of Ohio, and the Cleveland bronze plaque as the grand prize. f Please turn to page pr) Safety Council. The first of these campaigns in Cleve land was launched April 1, 1931, with an enrollment of 370 firms. The popu larity of the contest has grown steadily, reaching a total of 1,117 establishments, divided into 63 groups, in 1935. Early in 1930, when the depression was just getting a good start, the Com mission heard of a number of firms dis pensing with their safety departments. This brought the realization that if in dustrial plants economized in this direc tion, dty, state and semi-public organi TABLE I 1031 1032 1033* 1034 Total Firms Enrolled ............ Average Monthly Emplovm Total Man-hour Exposure Percent of Firms without Accidents ,,.......................... . Man-hour Exposure per Accident ..............................., Total Number of Accidents Accident Frequency per Million Man-hour# Total Number of Points Charged for Accidents .. 370 t.. SI,766 ....91,086,816 44,32 56,037 18,09 2,697 ).. 02966 582 85,912 90,941,217 58.59 77,265 1,177 12.93 1,953 ,02151 630 107,604 71,905,035 59.34 7 3,000 985 13,69 1,674 .02331 713 127,630 132,672,508 50,9 68,800 1.924 14.45 3,187 ,0240$ --4 month campaign--all others were of 6 months duration. 1035 1,117 148.436 153,296,681 60.19 84,060 1,821 11.89 2,992 .01947 NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 29 NY means of getting from one A level to another is more or less attended by hazards. Stairs and ladders are chronic accident-makers. Elevators have a much better record, for several reasons. An elevator has a rather complicated mechanism, and it represents a consider able investment. Insurance companies offer thorough inspection service, and maintenance of both freight and passen ger elevators is generally competent. The elevator is usually in charge of an experienced operator, exercising a certain amount of supervision over those who use his car. Employees using stair ways are seldom subject to supervision or restraint. Having no moving parts, a stairway is supposed to be a more or less per manent installation which is practically free from wear and deterioration. But stairs receive a lot of punishment from human feet, and their condition is too often overlooked until an accident finds its way into the records. Interesting use of ramps was made at the Century of Progress in Chicago dur ing 1933 and 1934. Large crowds of people had to be handled quickly and safely. Stairways would have created dangerous bottle necks with attendant congestion and falling hazards. Ramps are hardly practical for uni versal use in factories, but their substitu tion for stairways in permanent locations is not as general as it might be. The principal objection to their use is the amount of floor space necessary to con struct them with the proper gradient. Many ramps have too steep a gradient for safety. When used as a walkway solely, not for trucking, a ramp should be of the same standard width required for stairways. It should not be so steep as to cause a strain on the feet or leg muscles or cause a person to slip when descending. According to the New York State Labor Law, the gradient should not be more than one foot in six. Apply ing this ratio to a ramp between ten-foot floor levels, the ramp would be 60 feet long. On construction projects, temporary ramps or runways are in more general use. Whether permanent or temporary, they are less hazardous than the littered stairways so often found. Since stairways seem to be a neces sary evil, the utmost care should be ex pended in their installation and mainte nance. At best, the human being is a clumsy animal in comparison to any nf Trouble Lurks on STAIRS Many a fine safety record has crashed when some employee slipped on the steps. Often the trouble is with stairways, but not always the quadrupeds. Walking on two legs is an acquired art, and man has a high center of gravity. He has a sense of balance which is easily disturbed by in digestion, high blood pressure, and many obscure ailments known to the medical profession, not to mention the use of cer tain stimulants. Mental aberrations, day dreaming, and the feeling that using the hand-rail is an admission of old age also play a part in the total of injuries in curred on stairways. Too many stairways in homes, public places and factories have been improper ly constructed. Sufficient space has not been allowed to construct a stairway of the right pitch and without winders. Many stairs have treads far too narrow. Authorities on the subject recommend risers not less than o A. inches nor more than 7-ii inches wide, a width which will permit persons to ascend or descend with the least physical effort. A standard for stairs has been estab lished by the New York State Labor Law. Section 270 provides that all exit stairs in factory buildings constructed since 1913 "shall be not more than 1214 feet in height between successive land ings. Treads shall be not less than ten inches wide and the rise shall be not more than 73$ inches. No stairway with `winders' shall be permitted as a required exit. The treads shall be constructed and maintained so as to prevent persons from slipping thereon." Treads and risers built according to these specifications will provide a stair way about 37 degrees from the hori zontal. Every stair tread should have a nosing extending not less than J4 of an inch beyond the face of the riser. This is an added factor of safety in pro viding heel clearance when descending the stairs. This feature of stairway con struction is often ignored by architects, engineers and builders. Hand rails and adequate lighting are also important. So is housekeeping. .Allowing litter or slippery substances to accumulate on the steps is just looking for trouble. Of course, the employee is not watching his step when he slips or skids, but every safety program should be planned to avoid the coincidence of a physical hazard and an inattentive em ployee. Safety treads in a variety of materials and patterns are available. The selec tion of any particular type is largely a matter of individual preference and the requirements of the location. There is one point to remember, however. If the tread has grooves running parallel with the face of the riser, the grooves should not be too close to the edge of the tread. But even with stairways that fulfil! all the requirements of safety, supervi sion is needed. Some employees are in clined to indulge their weakness for horse play or. the stairs, and a ticklish fellow worker may be a strong tempta tion. Some are in a hurry to catch the bus on the way home, and others hurry merely on general principles. Female employees present special problems. While they rarely indulge in boxing and the grosser forms of horse play on the stairways, they frequently indulge in facial makeup and examine their pocketbooks. These tendencies, aggravated by the type of footwear in dulged in by their sex, present a real safety problem. XTot long ago one company attacked (Please turn to page 6$) JANUARY. 1936 i 30 The Safety Exchange ------------------------ "A ROUND TABLE IN PRINT"------------------------- The ideas presented here have proved helpful. If you have developed some useful device or method send in a description, with illustration, if possible. These devices are home-made and are not avail able commercially This Stretcher Box Won't Be Overlooked This stretcher box is made of f^-inch wood, painted white, and lettered a contrasting color. One side of the box Band Saw Guard This band saw guard used in the Car Department of the Chicago and North Western Railway, is made of 16-gage steel, and welded throughout. The inner frame, equipped with '4-inch plate glass 4 inches wide, slides in the fixed outer is hinged to open from the top: this prevents moisture getting in the box. These boxes are secured to the walls of the sheds in the yards of the Chicago and North Western Railway. They are kept fastened, but never locked. frame. A set screw threaded to the boss on the right side, controls the 4 to 15inch vertical adjustment. The distance between the glass and the saw blade is V/t inches. This guard is especially valuable when cutting sheet metal pieces which cannot be clamped to the table. Questionnaire for Watchmen The watchman may have been given sufficient instruction as to his duties, but he should not be expected to remember all of this information. A member sug gests that he be questioned from time to time as to the conditions applying at the location of his employment. The job is one of responsibility and it is of utmost importance that he should use his head as well as his hands. This set of questions was devised to keep up the interest of and to instruct the watchman in his job. Perhaps you can add to the list. 1. If on your rounds you discover oily waste or cloths what would you do? 2, What action would you take if, tracing the smell of smoke, you found a smoldering fire, or a small fire actually burning, that was accessible? 3. What is your practice about fire doors? 4, Suppose that from the sound of running water, or water dripping through floors, you suspect that a sprinkler head has opened or a pipe or fitting is broken, what would you do? 5. if you discover a fire in an adjoin ing property what would you do? 6. If, say on Sunday morning, your relief did not come at the regular time, what would you do? 7. If, after giving the alarm for a fire and the firemen or fire brigade has re sponded and has been directed to the fire bv you, what then would be your duty? Insulated Platform Prevents Shocks To insulate the man working on the switchboard at Hage's Ltd., ice cream and dairy products plant, San Diego, Calif., this wooden platform mounted on four glass insulators is used. The protection is needed especially in a dairy because of the wet floors and the wet shoes of the men. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS : j .: 31 This Pole Hole Cover Has Many Advantages This photograph of a safety pole hole cover, was sent in by D. C, Duncan, of the Appalachian Electric Power Com pany, Bluefield, W. Va. This pole hole cover was designed to take the place of make-shifts used to cover pole holes left open when it was necessary to call off a prevents accidents due to persons stum bling over device at night which might occur if lantern were placed a few feet away. 3. Covers can be painted any standard company color to attract attention dur ing the day and prevent accidents due to stumbling over the device during the daylight hours. 4. By using 2 inch dressed oak timber, re-inforced with 1 inch x inch strap iron, sufficient strength is obtained for heavy loading. Safety Wrench for Hot Blast Valves Since short lengths of pipe are often used to obtain more leverage in operat ing hand wheels on hot blast valves, the safety hook illustrated here is recom work,. and automatically be retarded on both rails. After use the retarders are reassembled, returned to the retarding position and kept in this position except when it is necessary for cars to pass. Blueprints of this device for standard gage track are in the Library of the Na tional Safety Council. Rip Saw Guard Prevents Kick-Backs This photograph of a guard for a hand-fed rip saw was taken in the shops of the Chicago and North Western Rail crew for emergency repair work, or when a digging crew gets ahead of the pole cetting operation. This pole hole cover has the advan tage of being simple and inexpensive to make, can be made up locally and sat isfies the following safety requirements: 1. Will remain in place: any lateral movement prevented by projections on bottom of cover which extend down ward into the excavation. 2, Provision of 'i inch iron rod bent into a hook at one end and threaded at the other for attachment to cover fur nishes a substantial support for danger lantern. Locating lantern on the cover mended. Held fast to the nipple on the end of the pipe with a bolt, it locks against the rim of the wheel so that the pipe cannot slip. Device for Retarding Runaway Cars Protection of men working on tracks from runaway cars is the purpose of this device designed by the Hudson Coal way. It is made of wrought and sheet iron and steel netting with a supporting frame of angle iron. The up-and-down adjustment, about 20 inches, is set by a lock screw. The front and rear kickback dogs work together. When mate rial is to be run through the saw the dogs are pointed ahead at an angle of about 45 degrees. Should the material start to kick back, they wedge it against the table top. A spring returns them to the position shown. Tension Jaws on Pliers Hold Wire Securely Tension jaws for Swedish side-cutting pliers to prevent bits of wire from flying have been devised by the Western Elec tric Company. The jaws are formed by two pieces of steel held in place by screws and actuated by a spring tension. These jaws hold the short end of the wire with sufficient pressure to prevent it flying and injuring the workman or passersbv. JANUARY, 1936 Company. It consists of a pair of slid ing shoes mounted in such a way that they can be swung quickly into position by a lever. Should a runaway occur, it would strike the shoes, shear off the t light pins holding them to the frame 32 We Expect a Lot must be taken off of this kind of work and put on some other kind of work. (Continued from page wJ We must always guard against opening the way for the safety man to usurp the duties of the superintendent or the fore whom he is to come in contact. I should expect this safety man to study and learn man. I should expect him through his want a man whom every man in the from the best authorities the best meth contacts with the foremen or superin organization would have to respect, i ods of first aid, of resuscitation, and of tendent to develop to a point where should want them to say, "This man has matters of that kind. I should expect he can say: "Mr. Foreman, your man had a world of experience. He has seen him to pass on this knowledge group by so and so seems to have a lot of trouble men die; he has seen the cost of careless group down through the "non-commis holding down the job he is on," and ness; he has seen the price that has to sioned" officers of the organization to then, if possible, bring out of the fore be paid for the little things which cause the men. I should expect him to formu man a suggestion that he, the fore most of our accidents." 1 should want late, with the assistance of the engineer man, is thinking of changing this man a man who could convince every man ing department and others, such guides to another job, or even of getting rid of in the organization that he is their friend, and rules as might be devised to fit the him in order to save his life. I expect but who is not afraid to stand up to mind of the man he is dealing with. him to train that foreman through his Bill Jones or to Tom Smith, should the I should expect him to teach these contact with him to think along lines occasion arise, and sav, "You were the "non-commissioned" officers how to that he, the safety director, is thinking. cause of the death of your fellow worker study the root and the source of acci 1 expect him to train that foreman and I shall recommend that your serv dents. Bill Jones fell from the top of a through his assistance and his sontact ices he no longer required by this com forty foot pole. Why did he fall? What to recognize a square peg in a round pany." went wrong? Something certainly went hole when he sees it and to build gradu The man I am talking about (should wrong. Was his safety belt worn? Was ally and carefully an organization that f find him) must go forth into the or there a cross-arm brace that gave way? will be safe, efficient, and productive. ganization, not as a representative of Was there a snapping of a pin? Did he some straw-boss, or of some superin tendent, but as a representative of the executive head of the organization. 1 should expect him to speak with authori ty. I should expect him to so train his mind as to be able to act as a teacher to the entire organization from the execu tive down to the lowest laborer. I do not mean that he should drive home his lessons and educate those under him by the methods of the classroom, but he should feel that he has a message to get over to these foremen and to these men and that some way, somehow, by co operative methods, he must get the proper line of thought into their minds. I should expect him to stand up to the executive, himself, should occasion arise, and say that this or that must be done, and with it all I must expect him to use that authority with great care, with con sideration of the feelings of the depart ment heads in the organization. A big job? Yes, and yet it is the necessary qualification for a successful safety man. I should not expect this man to take in detail the responsibility for the pre vention of accidents. He should train the organization in such a way that the "non-commissioned" officers would con tinue to feel that the safety of the men working under them was in their keep ing. Hand in hand with this idea of responsibility f should expect him to openly pass on the credit for all that is accomplished to those "non-commis sioned" officers and the men under them, come in contact with something hot, not properly shielded, which caused him to jerk back and lose his balance? What was it? Why did it happen and what must we do to prevent it from ever re curring? HERE are men climbing poles who- Thave absolutely no business to ever go up a pole because of some physical defect of which they, themselves, may not even be aware. There are many men today driving cars and trucks who are EXPECT this safety man to pick not qualified to drive, perhaps on ac 1 from the organization, as he begins to count of eyesight, perhaps on account of some nervous affliction, or for other Jones was purely careless. If there was causes. These men must be relocated no contributory cause to his having fallen from the pole, either get rid of or, if necessary, be removed. Bill Jones or keep him under observa We talk a great deal about teaching tion and learn whether Bill Jones is the our men, our foremen and our super right man in the right place. The very intendents to guard against accidents, fact that a man carelessly commits sui and yet we leave accident traps lying cide does not exonerate the boss or the around. These accident traps have a safety man for having kept this man in considerable bearing on the question of their employ, providing they knew of safety to the general public. If you have this tendency in his make-up. a large organization, you have your pro I should expect this safety man to pick perty scattered out over a large number of counties, perhaps states. Accidents from the organization, as he begins to are occurring daily to the public, caused see development along safety lines, cer tain men to act as lieutenants, certain by something wrong, or something mis placed, on your property. I believe that men that he could send to do as he would do, certain men who, if the or ganization is large enough, might be on a large property your safety director should have under him a full-time lieu tenant whose whole job is the constant assigned to permanent duty with him or, inspecting of the property from end to- if the organization is not sufficiently large to justify permanent time, then end looking for danger spots. part time, as occasion may require. I When we go before a public service expect this safety man with his lieuten commission or before a court trying to ants to study the organization from top establish the value of our property for to bottom and to slowly but surely take rate-making purposes, after having list all of the square pegs out of the round ed and priced everything on the proper holes and fit them in where they belong. ty, we then say to the court or the com I do not mean that the safety man mission: "Your Honor, that is not all. should go to the foreman or the super We claim a very considerable value in as occasion may present itself. I should intendent and say this man or that man (Please turn to page 54) NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS miw-i'.i- Industrial Health A Non-Tcchnical Symposium for Physicians and Laymen 33 First Aid Treatment of Burns By J. J. WITTMER, M. D. Medical Director, Consolidated tins Co, of Sew York, Sew York City HE treatment of burns can be Tconveniently divided into two parts; treatment of the local lesion and treatment for the prevention of systemic reaction. Shock Treatment must be instituted in the early stages of burns, i. e., before the end of eight hours, before toxic absorp tion has yet occurred, when the gravity of the patient's condition is largely de pendent upon the degree of shock. The condition of shock occurs especially in those burns of a more severe nature, and unless the condition is recognized and accorded successful preliminary treat ment, the patient's chances of recovery may at least be jeopardized, and in ex treme cases the oversight may actually prove fatal. There is real danger that the general condition of the patient will quite escape the attention of the medical attendant in his zeal to do something locally; par ticularly so. if he possesses the informa tion that the local wound is the source of toxemia and is attracted to this area by the silent or expressed entreaties of both the patient and his friends. No undue anxiety need be felt, however, in the usual case of thermal burns, to hasten local treatment, since a number of hours of grace are allowed by nature before the beginning of the onset of the other main factor in mortality, "tox emia." Treatment directed toward the relief of local conditions is contraindicated in the presence of shock. The truth of this is too rarely appreciated, and it is a common sight in some hospitals to observe the medical attendant laboring with the removal of clothing, and cutting away blebs, and washing away con taminating debris, while the patient's systolic blood pressure is less than 70. 60 or even SO m.m. of mercury, and the exposure incident to the manipulation is constantly aiding in the further dis sipation of heat from a body which al ready manifests a subnormal tempera ture. Therefore, the shock of hasty and unwise local treatment, added to the shock of the original burn, will undoubt edly precipitate a needless death. The treatment of burn shock differs in no essential particulars from the treat ment of shock otherwise induced, essen tial features being the administration of large doses of morphine, the mainte nance of body warmth by the applica tion of external heat in a light tent or by hot water bottles and internal heat in the form of warm drinks or intraven ous infusion, the lowering of the head to combat cerebral anemia, and the assurance of quiet and rest under the watchful eye of a competent attendant. During this period, local treatment may be completely disregarded except for the prevention, as far as is feasible, of local contamination. For this purpose the wounds may be simply covered with a sterile sheet or towels. Two important exceptions must be mentioned: t. In those cases m which the patient's clothing has caught fire the utmost care must be exercised immediately to make sure that no smoldering material has been overlooked in the excitement of transporting the patient to the medical advisor. 2. In attending cases of chemical burns one peculiarity of the traumatizing agent must be remembered; a prolongation of action is main tained until neutralization of the active agent is accomplished, either by natural or artificial means. Patients burned by chemicals should be quickly treated locally to assure complete neu tralization of the chemical reagent before any thing else is done. In addition to the shock caused by an extensive bum, a condition of anhydremia also results. If a burn involves one-sixth of the surface area of ithe skin the loss of fluid in 24 hours may equal 70 per cent of the total blood volume. Rubner has shown that in starv ation an animal can live after loss of nearly all its glycogen and fat, one-half of its protein and nearly one-half of its body weight, but that it dies from loss of one-fifth of its water. The fatal in fluence therefore, of the great loss of fluids in burns is apparent. With such depletion the blood becomes concen trated, the circulation slowed and the blood loses oxygen. Partial asphyxia tion results, metabolic processes become altered, the heat regulating mechanism becomes impaired, the temperature falls, and vital activities are suspended. Here again I must emphasize the fact that the burn itself is relatively unim portant at first. Therefore, attention to the systemic effects of the injury should embrace, besides the usual measures against pain and fall in temperature, immediate intravenous administration of 1,000 cc, of normal saline solution ata rate not greater than 2S cc. a minute, and thereafter fluid, particularly normal saline solution, should be introduced by every available channel in the amount of from 4 to 8 liters in each 24 hours, until the capillaries have lost their ab normal permeability, fluids are retained, and the concentration of hemoglobin and of chlorides in the blood approach nor mal. Usually the critical period has passed in from 24 to 48' hours. Local Therapy Granted that chemical agents have been successfully neutralized and shock has been found absent or has been successfully combated, the attention is now focused on the local lesion. The first act is complete debridement in an effort to convert a contaminated wound into a clean one. If the contamination is superficial and does not involve a JANUARY. 1936 34 large area, the application of a paste of Davidson bases his treatment on the do not differ in any material way from sodium bicarbonate made with cold theory that the toxin present in the red the ordinary burn or scald. water will frequently cleanse the area cells is due to the absorption of the By contrast, in the case of an electric in addition to relieving the pain. This products of protein autolysis at the site contact burn, the surface of the body treatment is always applicable to a first of the burn. In order to limit this ab forms one of the poles of the electric degree burn where debridement is not necessary. The contamination may be such, how ever, as to make necessary the adminis tration of a general anesthetic, follow ing which the burned area is either thor oughly scrubbed with a sterile scrubbing brush and sterile water or saline solu tion until the area is completely clean, or resort is made to instrumental re moval of contaminated tissue. This form of treatment is generally applied where sorption he produces a coagulum of the devitalized tissue only by the applica tion of tannic acid. The dry crust thus produced prevents the loss of tissue fluids which leads to a lowering of the sodium chloride of the blood. In addition, the tannic add applica tions produce a definite analgesia and do not affect the normal skin. Sepsis is avoided by the dry coagulum which forms an unfavorable medium for bac terial growth. arc. The electric current passes through the body and the degree of heat attained at the point of the surface of the body when the contact is made, is the tempera ture of an electric arc. If a burn is produced, no matter how small, an elec tric arc must have been formed. If the contact is so perfect that sufficient re sistance is not introduced to develop an electric arc. the body simply sustains an electric shock which might produce anything from a slight tingle to instant there is charring of the tissue or in other Up to this time we have dealt only death. deep burns of limited extent. with the tannic acid treatment of second The temperature of an electric arc i Blebs are punctured and cut away with scissors and the entire area finally thoroughly cleansed with some non-irri tating fluid like normal saline solution. After the area has been thoroughly de- and third degree burns. Some authors have employed a two per cent solution of the gentian violet, spraying it on in the same manner in which the tannic add is applied. This solution also forms a membrane over the burned surfaces, varies from 3,500 to 7,000 degrees, whereas the temperature of the acetylene torch is 4,500 degrees. This intense heat presents a characteristic picture. Examination of a victim of an electric brided and all vesicles removed, we pre pare for the next step. much like tannic acid, and it is claimed that the incidence of infection is lowered contact burn may simply present a single small innocent appearing blister, but if the superficial blister is carefully cut Fixation with Tannic Acid The use of tannic add was introduced due to the antiseptic action of the gen tian violet. Other writers have employed a mixture of tannic acid and gentian away there is noted a central area of white necrosis surrounded by a narrow ring of hyoeranemia or edema. The size by E. C. Davidson in 1925. The latest modification of Davidson's treatment is violet. Ointments containing any form of of the central area of necrosis is natur ally dependent upon the size of the con to spray the denuded area with a freshly medication are contra-indicated in the tacting electrode. The area involved is prepared solution of five per cent tannic treatment of large second or third de usually pyramidal with the top of the acid, until a coagulum of fair thickness gree burned surfaces. They tend to pyramid at the surface of the skin. has been established. Loose dressings are then applied and kept saturated with the tannic acid solution for 24 hours, or until the burned area is tanned a ma hogany brown. When the burned area is sufficiently tanned, all dressings are removed and the patient is placed in a tent to avoid pressure of the bed clothes. In cold weather the inside of the tent is warmed by means of electric lamps. Sterile pads or sheets are always kept beneath the burned areas that rest on the bed. Infection can and often does occur cause maceration about the skin margins and prevent the formation of epithelium. When the wound has become cleansed it is far better to leave it exposed to the air without any covering, applying a liberal coating of stearate of zinc, which, being a mild astringent, has the property of drying up any of the arests where epithelization has begun. When the burned areas involve the region of the joints it is well to apply traction during the process of healing. More important however, is skin graft ing in the region of the joints. As a rule, in from 36 to 48 hours an electric burn loses its dry, crisp, circum scribed appearance and becomes a serum saturated area with disintegrating walls and floor, progressing to profuse puru lent secretion, large sloughs bathed in pus. exurberant granulations uncontrol lable to the most radical antiseptics. This disorganizaton may include muscle, tendon, joint capsule, even bone itself. After a varying period of the treat ment mentioned before, apparently un duly tedious and prolonged, firm granu lation ultimately ensues and the final beneath the tanned area, but the careful cleaning of the burned area prior to the Treatment of Electric Burns result will be the same as that ordinarily secured in other comparable bums. The application of the tannic acid will tend Electric burns differ from all other period of disability will be greatly short to reduce the incidence of infection. In types. The degree of heat is far more ened and the certain extensive scar fection in these instances is treated either intense and the general aspect is radical formation will be decreased by the ap by an incision through the membrane or, ly different from the pathological picture plication of the surgical principle of when more extensive areas are involved, of any other type. The intense heat complete resection of the bum area be by excision of the entire membrane. observed in the electric contact burns, fore the stage of serum formation begins. If the bum is superficial, epitheliza- is not found in the so-called flash burns. The application of the principle of tion (formation of new skin) will pro A flash burn is produced when an complete resection and immediate clo ceed under the dried coagulum; and if electric arc is formed dose to the body sure by suture or skin graft to third de the bum is deeper the tannic acid crust but the current does not go through the gree electrical bums, produces uniform that separates, between the fourteenth part. The severity of the bum depends ly satisfactory results. The method has and twentieth day will leave a clean upon the proximity of the tissues to the its limitations; the line of demarcation granulating surface, which in time will arc and the length of time that the arc may not be sufficiently dear in tendons, result in epithelization. is maintained. These superficial burns (Please turn to page 48) NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 35 The Aftermath of Sudden Death By A. J. BRACKEN WO o'clock in the morning. Is Tthat the phone? There it goes again. 1 grope my way sleepily to it. Hello .... yes, I understand ... a wreck on the highway two miles east . . . We'll be right out . . . What a sight! One car, a new one, now a tangled heap of scrap off on one side of the road, shattered glass every where. The crowd has gathered and they have dug one body out and it lies a bloody, grotesque, twisted thing under the pale light of the moon. Another lies groaning and mumbling. "My back is broken I think." We lift him as gently as possible to the ambulance cot and hurry to the hospital. He dies two hours later calling for "Edith." How did it happen? The report is they were trying to pass a car against a too close oncoming car. What does it matter! We go back for the dead body and in the operating room under the strong light we find that we have a job on hand trying to embalm this poor thing, to put it back together as best we can in an attempt to relieve the terrible heartache of those loved ones who will hasten to see him. What a mess! Ragged bones sticking out through torn coat sleeves, head crushed to a pulp. Can we make it look like a human being and resemble the fine strong young man that it was only an hour ago? It is just our job and we're getting used to it. Does it make us gun-shy of this fast driving? Well, we wish ail the speeders could spend a night with us, occasion ally. in the mortuary. Old Barleycorn We work feverishly all night attempt ing to place a new nose and one side of the face on this mangled body which has been the loving mother of these three small helpless children, now in the hospital, two not expected to live. We secure a recent picture of this mother and by iong hours of patching and filling those mutilated features and showing the body under indirect light we keep from the loved ones the horrible picture of this mutilation. *** Such a freak. We found his arm, hanging on the latch of the car door, torn completely from the socket at the eibow. The mangied body lay doubled up in the ditch nearby. Just an oid man walking along in the dark on the wrong side of the road, the car coming over the brow of the hill, headlights shooting up. Not a chance of escaping it. Endurance vs. Death Just three happy boys on their wav across the country to Detroit. Constant driving, day and night, with a change at the wheel every four hours, but en durance iost and we pick them up on the side of the road where they have crashed a telephone pole and overturned. Not an easy thing to telephone the poor father out on the Coast and inform him that the body of his boy lies in our mortuary. A wig that matches his hair, plastic art and dermasurgery restore the body to almost lifelike appearance, but we cannot bring back that youthful smile Three little kiddies, poor little tykes, the oldest only seven. They hardly know what it is all about. This time it is a young mother returning home, with her husband and children, from a happy visit. Kiddies are playing in the back seat of the car. Bang! Crash! a sick ening twisting and tearing and it is all over. Just two drunks in an old car coming over the fop of the hill on the wrong side of the road, but what slaughter! FOLLOWING the publication of the sensational article--"And Sudden Death," The Reader's Digest was be sieged by authors with follow-ups. But the editors thought that enough had been said. Then from an embaimer in the village of Chappel, Nebraska, came this poignant story, it is reprinted by permission of The Reader's Digest. or happy iaugh which he carried when he left home. These are only memories to his loved ones. *** We natives all knew that was a mean comer, properly marked with a turn sign, but such a sharp turn. To take it at more than 20 miles was unsafe. He must have been going SO at least. No one saw it happen. They found him with the car overturned, the sharp edge of the runningboard, where it joins the rear fender, resting on his head. Why do they always have their heads mashed up so? I wonder if this isn't the hope of every embaimer when he receives an auto accident call: "I hope the head is all right." They usually are not. Such a great big fine fellow in the pink of health and prime of life. And his poor young wife. ... We put her to bed when she arrives and try to make her comfortable until we can finish our work, Jo she will never know what he looked like when we found him. A babe to come soon, who will never know a father except bv tales which are tniri. Dense Fog The lunch for school was in the back seat, the case of eggs for the grocer in tact. but the beautiful life of a little schoolgirl was gone forever. A foggy morning, a narrow bridge. The sharp, splintered end of the bridge rail drove through the windshield and tore away one side of her face. Poor little brother, who had been driv ing, how heartbroken and sorrowful. It was hard to see, and how was he to know that he should have pulled to the side of the road and stopped until the fog lifted, even though they were iate for school? k Not much to do this time. The whole thing was on fire when we arrived. We could see his tracks where he had come over the top of the hill and hit the loose gravel. The warning sign was up so the High way Department had fulfilled its duty, but there it lay where it had skidded and turned completely around and over. A twisted mass of hot iron, that fetid smell of burning flesh and a few bones to tell the tale. How will we prepare these remains for burial? Well, how would you? And so it goes, on and on, in this small town of not quite ,1,000. Add what befalls us here to the tragic toll in metro politan cities and the countless towns larger than ours, and we have a very faint idea of what is happening on our highways. JANUARY. 1936 36 The Driver's Physical condition may change reac tion time. Fatigue, for example, length ens reaction time, at least of the more complicated types. Sickness may do the Reaction Time same thing. Alcohol slightly speeds up the reactions, at least for a little while (although some investigators claim that afterwards the reaction time is length ened). How important is it in safe operation? Distractions seriously increase simple reaction time and the more complicated EACTION time is the term used R by psychologists to indicate the time between the instant when a person sees, hears, or feeis something and the moment he can start to do some thing about it. It is the time required for an impulse lo travel along the nerves from the eye, the ear, or the skin up to the brain, through it and back down to the muscles to put them in mo tion. Whatever starts this impulse is spoken of as the 'stimulus." and what the muscles of the body do is called the "response" or "reaction." The driver's reactions are obviously very important in controlling vehicles which may travel several times their own length while the driver is reacting to a traffic situation. Kinds of Reaction Time For purposes of considering reaction time in connection with automobile driv ing, reaction time may be divided into four genera! types, each of which may be subdivided in many different wavs. a. Reflex reaction time is the shortest because the response follows the stimulus automatically and involuntarily. The brain does not enter into it at all. The "knee-kick" reaction used in physical examinations is of this type and re quires only .OJ of a second. Winking the eye is another of this type and requires but slightly longer, about .05 of a second, judgment has nothing to do with reflex reaction. It is what makes a chicken flop after its head has been cut off. b. Simple reaction is that which occurs when a person expects a stimulus and is all set to do one simple thing when lie receives it. This is the most common type of reaction and occurs when a driver starts to let his foot off the dutch as the green light comes on. It is much longer than reflex reaction, but the length of time depends upon which sense receives the stimulus and what muscles give the response. From feeling something with one hand to moving the hand will require in the neighbor hood of a tenth of a second. The ears work a little more slowly, but the eyes are still slower, and from the time one sees something until he can move a finger is about .20 of a second. It takes a little longer to move a foot or leg, partly because the nerve-path is longer, and partly because the larger limbs with their heavier muscles are a little slower in starting to act. c, Complex reaction time is more compli cated and therefore longer. In this kind of a reaction, the person may receive any one of several stimuli to which he must make the cor rect one of several responses. He knows defi nitely which response to make tor each stimu lus, and he is more or less expecting the stimu lus. Examples: the football player receiving "signals"--if he gets one he lumps to the right, if he gets another, he jumps to the left; the signals of a driver ahead, indicating which wav he is to turn, thus causing the following driver to turn right or left or slow down; the signals of an officer at an intersection upon which the motorist must either stop nr mme or turn in a familiar way. The length of time required for a complex reaction depends upon how complex the reaction must be, d, DncrtminMue teaction takes place when a person is icquired to make a quick choice be tween alternatives, for example, to decide whether to take the ditch or risk a crash from a vehicle cutting in ahead. The time required to make this judgment makes discriminatory reaction time much longer than any of the others. It may be a matter oi several seconds, but no exact average figures can he given be cause the time differs for each different situa tion. Situations requiring discriminatory re action time are rather rare in traffic, but they are usually emergency situations. How Reaction Times Vary All forms of reaction time vary from one individual to another, and from one time to another in the same person. The more complicated reaction times, such as complex and discriminatory, vary more than the reflex and simple reaction times do, both between individuals and in the same person at different times. Reaction time varies slowly with age, very old and very young people be ing sluggish in their responses. For all people taken together, simple reaction time is least at about the age of 23 years. Women are usually a trifle quicker on simple reaction than men. People usually react more quickly to a very strong stimulus than to a light one. A shout gets a quicker response than a whisper; a bright signal a more sudden application of the brakes than a dim one. More complex situations take longer for a person to react to than simple ones, very much longer. types still more. Such distractions may include conversations with companions, listening to exciting radio broadcasts, worry about one thing or another, or even day dreaming. Reaction Time in Driving Automobile driving is almost a con tinual series of reactions. On a straight, smooth, unoccupied highway, the driver may go as much as 30 or 40 seconds without reacting, but in city traffic or in any complicated maneuvering of the car. such as in parking, driver reactions occur so frequently that one is started before another is finished. In fact, two or three may be "in process" at the same time. In a new driver, most of these will be discriminative or complex reactions, but as the driver becomes experienced, more and more of his reactions become fixed habits so that a seasoned motor vehicle operator will drive largely by simple re actions and the less complicated forms of c jmplex reactions. For him, responses which a novice would have to think about come quickly and automatically. He may deal with an emergency situa tion by a couple of simple reactions, such as putting on the brakes and blowing the horn, while at the same time a com plex reaction is started by which he swerves to the right or left, and also a discriminatory reaction which is a de cision about how he will brace himself for the collision. If the accident occurs quickly, the longer discriminatory reac tion may never be completed, particular ly if the man is a "slow thinker." Reflex reactions probably do not occur very frequently in automobile driving. Most of them are "instinctive" but when they do occur it is probably in emerg encies. Thus, when the stimulus of an emergency situation is violent enough, stime people (and perhaps all people) break down, and instead of a considered and controlled reaction appropriate to the situation, their muscles leap into action without waiting for instructions from the brain. They may throw up (Please turn to page 70) NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 37 Industry N INDUSTRY little things count. Slight mistakes may mean ser ious loss. So with industrial injuries a little scratch if ignored may become a serious infection. *IThe first defense against infection is thorough cleans ing and the application of an effective antiseptic. All wounds, however small, should receive treat ment promptly. Be prepared with Mercurochrome for the first aid care of all minor injuries. In more serious cases call a physician. This seal denotes acceptance of Mercurochrome for New and Nonofficial Remedies by the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association. HYNSON, WESTCOTT & DUNNING, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland JANUARY, 1936 38 METHANOL Industrial Data Sheet D-Chem. 18 A. Problem !. What hazards are encountered in using methanol and what precautions are necessary? B. Hazards 2. The principal hazards are the toxic effects when: a. Swallowed. b. Inhaled through the lungs. c. Absorbed through the skin. C. Discussion 5. Methaqpl is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid with a taste and odor resembling that of ethyl (grain) alcohol. It is also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood spirits, Columbian spirits, wood naphtha, methyl hydrate and carbinol. It is obtained principally by the destructive distillation of hard woods, although the production of synthetic methanol has increased considerably in recent years. It is the most flammable and the most toxic of all the alcohols. Methanol has a flash point of 30 degrees Fahrenheit and burns with a non-luminous flame, at which time it gives off the odor of formaldehyde. It is shipped in iron drums bearing red labels. It mixes readily with other alcohols, water, ether and chloroform, ft is used ex tensively in the arts and crafts: in the manufacture of varnishes, shellacs, paint removers, lacquers, essences, perfumes, and denatured alcohol; as a solvent of gums, dyes and resins; as a cleaner of type and as an anti freeze in automobile radiators. It is also employed in many industries where shellac, varnish and lacquers are used, such as in making picture frames, varnishing the interior of beer vats, shellacing knots in boards, and in varnishing and lacquering furni ture, pencils, musical instruments, toys and wooden patterns. Symptoms 4, Methanol has a cumulative effect on the body, and individuals show re markable variations in their suscepti bility to it. The immediate symptoms somewhat resemble those of ethyl (grain) alcohol. The results from swal lowing the liquid or inhaling the fumes Precautions include headache, nausea, vomiting, vio lent abdominal pains, muscular inco ordination, weak and rapid pulse, labor ed and difficult breathing, restlessness, dilated pupils, low body temperature, cold moist skin, sometimes delirium and In any workroom where methanol is in the atmosphere in excess of one part per 10,000 volumes of air, adequate means of forced ventilation should be provided to remove the vapors. (See Mote W). blindness, generally coma, infrequently 10. When it is necessary for an em convulsions and death from respiratory ployee to work in an enclosure where failure. Eye effects are usually mani methanol fumes are present, and ade fested within 48 hours by pain around quate forced ventilation is not provided, the eyes, tenderness on pressure of the he should be provided with and required eye balls, pupil dilation, blurring of vi to wear a fresh air hose mask. (See sion and finally blindness. Total blind Mote X). ness may be sudden. At times complete 11. In processes which require the or nearly complete vision is regained, hands and other parts of the body to but frequently the vision is again sud denly and permanently lost, especially if the optic nerve has been severely in come in contact with methanol, em ployees should be provided with and re quired to wear rubber frame goggles, jured. In general, death may occur rubber aprons, boots and gloves. (See within 36 hours after swallowing one to two ounces of methanol, although it may occur in an hour or be delayed for three Mote Y). 12. As a precaution against possible absorption through the skin, clothes wet or four days. Blindness or disturbances of the vision have been reported after swallowing a quantity as small as one- with methanol should be changed for dry garments at once. 13. Where methanol is spilled in a half ounce. room, the area should be flushed with 5. Direct action of methanol liquid or fumes on the skin is not as disastrous as when swallowed or inhaled. How ever, it so irritates the skin of the hands and arms that they become inflamed and often lesions form and eczema or dermatitis may follow. It severely irri tates the membranes of the eyes and eyelids, causing them to become so badly inflamed and swollen that they may be come infected and often affectation of the retina, and either temporary or permanent impairment of sight follows. water, if possible, to prevent vaporiza tion of the methanol. 14. All jugs, bottles, cans, barrels or other receptacles in which methanol is stored should be kept tightly closed and labeled "METHANOL" (WOOD AL COHOL)--POISON) " with skull and cross bones. 15. All motors and their fittings used in workrooms where methanol vapor is present should be of the explosion-proof type. Artificial lighting of workrooms should be by explosion - proof electric incandescent lamps. Xo open flames Treatment should be permitted in such a room. 6. Methanol coming in contact with the skin should be immediately washed off with plenty of clean, fresh water. 7. If methanol has been swallowed, an emetic such as warm water and salt should be given to induce vomiting, and the services of a physician secured with out delay. 8. In case methanol fumes have been Note W: Detailed information on adequate ventilation and exhaust systems will be found iu Safe Practices Pamphlets No. 37, "Industrial Ventilation," and No, 33, "Exhaust Systems." Note X; For detailed information on suit able fresh air hose masks, see Safe Practices Pamphlet No. 01, "Hespirators, Oas Masks, Hose Masks and breathing Apparatus." Note Y: For detailed information on goggles, aprons, boots mid gloves, see Safe Practices Pamphlets No. 11, "boggles," and No, 16, "Protective Clothing." Note 'It For detailed information on explo sion hazards of flammable liquids, see Safe Practices Pamphlet No. 34, "Industrial Explo sion Hazards." inhaled, some recommend that the pa tient inhale the fumes of diluted amyl National Safety Council, Inc. nitrate or ammonia and obtain the serv ices of a physician at once. 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago, Illinois NATIONAL SAFETY' NEWS 39 [/to the NE W EMPLOYEE i'>1 National Safety Council, Inc. JANUARY, 1936 The new employee, gr,een at his work; the older employee grown, careless by long association with the same job;'the trusted worker exposed to new hazards because of a promotion or a shift to another department --each is a vital problem in efficient, safe production. Each needs safety stimulation and knowledge. "You and Your Job," a 40-page pocketsize booklet, will provide it. it backs up your own safety instructions, and augments your own safety rule book. And it is inter esting, appealing -- something they will want to read and study. A sample copy, including quantity prices, will gladly be sent on request. Chicago, Illinois 40 The Bulletin Board A page for those who maintain the Show Windows of Safety Mmaui ai>>mni wi ww^^ Conducted by STAN KERSHA^X^*saffl,sss,!!^^^ A Challenge from inexpensive water color show card OME time ago 1 heard a tale of a S native prince who purchased an ex paints to highly - refined oil paints and lacquers, and from crepe paper to beautiful metal-foil covered corrugated pensive American car- -custom-built topaper. give him the utmost in luxury and speed. Although he Could have built tine roads The means of illumination extend in his primitive land, he chose instead from the ordinary electric light bulb to to ride in his magnificent vehicle over brilliant van-colored neon tubes which tangled trails -__the high-powered car can be twisted into a variety of shapes. drawn by an elephant 1 There are also innumerable gadgets such as small motors, electric kickers, 1 have often thought of that story pulleys, belts, spindles and what-not to when I have observed the half-hearted produce outstanding motion displays. efforts with which safety posters are sometimes used. Each poster is intended Many of these things may be procured to perform a definite function. This at a vert,- small cost. In fact, the aver fact was kept in mind every minute of age well-equipped dime store is almost the time that the poster was being de a supply house for the man who wants signed. to make really attractive bulletin board Yet instead of helping the poster ful displays. line of bulletin boards for indoor and outdoor use; stationary and portable boards; fine large boards for plant en trances and post and pedestal types for special locations and purposes; boards with interior and exterior illumination and with neon lighting and signs; a large line of display materials such as back ground boards, colored papers, show card colors and the various tools and imple ments with which to use them; and an assortment of inexpensive mechanical contrivances for use in making up mo tion displays; perhaps even a bulletin board caretaking service in some of the larger manufacturing centers. Suppose such a concern were able to put into the field a large group of effi cient salesmen schooled in the science of safety poster display work and ac fill its mission by placing it in striking, attractive surroundings, some plants hinder it. Of course this doesn't apply to all plants. However, 1 have seen enough to (ead me to believe that in all the years safety posters have been in use justice has not been done to this phase of safety work. Manufacturers of commodities put quainted with the problems of safety HERE we are in an age when the im tnen in various industries? portance of advertising display Would such an enterprise meet with methods is fully understood and thsueccess in raising safety bulletin board means of utilizing them are within the work to the level where it should be? reach of practically every safety man; My guess ts that it could be done and and yet it is still possible to visit many that it would be a mighty big factor in a plant in which safety posters and bulle putting many a plant's safety job "over tin boards are slighted into ineffective the top'1, besides making money for the ness. man willing to attempt it. tremendous thought and effort into ad Why is it that in a period of such great And how about displays of posters to vertising their products. Retailers like progress there should be so little advance sell the idea of safety to the public? wise spend enormous sums of money and in this important branch of safety work? We are about to witness a nation-wide employ technical experts to develop at And suppose a safety man prefers not drive to reduce motor vehicle accidents. tractive ways of enticing the public to to build his own bulletin boards, where >5 per cent by the end of 1940. Hun purchase their wares. They know from can he find someone who will supply dreds of communities will make organ experience that good - looking window him with a variety of boards of modern ized efforts to do their part and will displays, flashing electric signs,' attrac design and built to meet the special re seek ways of carrying out poster display tively-worded well-laid-out advertise quirements of plant poster display work? programs. ments in magazines and newspapers, and Where can he find someone who will, if What facilities will these communities attention - compelling posters on well- the need arises, undertake to prepare his have for displaying posters? Will they located billboards produce results. displays for him? print them on cards and tie them to Safety, too, is a commodity--perhaps There are now hundreds of concerns lamp posts where the weather can play a little harder to sell than automobiles, which specialize in making advertising havoc with them? Will they ask the mer jewelry, or clothing, but it is definitely displays, and yet i know of none which chants to stick them nn their display a salable commodity, the more in need has attempted to capitalize on the safety windows with untidy stickers? of a good advertising program because poster display idea. There must be better ways, and what of the sales resistance encountered. Think of it! Over three million copies a fine thing it would be if some pro Never has it been so easy to produce of the National Safety Council posters gressive manufacturer would come along fine - looking displays. The market alone are used each year, and no doubt with the right kind of bulletin board for abounds with all sorts of materials and many hundreds of thousands of these street and window displays. gadgets which, with a little ingenuity, are stuck up on bare walls or on decrepit, i believe these few paragraphs have can be utilized to good advantage. There unprepossessing bulletin boards that pointed out one of the crying needs of are almost innumerable materials of would make a sheriff's office notice board the safety movement today, and they which bulletin boards may be fabri look beautiful by comparison. have at least partly suggested the an cated; there are countless types of ma Suppose some wide - awake concern swer. terial to provide decoration, ranging -hould enter the field with a complete Will someone meet this challenge? NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS THEY FOUGHT THAT WE I .WIGHT LIVE IN PEACE AND SECURITY WHY DO WE LET ACCIDENTS WAIW AND KILL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, TAYS THE FAY HI SAHTY (NATIONAL SAFETY CO'MNCIl llse Common Sense Precautions When UsingElectricity K* LA* mriii f - V* JCmrMfWiMUjn 1 U< fa* *4 Wk tah.- I nu Am Is m taiitilw 1 ia aJJ p*tt Aaiu u ^h *< XhU ynUliaf |lHI *t Ay hmju *1i aUm* wnr'f-h ywf tm t*M*. atMuU Uay |l*>w irA*4, *Tpr ( KTIONAt. 'J A F E T Y COUNCIt HOACClDfNTS-iveryone y||; home sofe^souHd iip FIT uW -1/' /tb'* GET FIRST*AID, forcuts and scratches sometimes$mrnsr-;ff& <l' '! i Safetli ON LAND AND SEA A HATIONAL IDEAL Mi I SAFETY! REQUIRES CUARTHINKINC CLEAR THINKING REQUIRES GOOD HEALTH NATIONAL UnSAFE and mjicfkUf ADVERTISING far tha CDMPAbiy NATIONAL JAfttT COUNCIL DRIVE AS IF THEY WERE YOUR OWN be a Y\T"i \V * +r. * * \ NATIONAL SA^tTV - COUNCIL MackoftiM TO BE CAREFUL ftandFRIINDLY By Starting* and Stopping* N AT IONAL SAFtTT COUNCIL USE VOUR HEAD SMd SAV6N0UR BACK. the wrong wav; /LET *(OWR leg ^ (MUSCLES BEAKHtt) \ STRAIN 1 THE RlGLfT __ vsf*,y: < NATIONAL `,-AFtTV COUNCIL WHY RISK yourown neck when you can learn from the experiences of others NATIONAL SArCTV COUNCIL mm IT'S EASY TO SJSE THE CHANCES THE OTHER EE ELW TAKES -But . ; ' j~ How about yourselft Are you doing all you can to prevent accidentst Ifcf Never depend on the other fellow-- DRIVE SAFELY YOURSELF NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIl 1111 in# PROPS, ARE FOR YOUR PRO) fCTION NEVER fnr KITIS Near eeIctric Wires and .NEVER USt WIRE OR'EINStltORR MR KITE STRING WO R R Y I math iuwm o VMUM VA* +~f> t* m* fc--I MH1 SiCi N\AH is inW^<U 'n / SAFETY / is jnWesW / (in Us JOB/ kT < O N A L <J A F A. T Y COUNCIL hA>H UNSAFE TOOLS HAVE PUT MANY A STRONG MAN FLAT ON MIS BACK . F TY COUNCIL NATIONAL r A F t t Y COUNCIL (ACt.kjy mx Cr~!S* : K-Kiii O C-aR&LE [ 'jOMtCMi l*S LIABLE.) V TO *UV VN TVAT r ,,iu, ;us **:&z i <M A*X*> mJj 1 `AnJ^cTvMIVr.ox.. * vhfoc ' \ / elANAWA eALL 4 t-Ai l .vaw (oSLjEaiW-AfiewAMxiACA.Jm. !` * . -V \ " "'TX i/ft 'WS, Y (M a- uy/' Y'.> r lo vk; `'wc-cje X ^moncstlv vsajt4 ) QSi ^YXi. j a^vum-.SS; / / 4/ /fill *i AT I O N A L SAFETY COUNCIL HEY BUDDY- HOW ABOUT LOOKING MY WAY MORE OFTEN w. kTI O N A L FtTV CQUNCII. ' Colds are rantflqious C:, Cover fyourS nKT"-7 ( lereisno f* rfsr, . 'k(jet+ersafe- quard tlron a man's own MIND NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL windup uour life in movinq machinerq WEAR Safe Clothing NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL HVV DOOMS' NOT //our TROUBLES ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION- 1 LqfAMxMi f-- tm, 2IU11I *t*#< cr^o <9 tU *ia> * Imtit M mli ! | * kA, ML U^r., ti yoIfu musn 4r jj n&j ii C MifrittL >-U-tWm * <|W4 (f 1 )) C* lAtwiwm H Unn l || r TION A t 8.1: S A f lTv <; i;; U N c I U use/ please cuspidor i, T i C> N A t 'i K * t WE WOULD RATHER WHATEVER YOUR JOB r -NAVE YOUR SUGGESTION FOR PREVENTING AN ACCIDENT-WAN AN ACCIDENT REPORT NATI O N cyv r & ti n C t YOU MIGHT 'B BE THE! MAN [ Bdour LT I Q N A C So never leave Tools whereIheij maij fall aSbaAoYbvFoeOEuyTtUoYnuiRnDreEshVBinoIECcuShlEdeTesirts ! T" When you get "sore* at your neignbor your job oryourself-Look Out / you'll be ripe for an accident NATIONAL SAFCTY COUNCIL USE EVERY SAFEGUARD NATION; C 1 Y COU NCIi CARBON @ MONOXIDE `iSks The exhaust from all gasoline engines contains this deadly gas--Look out for it particularly in closed garages or closed cars PROTECT YOURSELF WITH PLENTY OF FRESH AIR i BUT OUT Xomebodg ( AT - N . `UNCIL Siiiii! {FIRST AID tjl Poisons Killed ' in ONE Year on ELEVATORS ,j t SHOULD BL YOUR FIRST THOUGHT AFTFR INJURY IONAL .**tSAFETY CQUN6IU n observe f[ i4*.: ELEVATOR t Rules NO MATTER HOW SMALL THE JOB ALWAYS WEAR YOUR GOGGLES Wotta Place/ iA^ITY Hi gnu have in Amessij shop hinders production and in creases injuries *&, :o u nel I C> N A L "i A f L T V COUNCIL NATIONAL T V COUNCIL STEP % I- I Q N A L % A c twoi'USYfLj TOO BUSY] tTO PRACTKI igtfET^ NATIONAL S A F l T T COUNCIL NATIONAL $ A f t T Y COUNCIL SON V KNOW THE SMART ALECK WHO THINKS HE KNOWS IT ALL-USUALLY DOESNT KNOW MUCH ABOUT SAFETY" WINTER tests- your cirivmcf Ability I__ HAVE YOU ANY LADDERS LIRE. THIS ON YOUR JOB pr i,L H r f. r v r; >> uncii ra.s>.- ) i Watch your step As t watch mine to You've only one life I've oot nine1 O LT P N A ^ S*At T COUNCIL NATIONAL drive thru it WITHOUT AnAccident r, t r council DESTROY THEM NATIONAL L AT LTV LOUNCtl llii iiiiiii jp\ ` Ik safe iBr- misij acm^nts FOR ALL TIME ATlONAt A f t T COUNCIL GOOD HOUSEKEEPING cTh^ * * FOUNDATION cf SAFE AND PLEASANT WORK JATlONAi $ A F C T V COUNCIL YOU'LL ADMIT THERE'S NOTHING FUNNY ABOUT INJURING A FELLOW WORKER THEN LET'S STOP HORSE PLAY i r o ** a v HOW SAFE are YOUR SHOES NATIONAL A* e rV council YOU ARE NOT REQUIRED TO TAKE CHANCES OF INJURY h Safety Isn't Forgotten When the Whistle Blows In Uni1 with the widespread interest nf employers in safety "After the Whistle Blows," the Westinithouse Lamp Lompanv I, eneourattintt em- plover* to stay on the sidewalks after they leave the plant. Inset: si^ns erected on either side of tile main en trance to remind employees to ire-- at the designated crosswalks. brint; encouraged to use the i rn->-vv;tlks upon leaving anti returning to the fac tory. signs erected near the main en trance by local police are a constant reminder to truss the street only at the cross-walks. SAFETY drive was started No Monitors, one man and one woman, A vember 20 by the Westinghouse were selected to guide the crowd for the Lamp Company. Bloomfield, N. J,, ttohree-day period, which inaugurated the remind its employees of the danger in permanent safety plan. They were jaywalking when leaving the factory at identified by green arm bands, marked quitting time ami lunch periods. The '`safety." drive is sponsored to establish a regular safety procedure for crossing the street when leaving or entering the main gate which is in the middle of the block. When the whistle blows for the six First Aid Treatment of Burns (Continued 1ruin page ;6) lunch periods and quitting times during cartilage or hone to warrant immediate the day and evening at the local plant, resection of the eschar. Essential struc several thousand employees swarm into tures. such i s large vessels, nerves and the street from the main gate. In an mints, should certainly be spared, if attempt to minimize this hazard, safety there T any doubt in the operator's circulars were distributed to .ill em mind as to their possible viability. Welles ployees using this entrance, These cir states, however, that experience has culars show a map of the street around taught that the great majority of electric the main entrance and indicate where burn rases a-e far more successfully employees should not cross the street. hardleri bv corp'ete ejection and im Through the cooperation of local mediate closure by mturing and skin police, near-by streets have been marked grafts, than by .v-y n*her method. with cross-walks. All the employees are I have purposely detailed and empha sized the physician's treatment of burns because in this manner the immediate treatment by the first aider should be logical and apparent. The procedure initiated by him should be such that it not only takes care of the immediate emergency but can be maintained and continued by the doctor. The first step, of course, should be the removal or neutralization of the causa tive agent. The second step is the application of a material that will exclude the wound from the oxygen, thus putting out the fire in the tissue, and abort the exuda tion of fluid. If tannic acid is to be used by the surgeon, this then can be applied by the first aider. A ready five per cent solution of tannic acid can be available by having a quart jar of sterile water and 1.0 ounces of tannic acid crystals each in separate containers. Adding the crystals to the water just previous to application establishes a fresh solution, l personally prefer to have a second top which has been per forated. for the jar. which is screwed on after the crystals are added to the water. The inversion and shaking of the jar forms a sprinkler. The burned parts, including those areas which have parts uf clothing adhered to them, are thor oughly saturated even into all bends and crevices. The part may then be covered with a sterile dresssing and this dressing soaked with the solution. In the case of small burns and those in proximity to the eyes, an ointment containing five per cent of tannic acid may be applied. Third, if the patient is conscious, in sist that he drink two glasses of water immediately and another glass each half hour until he comes under the doctor's care. Fourth, get the patient to the hospital as soon as possible so that further fluid intake measures may be instituted and shock combated. Many lives can be saved, prolonged invalidism can be shortened and de formities averted if burns are treated on a well planned procedure. This effort must be initiated by the first aider and carried on through the doctor, both hav ing the same basic thought in mind-- 'That what 1 do now, immediately after the accident has occurred, and what I do throughout the entire case, have ail been with the constructive idea of saving (he building from toppling, of shoring up the parts so that they can stand re pair, then repairing the parts in such a manner that the splices and flows are least evident, and the integral sections will work in harmony, and function as before the catastrophe." NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS k- : ' w IT IS easy to telephone, but there is nothing easy about giving you good telephone service. It takes many thousands of trained employees to do that. A considerable part of this work is handled by the Central Office men. Their job is to safeguard service -- to prevent trouble from getting a start. They are constantly testing lines, circuits, switchboards and other equipment -- working with outside repair men -- performing the thousand and one tasks that keep things running right and prevent their going wrong. This work goes on twenty-four hours a day -- every day in the year, The "trouble shooters" of the Bell System work quickly, effectively because of careful training and long experience. Their loyalty, skill and resourcefulness are a priceless tradition of the telephone business. It is no accident that your telephone goes along for so many months without trouble of any kind, The Bell System gives this country the most efficient, reliable telephone service in the world. ffetn&tepfumeStftf&n As JANUARY. 1930 50 The Safety Man Can't nitely made, in order that accidents shall not happen. 2. Definite Instructions. In situa Do It Alone tions involving more than ordinary acci dent possibilities, definite and exact (Continued from page n) instructions should be given regarding things to be done and methods to be used. Statements should be concise and If it is management's attitude that accidents are bound to happen, then cer tainly accidents will happen. If on the other hand their philosophy is that acci dents are indications of inefficiency, that they interfere with production, that they cost money, that they are a waste which can be controlled and that they are a bad personnel influence, that is to say, the importance of efficient performance, including safe workmanship. He should be carefully directed and observed, espe cially during the early period of his em ployment. Before assignment to any task, his foreman should see that he is thoroughly trained in the correct method of performing the task; after which he should be guided until he becomes pro understandable, so that there may be no chance of misunderstanding. 3. Personal Supervision at Danger Points. In crew operations, if the pre liminary survey discloses greater than ordinary accident possibilities, the work should be planned so that the foreman will be present to direct it at the danger points. that if the management views its acci ficient. It is important that the new 4. Discipline. This means training dents as a disgrace to the industry and employee form correct habits of work men to act in accordance with estab an indication of management inefficien under the immediate direction of his lished rules. The supervisor is concerned cy, then we have a correct and reason foreman or of an assigned capable, with having his men conform to the rules able preamble to the safety movement. experienced employee. of the company. The foreman is the This attitude is one which the so-called safety man has a right to expect of his management. Let us view some of the factors in 3. Assigning Men. Consideration shall be given by the foreman to the employee's particular fitness for the work to which he is assigned. A difficult job company as far as his employees are con cerned. He should speak with authority and insist that his instructions be fully and completely carried out. volved in safety activity, and please re calls for an experienced man. A job on 5. Inspection of Work. Good work member that these several factors are which there is greater than ordinary pos welcomes critical inspection. Frequent common to both safety and effective pro sibility of accident should be assigned inspection of work in progress and of duction, that is, their application to to an experienced, dependable man. Sev completed work is necessary to insure safety is merely incidental to efficient eral important items are to be considered that standards are being met. operation. These factors are all items before assigning men to difficult jobs. 6. Set Good Example. The foreman which concern the management, but, of These include physical, as well as men who takes chances, who violates safety course, they are not all of the items tal, and particular ability. rules himself, or who overlooks infrac which apply to safety with which man tions by his men, stands a poor chance agement is concerned. These factors are: Selection, which includes assignment of men; Training; and Supervision of Operations. II. Training 1. Training of Men. Probably the most important responsibility of a fore man or supervisor is that of training. of obtaining the cooperation of his work ers in safety. If he is sincere in his safe ty endeavors and strictly follows and enforces the rules, he earns the respect I. Selection 1. Selection of Employees.. As indi cated previously, it is necessary that great care be exercised in the selection of the men who are to do the work of an organization, because these are the people with whom supervision has to deal. Besides the mental and physical qualifications determined by the nature of the work to be done, it seems to me that there is to be considered another quality which is quite important not only from an accident prevention standpoint, but also from an all around performance Workmen should be trained in the ap proved methods of performing the work and should be directed in order to see that these methods and no others are used. 2. The Supervisor's Knowledge of the Job. The supervisor or foreman be ing the director and trainer of men, it is necessary that he be more familiar than anyone with the job requirements. He must know the correct work methods otherwise how can be teach them. He must be taught how to supervise and how to teach. of his men. A good example is necessary to obtain discipline. However, as was stated initially, we believe that safety is incidental to effi cient performance. If the job is done right, with regard to quality and quan tity performance, then safety must be included as one of the factors entering into this accomplishment. We pian our engineering and it is just as necessary to plan safe performance of a job. We must keep in mind that accidents are a standpoint. It may be called the moral quality and it includes consideration of III. Supervision measure of the ability of our people to manage and to supervise. the individual's conduct on the job, his 1. Planning the Work. Supervisors The title asks the question "What ability to fit in with the other members should appreciate the necessity for plan does the safety man expect of manage of the group, his reaction to discipline ning each job so as to insure its safe and ment?" My answer is that he expects and his obedience to instructions. efficient accomplishment. The job should the management to take unto itself the 2. New Men. The reception and be surveyed to ascertain the conditions responsibility for the safe performance treatment of a new man on the job very to be met and to determine the methods of the work. That it does not blame men often determines his future with the to be used. If there are dangers involved, and machines for accidents to men or Company. He should be impressed with plans should be immediately and defi for production failures. He expects man- NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS t:::S: S :;ri Ti 51 Have you re ceived y 6 u r copy of the complete Stone- house Sign Cat alog No. 4? If not, copies-are available for the asking. Signs of the Times Today, as never before, safety is forcibly being brought to the front. This important problem is a vital part of all industrial operations. Many com panies have solved it with well organized safety pro grams Attention getting and durable signs will do much to back up your safety program and rules. Stonehouse Steel Signs are made in standard colors and designs for your safety work--hundreds in stock for imme diate shipment. "Signs Since 1863" SIGNS. INC Ninth at Larimer >ENVER COLORADO BULB VALVE TPyE NO. 4 This DUPOR respirator has a dear entrance filter aperture of 7Vi q. in. It uses special felt filter pads 5/I6w thick. Extra pads 4c each. The exhalation valve takes care of moisture and enables easier breathing. Made in soft, high grade rubber with face cloth. Foldable and revers ible. Price $18.00 per doz. Sample postpaid f1.50 CHIPPEWA-A DUPOR is really two ordinary respirators in one because of its double filter arrangement. It provides greater filter area thus enabling slower passage of air through the filter pads. This not only enables easier breathing but provides better filtering be cause more dust and spray is caught. Order your DUPOR to day. Once you try it you will never be satisfied with any other. THOUSANDS OF DUPOR RESPIRATORS NOW IN USE Used for all kinds of dusts, smoke, light fumes, vapors and paint spray that is free from harmful gases. BASIC PATENT NO. 2,000,064 DETAIL PATENTS PENDING AND ALLOWED manufactured only by H.s.cavER BULB VALVE TyPE NO. 5 This DUPOR has enlarged ad justable filter chambers of screw cap type and the very large ap erture of 11 Vx sq. in. Extra Vs" thick pads 3c each. The ex halation valve takes care of moisture and enables easier breathing. Made of soft, high grade rubber with face cloth. Foldable and reversible. Price $24.00 per doz. Sample postpaid $2.00 SOUTH BEND, IND., U.S.A. JANUARY, 1936 52 agement to have a reasonable and sound philosophy concerning the safety of their personnel and to treat the safety work, not as a thing apart, but as part and parcel of sound operations. He expects the management to have a plan for the training of foremen and men; and to permit him, the safety man, to direct the methods and practices to be used in pro duction; and to direct the supervision of work in order that failures will be kept at a minimum. How does he get these things? He gets them by going after them. First, by setting himself straight as to the real relation of safety to operations -- that accidents are operating failures, then by selling his management on these princi ples. This, it seems to me, can be ad vanced by the analysis of accidents that have happened, tracing their causes to management failure. Then he must in culcate in every management person an appreciation of this viewpoint that "the successful promotion of accident preven tion work is largely a matter of execu tive interest, and unless management takes the lead and unless the employees generally recognize that management is leading, no plan of safety can hope to function." If the safety man does his job well he may get his reward from the manage ment or he may get it in heaven. If he fails, he can expect to catch hell in large, unadulterated doses. Recation Time (Continued from page jd) their hands, close their eyes, or grow practically rigid all over. In the case of a driver, the reflex re action is almost always wrong. There is good reason to suspect that the loud report and sudden lurch of a tire blow ing out stimulates the driver's senses so violently that reflex reaction ensues. It is the driver, not the car, which is out of control. Other things being equal, a short re action time makes a better driver. But reaction time alone is a most unreliable index of driving ability. For example, if the eyes cannot see accurately enough, or if the ears are dull, situations on the highway which should stimulate the driver may not do so at all. Hence, no reaction may follow, or the stimulus may be wrong, as in the case of a driver with a "phoria" which causes temporary double vision. Nor is reaction time any more important than the ability of the muscles to respond. Equally important with time of reac tion is its accuracy. There is no benefit from a quick reaction if it is the wrong one. Most drivers react correctly to traffic signals. They stop on the red and go on the green, but if these were switched the danger would be greater if he reacted quickly than if he acted slowly. A driver cannot do much to improve his simple reaction time. He can, par ticularly with instruction, improve the accuracy of his reactions. By practice he can also shift actions which require discriminatory reaction time into the category of simple or complex reactions. He can also adjust his driving to his re action time so that he does not get into difficult situations. Measuring Reaction Time Accurate measurements of reaction time require rather complicated equip ment, usually split-second electric clocks which are started when the stimulus is given and stopped by the reaction. The average of a large number of readings must be used, because the reaction will not always be exactly the same, and the tests must be given in a room where there are no distractions. There are many ways, however, of making simple demonstrations of reac tion time. These measure only simple reaction time and under such varied cir cumstances that their results are not always comparable. a. The human chain method is easily demon strated. Let 10 to 100 persons take hold of each others' hands so as to form a long chain. Instruct them that when one hand is pressed to grasp with the other hand; then when the second hand of a watch passes 60, to squeeze the hand of the first man in the chain who passes it to the second, and so on, the last man raising his hand to signal that he has received the ` message." Note the time and divide the number of seconds elapsed by the number of people in the chain, which will give the average simple reaction time. This will usually be be tween Vs of a second and one second. Two or three trials may be necessary before everybody gets the idea. b. Coin dropping is another method. Hold a coin four feet above the floor so that it will drop upon an indicated spot near the right foot of the person being tested. Then ask him to move his foot so as to intercept the coin when you drop it. The coin will take almost exactly half a second to fall four feet, therefore, if he intercepts the coin his reaction time is less than half a second. The difficulties with this method are that many people apparently show long re action time because they have to glance down from watching the coin to watching their foot, and because it is difficult to hold the coin in such a way that it will fall upon the exact spot indicated. c. Reactometers have been prepared which measure roughly reaction time for use in auto-, mobile shows and elsewhere by insurance com panies, etc. As a rule these measure reaction time only to within half a second, often oper ate under very distracting conditions, and measure not only the actual reaction time, but also the time required to move the foot from an accelerator to a "brake." They are valuable as an educational medium if properly tied in with safety, but are not suitable for scientific uses, nor for the selection of drivers. d. Pavement paint marks left by guns which fire cartridges filled with pigment when the driver is given a signal to apply the brake, and again when he begins to do so, are sometimes used to measure reaction time. The distance between the paint marks and the speed of the car permits the calculation to indicate the elapse of time. It is a spectacular demonstra tion, but the equipment is expensive to con struct and operate. The speedometer must be carefully calibrated, the tires maintained at the proper inflation, and the signal given when the speed is exactly controlled, all of which makes this a crude method, even when the pos-_ sible distractions are not taken into account. e. Differential pendulums may be used to measure reaction time quite accurately. Two of these are hung by strings or sticks side by side, but one is a bit shorter than the other. By releas ng the two together and counting the num ber of swings until they are in step again and measuring the time, the difference in time be tween the two per swing may be calculated by simple division. Then, if the person being tested is asked to release one pendulum as soon as he secs the experimenter release the other, the swings may be counted until they are in step, and this number multiplied by the differ ential time gives the reaction time of the indi vidual. Any test must be repeated at least a dozen times to get a good reading on the individual. There are other tests, some extremely complicated and some intended to measure various kinds of complex reaction. Selecting Drivers Reaction time is useful in weeding out the good drivers from the bad ones only when accompanied by other tests such as those for vision, strength, motor control, knowledge of rules, driving habits, etc. There are only a few psychologicals in the country with the train ing and equipment to give such tests. A single test for reaction time is no better for predicting a man's driving ability than a test for blood pressure is NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 53 for determining his health. Blood pres sure tests must be supplemented by other tests and observations. Demonstrations of reaction time are valuable in arousing interest at safety meetings. They are sufficiently new to be entertaining. Two things must be emphasized, however. One is the dis tance which a car will travel at different speeds during the reaction time, in addi tion to the stopping distance of the ve hicle, (See Public Safety Memo No. 22) and the other is the fact that other driv ers may have longer or shorter reaction times, and thus do not act as quickly or as slowly as one might expect. The reaction time of drivers is an im portant factor in certain traffic engineer ing problems. In determining the spac ing of vehicles at various speeds, and thus the capacity of the roadways, it is a factor in how dose to the car ahead drivers will or ought to drive. In calculating the length of yellow warning signals, it is important that re action time, as well as stopping distances be taken into consideration. Reaction time is one of the things which determines the number of vehicles which can pass during a certain period, particularly at isolated signals. For these purposes, average reaction times are not as useful as those which are nearer the extremes, because the equipment must be designed to take care of even those having slow reactions. Film Makes Strong Appeal for Safe Driving WSX7HEX you are tempted to take a chance or step on the gas, just remember Jimmy, and for the child-, rc-n's sake, drive carefully." This is the appeal of the new talking picture, "Remember Jimmy," produced by the Fireman's Fund Insurance Com pany. The picture shows the effects of an automobile accident on a typical American family. The family is in re duced circumstances and crippled Jimmy helps by selling papers. His hopes of a football career blasted by his injuries, he wistfully scans pictures and headlines if the game. Then scenes in a crippled hildren's hospital are shown, with the startling admonition that one out of three children is destined to be killed or injured by automobile accident be fore reaching maturity. Sound films are available in 35 mm. md 16 mm. sizes, and silent films in 16 mm. Showings can be arranged by writing to the Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, San Francisco, or through a local agent. J A.NTT ARY. 1936 The well planned safety program includes a study of the safety equipment needed to protect workers from accidental injuries. There isn't any industrial operation where some type of safety shoe shouldn't be worn to protect against possi ble foot injur ies. Approximately Nr QOS -- For Steal Mllll, BUck Elk Bluchor, Double Chroma Leathar Sal* and Hl. Sizes 5- ft E Width. one-fourth of all compens able occupa tional injuries involve the legs and feet. foot protection that safety shoes provide. There is a Lehigh Safety Shoe with the improved steel box toe to meet practically any requirement. Work ers like to wear them, too, be cause they are comfortable, good looking and durable. Let Lehigh Safety Shoes help reduce the foot injuries in your plant. LEHIGH SAFETY SHOE CO. 3 1 S. SEVENTH ST. ALLENTOWN, PA. WAYS WITH Propellair Exhaust Fans pull out dust, fumes, vapors, smoke, heat, dead air--`faster and at less cost. Propellair Ventilating Fans assure healthful, comfortable and productive working conditions. For full dmriotlou of *11 PROPELLAIR FANS writ* today for our 40>p*| CATALOG iud they Have you these 3 way*: U> MODMRATE EQUIPMENT COST 12) \ ERV LOW DEPRECIATION (K) LOW CURRENT COST FtdlQ tinuronteed. All PROPELLAIR Hdltnqs Are Certified Ratings am PROPEUAIR, INC. Springfield, Ohio S4 Solvents a Hazard in but we did bring the figure down from 7 to 2 over a period of five years. I find that in 1929, we had 2 permanent Soybean Oil Extraction disability cases and five years later in 19.34, we had only 1. I find that in 1929, EASURES for reducing the danger portions ignites easily and under certain M of explosion should be included conditions may cause a disastrous ex in plans for building soybean oil extrapclto sion. Samples tested by the Bureau ing plants on farms and in rural com of Chemistry and Soils indicate that munities, says the Bureau of Chemistry dust from soybeans is just as explosive and Soils of the IT. S. Department of as dust from grain. Agriculture. Vapors produced in using Dust explosions are likely to follow hexane and similar flammable solvents the installation of new types of me used in extracted oil from soybeans may chanical and electrical equipment. New we had 208 temporary disability cases and five years later, in 1934, we had only 24 such cases. In 1929, we lost through disability 3,191 days, and in 1934, we lost only 197 days. 1 find in 1929, a frequency rate of 22.12 and in 1934, a rate of 6.9S. In 1929, we had a severity rate of S.S2 and in 1934, only 3.72. Looking at this record from a purely be easily ignited and cause disastrous explosions. The 193 S soybean crop was almost manufacturing operations should be ex amined carefully for possible dust explo sion hazards. Foreign materials should mercenary standpoint, I find that in 1929, we were paying on our operating payroll 2.13 per cent, and in 1935, we twice as large as that of the previous year and the building of extracting plants is being considered in many rural be removed from the products being processed, closed storage bins provided, electrical equipment (including incan were paying only 1.14 per cent. In 1929, we were paying on our construction pay roll 2.75 per cent and in 1935, we are communities. A number of rural plants in the Middle West extract the oil from the beans and produce meal for live descent lamps) properly protected, static electricity controlled, and loose dust collected and removed. paying only 1.63 per cent. These figures show that it pays to study your acci dents. and to work against them. These stock. The oil is sold to manufacturers All possible precaution should be figures alone represent between one and of paint, varnish, and other commercial taken to prevent ignition of explosive two per cent on your payroll, and yet products. "As the soybean industry is rather new in the United States, the explosion problem requires further study for the development of safety measures and de vices," says Dr. David J. Price, in charge of the Chemical Engineering Division of the Bureau, investigations now in prog dusts by lighted matches, open flames, and electric or metallic sparks. We Expect a Lot (Continued front page ja) addition to these values enumerated. We claim a gcwig concern value." One of if you were trying to appraise into dol lars the full value of this reduction in accidents, you would have to add manv other figures to these figures in order to get at the true picture. I do not mean to infer that the records are all that they should be. I quote them simply as a basis of comparison. ress have shown that the danger of ex the principal things that we place in our What do we executives expect of a plosions in soybean processing plants argument for going concern value (and safety man? We expect a great deal. can be reduced if certain precautions are this has been recognized by the Supreme We expect him. through his processes taken. The following measures are Court of the United States), is the fact and his efforts, to give us a happy, recommended: that we have a well trained and efficient healthy and efficient organization. We Storage tanks for flammable solvents organization built up over a long period expect him to give us tremendous sav should be placed underground and out of years. We may claim that this one ings on our balance sheet; we expect side of the extracting plant. All pipe element has a value of a million dollars, him to deliver to us a strong endorse connections should be made tight to and vet we may be letting this organiza ment of public opinion, and we expect prevent the escape of explosive vapors. tion be shot to pieces by accidents. We as a by-product of all these things that Each plant should have adequate venti hesitate to hire a safety man who is big he shall relieve us of many sleepless lating equipment for removing the sol enough to do a real safety job purely nights. vent fumes and vapors which might accumulate and form dangerous mix tures during the extracting process. If steam is used in generating power for the plant, the boiler room should be located at a safe distance from the ex tracting room. Hexane vapor, which is al because we don't want to pay the price for a mature, capable man. Take a look at your operating sheets and see what your employees' liability and public liability insurance policies are costing you. and see what your lost time is costing you. There is just one more thought which 1 want to leave, and that is, that the best safety man on earth is not going to get anywhere unless he has the solid backing of the chief executive. This leads to the thought that we expect the safety man to bring to us any troubles most three times as heavy as air, settles When I look back over what has taken which he alone is not able to untangle. toward the floor and can be readily place on some of the jobs with which I We expect him to report to us any lack ignited by flames in the firebox of the have had contact, I am astounded to of interest on the part of the "higher- boiler. think that we did not have enough busi ups" in the organization, and we expect The plant should also be equipped ness judgment to get going years before him to demand of us that we attend with self-opening windows which pre we did. In glancing over a record of a some of his meetings and help him to vent severe damage by venting the force property employing some 2,200 men and encourage the organization. In our quest of the explosion. just gaging a five-year period, 1929 to for dividends for stockholders I know of Chemical engineers of the department 1934, I find that on this property in no place where you can, without any also point out that dust explosion haz 1929 we had seven fatalities, and five financiai outlay, place one man and ards may be created during the grinding years later, after an intensive campaign bring back more profit to your company and processing of soybeans. Soybean on safety, we had oniv 2 fatalities. 1 than you can by obtaining the right dust when mixed with air in proper pro do not mean that the 2 were justified. safety director. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 55 Personals Curtis R. Welborn has been elected secretary of Underwriters' Laboratories, Chicago, succeeding David Burn Ander son who retired November 30 after serv ing 19 years in that office. Mr. Welborn came to Underwriters' Laboratories in 1920 as assistant engi neer in the Gases and Oils Department. His original investigations aided greatly in the development of safety standards for the construction and installation of oil burners. In 1924 he was appointed superintendent of the Label Service De partment and in that capacity he direct ed the supervision of the production of approved products by Underwriters' Laboratories engineers at factories throughout the United States and Can ada and the labeling of products manu factured in conformance with the Lab oratories safety standards. Mr. Welborn was born at Ellisville. Miss., in 1894. He received the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical En gineering from Mississippi State College in 1920. G. E. Manning, who has been with the Laboratories since 1922, succeeds Mr. Welborn as Superintendent of Label service. RAW-CORD INIOMWIP $olefTMHeelt A recent survey shows that more than one out of every five accidents are caused by slipping. Hundreds of thousands of dollars are lost annually; production schedules are disrupted and many valuable employees lose their lives or are permanently disabled due to accidents caused by slipping. Shoes equipped with Raw-Cord Non-Slip Soles and Heels arc effective means of greatly reducing slipping accidents. The Cord-on-End construction used in Raw-Cord Soles and Heels, provide an extra Safety Guard for the men in your plant, because thou sands of Cords-on-End firmly grip smooth and slippery surfaces. Shoes having RawCord Soles and Heels can be secured from your local shoe dealer. RAW-CORD and GRO-CORD soles and heels are used extensively in dairies, on farms, iron and steel foundries, railroad shops, auto factories, gas and electric plants, ice and fuel stations, stone quarries, mines, general warehouses--where Safety is an important factor, also street and office. J. Russell Craig has resigned from the engineering department of the Penn sylvania Indemnity Corporations to be come safety director for j. A. Mont gomery, Inc., Insurance, with offices in the du Pont Building, Wilmington, Del. The Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co., Dept. 7>F, Lima, O. Daniel J. Murphy, president of the stevedoring firm of Murphy. Cook & Co., Philadelphia, died suddenly of heart disease December 10. He was 68 years old. Surviving are his widow, a son and a daughter. For years Mr. Murphy had been a leader in the development uf the port of Philadelphia and had been active in the promotion of accident prevention work. When the NRA was established, he was chairman of the Code Committee of the National Stevedores' Association. He had been elected president of that organization shortly before his death. Mr. Murphy was widely known for his many charitable activities and he had been honored by Pope Pius XI. NON-SLIP S AND HEELS FERALUN JlnthSlip Treads Also Bronzalun, Alumalun and Nicalun PREVENT ACCIDENTS ON STAIRS and FLOORS A hard metal matrix into which is cast an abrasive next in hardness to the diamond assures durability and anti-slip efficiency. ALL ARE FIREPROOF Originators and developers of Abrasive metals for SAFE WALKWAYS Specify Feralun and Be Sure AMERICAN ABRASIVE METALS CO. Irvington, New Jersey JANUARY, 1936 56 without doing much thinking. A skilled Wandering Minds workman can do a big part of his daily work while thinking about something else. Of course, I don't say that you men go about your work every day while thinking about something else, but this By B. L. JONES sometimes happens with all of us. And Assistant Division Superintendent, Alabama Puma V.otnimnu, Mnninqhum I say to you that when this happens, you are liable to have an accident. Did any of you ever have your wife Personal mental dicipline is our most effective safeguard against accidents or your mother say to you when you leave your home going to work--did you ever hear her say: "Be careful to day. Don't take any risks. You are AFETY is a big general subject. S It is a part of every day life. Pro motion of safe practices can be approached through almost any subject. Eating, sleeping, walking, talking and thinking- all of these and many other things can be involved in accident causes. For the time being, let's forget the phrase "Safety First," but not the sub ject. Suppose we sav, "good manage ment,'' or "carefulness." These may sound fresher, but are. you particularly interested in either of them? But let's put it this way: If I should be killed or injured tomorrow, next week, or any time, what will be the probable causes? And what can 1 do to prevent these causes? Of course, we are not expecting acci dents. We have high hopes that we will get through life without serious mishaps. But our less fortunate friends have thought the same thing. If they had been expecting injury, they would have taken steps to avoid it. Now remember this, too, we are not through with accidents. In our company we have reduced the number of acci dents, but we haven't yet eliminated them. Who will be the next employee to suffer? Will it be you, or me, or the other fellow? When the accident occurs, what will be the causes? If we only knew the answer! We would go to work at once. We would be so busy surrounding ourselves with safeguards that we would have little time for other activities. Today, in all lines of industry, acci dent prevention is receiving constant thought, effort and money. Our com pany is spending a- great deal of money, and will continue to spend it, in an effort to protect you and me and every other employee from accidental injury. Surely no one would say that the company has failed to put forth every reasonable effort to make safe the equipment and the tools that we work with. If any one of you men knew right now of some unsafe piece of equipment or tool, I am sure you would report it and would expect the company to correct the condition. This has been done many times and many times corrections have been made. I don't think we can say that our past accidents are the resuit of faulty equipment or tods. Our experience on past accidents will not support such a claim. What then is the principal cause of our accidents? Suppose we answer the question by saying: It is the wav we do a thing, the methods we use, that causes the accident. Well, that is a reasonable answer. If a better method had been used, the accident would prob ably not have happened. But why do we sometimes do things in a way that will cause accidents? We just don't do enough good, sound thinking about the work u>e are doing. all we have to provide for our future." If that mother or wife knew the history of our past accidents, she would say to you, "Keep your mind constantly on your work today. You can think of other things when you come home, but think what you are doing while work ing." Some of you may say, "Oh, I don't let my mind wander while I'm working, especially in a dangerous place. I give proper attention to what I do." All right, let me ask this question. Did you ever drive over a traffic "Stop" sign or into a red traffic light? If you haven't you are an exception, or you don't drive much. I dare say that the majority of experienced drivers have, at one time or other, driven into a red light. We don't do it intentional'y. We are not thinking or we're thinking about something else at the time. There are. of course, many things that can happen to draw our attention away BUT let's not trust my answer; let's from the job at hand. It is somewhat get long an answer from men who have experience. Thinking about thihlsikigeh driving speed. a car over You know the highway at that you should subject the other day, I decided to ask keep your eyes on the road and your several successful foremen a question, mind on driving, but there are many f picked three foremen, whose combined things that draw your attention away experience will total some 40 years. I from the road, and when you do you are asked each of them to state briefly, what, flirting with a wreck. There are so in his opinion, was the principal cause many things that might divert our minds of accidents. Here are their answers: that a complete discussion would be One said: "Failure to plan or improper endless. My remarks, therefore, are con planning of work." fined to those things which seem most The next said: "Mismanagement on likely to affect us in our daily activities the part of the foreman, sub-foreman, as employees of our company. These or superintendent." things I divide in three general classes: The third said: "Thoughtlessness by one or more men connected with the 1. Inattention due to indifference nr lack of work." interest in the work at hand. Here we have (I) improper planning; 2. Inattention due to fatigue. 12) mismanagement; (3) thoughtless ness. In other words, somebody didn't think or somebody didn't think correctly. That's the whole thing in a nut shell 3. Inattention due to some condition that so vitally concerns us that we unwillingly and per haps unknowingly allow our minds to dwell on that subject. and it substantiates the claim that we Taking these three general classes we need more good sound thinking about can dispose of No. 1 without much dis uur job before we start it. cussion. In fact, about the only ques Excerpts from a talk l>-tniv 4 meeting of employe** of the Alabama Com pany. We are practical men. Most of us can go through with our daily activities tion here is just how soon can we get the indifferent or uninterested man off the NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS job. The wife of an indifferent and, therefore, careless man may well give thought to a cemetery plot and plans for her future after he is put away. Look out for the fellow who is full of cocksure ness and horseplay. He is not interested in his work and is a danger to himself and to you. DERMA-SAN D Take No. 2, Fatigue. Surely every body will agree that it is dangerous for a man who is fatigued to attempt work that requires mental or physical alert ness. Nowadays, we don't have many occasions to ask a healthy employee to work until he is tired out or exhausted. It is quite possible though that an em ployee would come on the job physically unfit and become fatigued before the day is well started. 4 repeat that what and how you eat, how you sleep, etc., has a direct bearing on safety and well being. This is a matter of direct con cern with a foreman. A capable and successful foreman is always interested in how his men conduct their affairs off the job as well as on the job. Now take No. .5.' Let me mention a few of the things that would most probably cause a normally careful em ployee to get his mind off his work. Some say that it's what you do that matters. That's O.K., but what you think makes a great difference- what's in your mind directly affects the work of your hands--what you believe alters what you see and hear. Discontent, grief, anger, financial worries, sickness in the family, bills that we can't meet, any or all of these things and others take our minds off our work. Not only that, they affect our health. We cannot doubt the direct connection between what takes place in thought and what takes place in the body. For instance, thoughts can cause blood to rush to the face; we blush. Another thought and we turn pale; the blood leaves the face. Another thought comes to the mind and the stomach is affected; lost appetite, nausea, and so on. I mention these things merely to show how easy it is to let our minds affect our work, Seif control of mind is an interesting subject. Some men are outwardly affect ed a great deal more than others. I have known men to become terribly up set over trivial matters and I have known others to carry on unaffected by troubles if greater importance. Let me say too that contentment is only a relation between two things; that is, the relation between what we have and what we think we should have. Many men will become miserable (Please turn to page 6j) One pint of Derma-San poured into every 35 gallons of cutting lubricant kills pus-forming germs__prevents in fection in cuts and scratches. Derma-San has a coefficient of 15. It is non-toxic, non-corrosive, and it will not irritate workers' hands. It mixes readily with all fluids, always retaining its power. Order Derma-San today. It offers the surest protection against oil dermatitis that you can buy. Derma-San is idealfor alt generalplant sanitation ntnv'R HununcTon.inDinnH toroto Polly protected by potent--any infringement will b prosecuted. Knee Leggings Hip Leggings Spats DEPENDABLE LEG PROTECTION Reduce accidents and compensation costs with these protective leggings. "FRANK" LEGGINGS are built for:--- I. SAFETY 2. SERVICE 3. COMFORT In use in nearly 1000 Foundries, Steel plants and Welding shops. Write for complete folder THE SAFETY CLOTHING COMPANY Manufacturers `Eueruthma from a finger cot to an asbestos suit" 3804 Payne Ave. Cleveland, Ohio .1 \NUARY, 19*6 rn'*j 58 THE SAFETY LIBRARY By MARY M. WELLS LIBRARIAN, N. S. C v, / 1 Sportsmanlike Driving Sportsmanlike Driving, a teacher's outline for a course in traffic safety and driving for high schools, published by the American Automobile Association, Pennsylvania Avenue at r/th Street, Washington, D. C., 51 page pamphlet, illustrated. Free. Perhaps it is the success of safety in struction in primary grades which has focused attention on the possibility of similar accident prevention activities in the secondary schools. In any event, much advice is being given in these schools on how to conduct such activi ties, and at least a few schools have initiated some form of such instruction. Very similar in purpose and content to "Good Driving", issued a year and a half ago by the National Safety Council, Sportsmanlike Driving discusses in the first 15 pages the traffic accident problem, the necessity for its solution, and the general procedures adapted to secondary schools which wish to work in this field. The remainder of this publication in 13 sections, covers such subjects as The Highway, The Pedestrian, Traffic Laws, Accident Factors and Circumstances, Driver Responsibility, and Tests for Operator's License. Unlike "Good Driv ing", some of these sections are expanded to include informational material in the outline which would be of help to teach ers or pupils, but the expansion is not uniform. For example, the social and economic value of the automobile is covered in five lines, whereas driver responsibility occupies nine pages. Each section is concluded by special suggestions to the instructor, and at the end is a p-oposed research project on traffic and driving knowledge with ques tions which survey this subject. --J. S. Baker Course of Study in Highway Safety Course op Study in Highway Safe ty, issued jointly by the Department of Public Instruction and the Division of Safety of the Department of Revenue of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 16 pages, il lustrated. Free. This is an outline of a course of study in 12 "units" intended primarily for high school students. It does not supply the text book material to be put into the hands of the children or teachers, but rather outlines the subjects for discus sion, and gives the approximate time recommended for each. In general plan it follows the sugges tions made in "Good Driving", a similar pamphlet issued by the National Safety Council, but suggests the discussion under each unit in the form of questions which should be answered through the classroom work and gives notes to the teacher regarding the conduct of the course with particular reference to ma terial which should be used by the pupils in studying the subject. Most of these are particularly adapted to Pennsylvania conditions and motor vehicle laws. At the end of each section are lists of refer ences. The booklet cannot be expected to be used by one who is learning to drive, be cause practice exercises in the handling of an automobile are not suggested, and the discussions on the "skills of the road" do not cover details of driving practices which must be developed in learning successfully to manipulate a car. Headings of the units: 1, The Causes of Automobile Accidents; 2. The Me chanism of the Automobile; 3. The State Motor Vehicle Regulations; 4. Selection, Inspection and Maintenance of Motor Vehicles; 5. Skills of the Road; 6. State and Local Traffic Violations and Traffic Courts; 7. The Economic and Social Effects of the Automobile; 8. The Safety Activities of Federal, State and Local Enforcement and Promotion Agencies; 9. School Examination; 10. Require ments for Driver's Licenses. --J. S. Baker Dusts Asbestosis. Part a. The nature and amount of dust encountered in asbestos fabricating plants. Part j. The effects of exposure to dust encountered in asbes tos fabricating plants on the health of a group of workers. Published by the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry. Harrisburg, Pa., 1935. Special Bulletin No. 42. Free. (35 page pam phlet) In Part 1 of this report the method of collecting and counting dusts encounter ed in this study is described and sum marized. This investigation, while it does not establish the maximum safe concentration of asbestos dust in the air, shows the necessity of a reduction of the concentration in those operations where there is continuous exposure to high concentration. Petroleum Industry Fuel Oil, Industrial Storage and Use. Published by the Associated Fac tory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, 184 High Street, Boston Mass., 1935. Price 3yc. (82 page pamphlet) Previous editions of this pamphlet have stressed the importance of safe storage. The excellent fire record, how ever, now permits some changes in previously recommended methods of storage, particularly in regard to the rapacities and locations of tanks. With greater quantities of fuel oil stored above ground, dose to. or inside buildings, more attention is given in this edition to proper vents, fittings and installation. Headlights Headlights. Great Britain. Depart ment of Scientific and Industrial Re search. The evaluation of glare from motor car headlights. By W. S. Stiles and C. Dunbar. Published by H. M. Sta tionery Office, Adastral House, Kingsway, London IF. C. 2, England, 1935. Illumination research, technical paper No. 16. Price 50c, (88 page pamphlet) By using the method described in this paper, it is possible to obtain a "figure of merit" for any headlight whose dis tribution of light is known. This paper is not an attempt to lay down a certain distribution of light as the ideal, still less does it describe an actual "anti glare" headlight. Its use is to aid de signers of headlights and others interest ed in the same problem in estimating the merits of different possible distribu tions of light without necessarily going to the lengths of constructing headlights to produce those distributions. Storage Batteries Storage Battery Manufacture. Published by Retail Credit Company, NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS Atlanta, Ga., 1935- Industry Reports. A description of factory processes and potential health hazards. (12 page pam phlet) Tanks Tanks. Great Britain. Home office. Report of committee appointed to con sider the precautions for securing the safety of persons working in and about kiers used in print works and bleach ing and dyeing works. Published by H. M. Stationery Office, Adastral House, Kingsway, London IV. C. 2, England, 1933. Price 25c. (28 page pamphlet) Recommendations of this report are of a highly technical character, but they specify in detail a large number of pre cautions, the adoption of which should remove the causes, not only of the acci dents immediately concerned, but also of all other scalding accidents that have happened in the past, so that their re currence would be impossible. Prac tical methods of compliance also are de scribed. Women Workers The Health and Safety of Women in Industry. By Harriet A. Byrne. Women's Bureau Bulletin No. 136. For sale by the Superintendent of Docu ments, Washington, D. C. Price sc. (23 page pamphlet) Among facts presented in this report is the statement that approximately one in 50 industrial workers, on a full-time average, is unable to work because of illness, and each year more than oneeighth of all workers suffer one or more illnesses that disable them for a week. PERIODICALS Commercial Vehicles Doctor Prescribes Proper Way to Play Safe in Picking Drivers. Swift, Dr. W. I. Thorough examination may stop costly suits. In Motor Transporta tion, November, 1935, page 26, 42. Dr. Swift is the official examiner of applicant drivers for the Greyhound Lines in Chicago. What he has found out in his job, as told here, will be valu able information for all fleet owners, both passenger and freight. Twelve - Feature Plan Controls Accidents in Our 3,000 - Vehicle Fleet. Faulkner, F. Teeth in plan found in review board and application of driver penalties for preventable acci dents. In Power Wagon, November, rojS, PHcs 5 to 7. Occupational Diseases Engineering Control of Occupa tional Diseases. Bloomfield, /. I. In JANUARY, 1936 59 riOH'WfDE CEB VICE/ C east new yORK W.S.WiUon Corporation * 123 Varick St. PITTSBURGH Safely First Supply Co. - Brady Building PHILADELPHIA l A. Hunt Co. 2036 Sansome St. H C-WHICATEITD/AWH*OOGA~AM*,T.tE.tNHBPBPRTRNRIHAT.AICISNILCNB.TA.DTURDDR.KEE.EGuEGLEr,e.P,MenM_HntAetAIeSArSrCSSC.o.omDAmDp.irtphateeauncen>ytxy,SuSC,aCahlehlaesat*tCtaCono.o. moIgdsapPBrraenski'd BeBnuutiliRdldioninagdg WEST DETROIT C. H. Dockton Company - 2885 East Grand Boulevard CHICAGO Eh D, Bullard Company * 215 South Leavitt Street GREEN BAV, WIS. Safety Service Company - 10B No. Quincy Street DULUTH W. P. & K. S. Mars Company -324 W. Michigan Street HOUSTON S. D. Bullard Company - 1 Main Street FRANCISCO E. D. Bullard Company - 275 Eighth Street k. D. Bullard Company * 1223 South Olive Street `-"t Company 1620 Ya,creat Avenue STEEL TOE * PLATER S SHOE Wooden Sole This Improved Steel Toe--High -- Roomy -- Strong--Combined with the "`Perfect Rocker" Wooden Sole----Lightweight-- E.Z. Walking--Provides Com plete--FOOT PROTECTION-- at a price. Write today REECE WOODEN SflE SHOE Co., lac. Columbus. Nebraska 00 ---n.vOFjujAi-torfauiTr** - -- Safety Inventory American Journal oj Public Health, No vember, 1033, pages nob to 1204. "In general, there are five methods which may be attempted to control an industrial poison: (1) Substitution of a non-toxic material; ii) isolation of the harmful processes: (3) set methods in the case of some dusty processes; (4) exhaust ventilation; (5) respiratory protection," Traffic Accidents I an Be Reduced. Green, /'. L. The Institute of Traffic Engineers asks "Howl" anti nine recognized ex perts answer, In American City, De cember, H)3S, /'ages 0g to ji. Nineteen recommendations for reduc ing accidents on the open highway are presented. For example, seven of the nine participants in the symposium urge education of driver and public, whereas only two comment on the factor of speed. 11 making plant inventory why not cheek your machinery for safety guards? There may he some machines or belts without guard protection which should have attention. Safety guards, if properly made and in stalled. remove the fear of accidents and permit of stepping up production. Write us for guard information. All H&K Guard Accessories are under inspec tion service of Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. aT/}r6rinq+4 on & Perforating ] 14 Liberty St. NEW YORK. N. Y. 5645 Fillmore St. OH 1C AGO, ILL. Close Hopper-Bottom Car Doors with EASE and SAFETY with the Prescott Safety Tool This special tool will close hopperbottom car doors. Prevent smashed fingers, strained backs, ruptures and other serious injuries. Saves time---Is inexpensive. The Trumbull Mfg. Co. Warren, Ohio Asked and Answered CABLE FASTENINGS Question: We have adhered to the ptactice of using zinc in all cases of socketing steel cables. A few days ago our elevator needed new cables, and we employed a representative of a branch of the firm to make the replacement. He u* td babbitt instead of zinc, and when we quest! ued him about it, he said he had never used anything else and furthermore stated that this was acceptable to the underwriters. Will you please advise whether we should condemn the use of babbitt or say it is O.K.r Answer: The American Standards safety code'for elevators, dumb waiters, and escalators specifies that the car and counterweight ends of cables for freight and passenger elevators shall be fastened hv spliced eyes, by return loops or by individual tapered babbitted sockets. The code also specifies that the fastening shall be capable of sustaining a load of not less than 80 per cent of the ultimate strength of the un disturbed portion of the cable. The code ex empts the fastenings of compensating cables of elevators from these requirements. The American Standards safety code for wire rope for mines, and Federal specifications (RR-R-5''!) for wire cope both specify that zinc shall he used for the N-*<;keting of wire mpe cables. Elevator ropes are moderate in strength and are generally used with a laige safety factor (as high as Jo m many cases). These elevator ropes are usually inspected at frequent intervals by qualified inspectors and any defects found are corrected. Cnder such circumstances it mav be permissible to use babbitt instead of zinc for socketing. However, in general rope prac tice other than elevator service, higher strength ropes with a lower factor of safety are used, and such ropes are not always inspected as often as they1 should be. Therefore, if a socket NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS attachment is used for such a rope, it should | he made with zinc, not babbitt. Detailed information on socketing of wire ropes will be found in paragraphs 69 and 71 of our Safe Practices Pamphlet No. 26. If the elevator cables to which you refer are exposed to sulphuric acid mists and fumes, it is recommended they be socketed with unc. 61 SHOWER AND WASH ROOMS Question; We are .untemplatmg installa tion of a wasli room and shower room for our factory employees. It is our intention to have either a tile oi a cement floor in the shower loom and either rubber matting or a wooden runway in the aisles leading to and from the showers. We would like to have your opinion regarding the best materials for such an ar rangement, as we are particularly interested in guarding against athlete's foot and anv other common infection tfnrt might be traced to a shower and wash room. Answer: Whether you use tile or cement is a matter of personal choice. While tile is a great deal easier to keep dean, it does tend to increase the slipping hazard. On the other hand, it is possible to install a concrete flooring with a very flne top dressing which will give practically the same surface as rile but will he a great deal less hazardous. Individual companies use different types of solutions for combating ringworm and "athlete s foot." For instance, some companies use a 0.5 per cent solution of sodium hypochlorite m large rubber pans, the inside dimensions of which are approximately two feet square. Em ployees entering and leaving the shower rooms are required to walk through the solution. Another company reports remarkable success with a 10 per cent solution of sodium theosulphate. This is also placed in large rubber pans and with the 10 per cent solution it is found ne ,-ssary to provide a new quantity only once a week. An attendant is present during the shower period to see that the pan is always filled, for some of the solution is bound to be lost by splashing as the employees walk throuch. Still another company uses sodium hypo sulphite. The firm also uses a powder com posed of one part of sodium hyposulphite to two parts of powdered boric acid. This powder is dusted on the feet of the men before they put nn their shoes and socks. There are, of course, several manufacturers of disinfectant who produce various mixtures of the above-named chemicals under their own trade names. jSeveral recommendations to prevent wash and shower room infections have also been j formulated by Dr. W. R. Redden, of New York j City; i 1. Always wear some kind of toot covering, except when actually m bed, tn the bath ot m swimming. 2 If you know' you have skin lesions on the feet or foes, dry them in the tub instead of stepping first on a bath mat, 3. After bathing wash the tub with soap and wafer and scald it thoroughly. T Dry the body from head to foot. Never reverse this order or you rnav transfer the ring worm fungus from the feet or the floor to the other parts of the body. 5. Wash vour feet carefully at least once \ day, especially between the toes and under r`* JANUARY, 1936 CONTROL .. Suppression ... Collection...Disposal BE YOUR DUST PROBLEM SMALL OR LARGE, IF IT INVOLVES TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATIONS OR REQUIRES Wet or Dry TREATMENT Consult B L AW-K N OX for a prompt economical solution /j^ BLAW-KNOX COMPANY \P-> *sEJ FARMERS BANK BUILDING PITTSBURGH. PA. Offices in Principal Cities BUHRAff Ednd Tool Guards it ft jpC t nprotreted sharp edges of tools may cause a serious injury. We can furnish guards made of vuleatuzed hard fibre, genome harness leather or hard wood, as may be reou.reii, for edged tools of anv design. Prices and suggestions gladly furnished on receipt of samples or specifications. Edged guards In stock for such tools as saws, axes, bush hooks, tree trim mers, draw knives, chisels, shave hooks, 4c, R. H. BUHRKE COMPANY 4538 Fullerton Avenue, Chicago, ill. SAFETY EQUIPMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE 62 NEW MACWHYTE THIMBLE 'napplied for) on Macwhyte Wire l toenails. Clean your toenails as thoroughly as your fingernails. 6, Keep your feet dry and well ventilated by wearing proper shoes. It is advisable to have at least two pairs and to wear them alternately. Doctors in general agree that all towels used in bath houses, gymnasiums and other similar places should be strictly individual. Bath shoes of paper or other suitable material should be worn to prevent contact of the bare feet with floors that may be contaminated. Cotton socks are sometimes better than wool, because wool favors the growth of the fungus. Rope Slings increases utility... speeds loading ... easier to handle Honor Roll Details of no-accident records in excess of 400,000 man hours, or 300 working days, are invited for this department Construction Gives Greater Flexibility Macwhyte ATLAS and DREW Slings have a braided body--'made from endless elements of wire rope. Extremely flexible. Unusually high safety factor. Write for descriptive folders and circulars. Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wisconsin MACWHYTE WIRE ROPE ATLAS DREW MONARCH American Rolling Mill Co. The American Rolling Mill Company, Mid dletown Division, recently established a record of 753 days (936,000 man-hours; without a lost-time accident. The Blooming, Box and Strip Mill Departments were included in the record. A broken toe broke the safety span, 'Hie Zanesville Hot Mill Turn No. 3 of the American Rolling Mill Co. completed, on November 4, eight years without a lost-time accident. The record, which represented 1,326,641 man-hours at the time of reporting, is still unbroken. Associated Industries of New York State, Inc. Three member plants of the Associated In dustries of New York State, Inc., are establish ing unusual safety records in the third "NoAccident Endurance Contest" conducted by the Association. In the lead is Dunn & McCarthy, Inc., Binghamton, with 1,748,364,73 man-hours without an accident. Two other plants have comparable records. The M. Wile & Co., Inc., Buffalo, has a record of 1,363,034 man-hours, and the Du Pont Cellophane Co., Buffalo, 1,137,667 man-hours. All records are as of November 30, 1935, at which time the contest had completed its fourteenth month. The Brunswick Balke Collender Co. A commendable record in the woodworking industries was established recently by employees in the Muskegon, Mich., plant of the Bruns wick Balke Collender Co., manufacturers of billiard tables and similar sundries. The em ployees, averaging "*50 in number, worked 680,403 man-hours without a lost-time accident. The record began January i, 1935, and ended on August 2, 1935, when an empty acetylene tank fell, striking and injuring an employee's foot. The injured man was a careful worker, but the accident was caused by a new employee. Compania Cubana de Electricidad A record of five years without a single lost time accident--684,000 safe man-hours--has been achieved by the Stores Department of the Compania Cubana de Electricidad. The 57 employees in this department perform di versified work, handling all kinds of material and equipment from small objects to ponderous transformers and machinery Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. Cooperating with the safety program of the Massachusetts Safety Council, the Boston area of the Marketing Division, Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc., had operated 840,776 man hours without a disabling injury since August 20, 1935. Correspondence ABRASIVE CLEANING Chicago--I desire to protest against the mis leading statements in an article by Mr. J. j. Bloomfield appearing in the December Na tional Safety News. 7"he article says: "In the case of abrasive cleaning with steel instead of sand, we have the example of the substitution of a substance involving a lesser dust exposure as well as the use of a less toxic material. Not only is the dust concentration reduced from an average of 969 million to 155 million particles, but the potential exposure to quartz dust is diminished from 42-98 per cent to 3 per cent." The state ment that the quartz or silica content is reduced to 3 per cent through the use of steel grit is erroneous, as a large percentage of the 155 mil lion particles mentioned undoubtedly consists of burnt sand with a high silica content. The subheading of the article reads: "A method cannot be considered efficient unless it brings the dust count below the danger line.. While Mr. Bloomfield does not say in this article what constitutes the danger line, he has gone on record in other papers, particularly Public Health Bulletin No. 2! 7, stating that a concentration of over six million particles of dust, caused by the use of the steel abrasive, is a safe working atmosphere. As a producer of sandblasting sand, I must emphatically pro test against the publication of such misleading information. I can go along whole-heartedly with Mr. BMomfield when he says it was found that the only practical safeguard for the worker inside the sandblast room was to provide him with a mask or helmet of the positive pressure type, and when he says: "Table I shows the results of such a study and clearly indicates that the positive supply of six cubic feet of free air per minute will protect a worker under the operat ing conditions now in practice in sandblasting rooms." It has always been my contention that the abrasive medium used for cleaning castings was unimportant, but that good housekeeping and good engineering practice, with proper protec tion for the workers through the use of positive pressure helmets, would eliminate any danger of injury to health from dust inhalation. A. Warsaw, Prestdent Wedron Silica Company. TURN OFF THE CURRENT Kennebunk, Me.--With reference to the illustration of the procedure for removing broken light bulbs, depicted on page 30 of the November National Safety News, it occurs to us that the first step toward a safe method would be to turn off the electric current in the light socket. We mention this merely to demonstrate how thoroughly we read the magazine. Elliot Freeman Rogers Fibre Co, NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 63 Wandering Minds (Continued from page 6) Cut the Cost of Eye Injuries with this through allowing their desires to get out Newof reason--my house is not good enough, Extra Wide-Vision Goggle my wife is not good looking enough, my bank account is not big enough, my car is oid and worn out, living expenses are too much and my neighbors are not neighborly. I'm miserable. There are two ways to cure these mental ailments. Perhaps I can get me a finer house, a different wife, a larger bank account and other things that I desire, or I can change my notions about what I deserve. The first method is often attempted without success. The second is the method of the wise. You can always change your ideas about what you deserve but you cannot always get better things. If you begin to get more things you generally find that your opinion of your deserts rises along with them--in fact, usually keeps a few steps ahead so that your resultant state of dis CESCO NO. 220 WIDE-VISION GOGGLE satisfaction remains constantly about the same. The last thing that the aver WITH "SUPER-SAFETY LENSES age man will admit; however, is that the cause of his unhappiness usually lies The new type lenses in this wide-vision goggle entirely eliminate eye within himself. Each man's problem is a thing for his own solution and we should all endeavor to so conduct our strain--the optical center being located so that the line of vision of wearer suffers no deviation and the curved surfaces allow a lives as to be happy and contented, with a mind free for well balanced thinking about our duties. greater angle of vision than is possible with conventional types. *SUPER-SAFETY LENSES are tough, strong and will withstand Any system of working, any safety severe blows--they are guaranteed to meet the requirements of practices, whether ours or some other company's, that tends to reduce the sense of personal responsibility also tends to current Federal specifications. Therefore, the Cesco No. 220 WideVision Goggle with Super-Safety Lenses is recommended for the increase accidents. Safe methods are not merely mechanical. To avoid acci dents we must be trained to think and most severe chipping, cutting and other dangerous impact hazard work. act properly at all times. Personal dis cipline is what we need most. If every man could and would discipline himself You should inspect this goggle. Write for full details and prices. into a right mental attitude toward him self, his work, and his associates, we CHICAGO EYE SHIELD COMPANY would not have nearly so many accidents. If all our actions were determined by 2323 Warren Blvd. sober and deliberate thought, there Chicago, ill. would be much less suffering and sorrow. School Program Saves Lives in Toledo CHOOL safety programs are credited S partly with a 55 per cent reduction in number of children's deaths from accidents in Toledo in the first 11 months of 19.35. There have been only ten such deaths this year compared with 24 in the like period last year. Accidents took a toff of' 108 Toledoans in 11 months contrasted with 132 accidental deaths in the same period last year. Auto acci dents took 57 lives, home accidents 33, and industrial accidents only two. JANUARY, 1936 SANKEY FOOT GUARDS Smashed toes are costly. Avoid them. Protect your worker's feet with Sankey Foot Guards. Made of 16-gauge steel, or Rigidlum, an aluminum alloy. Sankey Foot Guards are light in weight, com fortable to wear and permit free and easy movement of the feet. Built for strength--will withstand an impact of 300 foot pounds. Designed so that the floor or ground takes the force of the impact in case of falling objects. Write for Your Sample Today. ELLWOOD SAFETY APPLIANCE CO. EUwood City, Pennsylvania 64 Bureau e< Mint* Approval N*. 201 R-Hihigh pressure Why Call It "Education?" By D. H. McAnally Safety Engineer, City of Dallas, Texas CLOSING VALVES Solve The Problem Of Binding, Leaky Valves B-K High Pressure Closing Valves are being extensively used on oxygen appa ratus and inhalator equipment because of the ease with which they can be manipulated and the fact that they won't leak . . . They can be fitted to any small cylinder. We welcome corre spondence on oxygen equipment REQUENTLY we hear the term F "educating the public." This term is extravagant. It has no place in an accident prevention program. The term as often used is also stupendous, impos sible, insinuating and revolting. Scholars will testify that one who has completed his college curriculum is not yet educated, but that he must continue to study and learn throughout life; and his education only begins after he leaves college. It is true that with his college training he is better equipped to cope products and problems. with the battles of life, but, if it requires WRITE TODAY CONCERNING YOUR a life-time to acquire an education, then HIGH PRESSURE VALVE how can we hope to accomplish this REQUIREMENTS with a brief "educational program"? Someone has said that the modern msniNGEit KOEHLER MANUFACTURING CO., INC 78U Killy Street Pittsburgh. P- Manufacturers OXYGEN EQUIPMENT PRODUCTS M u I automobile is built for an intelligence that is not possessed by the average driver. Perhaps someone will say that we do not possess sufficient intelligence to be "educated." People may seek information, but it is certain they will rebel against "educa tion," especially, when it is offered on a wholesale basis. In a southern city there is a beautiful zoological and horticultural garden. In the rear of this institution there is an KOEHLER arena and the combatants are rattle snakes. Any guest who paid the admis Flame Safety Lamp sion fee to enter the horticultural gar dens was privileged to witness the snake fight without additional cost. The man For twenty years, the KOEHLER FLAME SAFETY LAMP has been the standard gas detector for AMERI CAN industry .... Its widest use is in the mines for the detection of explosive methane gas and by public utilities, particularly natural gas com panies, for the determination of natural oas leaks in manholes, sewers, pits, etc! KOEHLER FLAME SAFETY LAMPS are also used for the determi ager soon found that the visitors, who were few in numbers, spent very little time viewing the horticultural exhibits but hurried to witness the snake light. After due consideration he concluded that the public did not want "educa tion", but rather it sought entertain ment. He conceived the idea of making the "Battle of the Snakes" the feature attraction. The admission price remained unchanged, but the people came in nation of oxygen deficiencies. Avail able in aluminum or steel construction, with flat or round wick, and with mag netic or key locks. Prices on Reouest throngs to view the fight, and many of them learned to appreciate the hor ticultural exhibits and would stroll through the gardens after the combat. According to a standard dictionary the word "educate" has the following meanings: "To bring up a child phy O R TA B LE LAMP & EQUIPMENT CO. 401 Penn Ave. Pittsburgh, Pa. sically or mentally, to educate; to lead forth, bring up la child). To de velop mentally nr morally; to expand, strengthen, and discipline, as the mind, PORTABLE PRODUCTS INCLUDE Wheat Electric Lamps ... Cool Caps and Cool Hats . . . Goggles . . . Safety Toed Shoes, etc. "Personal Protection for the Miner" a faculty, etc.; to form and regulate the principles and character of; to prenare and fit for any calling or business by systematic instruction; to cultivate; NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS ~ ii in*hin uimiiii m , .v'LxJ 65 train, instruct; as, to educate a child; 1 to educate the eye or the taste." "To prepare and fit for any calling or business by systematic instruction" --Is this the task we undertake when we "educate the public"; or do we make a few feeble attempts and then declare it is a hopeless task? Is our problem to "educate", or is it rather to "inform"? The latter men tioned word has this meaning: "To communicate knowledge to; make ac quainted; to acquaint; advise, instruct, tell; notify; enlighten." Teaching is a part of the safety engineer's job, but "education" has no place in a well bal anced accident prevention program. Everything in an accident prevention program should be logical and feasible. It is neither logical nor possible to "edu cate the public" nor even the employees of a given organization t in the full mean ing of the term). If we provide "information" and "training" programs, the "educational" portion must follow, and there will de velop a spirit of cooperation and under standing. KEEPING PLANTS 100% OPERATIVE Most industrial processes leave an aftermath of fine particles of material that interfere with production and, eventually, must be cleaned up. Spencer Vacuum Cleaning Systems have been developed in a wide range of types and sizes with a large variety of vacuum tools that effectively eliminate the most obstinate indus trial dirt and dust conditions. These units remove all kinds of material, from heavy sand to the finest soap-stone and molding dust, and do the daily house-cleaning job quicker and better than men can do it by hand methods. If dirt or dust interfere with production in your plant, send us a plan of your buildings and an outline of your problem. Our engineers will suggest methods and show you how little it would cost. CENTRAL AND PORTABLE VACUUM CLEANING SYSTEMS Trouble on Stairs (Continued jrom page 29) THE SPENCER TURBINE COMPANY :: HARTFORD, CONN. ' S-I3. the problem with highly successful re sults. One thousand workers are em ployed in this three - story plant, and there are no passenger elevators in the building. There had been a period in which several bad tumbles on the stair ways occurred, and an investigation showed that the stairways were in good condition. The old offender, the human element, was involved. After an analysis of the accident, a set of rules was drawn up and a group of monitors appointed to secure their observance. The monitors are placed during the dosing period at strategic floor levels and landings so as not to retard the out going employees and yet be able to see their own areas. They open and hook back fire doors, remove any obstructions in their limited areas, and report viola tions. An employee violating the rules is called to one side by the monitor. Her name is recorded with her department and payroll number. The foreman re ceives the report and confers with the worker. Before this method of supervision was adopted it was not uncommon for several falls to occur in one week. Now falls are usually several weeks apart. JANUARY, 1936 He couldn't figure out where the Fire went to Fire blazed up in the inking rolls of the big news paper press. The workman pulled a LUX* Extin guisher from its bracket and blanketed the flames with LUX gas. The fire was out before he realized it. (Condensed from the official report. ) Anyone who first see* a LUX ex tinguisher in action marvels at its speed in killing serious blazes . . . especially electrical and flammable liquid fires. Experience has taught plant managers that these two are foremost among all fire hazards. LUX extinguishers get these fires out with a maximum of f-peed, a minimum of trouble and an entire absence of dam age or mess. LUX's extinguishing principle is simple. LUX carbon-dioxide gas ex pands 450 times, penetrating the en tire fire area, even into hidden or re mote crevices. Fire cannot live in this atmosphere. Protect your electrical and fiammahle liquid hazards with LUX ex tinguishers. You'll cut fire losses and avoid costly shutdowns. LUX gas is harmless to man or materials. Prices start at $14. For complete informa tion write Walter Kidde & Company II West Street, Bloomfield, N. J. 66 SAFETY Good equipment is good econo my. Klein equipment on the hazardous job is the accepted standard of public utilities and linemen everywhere. Klein Pliers and tools are safe pliers and tools. When you are perched on a cross arm among "hot" wires on a fifty foot stick a slip may be fatal. It is good then to have equipment you can rely on--that's why line men demand Kleins. "Since 1857." Distributed through Jobbers The four pamphlet* listed below will be rent without charge toanyoneinterested. Check the ones you want. Q Safety ta< the Pole Cltaber. Specification* on Llneaea'i Batts and Safety Straps. Tta Safety Factor oeLtaaeoa's Laathaf Goods. Pocket Tool Gatda. KLEINMathias &Sons 3200 Belmont Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Combustible Gases (Continued from page 26) In most testing with a combustible gas indicator, the lower explosive limit is the maximum concentration in which the operator is interested. This can be taken advantage of in the type of indi cator just described to make the readings independent of the composition of the combustible over a wide variety of gases. Hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, etc., in their lower explosive limit mixtures have nearly the same heating value, which means that the heat liberated per unit volume of those mixtures upon reaction between the combustible and the oxygen of the air is, for instance, practically the same for methane as it is for gaso line vapor, even though the percentages of gas present are widely different. Hence to mark off the indicator meter scale in proportion of the lower explosive limit allows the operator to see how near the mixture is to being explosive even though he might not know the specific composi tion of the combustible present. There often arises the necessity for a continuously operating detector or in dicator which will automatically give some warning signal at the approach of danger, operate equipment, or make a record of gas concentrations. The elec trically measuring type of catalytic in dicator is easily adapted to such service. Plants handling propane, butane, ether, or other volatile solvents, hydrogenation plants, underground gas substations, ship's pump rooms, or any location where combustible gas may accumulate unnoticed, can be equipped with such a device to warn against danger or to operate protective devices. These continuous devices may be ar ranged to rest themselves upon sub sidence of the alarm concentration. Preferably, however, they are manually reset by the operator in charge who must go to the indicator case and there determine the seriousness of the trouble by a glance at the indicator dial. The indicator cases are equipped with signal lights so that in case of a multiple in stallation, the operator can locate the source of the alarm at once. Motor driven blowers are usually em ployed to suck the sample through small pipe lines to the continuous indicator, but any convenient source of vacuum may be used. Either alternating or direct current may be used to operate the en tire device, the lighting circuit ordinarily furnishing the power. Several other methods of gas detection embodying such principles as diffusion through membranes, differential refrac tion of polarized light, heat conductivity of the gas mixture, etc., are available, but their application is quite limited. Enemies of Eyesight (Continued from page 22) contributing cause of about 20 per cent. If by improved lighting the cause of the majority of these accidents is removed, a great service will be rendered to the workers of this country. The cost of this relighting is usually far less than the accident cost. It is an accepted fact that improved lighting increases efficiency. Fast work, more accurate work, and improved in spection, result from better illumination. Tests show production increases all the way from 10 to 35 per cent with im proved lighting. Even where automatic machines are used, excellent seeing conditions are of particular importance, for the machines must be attended and supervised. Thesemachines produce material at a high rate of speed and any time lost in setting up, adjusting, supplying material or de tecting faulty operation, will result in a large loss in production or spoilage. Better illumination reduces the pos sibility of spoiling materials and ruining tools and machines. Better lighting makes it possible for the foreman to see all his operators and machines quickly and easily. He can detect any faulty conditions which might be accident hazards or make for ineffi cient or difficult work. Good lighting offers a satisfactory and economical way of advertising the fact that your plant is a desirable place in which to work. In the well lighted plant labor turnover is less. Reduction of eyestrain means fewer headaches and minor ailments which are responsible for lost time and discontent ment. Cheerful and comfortable sur roundings have much to do with a work er's attitude toward his job and his em ployer, Since poor lighting may cause annoyance and an unfavorable reaction, it is quite likely that the cost of good lighting can be justified in many cases by the psychological benefits alone. Twenty-four hour operation of indus trial plants is rapidly becoming a neces sity for lowering production costs. In creases in demands for products may soon force manufacturers to choose be tween adding more space and machinery for daytime operation or using the same plant and equipment continuously. In the majority of cases, a well lighted plant can make a change of this nature with out alterations. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS Safety Council O^anized In Havana HELPING hand was stretched A from Chicago to Havana, Cuba, in December to consolidate the organi zation of an affiliate of the National Safety Council--the Consejo Nacional para la Prevencion de Accidentes (Cu ban Safety Council.) Sidney J. Williams. Director of Public Safety of the Na tional Safety Council, flew to the Cuban capital to help with the organization and to assist officers and members of the new council in laying the groundwork for safety in industry and in government activities. Dwelling on the scope of the safety movement in the United States and pri marily stressing industrial safety, he ^LEAN floors go hand in hand, J with good safety records. They also increase your workers' morale causing greater pride in their work and surroundings. Increased efficien cy and production naturally follow. Many companies have used Lincoln Twin Disc Floor Machines to their addressed a group of more than 80 complete satisfaction for years. You, Cuban business men and public officials. Officers of the Cuban Council, with whom Mr, Williams conferred during his two-day visit, include Antonio G. Mendoza, president; Lightly S. Simpson, vice president; Juan Sabates, vice presi too, can keep your floors clean, eco nomically and efficiently with these machines. Twelve, models available to meet all requirements. A trial can be arranged without anv obligation. LINCOLN-SCHLUETER dent; Guillermo Arguedas, treasurer; Floor Machinery Co., Inc. Alfredo O. Ceberio, secretary: Julio E. 217 W. Grand Ave. Chicago, IU. Fuentes, G. E. Knight, George W. Magalhaes, C. F. Munroe, Scott Thomp son, and T. M. Victory, members of the hoard; and P. K. Stiles, director. t 7/ie LINCOLN Twin Disc * SCRUBS -- WAXES - POLISHES 1 * Coming Events Of Interest to Safety Men Jan. 9-11, Washington, D. C. American Engineering Council. Annual Meeting. Executive secretary, Frederick M. Feiker, 744 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C. Jan. 20-24, Cleveland, O. American Road Builders' Association. An nual Convention. Engineer-Director, Charles M. Upham. National Press Bldg., Washing ton, D. C Jan. 27-31, Chicago American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Annual Meeting. (Palmer House) Secretary, A. V. Hutchinson, 51 Madison Avc.t New York City. Feb. 18-20, Ann Arbor, Mich. Conference on Highway Engineering--Universify of Michigan. Annual Convention. Secre tary, R. E. Morrison, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. March 3-5, New York Scat-nth Annual Greater New York Safety Conference. (Hotel Astur). Julien H, Harvey, Manager, New York Office, National Safety Ouuncd, o Fast Hst Street, New' York City. May 6-7, Chicago Fourteenth Annual Midwest Safety Confer ence. (Stevens Hotel). George G. Travet, manager, Chicago Safety Council, 222 North Bank Drive. Chicago, JANUARY, 1930 End Dust Hazards with a This U. S. Dept, of Agriculture photo shows what happens when long standing accumulations of dust, dis lodged by a primary dash, ignite and explode. Since serious explosions can not occur where the dust is not allowed to accumulate, Hodman vacuum HOFFMAN Cleaning System cleaning systems are an important safety aid in industries having explo sive dusts. We manufacture both portable and permanently piped systems. Plants surveyed, recommendations furnished without obligation. Send for New Illustrated Booklet "REMOVE the MENACE of DUST" U.S. HOFFMAN CORPORATION AIR APPLIANCE DIVISION, 111 FOURTH AVE., NEW YORK 68 Government Departments to Extend Safety Program TH E HANDIEST AND BEST AMPOULE ON THE MARKET With handy rubber screw cap, which prevents evaporation, leakage and deterioration. MULTIPLE FILLED ECONOMICAL With vour choice of any of the followingOIL of SALT ladine Mercurochrome (H.W.D.) Methaphen Ferric Chloride Merthiolate Packed 2 cc in wood container 30 cc in cardboard sleeves SAFE--CONVENIENT These applicators are not only convenient and safe but are also economical. The solu tion feeds direct to the wound through the smooth glass tip, thus avoiding the usual use of cotton that absorbs the solution causing considerable waste. A profitable item for Jobbers and First Aid supply Houses. Write for Samples and Quotations C. A. MOSSO Laboratories, 215 So. Leavitt St., Chicago, III. PRESENTING New Jus trite Safety Cans/ .fUSTRITE presents a New Im provement in the 2, 3 and 5 gallon Safety Cans. The carrying handle has been redesigned. This permits "Easier Carrying" and "More Accurate Pouring." Large Spout--easily filled direct from filling station hose--no funnels required. See how easy it pours--the most efficient can for the workman. Automatic spring controlled ipout cap. Natural Hand ( ripopens in one operation -- closes automatically. A safe container for carrying explosive and vola tile liquids--no leakage or evapo ration. Labeled by the Under writers* Laboratories, Inc., and Approved bv the Associated Fac tories Mutual Fire Insurance Companies. LESSENS* INSURANCE RATES hr tfrt your plant -- your wnployee*-- lower your tuiurtni-v rt premium*--by imtaJllitR the latest Improved and ap proved JUSTrUTE Safety perfect TO DAY your dealer* rr write us for intereiUns price* and literature. Justrite Mfg. Co, 2087 Southport Avenue CHICAGO. ILLINOIS epresentatives of twenty R Government departments and agencies have passed a resolution calling upon Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins to appoint an interdepartmental com mittee on the promotion of safety and health to consider and effect measures which will reduce the human and eco nomic cost of accidents and occupational diseases in Federal employment. They discussed, at a meeting on De cember 12 called by Secretary Perkins, the problem of prevention of accidents and occupational diseases in the solution of which President Roosevelt has ex pressed great interest, and concluded that the incidence of accidents in Federal employment is higher than this class of exposure warrants. The Government group also found that occupational diseases are becoming increasingly important as a known cause of disability in industrial employment and that the Federal government should strive for an exemplary record regarding the accident and health experience of Federal workers. It was pointed out that as certain governmental divisions have demonstrated the effectiveness of organized safety programs in producing unusual reductions of accident rates that a committee named by Secretary Perkins should be able to help solve the problem for all departments and agencies of government. The Division of Labor Standards of the Department of Labor is now assist ing state labor departments in the im provement of standards of safety and health, Secretary Perkins said in stress ing the need for such a program in the Federal service. She will announce the names of the interdepartmental commit tee at an early date. Honolulu Drivers Honored for Safe Operation IX Honolulu truck drivers, employ S ees of the City Transfer Company, have been awarded four - year honor medals by the National Safety Council for having driven a combined distance equal to seven times around the world without accident. The City Transfer Company is one of a dozen large transportation and haul ing concerns in Honolulu which compete each year in the national safety contests, setting records comparable with the best reported in other sections of the United States. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 69 The six truck drivers and their non accident mileage for the past four years are as follows: Haruo Yasunaga, 49,173 miles: Manuel de Mello, 40,979 miles: Charles McAngus, 28,583 miles: Nor GET RID OF DUST man Reid; 31,400 miles;Tony Medeiros, 19,620 miles; and Edward Houghtailing, 12,439 miles. This record is especially commendable in view of traffic conditions in Honolulu where many streets are narrow and winding. The city is so located between the mountains and the sea as to make traffic unusually congested in the whole sale, retail and waterfront districts where the truck drivers normally operate. All transportation companies in Hono lulu hold a local safety contest in con For SAFETY FIRST Make 1936 a Dustless Year PANGBORN Dust Collectors have protected men and equipment from the destructive forces of Demon Dust for over thirty years. Dust is a profit-eaterl Day and night, month after month, year after year, this demon is ruthlessly, savagely, destroying YOUR ma chinery . . . YOUR buildings . . . sapping the health of YOUR employees. nection with--the national event. A beautiful placque is presented to the company having the best record each year. ------------------- - How a Bridge Worker's Job Looks to a Photographer BUT . . . this menace SHOULD and CAN BE easily and profitably CONTROLLED ... by PANGBORN all metal, cloth screen, DUST COLLECTORS. Write for information. DDIE MURPHY, photographer for Bulletin just reprinted . . . ask for a free copy. E the San Francisco News, was the first non-bridge worker to walk across the Golden Gate Bridge catwalk. In describing his experiences, Murphy said: "Scares and thrills--I got them both PANGBORN CORPORATION World's Largest Manufacturer of Dust Collecting HAGERSTOWN and Blast Cleaning Equipment MARYLAND walking across the Golden Gate on the great bridge catwalk that stretches from the San Francisco side to Marin County. "Scares aplenty that made me catch my breath in the ascent to the dizzy top of the 746 foot tower at Fort Point. But I was a lot more shaky when I got out on the catwalk and came to gaps ANNO U N C I N G A New Strauss Catalog where I looked straight down a seventh of a mile to the water of the Golden Gate. "The biggest thrill came in bouncing along the catwalk. The long walk springs up and down like a bedspring and at that height you get a kick out On Strauss Safety Belts Protective Helmets of the bouncing sensation that even stunt flying can't quite touch. Foot Guards "I started from a platform perched up near the top of that sky-reaching tower at Fort Point. I took a deep breath as I looked down on the 17 foot Protective Heat Clothing wide catwalk of redwood planking and wire mesh. From more than 700 feet Mr. Safety Director: this catwalk sweeps down in steep de scent to about 450 feet in the center. It looks mighty steep, but it looked even steeper when I came back up. "Then, what made me shakiest, out on the catwalk were open spaces between This new catalog illustrates and describes practically every safety belt now in use in the large industrial plants of the United States. The protective helmets, known as "Cool" Hats and "Cool" Caps, are in use throughout the world. You will find this catalog of value to you in your safety equipment file. Send for your copy now. sections of redwood planking. There The Strauss Company, Inc,is nothing between these gaps but a cable wire and though the openings are not more than about a foot across, they Brady Building ....... Pittsburgh, Pa. looked much wirier than that.'' JANUARY,. 1936 J 70 A SAFE Murderous Monoxide (Continued from page 2u) HAPPY lapse. The power prover showed that exhaust system and an opening in the less than SO per cent of the fuel was car body through which the vitiated air and PROSPEROUS being burned within the engine and that could enter. the exhaust gases contained more than It is seldom feasible to examine cars NEW YEAR IS per cent of carbon monoxide by in which carbon monoxide has caused an volume. The exhaust system contained accident. Such cars are usually damaged several leaks, the worst of which was a beyond all possibility of driving them leak in the seam of the muffler. on the highway. Two examples, how The floor boards were loosely fitted ever, are typical of thousands in which and without the protection of a mat. carbon monoxide was a contributing if Exhaust gases from the split muffler had not a direct cause. Our Resolution ! To maintain our quality and service impinged upon the under side with suffi cient force to char the wood. In another case, the two occupants of The driver of a truck, after having been on the highway between two and three hours, drove at moderate speed so that old customers will continue the car were asphyxiated while the car into the rear end of another parked to specify STEEL-GRIP on their purchase orders with the full assur ance they will receive an article of as satisfactory performance as they received last time-'-and all of the times before. (This is paramount when the equip was parked. The detector was placed in the car and observed through the window. A lethal atmosphere was in dicated within five minutes after the motor was started. The power prover indicated a combustion efficiency of less than SO per cent. The car was equipped with an exhaust manifold heater and truck. The vehicle was damaged beyond the possibility of determining the source of carbon monoxide, but an examination of the dead driver's blood indicated a monoxide saturation which would seem to account for his poor judgment and lack of alertness. The owner of a private vehicle, after ment that is used must perform when this was removed an exhaust gasket driving about two hours, drove into a 100% when called upon to save a leak was discovered. street car loading zone. One person was life.) A Suggested Resolution For You! To determine to buy only the high est quality safety equipment for The windshield of this car bore a sticker indicating that it had passed the state compulsory examination only a few weeks prior to the tragedy. In the third case, the driver drove into a ditch where he was found several hours killed and two others would have been if they had not dodged quickly. The operator was at first held for "driving while intoxicated" as well as for man slaughter and reckless driving, because he was observed to stagger while alight the preservation of the lives of later slumped over the wheel. To deter ing from the car. Medical examination, your employees. (A well - designed, high - quality article of safety equipment is never as expensive as a serious in jury.) SPECIFY STEEL-GRIP and GET QUALITY, DESIGN and SERVICE! mine the concentration of monoxide the car was operated over the road. The detectors were placed on the front seat and the investigator wore an all-service gas mask. On the highway concentra tions reached 10 parts monoxide in 10,000 parts of air. With the motor idling, as it was when found, the con centration reached 30 parts, which would account for the operator's death. however, failed to indicate the presence of alcohol in the driver's blood but re vealed the presence of carbon monoxide. Recommendations I..A system of periodical inspection should be established, whereby all cars will be tested for combustion efficiency and examined for maintenance of exhaust systems and bodies. This could be accomplished by adding those Here again a combustion efficiency of less than SO per cent was found, and the exhaust was excessively rich in carbon monoxide. The exhaust leak occurred at the flange between the manifold and the exhaust pipe, although the owner INDUSTRIAL had performed a "hay wire" repair. The floor boards were loosely fitted and not GLOVES covered with a mat. The moral of this case is, "a gasket CORPORATION 725 GARFIELD BLVD. DANVILLE, ILL. is cheaper than a casket." If the motors in these three cases had been properly tuned to a combustion efficiency of 8S per cent, the monoxide within the passenger compartments Chicago Philadelphia Detroit would have been reduced to at least one-fourth of the observed concentra tions. In each case there was a leak in the NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 71 examinations to the compulsory inspections provided for in some states. 2. The public should be familiarized with the symptoms and dangers of carbon monoxide so that they will have their cars examined when they experience headaches. 3, The army marching custom of resting five minutes out of each hour is a good one. This would make the journey more pleasant as well as safer. Such rest periods, with fresh air and exercise, would prevent muscular and mental fatigue and help to replace with oxygen any carbon monoxide which the blood had accumu lated. matfameuUc. Cleveland Campaigns (Continued from page s8) to safeguarding machines and improv ing physical conditions generally. The Division of Safety and Hygiene also furnished JS.OOO National Safety Council posters for display on bulletin boards, also 60,000 pamphlets prepared specially for the Cleveland campaign. Wilfun iht ttwh "tfin, mourn cfeanwq cj wicUsCuai. In addition, the Division supplied 20,000 regular monthly posters and 20,000 copies of the O. I .C. Monitor, a monthly pitvnJ'S uri. bt, u/niviA5akj Atccipugccl as ths. sXaAtwwj-pmvvt 4 atmaj sa|ZL^ puoyuwn... . G/vut -urixaT'5 magazine, and other types of safety literature for distribution to supervisors, Ctj)uaJUrj impoxTontj U" cots Ljoto. dkoninq cgsfe 30 Ifr 50 % foremen, superintendents and execu MAY WE TELL YOU MORE P tives. These aids to safety programs are available without charge to all employers INVINCIBLE VACUUM CLEANER MEG. CC. in Ohio. 2301 OAVIS ST. EST. 1905 DOVER-OHIO The success of our Greater Cleveland Industrial Safety Campaigns has been due in large measure to the splendid safety spirit of the community, and the many participating organizations, and to the leadership of Thomas P. Kearns, campaign chairman and superintendent of the Division of Safety and Hygiene, and Carl L. Smith, managing director of the Cleveland Safety Council. These two organizations sponsored the cam paign and paid the expenses of conduct ing them. No charge was made to par ticipants. The community type of safety cam paign is spreading throughout Ohio. Similar campaigns are now in progress in Cincinnati; Toledo, and Lorain County. to methemoglobin, notably among these are acetanilid, some aniline dyes, ni trates, nitroglycerine, and a variety of other substances. It has been shown in experiments1 with animals which have received NaNO, in order to produce methemo globin in the blood stream, that injec tions of glucose immediately reduce methemoglobin to hemoglobin which can then be oxygenated to oxyhemoglobin and the normal process of respiration continued. If glucose is injected before NaNO., methemoglobin formation is prevented. In other words, in the blood stream glucose tends to produce an oxi dation-reduction potential too negative Fits any rail from 40 to 110 lbs. Good Practice-- Plus Safety .... Bracing car wheels with wood blocks Is to permit of the existence of methemo dangerous and often costly. Treatment in Poisons globin. Producing Methemoglobin It is therefore suggested that in cases of poisoning by substances such as those HEN methemoglobin is present mentioned above, which produce methe- Win the blood it means that a cer mogiobin, injections of glucose be ad tain per cent of the blood is not amvainilistered. Headaches caused by dyna able for respiration. Methemoglobminities blasting which produces methemo a stable compound produced by thegoloxbiin, would also be relieved by ingest dation of hemoglobin. If a sufficient ing glucose. per cent of the hemoglobin is in the form of methemoglobin, asphyxiation Matilda Maldenhauer Brooks, Ph. D. University of California, Berkeley, occurs, because oxygen cannot be trans ferred by methemoglobin. Certain substances oxidize hemoglobin Cal. 1, Preliminary, M. M. Brooks, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. & Med. St: 1144 (1934): California and Western Medicine, Not., 43: Np. 5, (1935). M & M Rail damps the safest and surest possible stop for car wheels--they provide safe conditions and guard against accident and property damage. M 8C M Rail Clamps are recommended for use on runways in repairing cranes, on loading platforms, temporary sidings, etc. Industrial Products Company Accident Prevention Equipment 800 W. Somerset St., Philadelphia, Pa. JANUARY, 1936 72 With the Manufacturer Manufacturers are invited to send in announcements of new products, or improved special features. Only items which can be considered as "news" to our readers will be published Wire Rope Thimbles Macwhytc Company, Kenosha, \Vis.( announce a new type of thimble for wire rope slings. The same size thimble is used on both ends of the sling and yet either thimble passes through the other, making it possible to use the same sling for both choker and basket hitches. It is claimed that this new thimble design steps up pro duction by making loads easier to handle, and also gives longer life to slings used on choker hitches. Either end of the sling may be attached to the crane hook and using first one end and then the other, two wearing points in the body of the sling arc provided. Another special feature of these new thimbles is the fact that there is no seiz ing to cover up the rope in the thimble. Inspection is made easy at all times. This special type of thimble is supplied on braided body slings made from endless wire ropes. G-E Fire-Proof Elevator Control Cable A new, fire-resisting, multi - conductor elevator control cable which, being of the Deltabeston line, is also resistant to mois ture, oil, and corrosive vapors, is an nounced by the General Electric Com pany's Merchandise Department, Bridge port, Conn. The cable is furnished in any required length and with any number of conductors up to and including 37. A number of tests, recently conducted, indicate its effectiveness for applications where elimination of fire hazards is of par ticular importance. The manufacturers report the dielectric strength of the in dividual conductors tested to better than 25.000 volts breakdown. Immersion in water for one hour had no effect on the dielectric strength. After 24 hours' im mersion in water, the dielectric strength was 18,000 volts. The single conductors were then subjected to the standard Un derwriters' dame test, and exceeded the requirements. The insulation did not support combustion, and the dielectric strength after the test was more than 1,500 volts to ground. When the complete cable was .subjected to the same Under writers' flame.test, it showed no signs of burning or of supporting combustion, and* the dielectric strength between the con ductors after the test was more than 3,000 volts. It is further claimed the amount of or ganic or flammable materials incorporated in the cable has been kept at the mini mum. In manufacturing it, flame-resisting and water-proof rubber is first used to insulate the flexible copper strands. A wall of purified, felted asbestos is then applied over the rubber insulation by the Deltabeston process. Each conductor is color-marked and the individual conduct ors are cabled together with fire-resisting fillers. The cable is bound together with a single - faced rubberized tape, and is finished with a purified, reinforced asbes tos-yarn braid which is thoroughly satur ated with a flame-proof and moisture re sisting compound. Improved Oxygen-Breathing Apparatus Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pitts burgh, Pa.f has added a new, light-weight half-hour oxygen breathing apparatus to its line of respiratory protective equip ment. The new unit is a development of the MSA Research Laboratories, and was officially tested and approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines prior to its intro duction to the trade. Among the ad vantages of the design are one-third less with collecting hoods, air ducts and an equalizing chamber, the top of which is pierced with six-inch openings. Bubble caps are placed over these openings, so that in passing, the air bubbles success fully through water and the frothing agent The manufacturers further state in oper ation the dust-laden air is drawn through weight, greater wearing comfort, easier maintenance, and generally improved effi ciency of control and operation. Mouthpiece type is furnished complete with a skull cap that will fit any size head. Both the nose-clip and mouthpiece are speedily adjusted, A pair of gas-tight, non-fogging goggles are included. The facepiece type is equipped with Kops-type facepiece, where complete protection of the face is desired, as in fire-fighting serv ice, etc. Facepiece and connecting tubes are made of high-grade black rubber, The facepiece is easy to adjust, and fits any face, ft permit* natural breathing, hear ing and speech. Froth Flotation Dust Collectors The C. O, Bartlett & Snow Company, 6500 Harvard Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, announce a new dust collector designed on the "froth flotation" principle. To ob tain this effect the equipment is provided ducts to the equalizing chambers and then passed upward through "bubble caps" into a water bath which is covered with an oil carpet and discharged from the upper chamber with a fan. The larger dust par ticles are removed in the water. The fines are trapped in the oil carpet. Standard sizes range from 1,000 cubic foot machines to those capable of handling 35,000 cubic feet a minute. New Visible Lubricators The Trico Fuse Manufacturing Com pany, 1011 McKinley Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis., announce a new addition to its line of Opto-matic constant level lubricators. The new model known as number 3 size, greatly increases the number of applica tions for maintaining constant level lubri cation on ring or ball bearing shafts. Simultaneously the firm is presenting a new bottle type oiler known as the DripDrop for solid, wick or waste-packed bear ings. This new oiler drops oil on the bearing from the top exactly as the bear ing needs it and eliminates daily oiling by the hand method. The manufacturers Mate it is designed to'fit 95 per cent of the installations without drilling or tapping. Ft is made in three sizes. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 73 Butge Acoustic Communication Booth A new type of telephone booth, built on the principle of absorbing extraneous sounds has been designed by the Acoustic Division of the Burgess Battery Company, Madison, Wis, The interior of this new booth is faced with a perforated metal sheet backed with balsam wool. The per forated metal facing may be washed easily, and its construction discourages deface ment by pencil scribblers. One of the new Trade Publications for your SAFETY EQUIPMENT LIBRARY A Service For Our Readers Now is the time to devote more study to all types of equipment and products which can lower production costs through factors of safety. Find out now what the market offers. The publications listed below will be sent free and without obligation to readers of National Safety News. Indicate on coupon the publication you desire. I. First Aid Kits and Refills. Thii interesting folder illustrates and de scribes several types of first aid kits and refills and gives suggestions for assortments of dressings and treatments. E. D. Bullard Company. *7. Salisbury New Connector End Line Hose. Folder illustrates how this new connector end line hose is used and tells where it is valuable from the stand" point of safety and convenience. W. H. Salisbury and Company. Inc. 2. Lux Makes the Difference. A splendid pamphlet dealing with fire extinguishing equipment. Gives details on the Lux System and tells how it operates. Walter Ktdde and Company, Inc. 8. Chippewa Safety Shoes. Catalog shows a line of safety shoes with steel and fibre toe protection. Various types illus trated for industrial uses. Chippewa Shoe Manufacturing Company. features is the absence of the door, which is made possible by the fact that the lining deadens extraneous noise and the speaker's voice is not transmitted beyond the booth. The manufacturers state that noises such as originate in steel mills, forging plants, punch press rooms, and other noisy fac tories, are instantly absorbed, producing within the booth a space of comparative silence. The booth is open around the base, per mitting adequate ventilation and easy cleaning. A shelf supports the telephone instrument, and illumination is provided by an electric light in the ceiling of the booth and also by light which enters the unobstructed front opening. NEWS ITEM Keith J. Evans has been appointed Man ager of the Sales Promotion Division of Inland Steel Company, according to an announcement made. Mr, Evans will be in charge of the company's advertising, sales statistics and commercial research, He has served in a similar capacity with Joseph T, Ryerson, Inc., since 1917, and will continue to do so in addition to his new position He will have offices at both establishments. 3. M. S. A. Hose Masks* This attrac tive folder presents the 1936 line of M. S. A. hose masks. Illustrates and de scribes five types to meet the demands for this kind of equipment. Mine Safety Appli ances Company. 9. Report on Alloy Metals, a sum- tnary report of more than 50 lubrication tests with Pyroil in connection with alloy bearings. An interesting study of value to those concerned with lubrication problems. Pyroil Company. 4. Brown Air Operated Control lers. A well illustrated folder on equip ment designed for the measurement and control of temperature, pressure, flow* and liquid levels, for specific process require ments. Brown Instrument Company. 10. Macwhyte Wire Rope. Aspien- did catalog with spiral binding for easy use. Contains valuable information on wire rope with tables showing sizes, weights, and breaking strength. Slings and fittings also covered. Macwhyte Company. 5. Weed Chains and Accessories. Catalog No. 4. A complete catalog of Weed tire chains for passenger cars, trucks, buses and tractors. Arranged to make it easy to specify the size of chain desired. Also contains accessories of value. American Chain Company. 11. Audubon Wire Cloth, a well u- lustrated 8-page condensed folder giving valuable information on the use of flexible wire cloth particularly adapted for conveyor belts or aprons. Filter wire cloth in all meshes, metals and weaves also cov ered. Audubon Wire Cloth Corporation. 6. Wheelbrator Data Book, a com- prehensive coverage of abrasive cleaning 12. Why Ten Models Are Made. and preparation methods is contained in this Interesting folder dealing with indus book on the subject of Wheelbrating the air trial dust problems with illustrations and less abrasive cleaning and preparation descriptions of ten models designed to meet method. American Foundry Equipment various requirements. Invincible Vacuum Company. | Cleaner Manufacturing Company. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 20 North Wackcr Drive Chicago, III. January, 1936 I }Statements published on this page are based on the claims of the manufac turer. While the National Safety News cannot guarantee these statements, they are believed to be accurate. Please have sent to me the publications I have cheeked: Name,........................................................................................................ .. Title, ............................ .......... .......................................................... Company.................. .......................................... ,. . Address ................. ................................................................ JANUARY, 1936 74 DRACCO ENGINEERS art EXPERTS Oar Engineers with years of experience to draw from study each problem and design a unit to At each case. The DRACCO MULTI-BAG FILTER was especially de signed to supply the demand for an EFFICIENT unit, having low Initial and operating costs. If there Is DUST In your plant, eliminate It the DRACCO way. It will pay in dollars and cents. Write for Bulletin No, 30f DRACCO CORPORATION Suettuor* to Tht Dint Rtoovorini A Convtyini C. 4073 B. 116th St. Cleveland, Ohio Is There TROUBLE AFOOT In Your Factory Worn, slippery floors mean acci dents ahead, valuable men laid up, costly delays in production. Apply PLASTIC FUT-SURE to all old walking surfaces and you end this danger. It's economical to buy. It's easy to apply. Keeps floors, stairs, ramps and run-ways perma nently safe. Write for folder and prices. GENERAL ABRASIVE CO., INC. 2045 CtIM. An. Niagara Falls, N. Y. PEASTIC FUT-SURE FOR SAFER WALKING SURFACES Back to Work (Continued from page 13) directly accountable for destroying the orderly processes of thought and sub merging them in these powerful emo tions. These emotions are known to alter the fluids of the body, suppress or stimuiate glandular action, and work havoc with the nervous mechanism. Some of us are so constituted mentally that we can carry on safely and efficient ly even in the face of such disturbing elements, but there are many less for tunate. If, in addition to a disturbed state of mind, the employee has a body torment ed by the pain or discomfort of sickness, he is apt to come to grief earlier, and the resuits of his accident wiii be more serious. When a man is sick in mind and body, the scene is set for an acci dent. Where health and a calm mind exist in an environment of comfort, we have the safety man's dream. How, then, can we protect both em ployee and employer? We must plan a broader employment selection. We must consider the mental states of those returning to industry. We should change the age limit for the new employee, permitting older men to find work and encouraging the young recruit i to take up gainful occupation in a safe manner. It is essential that there be greater personal contact between man agement and employee, and a better understanding of each other's problems. The physical condition of those return ing to work after prolonged unemploy ment must be carefully examined and the individual placed at work suited to his mental and physical qualifications. This means a medical policy far superior to that in vogue in the past, both as to equipment and personnel, and we should extend our study of preventing illness as well as accidents. We must individualize the instruction to reach each employee and not rely on mass education. Fit the handicapped worker in the industrial niche that his physical condition will permit. Be more careful in introducing the employee to the work he is to perform. Let there be a more thorough interest and under standing by the supervisor of the prob lems of those under his direction. After employment we must consider mainte nance of men from a physical stand point and give the same care to their health as we .give to our rolling stock and other property. Employee health is so interwoven with efficient work and with safety that we must open our eyes to the necessity of aiding the employee to maintain himself as nearly in physical perfection as pos sible. If we fail now, government regu lating bodies are quite likely to put forth plans for employee health and economic security. Organization to Study Air Contamination AIR Hygiene Foundation of America, xY. Inc., has been formed by a large group representing various industries, with headquarters at Thackeray Ave. and O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, Pa. This organization will conduct investigations in the field of air hygiene and gather and disseminate information. It will also cooperate with other agencies active in this field. A comprehensive investiga tion has been begun at Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, under support of Air Hygiene Founda tion, in which the hygienic, technologic, and economic aspects of air contamina tion, especially by dust in the industries, will be studied. H. B. Meller, who has been appointed managing director of Air Hygiene Foundation, will head this investigation at Mellon Institute. During the past fifteen years he has been in charge of the program for the abatement of smoke and dust in the City of Pittsburgh; and since 1923 he has headed the Air Pollu tion Investigation at Mellon Institute. He has made numerous contributions to the literature of the municipal smoke problem and its control. In this investigational work Mr. Meller will be aided by Dr. F. F. Rupert. The latter has been an Industrial Fellow of Mellon Institute since 1913, specializing in physical chemistry. Daring the past three years he has made studies of air pollutants and especially of dusts, work ing with Mr. Meller; he has also carried out a number of plant investigations, in the course of which he has evaluated procedures for determining and control ling industrial dusts. The investigational program will also embrace medical studies. The medical adviser will be Dr. Samuel R. Haythorn, professor of preventive medicine in the School of Medicine of the University of Pittsburgh and director of the Singer Research Laboratories, N.S., Pittsburgh. But Gas and Gin Don't Mix It's going to be hard for the corner saloon to come back, unless it is willing to move in with a gas station. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 75 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturer's Section ............76-77-78 American Abrasive Metals Co............... .55 American Chain Company, Inc. ....... 7 American Mason Safety Tread Co........ 75 American Optical Co. ............................ 8 American Telephone & Telegraph Company .......................................49 This PORTABLE TOOL SPRAYS, BLOWS, SUCTION CLEANS THE SAFE WAY XTEVER SLIP Safety Clamps for ' use in handling- boiler plate either vertical or horizontal consti tute the safe sure way to perform this operation. They have many ad vantages over old-fashioned hooks and chains because they do not have a tendency to slip, as the weight of the piece pulls the clamp tighter. Boiler plates are easily damaged-- don't tolerate clamps that encourage bent, chipped work. The safe way is the only profitable way. Write for complete details Never Slip Safety Clamp Co. P. O. Box 448 Grind Central Annex, New York City Fluted Dtimsnd Hatched Plain Bishinger-Koehler Mfg. Co., Inc............ 64 Blaw-Knox Company ................ 61 R. H, Buhrke Company......... ..61 Bullard Company, E. D............ ..............59 Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc...................... 3 Chicago Eye Shield Co. .........................63 Clements Manufacturing Company ... ,75 Columbus-McKinnon Chain Corp.........2 Cover, H. S....................................... 51 CLEAN Motors Machines Tools and Plants are Dracco Corporation....................... .74 Ellwood Safety Appliance Co. ...............63 SAFE --and keep up in General Abrasive Co.......... 74 Harrington & King Perforating Co. ... 60 Huntington Laboratories, Inc................ 57 Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc.___ 37 Industrial Gloves Corp. ...........................70 Industrial Products Co.......... "1 Invincible Vacuum Cleaner Mfg. Co. . .71 working condition longer, at less expen: CLEMENTS - CADILLAC PORTABLE ELECTRIC n D LOWER Justrite Mfg. Co................................ .68 Kidde & Co., Inc., Walter .................... .65 Klein & Sons, Mathias...................... 66 Lehigh Safety Shoe Co., Inc............ . 53 Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co. ........ 5 Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co. ...................55 Lincoln-Schlueter Floor Mchy. Co........ 67 Yhs most vsrsstils portable shop tool---3 tools In an*--un fas usod t* blow, spray, or suctionefaajt. DRIVES dry air, free from oil, at great valooity but low pressure. Safely, quickly, GLEANS motors, delicate or intricate machinery and equipment. CUTS RISK or "Shorts," burn outs, tire, excess wear. Convertible to suction cleaner, or sprayer. Plugs in any soeket--reaches anywhere. CLEMENTS MFG. CO. 6658 S. Narraganaett______ Chicago, 111. Macwhyte Company .............. 62 Mine Safety Appliances Co. .........................Inside Front Cover Mosso Laboratories, C. A. ........... ,68 National Safety Council, Inc............... ,,39 Never Slip Safety Clamp Co............... .75 Pangborn Corporation .......................... 69 Portable Lamp & Equipment Co........... 64 Propellair, Inc.................... 53 Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp.......................... Inside Back Cover Pyroil Co.................................................75 Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Co., Inc......... 59 A cast safety stair tread in which a carborundum or aluminous abra sive is imbedded in the wearing surface effectively preventing slip ping whether wet or dry. Treads are easily and quickly installed on new or old work. For use with concrete, wood, marble, slate and other types of stairs. Furnished in three surfaces, Fluted, Diamond Hatched and Plain. Over 40 years' Experience is at your service for the asking. AMERICAN MASON SAFETY TREAD CO. LOWELL, MASS. IN STOCK AT TEN PLANTS RYERSON STEEL-SERVICE Chicago Jersey City Safety Clothing Co................. 57 Safety Equipment Service Co.......................... . Back Cover Spencer Turbine Co...................... ........ 65 Stonehouse Signs. Inc.............................51 Strauss Company.................. 69 Trimont Mfg. Co............... 4 Trumbull Manufacturing Co................. .60 U. S. Hoffman Machinery Corporation .............................. 67 Willson Products, Inc............................ 1 Progress in Perambulators Proud baby carriage pushers no longer need take the corners on two wheels. A new type of carriage has a steering de vice on the handle by which the front wheels can be turned. --Nation's Business. Aids remarkably in control ling friction. Often completely overcomes serious heating and fire hazard problems. Increases operating effici ency, cutting maintenance costs to a surprising degree in many cases. Not a mere *' breakin" oil; by no means an abrasive. Use Pyroil regularly, Write for Free laboratory report showing photomic rographic and chart evidence. Also, what many organizations have accom plished with Pyroil. Manufactured and Guaranteed by Pyroil Company, W. V. Kidder, Pres., |%S1 LaFoIIette Ave=, LaCiosse, Wisconsin. U. S. A, ,THIS SIGNATURE ON EVERY CON7AINF8 - JANUARY, 1936 .vV*, ... 76 The Buyers' Service See Advertisers' Index, Page 75--When writing, please mention National Safety News A Afcidrnt Prevention Service National Safety Council. Inc, AAmer1cimeiAbraslve McUlt Co- American Foundry Equipment i At>ra8ive Alarms, Fire Mine Safety Appliance* Co, Ampoules, Mrs* Aid Bernhard, ttoberi A. " \foiso Laboratorlea, C. A. Anemometers Bullard Company. K. D, UPolnrtaablSeafe*2tympApApllaEuqcueiapmCeon.t Aprons KutUrd Cotmiaiiy. K. tJ. bavi* Emergency Equipment Co., lue. InduetrlaJ Glove* Corp. Induatrial i'roducu Co. Mine Safety Appliance* Co, Fangborn Corp. Pubiiueaii Safety Equipment Corp. Safety Clothing Co.. The Safety Equipment Service Co.. The Safety First Supply Co. Standard Safety Equipment Co. Btriuee Company. The Arrestors, Dust American Foundry Equip. BUw-Eoox Co. Bullard Company, K. D. DrastM* l! v.rporatlcn Pangbora Corp. Sony Mfg. Co., The Co. Awards, Prise Mine Safety Appliances Co. B Badges and Buttons Bullard Company, E. D. Mine Safety Appliances Co. Bags, Tool* Linemen Buhrke Company, fC H. Bullard Company, E, D, Darts Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Industrial Product* Co. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp. Safety Equipment Serric* Co., The Salisbury it Co.. W. fl. Straus* Company, The Belts, Linemen Buhrke Company, B. H. Bullard Company, E. D. Drta Jtmergecey Equipment Ce>, Inc. Induatrial Froducts C*. Klein A Soot. Matbla* Mine Safety Appliance* Co. Portable Lamp St Equipment Oe. Pubsoiao Safety Equipment Corp. Safety Clothing Co.. The Safety Equipment Service Oi,, The Safety First Supply Co. Standard Safety Equipment Co, Strains Company, The Belts, Safety Buhrke Company, E. H, Bullard Company, E. D, Darli Emergency Equipment Co.. Inc. Induatrial Product* Co. Klein St Boot, Mathias Mine Safety Appliances Co. Portable Lamp St Equtpmeat Co. Pulmoaan Safety Equipment Corp. Safety Clothing Co., The Safety Equipment Serrtee Co,, The Safety First Supply Co. Standard Safety Equipment Co. Strauss Company, The Belts, Tree Trimming Buhrke Company. It. H, Bullard Company. E. l>. Industrial Products Co, Mint Safety Appliances Co Pulmoian Safety Equipment Corp, Strauss Company. Tii* Belts, Window Cleaning Buhrke Company, It H Bullard Company, E. D. Induatrial Pn ducts Co. Mina .Safety Appliances Co. Blowers, Hone Mask Bullard Company, B, B, Haris Emergency Equipment Co., Inc, Blowers, Portable, Electric Clements Manufscturlng Co Pangbora Corp. Spencer Turhme CoSurtr Alf* Co The Buckets, Hoisting Bullard Company, E, D; Safety Equipment Service Co., The Standard Safety Equipment Co, ( holes, Fni'tory American Chain Co,, Inc. e ohimfius-McKinnon Chain Corp. McAy C< mpany Chairs, Safety, Boatswain Bullard Company. E b Mine Safety Appliances Co, When You Buy Safety Equipment, Buy Dependability and Service! Darla Emergency Equipment Co,, Inc. Industrial Glnvc* Corp, Industrial Product* Co. Afina Safety Appliances Co. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp. Safety clothing Co.. The Safety Equipment Sendee Co., The Safety Pint Supply Co. Standard Safety Equipment Co Straus* Company, The Clothing, Weatherproof Bullard Company, E. I), Davit Emergency Equipment Co,, Jne, Induatrial Glove* Corp. Industrial Products Oo. Mine Safety Appllanoee Co. i*ulm<>iaa Safety Equipment Corp. .Safety clothing Co.. The Safety Equipment Service Co,, The Sjafety First Supply Co. Standard Safety Equipment Co. f'lothg. Wiping Sanitary Institute of America Manufacturers and distributors of safety appliances have more to offer than the merchandise itself. Dealing in equipment designed to prevent accidents and pro tect the health of workers, they regard it imperative that their products conform to the most exacting specifications. Consult with them about the hazards of your opera tions. They will be happy to work with you and to recommend protective equipment that can be depend ed upon to do the job. Their knowledge of safety requirements is based on years of broad, practical experience. Collectors, Dust American Foundry Equip. Co. Klaw-Knox Co, Dratvo Corporation Pangbora Corp. Surtv Aff* Cn , The D, S, Hoffman Machinery Co. Compounds, Fireproofing Sleepsa/e Industries, Inc, Compounds, Cleaning Safety Clothing Co,, The Containers, Explosive Liquid Bullard Company, B, D, Parts Emergency Equipment Co., Inc, Industrial Product* Co. Justrite Mfg. 10. Mine Safety Appliance* Co. Portable Lamp A Equipment Co, Protectoseal Company Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp. Safety Equipment Service Co., The Straus* Company, The Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Section of the National Safety Council Ce.Portable Lamp St Equipment Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp. Safety Clothing Co.. The Straus* rempany, The Blankets, Fireproof Bullard Company, E D, Dart* Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Industrial Product* Co, Mine Sa/etv Appliance* >. Fulmosan Safety Equipment corp. Safety Clothing Co . Tiie Safely Equipment Service Co., The Safely First Supply C Standard Safety Equipment to Blockers, Mine Car Industrial Product* Co, Mine Safety Appliance* Co, Puimnsan Safeiv Equipment Corp, Blockers, Railroad Car Bullard Company, R D Industrial Products Co. Safely Equipment Service db,, The Safety First Rupnly Co. Standard Safety Equipment Co. Daria Emergeacy Equipment Co,, Inc. Industrial Product* Co. Bulletin Boards Bullard Company, E. Li. Davis Emergency Equipment :o*. Inc, Elllou Service Co. Mine Safety Appliance* Co Pulmosan Safely Equipment Corp, Safety Equipment Service Co,, The Safety First Supply Co. Standard Safety Equipment C< C Cans, Oil Bullard Company. E. t Industrtal Fnducta Co. Mine Safety Appliance* Co. Prni*ioes5 company Safety Equipment Service Co,, The ConH, Waste Bollard <* mptny, E l>. h.nt* Kmeraeney Equipment industrial Froducti Co. Justrite Vffg. Co, Mine Safety Appliances Co iToteetoseal Company Tglmosan Safety Equipment Corp Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp. Strauss Company. The Clsmpa, Rail industrial Pn duct* Co. Pulreoaan Safety Equipment Corp. Safety Clothing Co. Safely Fir*t Supply Co, Clamps and Sockets Sever Slip Safety Supply Co. Cleaning Equipment, Abrasive Oo,American Foundry Equipment (.'leaning Systems, Vacuum Clements Manufacturing Co. Invincible Vacuum ` Faner Mfg Co. Spencff Turbine t> ;unr Mfg fp rim U, 8, Hoffman Machinery Co. Clothing for Industrial Workers--See Aprons, Gloves, Hand Leathers, Leggings, Shoes Clothing, Acldproof Clothing, Fireproof Bullard Company, E, D. D Detectors, Gas Bullard Company, E, D, Pavia Emergency Equipment Co.. Inc. Mine Safety Appliances 0>, Portable Lamp St Equipment Co, Detectors, Indicators, Recorders, Carbon .Monoxide Bullard Company, F,. l>, Dari* Emergency Equipment Co,, Inc. Mine Safety Appllaacea Co. Detectors, Pyrotannlc Mine Safety Appliance* Co, Disinfectants and odorants West Disinfecting Co, De Dust Camera llnstcrs. Rock Mine .Safety Appliances Co. Portable l^mp St Equipment K Emblems, Safety Mine Safety Appliance* Ca. Exhausts, Grinding Wheel durty Mfg. Co., The NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS THE BUYERS' SERVICE 77 See Advertisers' Index, Page 75--When writing, please mention National Safety News Exterminator, Rodent Extlnttnisher*. Fire BulUrd Company, E. D. Barker Mfg. Oo. Rldde it Co,, Inc,, Walter Mine Safety Appliance* Co. Portable Lamp & Equipment Co. Pulraosan Safety Equipment Corp. Pyrene Mfg. Company F Faun, Exbnuat American Foundry Kquip Blair-Knox Co Uracco Corporation Pangborn < orp. PropeHalr, Inc. Surly Mfg. Co., Tiie Co. Fasteners or Laeera, Belt Clipper Belt Ltcer Co. Films or Slides, Safety, for Rent and Sale National Safety council, Inc, First Aid Equipment Abbott Laboratonea Bauer & Black Bernhard, Robert A BUhlnger-Kochler Mfg, to.. Inc. Bullard Company. K. D. Burroughs-Wellcome Co., (U.S.A.i Inc. Daria Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Hrnaon, Westcott tc Cunning, Inc. Induatrial Products Co, Johnson 4k Johnson Merck Ji Company Mine Safety Appliance* Co Homo Laboratories. C, A, Pulmoian Safety Equipment Corp. Safely nothing f o Safety Equipment Sendee Co., The Safety First Supply Co, Standard Safety Equipment C Flagn, I anger Bullard Company, B 1> Industrial Products Co. Safety Equipment Service Co., The Stonehouae Signs. Inc. Flaabltghta, Permissible Bullard Company, R. D Portable Lamp & Equipment Chicago Eye Shield Co, Industrial Products Co. Libbey-Gwons-Ford Gins Co. Mine Safety Appliances Co Pittsburgh Plate Class Co, Pulmoian Safety Equipment Corp, Safety Clothing Co.. Tiie Safety Equipment Settler Co, i The Standard Safety Equipment Co. Surly Mfg. Co.. The Willson Products, Ine, Gloves and Mitteoa Bullard Company, E, D, Chicago Eye Shield Cn. Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Gongs, Sirens, Horan anti other Signaling1 Devices Bullard Company, K, U, Industrial Prcduct* t'e, Mine Safety Appliance* Co, Gratings, Safety Blaw-Enox Co. Guards, Chip and Spark Bullard Company, E. D, Chicago Eye Shield Co. industrial Product* Co Safety Clothing Co., The Safety Equipment Service t%. The Standard Safety Equipment Co. Guards, Kick Press Surty Mfg. Co., The Guards, Portable Lamp Guards, Power Press Chicago Eye Shield Co, industrial Products Co, Standard Safety Equipment Co, Surty Mfg. Co., The Guards, Safety Bullard Company, E. D, Dari* Emergency Equipment Co,, Ine. Harrington it King Perforat ing Co. Safe Walkways -- Fewer Falls Lower Compensation Costs (HHMBnni A report of the New York State Department of Labor, covering a period of three years, showed that 62 per cent of all compensated cases resulting from falls of workers were caused by falls on stairs or level surfaces. The compensation paid out amounted to $8,125,304. Make your walkways safe by keeping stair treads and floors in a safe, non-slip condition. It can be done. One large chain of restaurants reduced its premium almost $30,000 a year by investing a considerably smaller sum in suitable surfacing materials, etc., re quired for the eradication of certain walkway hazards. Floor Cleaoine llarhlnea, Electric Llncoln-Sciilueter Floor Machy. Co. Flooring Material, Safety American Abraslre Metals Co, Ameriran Mason Safety Tread Co. General Abraslre Co Industrial Prrducta Co Inland Steel Co. Safety Plrst Supply Co. Surty Mfg. C'o., The Footwear, Rubber Bullard Co., E f> Industrial Product* Co i^bigh Safety She* Co Mine Safety Appliances Co. Portable Lamp it Equipment Co. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp. Foantafns, Drinking, Factory Bradley Washfountatn i Fttmlganta Bauer k Black G tiermlcldca Germicides, Cuttinir Oil Huntington Laboratories, Inc. GIms, Safety American Optical Company Bullard Company, E. b, JANUARY, 1936 Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Section of the National Safety Council Industrial Glove* Corp. Industrial Product* Co Hint Safety Appliances Co. I'angborn Corp PulraoMQ Safety Equipment Corp. Safety Ci thing Co., The Safety Equipment sortie* Co.. The Safety First Supply Co. Salisbury k Co., W. H. Standard Safety Equipment Co, Wheeler Mfg. Co., F. H. GoggleH American Uptlral Company Bullard Company. K, I>. Chicago Bye Shield Co. Cover. H, 8. Daria Emergency Equipment lo, Inc. Industrial Product* Co Mine Safety Appliances i # Portable Lamp At Equipment Co. Pulmosin safety Equipment Corp. Safety Clothing Co.. Tiie Safety Equipment Service Co , The Safety First Supply Co Standard Safety Equipment Co. Willson Products, Inc. Guards, Flywheel Harrington 4k King Perforat ing Co. Induatrial Products Co. Surty Mfg Co.. Ttia Guards, Foot and Toe Bullard Company, K b, Kllwocd Safety Appliance Co. industrial Products Co, Mine Safety Appliances Co, Portable Lamp A Equipment Pulmosan Safety Equipment Safety Clothing Co., The Safety Equipment Service Co,, Tho Safety Flrat Supply Co. Standard Safety Equipment to, Strauii Company. The Guards, Gear Surly Mfg, Co., Tito Guards, Griadlng Wheel Surty Mfg. Co, The Guards, Jointer Industrial Product* Co SaCfeot.y. T-Ehqeuipment Service .Standard Safety Equipment 0>. Surly Mfg. Co., The Industrial Products Co. Safety Clothing Co,. The Safely Equipment Borneo to,, The Surty Mfg. Co., The Wlesman Mfg. Co. Guards, Saw Bullard Company. E. L>. Industrial Products Co. Safety Equipment Service Co.. The Standard Safety Equipment Co. 3urty Mfg. Co.. The Gaardn, Shaper Industrial Product* Co. Standard Safety Equipment Co. Surty Mfg. Co., The GoardH, Treadle Surty Mfg. Co., The H Hnod Cream Bullard Company, E- t>. Dari* Emergency Equipment Co., Inc, Industrial Products Co. Mine Safety Appliance* Co, Safety Clothing Co. Hats, Safely BulUrd Company, E. D. Industrial Products 1rn Mine Hefetr Arollwce, Co, Portable Lamp * Equipment Pulmoian Safety Equipment Safety**Clothing Co., The Sifety First Supply < o. Strauss Company, The Heat Cramp Preventive* Fairway Laboratories. Inc. Helmets, Safety American Optical Company Blshinger-Koehler Mfg. Co=. ine, ,, BulUrd Company, h. p. Chicago Eye Shield Co. Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Industrial Products co. , Mine Safety Appliance* co. Panghorn Corporation Portable Lamp & Equipment Go. ,, , Pulmoian Safety Equipment Corp. Safety Clotlilng Co,, 'The Safety Equipment Service Co., The , , ,, Safety First Supply Co. Standard Safety Equipment to. Wheeler Mfg. Co.. f\ H. Willson Products. Inc. Holsts, Electric Hooks, Safety Belt BulUrd Company. E. D. Dart* Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Industrial Product* 'o. Mine Safety Appliances Co. Portable Lamp & Equipment Pulmoian Safety Equipment Corp. Safety Equipment Service Co., The _H_ Strauss Company, The Hooks. Safety, Hoisting Industrial ProducU Co. Hospital Equipment Bullard Company. K- D BurroughsWellcome Co,, lU.S.A.) Inc. Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Industrial Product* Co. Mine Safety Appliance* Co, Safely Equipment Service Co,, The Safety First Supply Co I Incllnators, Carboy BulUrd Company, B. D. Industrial Product* Co. Safety Clothing Co. safety Equipment Service Co,, The Indicators, Flammable Vapor Bullard Company. E. D. Davis Emergency Equipment *.%,, Inc. Mine Safety Appliances Co. Inhalators Blshinger-ivoehter Mfg. Co,. Ine. Bullard Company, ft, O, Davis Emergency Equipment Co,. In*. Mine Safety Appliances Co. iDsarnace Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. Interlock Systems Union Switch it Signal Co. J L Ladder Shoes or Feet American Abrasive Metal* Oo. American Mason Safety Tread Co. Bullard company, E. D. Dari* Emergency Equipment Dayton Safety Ladder Co. Industrial Products Co. Mine Safety Appliance* Co. Patent Scaffolding Co.. The Puknown Safety Equipment Corp. Safely Clothing Co., The Safety First Supply Co. Surty Ufg. Co., The Ladders, BulUrd Company. 65. D. 78 THE BUYERS' SERVICE See Advertisers' Index, Page 75--When writing, please mention National Safety News Davton Safety ladder (', Mine Safety Appliances C o, Patent Scaffolding Co., The Fulxnoian Safety Equipment Corp. Safety First Supply Co. Lintpa, Safety Benjamin Electric Mfg. Co, BuBard Company. E, D. Darla Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Mine Safety Appliances C`<*. Portable Lamp A Equipment Co. Lanterns, Carbide Bullard Company, E, It, Lanterns, Electric Bullard Company, E, b. Industrial Product* Co. *-- Juitrlte Mfg. Co. Min# Safety Appliances t <> Portable Lamp & Equipment Co. Leathers, Hand, Bullard Company, E, b. Industrial Gloves t orp Industrial Products Co Pulraossn Safety Equipment Corp, Safety `lothlng Co., i'iie Safety Equipment Service (>.. The Safety First Supply Co Standard Safety Equipment Co. Straus# Company. The Legging* Bullard Company. E, b Daria Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Industrial Gloves C-rp Industrial Products Co. Mine Safety Appliance* to Pulmosau Safety Equipment Cerp. Safety Clothing Co., The Safety Equipment Serrice Co., The Safety First Supply i'o Standard Safety Equipment C,,. Strauss Company. The Lighting Equipment, Industrial Bestfamla Electric Mfg. to, Weatlnghouse Electric A Mfg. Lockers and Hangers for Clothing Industrial Product* Co Locks, Lamp Industrial Products Co. Miso Safely Appliances <'o Safety Equipment Service Co.. The Locks, Locker snd Pad lock, Keyless Dudley Lock Corp. Lnbrlcatloa Tyroli Corapsny Machines, Floor l.'teaniig, Electric Lincoln*Schlueter Floor Mehy. Co. Markers, Traffic Safety Equipment Service Co.. The Masks American Optical Company Blsblnger-Koehler Mfg. Co., Inc. Builard Company, E. P. 'Chicago Eye Shield Co. Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Industrial Products Co. Mine Safety Appliances Co, Pangborn Corp. Pulmoaan Safety Equipment Coop. Safety (nothing Co,, The Safety Equipment Service (X, The Safety First Supply Ce, Standard Safety Equipment Co. Willson Products, Inc Mats, Standing, Safety Bullard Cotnptuy, E. D, Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Industrial Products Co, Safely Pint Supply Co. Mattress, Fireproof Sleepsafe Industries, Inc, Metal, Expanded Surly Mfg. Co., The Metal, Perforated Harrington A King Terfurat* leg Co. Safety Equipment Service Co.. The Safety First Supply Co, Pouter Service Elliott Sendee Co, National Safety Council, Hie Bullard Company, E. l>, Chicago Eye Shield Co. Davis Emergency Equipment Co,, Inc, Industrial Products Co. Mine Safety Appliances Co. Protector*, Arm Bullard C< mpany, E. D, baTl* Emergency Equipment Co,. Inc, Safety First Supply Co. Salisbury A Co., \V. II. Standard Safety Equipment Ce, Publication*, Safety National Safety Council, Inc. Safety Magazine Publishing Corp. Puller*, Fuse Bullard Company, E. b Industrial Products Co Mine Safety Appliances <>*. Safety Equipment Service Co., The For Safety and Efficiency Apply Modem Safeguards insurance rate dropped from $2.00 to only 30 cents per $100 of payroll. This is the record of a large wood products company which recognized the value of properly guarding its many machine operations. Band saws, swing saws, shapers, borers, etc., were guarded with modern equipment. Good guards, plus a well rounded safety program, brought about a 43 per cent reduction in accident costs the first seven months of one year, as compared with eight months' operation the previous year. Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Section of the National Safety Council Bullard Company, E. D Davl* Kmergenoy Equipment (X, Ine. Mine Safety Appliance* Co. Rope. Wire Macwhyte Company S SfsffoltHng, Safety Patent Scaffolding Co., The Serew Drivers, Nonskid Surly Mfg. Co., The Shades, Eye, Nonbreabable Bullard Company, E. D. Chic*** Eye Shield Co. DavU Emergency Equipment Co,., Inc. Induatrial ProducU Co. Mine Safety Appilanoeo Co. Safety Clothing Co. Safety Equipment Service Ce., The Shades, Window, Industrial Shoe*, Safety, Factory and Foundry Bullard Company, E. D. Industrial Product* Co. International Shoe Co. Lehigh Safety Shoo ( . Mine Safety Appliances Co. Portable Lamp A Equipment Ce. Safety Equipment Service Co., The Safety Pint Shue Co. Safety First Supply Co, Shoes, Wooden Sole Industrial ProducU Co. Heeee Wooden S=<le Shoe Co.. I no. Safety Clothing Co., The Slffu*. Accident Prevention Bullard Company, E. b, Industrial ProducU Co. Mine Safety Appltances Co. Portable Lamp A Equipment Co, Safety Clothing Co., The Safety Equipment Service <X, The Safety First Supply Co. Standard Safety Equipment Co. Stonehouse Signs, Inc Sirens snd Signals Bullard Company, K, D, Induatrial Products Co. SttaRH, Chain American chain Co., Inc, Coiumbus-McKInnon Chain Corp. Slinks, Safety, Wire Rope Macwhyte Co. Soap Huntington Lalioratnrip*, Inc. Industrial Products Ce. Movers, Railway (**r Bullard Company, E. D. Industrial Product* Co Safety Equipment tiers tee Co., The Standard Safety Equipment t < O Oxyge* Breathing Apparatua Biahtnger>Koehtef Mfg, Co Ine, DavU Emergency Equipment Ce., Inc. Mine Safely Appliances Co P Para, Mlnem* Lehigh Safety Shoe Co Portable Lamp A Equipment Pad*, Knee Bullard Company, E. b Industrial Glove* Com Industrial Producu Co, Mine Safety Appliances i n Portable Lamp A Equipment Co, Industrial Glove* Corp, Industrial Product* Ce, Mine Safety Appliances C*. PuCimormp.an Safety Equipment Safety Clothing Co.. The Safety Equipment Service Co.. Tho Safety First Supply Co. Standard Safety Equipment Co. Straus* Company, The Protector*, Finder Bauer A Black Industrial Glove* Corp Safety Clothing Co., the Safety Equipment Service re., The Protector* for Linemen Bullard (Yrapiny, E, D. bsvil Emergency Equipment Co.. Inc. Industrial Gloves Corp Industrial Product* Co. Mine Safety Appliance* Co. Pulmcsan Safety Equipment Corp Safety Equipment Service Co,, Tli# Pump*, Oxygen Blihinger-Koenter Mfg. Co., Inc. Mine Safety Appliances Co R Renptrators American Optical Company Blihlnger* Koehler Mfg. Cl, Inc. Ballard Company. E, it. Chicago Eye Shield Co. Caver, ft, R, bari* Emergency Equipment Co,, Inc, Industrial Products o. Mine Safety Appliances Co, Pangborn Corp, Portable Lamp A Equipment Co, Puimosan Safety Equipment Corp, .Safety Clothing Co., The Safety Equipment Service Co,, The Safely First Supply co. standard Safety Equipment ` o Willst n Products, Inc. Resuscitation equip ment Blshlnger-Koehler Mfg. Co., Ine. Soles, Shoe. .Von-slip Lima Cord Hole A Heel Co, Sterilizing; Equipment Straps, Safety Buhrke tympany, U. H. Bullard Company, K, D. DavU Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Industrial Product* Co. Klein 4 Sons, Uathtaa Portable Lamp A Equipment Co, Stretcher Units Surveys, Rye Sisht Sy*temN. Dust Control American Foundry Equip. Co, Blaw-Knox Co. Dracco Corporation Pangborn Corp. Hurtv Mfg. Co., The t\ w Hoffman Machinery Co. T Tent*, Pneumonia Blslilnger-Koehler Mfg. Co.> Inc, Mine Safety Appliances Co. Testers, Fuse Tools. Linemen Bullard Company, E. D, Dari* Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Industrial ProducU Co, Klein A Sons, Mathiaa NATIONAL SAFETAr NEWS 79 THE BUYERS' SERVICE See Advertisers' Index, Page 75--When writing, please mention National Safety News Tools, Markins or Stamping TooIn, on-sparking Ampeo Metal, Inc. Bullard Company, E. D. Davi* Emergency Equipment Co,, Inc. Pulmoian Safety Equipment Carp. Torches. Blow Klein & Sons, Mathias Treads. Safety American Abrasive Metals Co, , .American Mason Safety Tread 50 Induitrlal Product! Co. Inland Steel Co, Surly Mfr Co.. The v Valves, Oxygen BUhtngtr-Koehler Mfr. Co. Inc, Mine Safety Appliance! Co. Trestles, Safety, Extension Induitrlal Products Co. Patent Scaff-Udln* Co,, The Safety First Supply Co. Trophies Vending Maclaines, Sanitary Ventilating Equipment American Foundry Equip, Co, Blaw-tvnox Co. llracco Corporation Pangborn Cerp. w Washers. Safety for Grinding Wheels Industrial Products (.to. Standard Safety Equipment Co. Wrenches, Hopper Car Industrial Product* Co. Safety Equipment Service Co., The Safety First Supply Co, Trumbull MIg. Co., The Washroom Equipment Industrial Bradley Waahfountaln Co. Welding Equipment Wrenches, Non-sparking Wrenches, Pipe Trlmont Mfg. to. The following companies are those whose names appear under the various headings contained in this Buyers' Abbott Laboratories ..................................North Chicago. HI. American Abrasive Metals Co- ................. Irvington, .N. J, American Chain Co., Inc. ............... .....New York, S, Y. American Foundry Equipment Co .... .Mishawaka, lod. American Mason Safety Tread Co. ............LowslL Miss. American Optical Co............................, ...Sauthbridge, Mas*. American Tel, & Tel. Co. .......... ................New York, N, Y. Ampco Metal Inc............ .......................... ...Milwaukee, Wis, Bauer & Black .......................Chicago, 1U. Benjamin Electric A Mfg. Co.................... ..Des Plaines, III, Bernhard, Robert A..................... ......... liocneiter, N\ Y. Buhinger-Koehler Mfg. Co, .........Pittsburgh, Pa, BUw-Knor Co. ............... -- Pittsburgh, Pa. Bradley wasltfnuritain Co. ..................... Milwaukee, Wis, Buhrke co_. K n, ,, ....................... ..................Chicago. 111. Bullard Co , C I>, ..........................., i^an Krtticiscu, t'atlf Burroughs*Wellcome & Co. iU,S..V Inc., -Sew York, N-Y, Chicago Kye shield Co............... ................ .. .Chicago. 111. Clements Mfg, Co. ................................................. Chicago. IU. Clipper Belt Lacer i n ....Grand Rapids, Mich. Caltimhus-Mehinnon Chun C'nrp........... .Tonawandt. N. Y, Cover, H. 8. . ........... .. .............-south Bend. led. Davie Emergency Equipment Co , Inc. ... New York, N. Y, Dayton Safety Ladder co., The .--------- Cincinnati, Ohio Draeco Corp. , ..................................... ...Cleveland. Ohio Dudley lock Corp.................................................. Chicago, IU, Ellwood safety Appliance c* Ellwand t tty, p*. Elliott Service Co............................................New York, ,N\ Y, Fairway Laboratories, Inc. ..............Belleville. Ill- General Abcialre Co.............................. Niagara Falla, N, x. Uwter Mfg. Co..................................................,....Dayton. 0. Harrington St King Perforating Co....................Chicago, III. Huntington Laboratories Co. ..................... Huntington, and. Hjrtuon. Westcolt & Dunning, Inc. .Baltimore, Md. Industrial Glorea Corp. ...................................OinriHe, HL Industrial Products Co. ................ ....Pldladslphta, Pa. Inland Steel Co, .......................................................Chicago, 11L International Shoe Co. ................. ................ St. Louis, Mo. Invincible Vacuum Cicaner Mfg. Co........... ....Doter, Ohio Johnson k Jolmacn ......... ............... New Brunswick, N. J. Juitnte Mfg. Co. ............... ................................Chicago, HI. Kldde k Co,, Inc., Maker .New Y.fk, N. \, Klein k Sons- Matiuu ....................................... Chicago, IIL Lehigh Safety Shoe i'v , .Allentown, Pa. Llbbev-owens-rord Glass Co, .............Toledo, Ohio Linemn-.^ehhteter Floor Mehy. Co. ........Chicago, X1L Lima Cord Sole k Heel Co.. The .....................Lima, Ohio McKay Co, ................................. ......Pittsburgh. Pa, Macetnte Co. ................. . ,........... Kenosha, Wis. Merck & Co.. Inc, ........................... New York, N. Y. Metropolitan Life Insurance to, ....New York, N. T. Mine Safety Appliances Co. ................. .......Pittsburgh, Pa. Mow lalwratories. C, A ......................Chicago, HL National Safety Council. Inc. ...........-Chicago. 111. Never Slip Safety Clamp Co, New York. N, Y. Ibrngborn Corp. ......................................... Hagerstown, Md. Patent Scaffolding Co., The .,. Pittsburgh Plate (Hass Co............... Portable Lamp & Equipment Co. Propeilair, Inc. ................. Protectoseal Co. .................................. Pulmoitn Safety Equipment Corp f*rrna Mfg. Co. ............................. PkoU Co. ............................. Reece Wooden Hole Shoe Co. Safety Clothing Co.. The .... Safety Equipment Service Co.. Th Safety First Shoe Co, ........... -afeiy First Supply (q. ....... Safety Magazine Publishing Corp. -aliibury & ;o., Inc.. W, !!, .. Sanitary Inatitute of America Sieepsai'e Industries. Inc. ....... spencer Turbine Co,, The , Standard Safety Equipment Co. .. Stonehouse Signs, Inc. ................. Strauss Co., Inc, ........................... .. Surty Mfg. Co., The . ........... .. Iriraont Mfg. Co, .......................... Trumbull Mfg. Co.. The ....___ T'nkn Switch St Signal Co. .... U, H- Hoffman Mchy. Corp............. Westinghnuae Electric & Mfg. Co. Willson Product*. Inc, ................. ........Chicago, HI, .....Pittsburgh, Pa. ..... Pittsburgh, Pa, -- Hpringfleld, Ohio ........B..ro..oCklhyinca. gofs,\ 111. I, ...........Newark, N. J. .... La t :roise, Wis. ,... Columbus, Nebr. .,., .Cleveland, Ohio ..... Cleveland, Ohio .,., Holilaton, Mass. ..... Pittsburgh. Pa. ...New York, N. Y. ............... Chicago, Iti. -Chicago. Ill, ...New York- N. Y. ..... Hartford, Conn, ...............-Chicago, HL ........ ... Denver, Colo. Pittsburgh, Pa, ...............Chicago. Hi. ...........Boston, Mass. ....... Warren, Ohio ......Hwisavale, Pa. ...New York, N. Y. East Pittsburgh. Pa .............Reading, Fa. Industrial Safety Market AS a service to our readers, we endeavor to maintain a complete list of the source of supply of all types of safety and allied equipment. If you do not find what you want in the advertising pages, send in the coupon below, and we will have forwarded to you without charge, or obligation, detailed information and catalogs on mate rial to meet your requirements. National Safety News 20 North Waclter Drive, Chicago Please have forwarded to me from various manufacturers, without charge, prices, catalogs, etc., on the following material: Specifications: (Be specific as to size, capacity, quantity, etc., when prices are wanted.) Company . Address , . Your Name JANUARY. 1936 80 The Accident Barometer Prepared by the Statistical Bureau, National Safety Council These items summarize briefly the monthly reports collected by the Nation al Safety Council to show current acci dent trends. Certain of these reports are analyzed more fully in other monthly publications of the Council, devoted to industrial, traffic, commercial vehicle, home, and school safety. In addition, the Council's annual statistical report "Accident Facts," contains detailed in Deaths reported to Industrial Commis sions during October numbered six per cent more than in October, 1934. Steam railroad accident deaths in August were more numerous than in the same month of 1934, the increase amounting to 3.1 per cent. Part of this comes from more highway-grade cross ing fatalities; part from trespasser four months of the Contest (July to October) are as follows: all fleets, 1.77 compared with 1.94 for the same months last year; buses, 0.91 compared with 1.21; passenger cars, 1.22 against 1.37; trucks, 2.84 or practically the same as last year. Public (not motor vehicle) deaths numbered about 1,200 in October, or formation on all types of accidents. deaths. During the eight months from approximately 100 more than occurred January to August deaths have total in the same month last year. The avail ccidental deaths of all types ed 3,302. or only 30 more than occurred able reports indicate that this increase A increased, sharply in October, in the same months last year. Grade reaching a total of 8,710 com crossing fatalities, aione. increased 32 pared with 8,190 in October 1934--anadntrespasser deaths went up 19. In was spread over several types of acci dents, so the change in each one separ ately was small. There was no change advance of more than 6 per cent. The contrast, employee deaths decreased by at all in the total from September to change comes from increases in motor 4, and those of passengers on trains and October, but the types shifted slightly, vehicle, other public, and occupational travelers not on trains went down by 7. with hunting deaths beginning to appear, fatalities. Home deaths were about the Non-ratal injuries of all persons dropped and brownings decreasing toward the same in both months. Compared with 4.5 percent, from 18,931 to 18,079. winter minimum. During the ten months the preceding month October shows an Motor vehicle deaths, with an Oc from January to October there have been even greater upward trend, for in Sep tober total 5 per cent above the same approximately 14,600 of these public tember the death total was only 7,590, month last year, seem almost certain to deaths, or 500 less than occurred in the The estimate for the first ten months of end the year at a new all-time high level. same period of 1934. the year is now placed at 80.540, or The October total is now estimated at Home accident fatalities in Oc about 3,100 deaths less than last year's 3,710, compared with 3,531 a year ago, tober totaled 2,500, according to present comparable total of 83,664. This de and there is a good chance for an in reports. This is the same number as crease of 3.7 per cent represents approx crease in the estimate when reports from was estimated for October, 1934. In imately the reduction in excessive heat more states are available. Such a change comparison with .September 1935, how fatalities: there appears to be no other has been required for most of the earlier ever, the October total showed an ad significant change between the two years. months this year. With the addition of vance of 400 deaths, or 19 per cent. Occupational accidental deaths the October deaths, the cumulative total Most of this increase appears to be sea increased to 1,500 in October, from a (ten months) is estimated to be 28,880 sonal in nature; there are more deaths total of 1,300 for the same month last --about 100 deaths above last year's from burns and asphvxiations, which year. This advance appears to come comparable figure. may be associated with the starting of from an increase in exposure, although Commercial vehicle fleets com furnace fires and the use of open fire data on employment are too few to be peting in the National Fleet Safety Con places. The January-October total of wholly reliable. With the addition of test had an average of 1.83 accidents home deaths is now estimated to be the October estimate, the cumulative per 100,000 vehicle miles in October. 2S.S00, compared with 28,900 for the total for this year now stands at 13,600, This is an increase from the September same period last year. This decrease of or 300 more than are estimated for the rate of 1.59. but compared with the rate 3,100, or nearly 11 per cent, is largely same months of last year. Community for October 1934 it represents a decrease found in the classification of excessive safety councils' inter-plant contests show of over 8 per cent. This improvement heat. continued improvement in accident fre was confined to buses and trucks, for Looking Ahead quency compared with last year. The passenger cars had a somewhat poorer The most notable feature of the an average October frequency rate per record. The average rates for the first ticipated January accident picture is a million man-hours dropped to 10.26, sharp drop in fatal motor vehicle acci from 11,51 for October 1934. The dents. According to the records of the severity rate per thousand man-hours, however, rose from 0,70 to 0.92. Dur All Accidental Deaths past few years these deaths are likely to decrease bv as much as 1,000. The im ing the ten months frequency has aver aged 12.59, or 12 per cent under last year, and severity as been 0.93--down January-October 1935 . . ................... 80,540 provement will come from less traffic .and a reduction in speed, both due large ly to ice and drifted snow on the roads 18 per cent. In the three sectional con tests conducted by the National Safety Council the October frequency rate 1934 ...................... 83,664 1933 ...................... 74,341 and to the completion of the holiday season. Hunting accident fatalities, also, will show some decrease. Deaths from averaged 9.39 or 2 per cent above the U. S, Census Bureau totals for 1933 falls may decline, but the change prob same month last year, but the ten and 1934; National Safety Council ably will be small and will depend on months' rate was 8.82 or 13 per cent less estimate for 1935. the attention given to keeping sidewalks, than last year's comparable figure. both public and home, free from ice. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS .. .to reduce Accidents in our Plant! SAFETY ENGINEERS: Puimosan is always ready toJheSp you do it! Check back into your 19.3,5 accidents'--and no matter what caused them--you will find that Puimosan has a safety device specifically made to prevent them, safely and economically. More than a quarter-century of dose co-operation in safety matters with firms in every industry,gives Puimosan a rich background and experience for you to draw on. 'If it's for Safety WE HAVE IT!" Here's a partial list of products: Clothing (Safety) Emergency Equipment Fire Fighting First Aid Hats (Safety) Helmets and Hoods Ladders (Safety) Ladder Shoes t non-slip i Gas Masks Goggles Gloves (all kinds) Respirators (more than Safety Tools and hundreds morel .) types) IP rite for your copy of NEW PULMOSAN CATALOG Fully describes and illustrates comprehensive line of Puimosan Safety Devices, A helpful handbook on safety matters. Sturdily made, attractively covered, loose-leaf form, with identifying tab for your tiles. Write on your firm letterhead for your free copy. PULMOSAN SAFETY EQUIPMENT CORP. 176 Johnson St., Brooklyn, N. V. Member: Industrial Safettt Equip. ManuCrs. Ass`n. Mm*U. Distributor: THE BOYER-CAMPBELL t_10,, Detroit Lake Superior Dist, Distr.: \V. P. & II. S. MAKS, Duluth, Minn. In the ruins of ancient Greece and Rome we read the story of the strength of the arch, the curve that supports and defies destruction. The engineers of those days recognized the strength of the arch as do mod ern engineers of to-day. Super-Drednaut Lenses arched or curved for ADDED strength have proven through tests, long wear and hard usage that they provide a greater strength, greater resistance to blows than any other form of lenses. And, another important fact --one that means MAXIMUM eye pro tection, is that even if broken by a tremendous How, the curvature tends to prevent the glass from be ing driven into the eye. Only curved lenses CAN give this protection. Therefore, Super-Drednaut goggles will prevent more eye injuries than goggles fitted with ordinary types of lenses. Super-Drednaut is the only goggle that embodies such exclusive features as -- Non-Rubber head- band, Self - Adjusting nose bridge and SuperDrednaut Deep Curve lenses -- it is to-day's MODERN goggle. Let us send you a pair of Super-Drednaut Goggles for your inspection.