Document oNMkoDgeKKgRxkM5Qz1vYqLX

A STUDY OF.THE PROBLEM OF UN WATER v\- by -v-'f The American Wafer Works Association Research Foundation' 6665 W. Quir.cy Avenue Denver, Colorado 80235 x ?. for the / A/C Pipe Producers Association Suite 1113, 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009 ,;r v f,t" . : */ ' *, ' . -n : * ':? : \*A. . A** July 1974 :--i` - * f : \- ASARCO ELP 0003741 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sac* ions 1. PROJECT HISTORY II. BIBLIOGRAPHY III. SUMMARY IV. RECOMMENDATIONS V. COMMITTEE REPORT VI. REFERENCES VII,. APPENDICES Page 2 6 U 17 18 26 2? ASARCO ELP 0003742 PROJECT HISTORY Reseuich lias revealed a recognized occupational health hazard connected with excessive nnd prolonged inhibition of asbestos dust. A related question has arisen regarding the possible* healt! hazard that may result from the presence of asbestos fibers in walut, bc/cio::?*. food/ or fluids used for the administration of drugs. Since considerable amount: of asbestos-cement pipe convey potable water in Nor h America.. turupt. and of cr parts of the world, a question has also been raised with respect to the possible heclth hazard that may be associated with drinking water which ha; flowed tb-cugh asbestos-cement pipe. The asbestos industry bus been investigating the biological effects of asbestos for many year;. A-lditinrvlly, the A/C Pipe Producers Association contracted with the Atnviicon Water V.'o'ks Association (AWWA) Research Foun dation to study ihe problem of csbnstos ir. water, and specifically with relation to the use of asbestos-cement pipe. The objectives of the study were to: (1) assemble all pertinent literature on the biological effects of asbestos; (2) have a committee examine the technical literature and on the basis of present knowledge issue a report answering the question: Does asbestos in water constitute a hazard to health by causing a greater than normal oocunense of gastrointestinal cancer or malignant mesothe lioma o? the peritoneum or pleura?; and (3) recommend the research required to finally resolve the matter.. Selection'of Study Committee In the formation of the s-zlecf committee, considerable attention was jivc-n to keeping, the group manage -bly small but invested with competency in the following specialties, 1. An individual familiar with the asbestos problem in air and w.-Jer. a A representative of the l.'.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA.t familiar with the pr oblem. 3. A representative of the water supply industry. 4. An export in analytical methods. -2 I .1 ASARCO ELP 0003743 5. A pathologist. 6. An epidemiologist. 7. An international * Xpert knowledgeable in the water, medical and public health fields, and capable of providing input and insight from ebroad. The fact that the commit!-e members accepted the first invitation to serve ndicales their interest in the subject. The following persons served on the study committee: Marvin Kuschner, M.D. Dean, School of Mcdicin: State University of New York Stony Brook, New York Roger Lee ' Chief, Surveillance & Technical Assistance Section Program OperaMons Branch VValer Supply Division U.S. Environmenta1 Protection Agency : Gordon G. RobedDirector, Water Supply Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency John R. Rossum Sanitary Engineer California Water Service Company Marvin A. Scbneiderman, Ph.D. Associate Director for FI- Id Studies and 'ifafistics, DCCP U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Healtli Service National Cancer Institute E. V/indle Taylor, C.B.E., M.A., M.D., D.P.H., F.R.C. Pcfh. . Director of Water Examin ition (retired March 1974) Metropolitan Water Board London, England George W. Wright, M.D. -3- 1 ASARCO ELP 0003744 Procedure Two meclings of two days' duration were hefd. `Prior to the first meeting the AWWA Research Foundation '`off gathered and analyzed, to the extent possible, all the pertinent literature on the biological effects of asbestos. Copies of papers dealing specifically with asbestos in `.voter, including analytical methods, were sent to the committee members rci their study prior to the first meeting. Each committee member also received tbsfracts of the Lyon Conference papers, the full text of which was available for th.*ir examination upon request. The committee members were also instructed to conduct their own search for additional information. The Lyon Conference, convened by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, was held in Lyon, Franc? on October 5-6, 1972. It involved 137 partici pants from 20 countries ar.d wes call'd to review all evidence relating asbestos with cancer and other biological effects. Worthy of mention is the .'act that in addition to the technical papers listed in the bibliography, Mis conference resulted in the issuance of a report of the advisory committee on asbestos cancers. Panels specializing in epidemiology, pathology, ~nd plv-sics and chemistry, met in a separate session after the conference and p-er area a report which consisted of two sections. The first section provided a general review in the form of answers to a number of important genera! questions about the relation of asbestos to cancers of different body sites while the second section offered recommendations .for further research. Question seven in the first section was phresed as follows: "Is there evidence of an increased risk of cancer resulting from asbestos fibres present in '.-`a'sr, beverages, food or in the fluids used for the administration or drugs?" The answer was os follows: "Such evidence c$ there ? does not indicate any risk. " The panel on pathology and experimental pathology recommended the following two projects for further exjerimenfal study. 1. "The effect of lorvj-tcrm ingestion of fibres of various sizes, shapes, and chonvcal composition should be studied." .2 "The effects of f:' *es and associated melcls on the metabolism of target organs si*ould be investigated. " -4- ASARCO ELP 000374-5 Neither of these two projects were rated hiyh in priority. The bibliocrcohy I:fs the material distributed to each member or available for their study. The purpose of the ch*sf mrefirg was to orient the committee, exchange information end views, discuss tV. work reported in-the literature, and assign various tasks to be performed by the committee members during the three-month interim between meetings. The second.committee meeting concentrated on the health hazards posed L>y osbestos in water (based on pr - so 'f knowledge of the subject) end recommendations for research needed !o answer unresolved questions. Following the second r.:e. rr, sovera! committee members collaborated on rha development of the stater of the committee's position and recommen- dation. This was circu'atod by - :! to cl! members. Section li| (Sunmr-ry): s jetion IV (Recommendations); section V (Committee Report); section V\ (References); end scctior V!I (.Appendices) comprise the COMMITTEE REPORT. J -51 ASARCO ELP 0003746  BIBLIOGRAPHY General Bonser, G.M. & Clayson, D.B. Feeding of Blue Asbestos to Rats. British Empire Cancer Campaign for Research. Annual Report 1967. p. 242. Burns, A.F. Chrysotila Fiber Levels in Municipal Water Systems. Johns-Manville Research Report No. 404-79, June 4, 1971. Burns, A.F.; Jaunarajs, K.L.; & Reimschussel, G.R. Method for the-Quantitative Determination of Chrysotile Fiber in Samples from Various Sources. JohnsManvillc Research Report No. 404-67, August 3, 1970. Carriere, J.E. Behaviour of Asbestos-Cement Pipes in the Soil. International Water Supply Assn, paper presented at Stockholm, Sweden, June 15-19, 1964. Cunningham, H.M.; & Pontefract, R. Asbestos Fibers in Beverages and Drinking 'Water. Nature 232:332 (July 3C, 1971). Eick, Horst. Corrosion in Asbestos Cement and Concrete. International Wafer Supply Association paper presented at Vienna, Austria, September 1-5, 1969. Elmes, P.C. & Simpson, M.J.C. Insulation Workers in Belfast. 3. Mortality 1940-66. Brit. J. Indust. Med. 28:226-236 (1971). Enterlinc, P.; DeCoufte, P.; & Henderson, V. Mortality in Relation to Occupa tional Exposure in the Asbestos.Industry. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 14:897-903 (Dec. 1972). Gould, D. A Dangerous Dust. ? lew Scientist, p. 453 (9 March, 1967). Harwood, C.F. Asbestos Air Pollution Control. November 1971 report prepered for Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality. . Kiviluoto, R. & Meurman, L. Results of Asbestos Exposure in Finlcnd. Kristiansen, Hans. Extraction of Calcium by Soft Wafer from Concrete and Asbestos Cement Pipes. Norwegian Institute for Water Research, March, 1973. Lewinsohn, H.C. The Medical Surveillance of Asbestos Workers . (British) R.S.H. 2.1972 pp. 69-77. -6- J ASARCO ELP 000374-7 'Mancuso, T.F. & Coulter, E.J. Methodology in Industrial Health Studies. Archives of Environment.! Health 6:210-226. (Feb., 1963). Mancuso, T.F. & El-Atfcr, A.A.. Carcinogenic Risk and Duration of Employment Among Asbestos Workers, pp. 161-166 of unknown publication. Meurnia i, L.O.; Klviluoto, R.; A Hokcma, M. Mortality and Morbidity of Employees of Anthcphy'liro Ac-bestos in Mines in Finland. Paper 31 at Lyon, FranceCcr.fe-er.ce, Oct. 2-5, 1972, 10 p. McDonald, J.C. Ccncor in Chr-so:i!e Mines and Mills. Paper 29 at Lyon, France Conference, Oct 2-5, 1972, 14 p. McDonald, J.C.; McDonald, A.D.: Gibbs, G.W.; SiemictyckJ; & RossJter, C.E. Mortality in the C. :ryso}i! Asbes'-os Mines end Mills of Quebec. Archives of Envirer.rr.e :tal Health 22:677-686 (June, 1971). McDonald, J.C.; Rossiter, C.E.; Eysssr, G.: & McDonald, A.D. Mortality in Chrysoti!-- Producing Irdc^ry of Quebec: A Progress Report. Manu script presented r* 4rh Pn'ur. o. Conference, Bucharest, 1971. Newhouse, Mi.L. A S*ucy c: the V.: British Journal of Incur . I*ty oc Workers in cn Asbestos Factory. :cir.o. 26:294-201 (1969). Newhouse, M.L. Ccncer Among '.Yorkers in the Asbestos Textile Industry. Paper 32 a! Lyon, France Conference, Cct. 2-5, 1972, 13 p. Oettle, A.G. Mortality from MnlFncr^ Necolasms of the Alimentary Canal in Whites, Coloreds, end As'cns >n South Africa, 1949-1958. National Cancc- Institute Mcnogrc.oh No. 25 . Tumors of the Alimentcry Tract. pprnrrn 2,121,12?, ti, T3: (j-jy 967). Olson, H.L. Does Asbestos In V.';`sr Scoply Present a Health Hazard? Paper presented at the Conferee -e of State Sanitary Engineers at San Francisco, CA, May "-10, 1973. Pontefract, R.D. & Cunningham, H.M. Penetration of Asbestos through the Digestive Tract of Rats. Nature 243:352-353 (June 8, 1973). Pooley, F.D. Mesotheliomas in felation to Exposure. Paper 34a at Lyon, France Conference, Oct. 2-5, 1972, 15 p. -7- J ASARCO ELP 0003748 Quint, S.M. Transitc Pipe Test I inc -- Determination of Asbestos Fiber In * Water. Johns-Monville P.^seoich Report No. 425-T-1360. Sept. 29, 1971. Rickards, A.L. Estimation of Suhnicrogram Quantities of Chrysofile Asbestos by Electron Microscopy. Anal. Chem. 45:809 (April, 1973). Sargent, H.A. Asbestos in Drinking Water. Paper presented at New England Water Works Association meeting at Northfield, Vermont, May 17, 1973. - Selikoff, I.J.; Hammond, E.C.; & Churg, J. Carcinogenecity of Amosite Asbestos. Arch. Environ. Health 25:183-186 (Sept. 1972). Selikoff, I.J.; Hammond, E.C.; * Seidman, H. Cancer Risk of Insulation Workers in the United Stu'es. Paper 33 at Lyon, France Conference, Oct. 2-5, 1972, 20 p. Speil, S.; a Leineweber, J.P. Asbestos Minerals in Modem Technology. Environmental. Research 2:165-208 (1969). Swinburne, L.M. Report on Research at St. James' Hospital, Leeds. Appendix. 4. Included in report fro*: Asbestos Research Council (Gf. 8r.) Oct. 70 to Oct. 7!. Vigliani, E.C.; Ghezzi, I.; & Marcnzana, F. Epidemiological Study of Asbestos Workers in Northern Italy, pp. 147-150 of unknown publication. 'Wagner, J.C. letter dated 27th October 1972 addressed to Dr. P.V. Pelnor. Westlche, G.E.; Sp|ut, H.J.; & Smith, M.N. Denefraticr. of Colonic Mucosa by Asbesfo: ParHc^-s. An Election AAicrosccpic Stud) in Rats Fed Asbes tos Dust. Laboratory Inv isHgction *<:2029-2033 (Nov. 1965) Official .Journo! " the ntcrnctiorai Academy Pathology. Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe end Human Health Cancer Research in 1967. British. Medical Journal. (July 13, 1968). Does A/C Pipe Constitute a Haze d to Health by Causing an Excessive Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Cancer or Malignant Mesothelioma of the Peritoneum or Piet."a? .1 ASARCO ELP 0003749 Eliminating the Hazards of Asbestos 'Vastcs. Municipal Engineering. (British) p.297 (13 Feb., 1970). ^ Exposure to Asbestos. Nature 2?4:383-384 (Dec. 17, 1971.) Municipal Wate' Systems Analysi* -- Table provided by Johns-Manville Research Center. Lyon Conference Pcpers Ahlman, K.; Pr-tcren, T.J.; Riuta'a, .; & Wiikeri, M. Anfhophyllife Mining and Mil'ing cs a Cause of Asbestosis. Akehursf, R.L. The 1969 Asbest-s Regulations - Their Economic Appraisal. . Allison, A.C. Ejects .of Asia*5 as Pcrtieles on Macroohcges, Mesothelicl Cells and Fibroblasts. Ashcroft, T.; & Floppier:on, A.C. Quaititc'ion of Asbestos Fibres in Lung Tissue. Bccklake, Margaret S. Assessment of Methods Used in the Studies of the Biolot ' gica! Effects of A' sstos -- C. Lung Function. Berry, G. Hygiene S*-cndr.*ds - Thcory and Application. Boarsma, A.; Dsgand; and Kavez, R. Mesothcliome Diffus. Etapes Biochmiquo? du Diagnostic. Desecticn et Dosage de L'Acide' Hyaluronicue Dans Le Liouide Pleural. Bohlip, H.; end Gilson, !.C. Assessment of Methods Used in the Study of Biological Erfects of Ash ?t"s: Radiology. dohiig, H.; end Kc.'n, E. Cc.no rs in Relation to Type of Fibre, Dose, Occupa- tion end Uvr-Mcn o? Exp see (b) Manufocturing - III Environmental. Butler, E. Tlcnchs; and Berry, Ann V. Diffuse Mesotheliomas Diagnostic Criteria Usi-g Fxfo'dativc Cytolcyy. Cooper, V.`. Clark; and Micdem i, J. Asbestos in Relation to the Type of Fibre and Dose in the Insulation Industry. Cralley, L^vus J.; and Sundermrn, F. William. Interactions of Metals and Minerals in Carcinogenesis. Interim Report of Investigations after -9- J ASARCO ELP 0003750 22 months. Elnies, P.C. Therapeutic Openings in Hie Treatment of Mesothelioma. Elmes, P.C. The Natural History of Diffuse Mesothelioma. Enterline, Philip E.; and Weill, Hans. Asbestosis in Asbestos Cement Workers Gibbs, G.W.; and Du Toit, R.S.J, Environmental Data in Mining. Gilson, J.C. Progress in Epidemiology. Greenberg, M. The Value of A Ccncer Register in the Study of Asbestos Tumours. Hammond, E. Cuylcr; end Seli'<c`f, irvirtg J. Relation of Cigarette Smoking to Risk of Death of Ashes'os-Associated Disease Among Insulation Workers in the U.S. Harington, J.S. Chemical Factc-s `Incljdinc Trace Elements) as Aetiolocjical Mechanisms. Harries/ P.G. Assessment of Methods Used in the Studies of the Biological Effects of Asbes'os. Hinson, K.F.W.; Ofto, H.; Webster, l.;and Rossiter, C.E. Criteria for the Diagnosis end Gradim cf Asbestosis'. Holmes, S. Criteria for Environmental Data e nd Bases of Threshold Limit-Values Environmental Data in Incuslry. Holmes, S. Samo'ing Methods. Jones, J.S.P.; end Sheers, G. "leurcl Plcqcss. Kanncrsfein, M.; Churg, J.; and Magner, D. Histochemical Studies in the Diagnosis of Mesothelioma. Longer, Arthur M.; and Pooley, Fred D. Identification of Single Asbestos Fibers in Human Tissues. Le Bouffant, L.; Martin, J.C., and Durif, S. Structure Et Composition Des PJoaues Pleurales. -10- J ASARCO ELP 0003751 Lincfcll, K.V. Asbestos and the Community -- Industrial Uses. McCaughey, W.T.E.; and Oldham, P.D, Diffuse Mesotheliomas: Morbid Anatomical and Histological Diagnostic Criteria, Including Observer Variation in Histological Diagnosis. McDonald, J.C. Asbestosis in Chrysotile Mines and Mills. McDoncId, J.C. Cancer in Clvysafiie Mines and Mills. Meurma.n, L.O.; Kivilnofo, R.; and Hakama, M. Mortality and Morbidity of Employees of Anthophyllite Asbestos Mines in Finland. Morgan.. A.; and Cralley, l.J. Chemical Characteristics of Asbestos and Associaled Trace Element. Newhouse, Muriel L. Cancer Among Workers in (he Asbestos Textile Industry. Nicholson, W.J. <?, Pu.ndsack, F.L. Asbestos in the. Environment. Oldham, P.D. Asbestos in Lung Tissue. Oldham, P.D. A Trial of TechNques for Counting Asbestos Bodies in Tissue. Poolcy, F. D. Mesotheliemc in Relation to Exposure. Pooley, F.D. Methods for Assemirig Asbestos Fibres and Asbestos Bodies in Tissue by Eiectro-n Micro'-ccpy. Ra(an, K.T. Experimental Methods - Organ Culture. Selikofr, Irving J.; Hcmmond, f:. Cuyl<--r; and Seidman, Herbert. Cancer . Risk of Insulation Workcs "n the U.S. Sluis-Cren'er, G.K.; and DuToi!, R.S.J. Amcsito end Crocidolite Mining and Milling cs Ccusos of Asbestosis. Smither, V/.J.; end Lewinsohn, H.C. Asbestos?: in Relation to the Type of Fibre, Dcse, Occupation and Duration of Exposure in Textile Manufacturing. Stanton,`Mecri F. Same Aefiol-igic Considerations of Fiber Carcinogenesis. .Suzuki, Y.; Kcnnersto:n, M.; end Churg, J. Electron Microscopy of Normal, H>psrplcstic-and Necplr Stic Mesothelium. -U- ' ' J ASARCO ELP 0003752 Timbrell, V. Physical Factors as Aellological Mechanisms. Timbre!., V. Progress in Physics ana Chemistry. Wagner, J.C.; and Berry, G. Considerations of Aetiologica! Mechanisms and Other Factors - Info:'nation Obtained from Animal Experiments. Wagner, J.C.; and Berry, G: Investigations Using Animals. Wagner, J.C. Report on Progress Made on the Recommendations of the UICC Working Group on Asbestos and Cancer, 1964. Warwick, M. Turner; Farkes, Raymond; Hanson, Audrey; Smither, Walter; Harries, Peter: end Oldham, P.D. Immunology and Asbesfosis. Webster, Ian.- Malignancy in Relation to Crccidolite and A.mosife. Summary Report of the Advisory Committee on Asbestos Cancers to the Director of the Interactional Agency fer Resec'ch on Ccncer, a Division of the World Health Organization. Lyon, France, Oct. 5-6, 1973. Recommendations for Further Res',arch by Epidemiology, pathology and Experimental Fcihology, and physics and Chemistry Fens Is. * Abstracts of Papers Curry, M.G.&Gigliotti, G.M. Cycling and.Control of Metals. Proceedings of an Environmental Resources Coherence, Columbus. Ohio. Oct. 31 Nov. 2, 1972. Report No NERC-C-73-1.. Feb. 1973, 187 p. Smith, R. W.; Choi, I.K.; Allen, M.P.; & Thomas, R. E. Aqueous Surface Chemistry of Asbestos Minerals. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Dept., California State University end Colleges, University of Nevada, School cf Mines, Reno, '!:vcJa 89597. Smithsonian Science Information Exchange Notice of Resr-crch Project supported by Health, Ecuca^on and Welfare, Public Health Service, Health Service Mental Health Administra tion, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Sept. 71 to August 72. -12- J > ASARCO ELP 0003753 J DOES THE USE OF ASB E S TO S-C EM E NT PIPE FOR POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS. CONSTITUTE A HEALTH HAZARD? A Committee Report by MARVIN *<USCHN-R, M.D. ROGER LEE GORDON G. P.OSECK JOHN R. ROSSUM MARVIN A.SCKNE1DERMAN, PH.D. E. WINDLE TAYLOR, C.B.E., M.A., M.D F.R.C. PATH, GEOrGE W. V;RIGHT, M.D. (CHAIRMAN) D.P.H., Prepared for The American Water Works Association Research Foundation 6666 V/. Quincy Avenue Denver, Colorado 80235 ASARCO ELP 0003754 1 SUMMARY Does Mie use of asbestos-cement pipe for pofable wafer sysfems consfitufe a health hazard? This qucsfion lu-s been raised because of fhe possibility fhaf asbesfos.fibers . might be released by mechanical action during construction or subsequent tapping of the system, or by erosion or by leaching and thus be ingested directly or indirect ly through water drunk or through food prepared from wafer flowing through such systems, Asbeslos-cemcnf pipe has been in use for pofable water systems for 50 years in Europe and almost 40 years in the United States of America without overt evidence that it poses a hazard health. Populations using these sysfems have not been studied with techniques adequate to reveal small differences of health experience when compered to populations using other wafer distribution sysfems. Moreover, the lag time for biological effects such as'cancer may be longer than fhe per'od spanned by fhe use of asbestos-cement pipe. For these reasons, a direct evaluation of the question on epidemiologic grounds is not possible at this time. Nevertheless, it is possible to consider the matter in a useful way by exploration of the following questions: A. Is there valid evidence that ingested asbesfos is harmful? Asbesfos can cause granulomatous and fibrotic reactions in the lungs but there is no evidence that if does so in fhe gastro intestinal tract. There is sufficient evidence to support fhe presumption that occupational exposure asbestos poses an unusual risk of developing gastre--intestinal cancer. This is assumed to be caused by the cs''esfos ingested as a result of occupational exposure. An excess occurrence of peritoneal mesothelioma has been reported in most occupational groups exposed to airborne asbesfos. Although it may be so, if is not certain that this is caused by ingested asbesfos. B. What is known cibout the determinants of the biological efFects of ingesting asbestos? There is evidence that whatever, gastro-intesfinal carcinogenic -14- ASARCO ELP 0003755 effect is demo'islrabla, it is related to dose but is not related to variety of fiber, and whether.or not it is related to fiber size is unknown. If ingested asbestos ploys a role in the development of mesothelioma of the peritoneum it can be expected to be dose related and probably related to the dose of those fibers longer than ten micrometers and thinner than three micrometers. It is unlikely to be related to the chemical make-up of the different varieties of fibe*. What is the evidence that asbestos is released From asbestos-cement pipe by mechanical handling during installation, tapping for new users, or by erosion or by leaching as water flows through the system? If this does occur, what are the amounts of the released fiber, its size and pattern of build-up or persistence ? The general prevalence cf asbestos in soil results in its presence In most wafers of leke, river, and well origin, and in distribu tion systems whether fabricated of asbestos-cement or other materials. Additional asbestos fibers may be contributed to the wefor flow through transfer from the asbestos-cement pipe wall or deposit in the pipe during construction or repair of the distribution system. At present the gvailcble data are inadeaucte to dt.scribe the quantitative or qualitative con tribution node by asbestos-cement pipe clone with respecr tc the amoun1, size, and persistence of the asbestos fibers found in potable water distribution systems. If there is evidence to indicate that ingested psbestos Is harm ful, what inferences can be drawn from the circumstances of such exposure thet ere applicable or meaningful with respect to the exposure that might be experienced due to the domestic use of asbestos- :e~.er.f pipe? The total amout tor asbestos ingested by occupctioncl groups roens a range ?! ;f, even ct <fs !c'-- es? level, is many times that which is like'y o be-experienc'd by the public use of wafer from asbestos-cement pipe systems. Since the occupational risk of excess gasfro-irites final cancer is dose-related, the slight or perheps no risk cored by low le-'el occupational exposure makes it even less UVIy that the exposure from ingestion of public wafer would pose a gustro-infestinal cancer hazard. Asbestos-cement pipe systems have serviced-large populations for 40 or more years in Europe and the United States. No apparent increase in peritoneal mesotheliomas among the public has occurred during this, period despite the fact that this tumor has -15- . j ASARCO ELP 0003756 been the focus o'" great interest among pathologists For the past ten years. Asbestos fibers shorter than 20 micrometers in length appear to have little or no capacity to induce mesotheliomata in experi mental animals. To the degree that fibers longer than this are absent or scent in the water of asbestos-cement pipe systems the likelihood that such systems would pose a mesothelioma risk would be small. No firm evidence shows that the proper use of asbestos-cement pipe poses a hazard to health by reason of ingestion of asbestos fibers. Calculations comparing the probable ingestion exposure in occupational groups to that likely to occur as a result of ingestion of potable wafer from asbestos-cement pipe systems suggests that . the probability of risk to health fiom the use of such systems is small - approaching zero. A group of scientists at fhr Lyon Conference on Biological Effects of Asbes tos, who looked at the passible hazard posed by asbestos In potable weter, reached a similar conclusion. Additional evidence, currently not available, to show more directly that the usr of asbestos-cement pipe is without risk, is desirable. Appendix F lists proposed areos of research directed toward achieving that goal. 1 -16- I" ASARCO ELP 0003757 RECOMMENDATIONS Of primary importance is the development of a standard analytical procedure to identify ond quantify asbestos fibers by type and size as they actually existin water. This ability is essential for the equally important study of pipe systems of various nate-ial;: to determine the effect of the asbestos content of the soil in which the pipes are laid and the effect of the pipe itself (asbestos-cement) upon the asbestos content of the water traversing the system. In addition, necessary research should include epidemiological studies of human population groups exposed to csbestos-oement pipe systems, and animal studies to examine the health aspects of asbestos fiber and to explore possible carcinogenic effects. Appendix F provides a mote detailed list of suggested research projects. -17- ASARCO ELP 0003758 J COMMITTEE REPORT' Introduction The question we have been ashed is: Does the use of asbestos-cement pipe for potable water systems constitute a health hazard? This question has been rai'ed because of the possibility that asbestos fibers might be released by mechanical action during construction or subsequent tapping of the system, or by erosion,or by leaching,and thus be ingested directly or indirect ly by water drunk,or through food prepared from water flowing through such systems.* Asbestos-cement pipe has been in use for potable wafer systems for 50 years in Europe and almost '10 years in the United States of America without overt evidence that it poses a hazard to health. Populations using `these systems heve not been studied with techniques adequate 'o reveal small differences of health experience when compared to copulations UsMg other water distribution systems. Moreover, the lag time for biological effects such cs can :er may be longer than the period spanned by the use o;-ashes!os-ceme it pipe. For these reasons, a direct evaluation of the question on epidemiologic grounds is net possible at this time.' Nevertheless, it is possible to consider the matter in a useful way by exploration of the following questions: A. Is ther.a valid evidence that ingested asbestos is harmful? B. Wha'' is known ab->ut the determinants of the biological effects of ingesting asbestos? C. What is tbe evidence that asbestos is released from asbestoscement pipe by mechanical hcnd!*ng during installation, tapping for new u:sr-., by ercs:on, or by leaching as wafer flows through the system ? If this does occur, what amounts of fiber cre released end what 5s Mieir size and pattern of bu*ld up or persis'ence? D. If the evidence indicates that ingested asbestos is harmful, what inferences cen be drawn from tbe circumstances of such exposure that are applicable or meaningful with respect to the exposure that might be experienced due to the domestic use of asbestos- ` cement pipe? *While the use of asbeslos-cemer f pipe for sewege or other wafer systems might also be considered, if sccins logical t*' believe that such systems would have o lesser and more indirect effect and that consideration should first be directed to potable water systems. -18- ASARCO ELP 0003759 A. Is there valid evidence that ingested asbestos i.s harmful? Data relating human exposure to asbestos in the environment to subsequent health effects are limited to occupational and para-occupational exposure. Such exposures constitute a combination of inhalation arid ingestion, since the bulk of the fibe-s deposited in the regions distal to the pharynx by inhalation are cleared from the lungs by being brought up into the back of the throat via the mucous removing apparatus and then swcllowed or expectorated. In addition, those fibers deposited in the back of the nose and the pharynx are likewise cleared into the throat and then swallowed or expectorated. Moreover, for most.occupationally exposed groups, facilities for eating and washing were not always available, and direct confatnination of food consumed on the fob was common. Although quantita tive aspects of exposure via the. ingestion route in man have not been examined, on the basis of studies of pulmonary clearance of particles it is undoubtedly substantial. Asbestos can ccuse granulomatous and fibrotic reactions in the lungs, but there is no evidence that it does so in the gcstro-infestinal tract. Therefore thi.s manifestation wos not further considered. An excess occurrence of cancer of the lung', pleura and peritoneum, and also the gastro-intestinc* tract, has been reported in association with occupational and para-occupational exposure of humans to asbestos. Since it is logical to believe that of these manifestations an excess of gcstro-intesMnal and peritoneal cancer miglv be associated with asbestos entering the body via the route of ingestion, these two classes of cancer were considered.* Seven! recent reports have shown a higher incidence of tumors of the gastro intestinal tract in populations exposed occupationally to asbestos than in a comparable age group of the general public not thus exposed. Another study, comparing an occupational group heavily exposed to asbestos to several groups who had ex perienced lesser exposure in the same occuoation, has shown a gasfro-intestinal tumor incidence in the most heavily exposed double that of the lesser exposed.4^5 In none of these studies has the author concluded that the data establish unequivo cally that employment in asbestos-producing or -using occupations poses a higher than usual risk of developing nostro-intestinal cancer. Nevertheless, the data; when token in aggregate, appear to establish the presumption that such a relation ship does exist. In each of these occupational groups the exposure has been by both, inhalation and ingestion, but it would appear reasonable to assume that whatever effect on gostro-intestinal cancer rate exists,, it is due to ingestion, since theingesfed fibers would have direct access to the cells lining the gastro-intestinal system. An excess occurrence of peritoneal (abdominal) mesothelioma has been reported in several groups occupationally and para-occupationally exposed to combined inhala tion and ingestion of asbestos.3/5,6,/, 8,9, ^ In contrast to the gastro-intestinal cancers where the ingested fibers come into direct and immediate contact with the inner surface of the'gut wall, the route of access of fibers'to the mesothelial cells* of the peritoneum is not clc irly understood. Channels through which fibers could go from" the lung to the peritoneum without entering the gastro-intestinal tract do exist. Moreover, the intestinal wall may provide a barrier to the migration of asbestos -19- ASARCO ELP 0003760 J fibers of critical size from the lumen of the gut to the'mesofhelial cells covering the outer surface cf the gastro-in'estinal tract. For these reasons, the excess of peritoneal mesotheliomas Is less clearly the result of ingestion, and may be the result solely of inhalation. B. What is known about" the determinants of the effects of ingested asbestos? The biological effect of virtually every agent is related to Its specific nature, dose, and host sensitivity or reactivity. Data relating the effects cf asbes tos to host sensitivity or reactivity rre scant end not applicable to the question being considers;!. Some data arc c/ai'cble relating the dose and specific nature of th.r f;be:s to the biological effne's of asbestos.' With respect to the specific nature of asbestos fibers, one should note that the varieties of asbestos hove different chemical compositions ^nd shapes. Some varieties have nru -r iron and less magnesium fhan others, end come have strsdght, stiff fibers In erntrest to ethers that a:e more flexible and curved cr curly. Moreoever. the alrbam dust to which humans are exposed contains csbestcs fibers that very in lenglh from hundreds to less then one micromctc r, end in diameter f-om ten or mere to 0.04 micrometers. Studies that have examined the relationship beH/een the intensity end duration of occupational exposure to asbestos and the incidence of. gn:'rc- intestinol cancer heve revealed da:a that ccn be interpreted as demonstrating a dose effect, the risk decreasing with diminishing dcse.^r^ see Appcnd-x E. There are data^ showing c gre-atrr *isk of both lung end gcstro-Jntestina! c -ncer in maintenance then in production verkers even though their 'otal enrosur s were thought tc be similar. Among several ether possible explanations f-r this observa tion, the greater likelihood of high intermitt jnt exposure of maintenance "-erkors may have played o role. Approximately the same order cf excess o' _ c:trc-ir.;estinal cancer hos been reported in *hcse pccupc'ions where chrvsctile, - r.rmto, or a mixture of chrysoti'e and crocidoli'e, have been used.^2,5,11 fhi.a, t^orc does not appear to be an effect related to different chemical ccmpcsi'ions or shapes of fibers. Airborne asbestos in all occupational and parc-occvpct;rue! exposures contains fibers of all siz^s cs'fo diameter and length. This make; it impossible to study the effect of verious sizes of fiber by humcn epidemiology.. Feeding experiments with anima's using asbestos fibers of mixed lengths and diameters have not produced a gaslro-intestinal carcinogenic response.^' 14,15,16 Thus, no animal experiments have been conducted thus far to examine the effects of various sizes of fiber on gasrro-intestinal ca-cinogen?s;s. * To summerize, there is evidence tnct whatever gas;ro-intestrncl carcino genic effect is demonstrable, it is related to dose and perhaps to pattern of dose, but ts not relcfed to veriety of fiber used in asbestos-cement pipe. Whether or net it is related to fiber size is 'unknown. -20- ASARCO ELP 0003761 Willi respect to mesothelioma, the only studies relating dose or severity of occupational exposure to occui enoe of mesothelioma are those of Newhouse. They show a dose relationship wifi' the risk lessening as the dose decreases. Animal experiments support the dee relationship premise.22,23 Unfortunately, the studies by Newhouse do not e'-press exposure in numerical terms. Available evidence also suggests that an excess of mesothelioma occurs in occupationally exposed groups at doses helow thee that produce pulmonary fibrosis and probably below tnaf necessary to cause an excess of bronchogenic cancer?'^ Evidence of an excess of mesothelioma resulting from para-occupationcl exposure has been presented with the assumption that in some instances these exposures have been extremely slight. The numerical ntensily of exposure'sn these non-occupafional cases has not been demonstrated. However, on the basis of available information, it appears that many of these exposures have been substantial, though perhaps brief. ^ ' ^ It is diffir ul! to evaluate the validity of a cause-cnd-cffect relationship between casual and presumosly slight exposures oF the genercl public to inhaled asbestos cnc' the dovp'opment of mesothelioma. Such a relationship has been sought by looking for e-.posure to asbestos in the life experience of cases of mesothelioma collected 'rom hospital or non-cccupationaHy derived records.^'-7'^'In view the wide-srrecd use of asbestos, or asbestos- containing products, no v and du'ir.g'rbc pcs 5C years, frequent slight exposure of the genera! public must be cc men. The importance of these casual exposures should be evaluated with caution. The two csbestos compor er.'s of asbcrfos-cement pipe, chrysotile end crocidolife, have been shown to be cssociatnd with excess development of peri toneal mesothelioma. The expedience ?n pure chrysotile exposure appears to be less severs than thet of mixed vrioties.^' ^ Unfortunately, there are no numeri cal dose data for the latter exposes*. Therefore, it is unsefo to conclude that this difference is a true varietal effect in terms of chemical or physical character. Both varieties of asbestos produce tuners of the pleura in the experimental animal model. Sines humans are expo' :d to all sizes of asbestos fiber, itls not possible to examine the effect of vr-ying r:b-.-r sine bv human epidemiologic studias. Several investigators have c-oduced cccor of (he pleura by introducing asbestos, glass, or aluminum-oxide fibers directly ;nto the pleura or peritonea! space of experimental animals. Some dis-gree neiif e<isfs as to whether these tumors ore the specific counterpart of neseths'ioma in Inmans. Chrysotile, omosite, and crocidolife, as well as class and clumhvjtr-ox'de fibers will produce these experimental tumors. This suggests that the turnorogenic effect is no* related specifically lo the chemical composition of the fibers.2~,*- < 2.J These animal studies have indicated a striking effect of size of fil er on this type of carcinogenesis. One can conclude from such studies that fibers thinner than three and longer than 20 micrometers arc more carci nogenic than fibers of greafe' diameter, irrespective of length, cr those shorter than 20 mien-meters, irrespective tf diameter.^ Whether these findings are applicable -21- asarco elp 0003762 i the effects of ingested asbestos lias not been demonstrated by animal experimentation, but they do suggest that If ingestion of asbestos plays a role in. the development of peritoneal mesothelioma, it might be * xpseted that the size of the fibers capable of penetrating the gut wall and reaching, the mesothelial cells would be of importance. To summarize, if ingested asbestos plays a role in the development of meso thelioma of the peritoneum, it can be expected to be dose related, and, on a con servative basis, probably related to the dose of those fibers longer than ten micrometers and thinner than three micrometers. If is unlikely- to be related to the chemical make-up of the different varieties of fiber. C. Is asbestos released from asbestos-cement pipe during proper use ? If it is, what are the amounts and sizes of the fibers and what are the patterns of build-up and persistence? Answers to these quest'ons are dependent on methods for collecting samples, identifying the? specific veriefy of asbestos in the pipe as distinct from other kinds of co-exisling fibers, and measuring ll-e asbestos fiber size and amount without altering the original state of the fiber.-. This task, even on a research basis, is extremely difficult and has been accomplished only in some respects to date (see Appendix B). There are no data delineating temporal variations such as might result from repair or tapping of new lines or services. There are scant quantitative data for chrysotile asbestos in water expressed in micrograms per unit of volume. Fiber: identified as asbestos are found in the pri mary water source (lake, river or welll oc most systems thus far examined. ^ee Appendix D-7,3. y|.;s ;s nof surprising in view cf the ubiquity of asbestos of one or another variety in the soil of the United Siates `hrough which source waters flow, or in which they lie, and the consequent opportun'ty for leaching cf fibers from the soil into these wafers. Appendix C shows the distribution of asbestos on or close to the surface throughout the United Stc'es. 'There is also ihe opportunity for some of the asbestos fibers freed into the or -.cohere by wind erosion, by earth disturbance, and by escape cf fibsrs from the use o,: commercial articles containing asbestos to be washed.by surface-water drainage inta the primary sources. Thus, one can anticipate that appreciable amounts of asbestos f'ber exist in the water as it enters the distribution system. It is necessary to determine the amount of asbestos in potable water and the increment odded by the distribution system. It is also necessary to know whether an observed increment is caused by fibers being removed from asbestos-cement pipe, or by contamination from the soil surrounding the pipe, or left In the pipe during con struction or repair of the system. Limited studies of water circulated through a closed loop of asbestos-cement pipe, uoi buried in the soil, reveal that asbestos fibers can be transferred from the pipe wall to the water. ^ee Appepdix D-2. The mechanisms governing this release and its persistence have not been established. J ASARCO ELP 0003763 Three asbestos-cement pipe systems in use for a substantia! period of time have * t ,..*n sampled for their asbestos fiber content. The data on asbestos content of the .i,er from the system reported by Sargent were obtained by examining the samples ,,ith a light microscope only.^ Subsequent examination of these samples using the , u-efron microscope, which permits recognition of chrysotile osbestos, roveclsc that large proportion of the fibers originally reported as being asbestos were in rest This experience exemph ,'es rhe difficulties inhereni in measuring the csbsstcs ontent of water. The other tv*o asb3Stos-_e."ert pipe systems were analyzed by a technicvr /See Appendix 3 end D) permitting *.rc:"cn microscope recognition end quumtifieg- lion of chrysotile asbestos. In one o: these the source and pipe system Icy in serpen tine soil. Preliminary data place the cuuntify of asbestos in tap weter in fhis system ct 0.119 microgram psr liter. 7h- r: ..rc water contained C.-h-vi rn: era g*c r Iter. The increment amounted tc j . 7/4-m c.-os. am per liter. In the second system the we!! cr.r csbestcs-cemer.t pipe lay in soil comparatively free from serpentine rock. The tap rotor contained 0.01 microgrcm per !:tor and the source weter 0.CC6I. The toursm ir -.fed vo C. 7040 micrcgrcm per vtor. Several points should be made with regard to these studies. Appendix B indicates the major difficulties posed by `-c V.-'a.agy used. The cuan'-itrMve aspects are ex pressed for chryscdle cn.'y. Chrysc ... .'..aiiy comprises :v5s a* ~ere of the asbestos used in asbestos-cement pipe. The confidence limits with present techniques at these minute amounts may be as much as me order of magnitude. Since the original size of the fibers is altered ay the "rub* r.t technique " w& have r.a knowledge of the amount of fiber ir. the water as it is irgestod by humens cccording to length nd diameter. Multiple high-'"luma sorrT'g c'so creates seme d*'flcu ties, arc good drto with respect to the effect of length o' pipe traversed, velocity of flow, ana tcmcora! effects do not exist. Nevertheless, these studies afferc! a prsi'm.ir.cry esrr.oto of the likely exposure by way of ingestion o' tap water fcr com.per'.an wit!*. :hi exposure by ingestion experl or.csd by occur cticnc1 groups, ih.sy ac net provide information on fhs amount of fibers oF various sizes. One should else r.etc thaf if it ccuid be established that the make-up of the pipe, the aggressiveness of the wetor, end factors such as velocity of flew and age of pipe were essentially fho sarnie in t!*e h/o systems exemined, then other explanation': fcr tr 2 difference in csbestos content a' the weter must be found. Serpentine soil cc-ntoins asbestos fibers. Particles of such ;o;! enter ing the pipe during construction, especially those lodging in the crevices of Joints, could slowly and over c long per'"' of time contnmincfe the weter. A-t cr:ssrt there ere not adequate date fcr a desemptien of the quantitative or qua'itetivs -o!c of csbestos-ccmenl pipe as a contributor to osbestos fiber found in potcble water distribu tion system--. However, the avai'cble data do indicate v/het eddifionai studies need -23-. ASARCO ELP 0003764 to be made and also afrord a first appro- mnfion of the magnitude of the possible health hazard. D. If the evidence indicates that i::i)C.sM.d asbestos is harmful, whet inferences can be drown from the circumstc :ces of such exposure thef c. - epph coble or meaningful with respect to t'< > exposure that might be experienced due to the domestic use cf asbestos-'*2ment pipe ? With respect to an excess of garre-intestinal cancer, such evidence cs there ts does not suggest that the vc-iefy of cb" **05 ploys a rcr.e end thus the kinds of asbestos used in asbestos-cement pipe : V- r be implicated. There, is ..o evidence in man or animals about the influence *!'.a size of fibers ingested r : `he cevelopmenr of gastro-infestinal carr.iracenesi . . ience, until additional inferr o'Tor. is ovailcble/51 must be assumed that th" s ' of fibers existing in uofublo vctc-r could play a role. Evidence derived fro' cc~ ' r'tvrr *~d:"ctos a direc; c'- *s'c.`:c:i- sh'p between environmental expc.v c c .Irk c. excess gcrrrr- 'cancer. The amount ingested can be expect'c f 1 directly 'enafs.d *o the wircr.mc 'ita. exposure. The amount of asbestos in wafer delivered through asb'-stC'-C'-me-t pipe and other pipe systems is expressed in terns of micrcgrcms p^r liter. Using this .ind of date, one ccn compare the qua tT'v of asbestos likely to be ingcs`20 F'cm water to those ingested by the occupationally-exposed populations exonrienoinc an excess of gastro-infestinal cance*, 'bus placing these two categories of popula tions in perspective. As shown in Appendix A, oca 1 c* calculate the approximate amounts of asbestos ingested by the occupationally-*:xposed peculations of the *wo groups where an excess cF gastro-rnfestinal cancer cr:d exposure dote have been reported. In fne McDonald group this ranged from 2.1 '0 68.0 grams, and in the Enferline group from 42 to 336 grams during the working !lc tr*e of the men studied. For comparison, based upon a wafer consumption cf fv !.' ers per day, one car. calculate that the total amount ingested in 60 year: fro- `l~s `voter system with the highest concentration of fibers would be 0.07 gram (See Ac rr.dix D-3;Merr.ch:s, nor csbesfcs-cemcnt pipe, filtered). The higher cf the tw? cshe.- j--cer-ent pipe systems studied (See Appendix D,Matvern) would provide a total cc C.C15 gram ingested in 60 years. That ths amount of asbestos ingested From asbestos-rer 2 ~~ pipe systems over a 60-year period would approach the least of the occupafionc exposures is unlikely. Moreover, the cose response observed in the occupational;'-exposed populations suggests fha* cf the lower levels of exposure there was slight or baps no risk of excess n astro-- ntes.inol cancer. Also see Append:?*. z. *\..l ct-nc,-s ^ be *."en loss probability that the Ingestion of asbestos from '"gher_of the two potable asbestos-cerre v pipe systems would reach the risk level ror r.astro-ic^sstinc1 ocr.cer of the occupational ly- exposed groups. , J ASARCO ELP 0003765 ' Wilh respect to mesothelioma r: thu peritoneum, the occupational and paraoccupational exposure is by both inhalation and Ingestion. Neither route provides direct exposure of the target cells. The fibers reaching the pleura or peritoneum do so by indirect routes.. It is possible, therefore, that peritoneal mesothelioma is not caused by ingestion of fibers and thus not a matter for our consideration.- Both chrysotile and crocidolite are associated with an excess of peritoneal mesothelioma in occupationally-exposed populations. Hence, fibers released from asbestos- cement pipe would have this potent! al. Mesothelioma is dose related in occupa tional exposures and also the animal model. There are no numerical data defining the hazardous level of this dose relationship in humans. As Appendix A shows, the range of exposure by ingestion *n those occupational ly exposed is highe- than that which is apt to be provided by potable water. Since animal studies indicate that the longer fibers are the potent initiators of mesothelioma, the dose should be looked at in terms of categories rs to length of fibers in potable wafer. We do not know the proportion of long to short fibers in their natural state in potable water and therefore cannot make the- desired comparison at this time. If aM or most oF the fibers released by asbeslos-cement pipe are less than fen micrometers long, especially if the quantity of those that are longer ?s small, the likelihood that asbestos-cement pipe poses a nvssethelioma risk would be small. As stated at the outset, asbestos-cement pipe systems have serviced large populations for 40 or more years in Europe and the United States. No epparent increase in peritoneal mesotheliomas among the public has occurred during this period despite the fact that this tumor has been the fccus of great interest among pathologists for the past ten years. Conclusions No firm evidence shows that th3 proper use of asbestos-cement pipe poses a hazard to Health by reason of ingestion of asbestos fibers. Calculations comparing the probable ingestion exposure in occupational groups to that likely to occur as a result of ingestion of potable water rrcm csbestos-cement pipe systems suggests that the probability of risk to health from the use of such systems is small - approaching zero. A .group of scientists at the Lvon Conference on Biological Effects of Asbestos, who looked at the possible hazard posed by asbestos in potable water, reached a similar conclusion. ^ Additional evidence, currently not available, to show more directly that*the use of asbestos-cement pipe is without risk, is desirable. Appendix F lists proposed areas of research directed toward achieving that goal. Most will require several years time and the commitment of substantial money and manpower. Some require techniques not currently developed. -25- . ASARCO ELP 0003766 REFERENCES Enterline, P., et al: Mortality in Relation to Occupational Exposure in the Asbestos Industiy, J. Occ. Med. 14: No. 12, 897-903, 1972. . Elmes, P.C. and Simpson, M.G.: Insulation.Workers in Belfcst. 3. Mortality 1940-66, Brit. J. Industr. Med., 28:226-236, 1971. Selikoff, I.J., et al: Cancer Risk of Insulation Workers in the United States, Paper No. 35, Conf. on the Biological Effects of Asbestos, Inter national Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct., 1972. McDonald, J.C., ot al: Mortality in the Chrysotile Asbestos Mines and MiIls'of Quebec, Arch. Environ. Health 22:677-686, 1971. McDonald, J.C.: Cancer it- Chrysotile..Mines ard Mills, Paper No. 29, Conf. on the Biological Effects-of Asbestos, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct.) 1972. * Webster, I.: Malignancy in Relation to Crocidolite and Amosite, Paper No. 30, Conf. on the Biological Effects of Asbestos, Internationa! Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct., 1972. Webster, I.: Asbestos and Malignancy, S.A. Medical Journal 47:165-171, 1973. Newhouse, M.L.: Cancer Among Workers in the Asbestos Textile Industry, Paper No. 32, Conf. on the Bio-ogical Effects of Asbestos, International Agency for Research on Ccn.-er, Lyon, France, Oct.,-1972. McDonald, A. and McDcnolJ, J.C.: Epidemiologic Surveillance of Meso thelioma in Canada, CMA Journal 109:359-362, 1973. Wagner, J.C., et al: Epidemiology of Asbestos Cancers, Br. Med. Bull., 19:71-76, 1971. Selikoff, I.J., et al: Carcinogenicity of Amosite Asbestos, Arch. Environ. Health 25:183-186, 1972. -26- ASARCO ELP 0003767 J 12. Smith, V/.E.L., eta!: Tests for Carcinogenicity of Asbestos, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132:456-483, 1965. '` 13. Smith, W.E.: Asbestos, Talc and Nitrites in Relation to Gastric Cancer, Am. Indus. Hya. Assoc. J. 34:227-228, 1973. 14. Uonser, G.M. and Clayr-un, O.B.: Feeding of Blue Asbestos to Rats, 45th . Annua! Report, British Empire Career Campaign for Research, 1967, p. 242. Issued 1968. 15. Swinburne, L.M.: The 'ngcsHon of Asbestos by Rats (unpublished data). Personal Communication `o Bureau of Food, FDA, reported in the Federal Register, Vc!. 38, No. 188, o. 27077, September, 1973. 16. Gross, P.: Persona! Communications to J. `F. Knox end G. W. VV-ight. 17. Wright, G.W., Personal Observations of Environmental Conditions in Para-Occupational Exposures. 18. Gilson, J.C.: Asbestos Cancer: Past and Future Hazards, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 66:395-403, 1973. 19. Newhouse, M.L. and Thompson, H.: .MesctheSioma of Pleura and Peritoneum Following Exposure tc Asbestos ir the London fissc, Brit. J. Indus'r. Med., 22:261-266, '965. 20. Wagner, J.C.', of al: Diffuse Pleural Mesothelioma and Asbestos Exposure in the Northwest Cope Prov:nc.e, Brit. J. incus!.-. Med.,. 17:260-;27!, I960. 21. Newhouse, M. L.: Asbestos in the Worhplrce and the Commtrdty, Ann. Occup. Hyg., !cr:?7-l02, 1973. 22. Wegner, J.C.., et al: M.esofbelionata in P.ats efter Ir.noculcticn ith Asbestos and Other Materials, Br. J. Cancer 28:I~3-!85, 1973. 23. Smith. W.E., et cl: Tes's for Threshold Levels of Carcinogenicity of Asbestos, Intornctionale Konferenz ueber die Biolcglschsr. Wsrhungen dr: A'bes`os, p. 240-242, Dresden, E. Germany, 1968. 24. Stanton, M.F. and Wrench, C.: Mcchcnisms of Mesothelioma induction with Asbestos end Fibrous Gb's, J. of Natl. Ccncer Institute, 48:797-821, 1972. -27- I ASARCO ELP 0003768 Stanton, M.F.: Some Aefiolcgic Considerations oF Fiber Carcinogenesis, Paper 43A, Conference on the Biological Effects of Asbestos, Internet. Agen cy for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct., 1972. Stanton, M.F.: Fiber Carcinogenesis: Is Asbestos the Only Hazard?, Editorial, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52:633-654, 1974. Sargent, H.E.: Asbestos in Drinking Water, A Paper Presented at a New England Water Works- Association Meeting, North field, Vt., May 17, 1973. Robeck, G.G., Personal Communication. Lynch, J.R., et a!: The Ir.tsr'e'ationship of Selected Asbestos Exposure Indices, Am. Indus. Hyg. Assoc. J. 31-598-604, 1970. Gibbs, G. V/.: Personal Communication. McDonald, J.C.: Asbestosis in Chrysofile Mines end Mills, Paper No. 23, Conf. on the Biological Effoc*; e: Asbestos, Internclional Agency for Resecrch on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct. 1972. Report of the Advisory Committee on Asbestos Cancers to the International Agency for Resecrch on Cancer, Ann. Occup. Hyg. 16:9-17, 1973. -28ASARCO ELP 0003769 APPENDIX A The approximate amount of fiber ingested by reason of inhalation in occupational settings can be estimated retrospectively if the intensity and dura tion of airborne exposure is knr.wn. The occupational group reported by McDonald et ol had an airborne exposure spanning the range of 10 to 800 million particles per cubic foot (mppcf) years.Assuming a duration of exposure of 40 years for a person acquiring a total of ton mppcf years, his exposure would have been tp an environment containing 0.21 mppcf each day. McDonald estimates that in the general exposures of his study population one mppcf of airborne dust was equivalent to two asbestos fibes per cubic centimeter (cc) large enough to be seen by the light microscope.Thus, the exposure at ten mppcf years was 0.5 fiber per cc for 40 years. It is reasonable to estimate that during work in the occupations of his study group, the respiratory volume, averaged during a sevenhour period of work per day, 'ould be ot the rate of 16 liters per minute. Doing this seven hours a day, five days a v/eek, 50 weeks a year for 40 years would pro duce a total inhaled volume r* 6.72 x 10^ cc. If each two cc contained one fiber, this would amount to 5.36 x 10^ fibers being inhaled in 40 years. In occupational circumsfcnces the fibers thet are counted by the light microscope can be estimated to overage 1 x 20 micror ieters. Based on the weight of this size of fiber, it is estimated that 1.35 grems of asbestos fiber would be inhcled as the equivalent of an exposure c: ten mppcf years. Further, estimating that 80%. of this size of fiber is deposited and subsequently cleared from the respiratory system to be swaflowed, a feral of '. 1 grams might be ingested at this level of exposure. Lynch has shown fhcl in manufacturing operations there are 25 to 100 times os many thin fibers requiring the electron microscope for recognition as there are of those large enough to be rson by the ,:ght microscope.29 Gibbs reports similar circumstances for the type o^ exposure reported by McDonald et al. Using the lower value of 25, and assuming a fiber 5? 0.5 x 5.0 micrometers, a lung deposi tion of 50% of this size fibe-, and clearance with subsequent swallowing of 9C%, calculations show that the r gesfi-'.n by this occupational group at the ten mppcf level was an additional 1.0 gran of asbvsfcs fiber. Thus, a total of 2.1 grams of asbestos would be ingested -'t this level of exposure. Since the group under study by McDonald et al covered cn exposure range of 10 to 800 mppcf years, the -ange of ingestion during their working life was approxi mately 2.1 to 168 grams of asbestos of all rizes, and 1 to 80 grams for the size of fiber measuring 0.5 x 5.0 micrometers. Based on Lynch's studies, the group examined by Enterline can be expected to heve had a fiber to pjrf;cle ratio of between two ar.d six fibers per cc for each one'mppcf. Choosing four fibers per cc fer the conversion ratio, and using the -29- ASARCO ELp 0003770 ' same calculations as above for McDonald's study group, the numbers are simply doubled in order to arrive at the ingestion exposure, for the Enterline group. The range of exposure for this group wcs 109 to 800 mppcf years.. Therefore, the ingesticn exposure for the Enterlin" group ranged between 42 and 336 grams for both the light-microscope and elecfron-micrcsccpe sizes of asbestos fiber over, the 40-year period of work, and from 20 to 160 grams for the fibers 0.5 x 5.0 micrometers which would be seen only by using an electron microscope. A precise estimate of the ingestion exposure is not possible in these retrospective studies. The estimates arrived at are meant only to provide a frame of reference for comparison of the occupational exposure to that which might occur in the general public by reason of ingestion from potable water supplies.. ' -30- i ASARCO ELP 000377-1 AfFENDIX B The determination of the asbestos Fiber concentration In water supplies is a very difficult task. Some tif the reasons for this are: 1. The concentration of asbestos fiber in wafer is generally very low, i.e. in the parfs-pcr-billion range. 2. There is no convenient chemical method which can be considered because the elements present in all forms oF asbestos fiber are common to all rock forming minerals. 3. There are no reliable methods to concentrate or separate the asbestos fiber from the other inorgaric solids present in the water. 4. The size of the fiber i*, In most- instances, below the limits of resolution of the optical microscope Faced with those limitations, the analyst must resort to electron microscopic techniques for the ic!:nftficctl:-n ar.d euan:ification cf the csbestos fiber in water. The exact details of the electron microscopic methods whi4ch are used for the analysis of asbestos fiber will depend to a great extent on the nature of fho informa tion desired. Bcsicaliy there arc fh-ee me lor steps Involved: 1. Removal cf the solids frcm the wafer by filtration on a membrane filter. 2. Transfer cf the captuiod solids fo a suitable mount for examination with the electron microsccoe.- 3. Examination of the semrie, inc'j-'ir-g counting and measuring the asbestos fibers which are four 1. The majority of infer nation hic'.hcs been obtained on the asbestos-fiber content of waters was gafbc* *.d by a method designed to determine the mass (or weight) of chtyrolMe present. Iris method vas developed to ascertain tne levels of chrysotile fibers in source waters, and also to obtein information on the possible addition of fiber by csbestos-cement pice. In somewhat more detail, this method involves a considerable deg' eo of rr.echcnicnl work on the sample prior to examina tion by the electron microscope. After the suspended solids a^e collected on the membrane filter, the entire sample is ashed (at 400 C) o desfroythe filter and any organic solids present in the water. An aliquot of the ashed inorganic solids is then rubbed out, or ground, N. -31- ASARCO ELP 0003772 a dilute solution of-nitroceMuloc. Tins latter step reduces the size of the tides of residue which might hid . ex comely smell'asbestos fibers. The final csult is an even dispersion of the in- gar'c residue in a film which is suitable or transfer to a standard clecfron-nvorosr.cpo grid. The sample !s examined unde the electron microscope, and photographs taken of representative areas. Unde: these conditions it is possible to recognize chrysotile fibers by their character!? `c hcllow-tuhe structure. Quantification is accomplished by measuring the length cnc diameter of each fiber, calculating the totcl mass, and finally relating t 'is ^css to the original amount of water sampled. This technique, which many investigators egree is the best cvaifafc-Ie for the purpose, has several shortcoming . hirt, because of the extremely small fraction of the sample which con be sxunined under the electron microscope, and because of the small criounfs. of osb: tes present, the accuracy c~.d precision of the analysis is very poor. Undvr the i.c* ` conditions dup'icaic determinations on the same sample cannot bn reproduced i ty better than o factor of three. Although there are insufficient data available 'a estimate :be accuracy, most agree that the true value is ct lecst within a fa cr ten c the met-.fed value. From these values, it is obvious that the report* J values car pr'y be used as an index of the relative amount of fiber present, an* no ereat si mi hennas should be da'ced on small differences. A second limitation of this r> othed <s the destruction of the original form of the fibers by the rub-out orocedu-v. There is in-.recsir.g p -assure from medico! and biological resecrchers to have ivfcrm.aMon o- the exact size and shape of the fibers as they mey be ingested. It ( necessary, therefore, that methods be devised to obtain ibis information. Finally, the merhod :s spocr'c rc ebrys: hie cr-.d cannot be used for the determination of amclibcle fivers, 'bis po:nf is important since many varieties of asbestiform m:r.e.'a!c can - . and cidel'te is a common ingredient of asbesfos-cemenl -.'ice. There ore sevorcl ooss'ble v' -Ichors of the ' hove technique which m*ghf be.used *o obtain information about `he original siz- end shape cc the fibers, and the verious types cf ?ibsr oror'-'if. ' /i-'* the transmission s'setron microscope, if is possible to iderhfy a mineral var sty by naans cf selected area electron diffrac tion. Tills method :s a*so limited tr. that it cannot be used relicbly to distinguish betv/een the different `-yu-'s oc c'-o^ bc'es, i.e., crocidoli.e, amosite, unthophyllite, etc. Thus, ore can only he certain fh ;t cn amphib-*!e mineral is present. In ord- r to obtain more info action about the vcrieW of amphlbole fiber, it is necessary tc use an oleclron-prob >. cpprc-ach to determine the chemical composition -32- J i fl i. ASARCO ELP 0003773 of each fiber in question. This type of analysis can be accomplished in a scanningelectron microscope with the proper accessories, or in the more sophisticated transmission-electron microscope now available, e.g. EMMA IV. These techni ques require more time per sample and more sophisticated instrumentation, and are, therefore, much more expensive. In order 'o obtain the desired information on the original size and shape of the fibers, it Is necessary to expl< re new sample preparation techniques. Obviously, the technique cannot involve any excessive amount of physical work in the sample. The most promising approach appears, to be the direct-transfer method. In this method the solids are collected cn a membrane filter. Using a special extraction apparatus,, it is then possible to dissolve the filter and deposit the residue on a carbon-coaled electron-microsccpe grid. The sample can then be examined by either transmission or scanning electron microscopy and the actual dimensions of the fibers determined aiong with 'he other essential information. This method might suffer from even poorer precision and accuracy than the rub-out technique, but it will yield the information most urgently needed. Finally, it should be pointed out that the various modifications of the analytical method which have been discussed are only now being explored in various laboratories. Although they do show considerable promise, more work is required to establish their validity and applicability lo this problem. -33- ASARCO ELP 0003774 APPENDIX C KEY TO MAP, PAGE 35 Crcsshatched or shaded areas o-e counties where amphibole asbestos fibers have been reported. Solid Black ateas are counties where chrysotile and/or serpentine rock hove been reported. If both amphiboles and serpentine are found in a county, it is solid black. Solid lines surround those areas where fiber-bearing rocks might exist. The dashed line s''ows lowest linvt of glacial activity. Rocks not native to the area can be found north of this line. ' -34- ASARCO ELP 0003775 J ASARCO ELP 0003776 APPENDIX D-1 JOHNS-MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report No. E404-79 INTRODUCTION This project was conducted to Investigate the removal of chrysotile fiber from the inner walls of asbestos cement pipe b; potable wa*er in municipal wafer systems. Two municipcl systems were selected: Malvern/Pennsylvania and Glendale, Arizona. Both systems utilize well water source?. The Malvern well is drilled in a serpentine rock belt 'known to contain chrysotih- fiber intermixed with the rock), while the Glendale system Is outside any serpenfine-becring area. EXPERIMENTAL Pertinent features of the two municipcl systems and water properties are given in Table 3 of Appendix II. Sampling v.\-s conducted of the well site and at a loca tion down-line, referred to as the domestic site. The objective was to obtain weekly samples at both sites in both systems; however, manpower and equipment problems caused occasional sampling interruptions. Sampling was initiated at Glendale during September 1969 and :cnfinued through December 1970. Sampling at the Malvern 'veil site was initiated In June 1969, but the domestic filtration site was not placed in operction until December 1969 so that comparative well and domestic site data at Malvern v.-as no' available as early os Glendale. The sampling sites were not changed throughout the p-ag^am, with the exception of the Malvern well site where a new well was drilled on the original site in October 1970. The sampling equipment and proceduies are described in Appendix 1. Sample analysis for fiber content, including :shing, rubout end counting, is described in Report No. E404-37 and 404-67.. Analysis wa: conducted at the J-M Research & Engineering Center. Analytical results for the Malvern or.-l Glendale municipal water systems are presented in Tables I cr'J 2 of A\;;p':r'-,i>' !!. Table 3 of Appendix II, in tabulating the water properties at the well and 'ufiinirg the pipe systems, provides a basis for interpreting the fiber love! data. T! ese fiber level data were analyzed statistically and the results arc outlined beiow. There is u greater than 99 oer cent probability that the initial fiber level (cf the well site) is higher at Malvern than ft Glendale. Table 3 of Appendix II shows the average of all well site samples for Malvern (0.17 pg/gal) and for Glendcle (0.023 jig/goll. As stated in the In'rcducfion, the Malvern well is drilled in an area of serpentine rock, which contains chrysotile fiber, while the Glendale well is not in iuch c:n area. It is, therefo e, not unexpected that well water from Malvern contains more fiber. J 1 it I % V # arj>: -r* !il [ "j. I it; ASARCO ELP 0003777 JOHNS-MANVtLLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report No. E404-79 Statistical cnalysis of the data yields a 90 per cent probability that there was an in crease ;n fiber level between the well site and the domestic site at both Malvern and Glendcle. In addition, it was shewn that at both Malvern and Glenda'e (within each system) there Is no significant cor-e lotion between the initial fiber level and the amount of increase, ft thus appeers (hat the water is picking up fiber frc:n the pipe v/c:Ps, but rhe amount of pick--up is not significantly influenced by the existing fiber level in the wafer. Also, this lack of correlation between initial fiber level and amount of increase indicates thef 'he fiber quantification procedure can define changes in fiber level una fected by the initial level. Table 3 of Appendix II shows thet :Se cverage fiber level increase at Malvern is 0.2? yg/gcl, while at Glendale the c/erag-e increase is 0.015 ^g/gol. $`atir.fica! analy sis yields a 90 per cent probability tha` Malvern had a greater fiber level increcse between the well site end the domestic site rhon did Glendcle. Among the factors that could influence removal of fiber from pipe by wafer are the wafer f-eperfies, the length of exposui. time of the pipe to the water, the flow rate of the water through the pipe and the pipe surface area exposed per unit volume of wafer. Table 3 of Appendix II shows that `here Is not a large difference in pipe area ex posed per gallon of wafer be tween the Minlvern (0.80 sq ft/gal; "nd Glendcle (0.96 sq ft/gcl) pipe systems. The flow rate through about 90 per cent cf the length of the Glendale system was 54 ft/min., similar to the 48 ft/min. through the Malvern system. The first 10 r sr cent of the Glendole system had a flow rate qf 138 ft/min., so that the overa1! potential for erosion of the pipe was somewhat greater in the Glendale system. The length of exposure time of the pipe to the water could be an influencing factor, 'out has not been systematically evaluated. -37- . ASARCO ELP 0003778 JOH NS-MANV! LLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report No. =404-79 APPENDIX i Sampling Mar.; c'pr: Wctsr Systems Appcra^js Description The Pilfer assembly consists of a top and bottom section. The bottom section (cn four legs) contains c coarse stainless .*`s ' mesh cr.d sintered sfcinless steel ?i tor- support disc, "re t"'c< ;r fop sect's' *s '*;-!d in pices by stainless sfes! wing-ruts and is fitted with c s.r.c I bleed ve.v. whole cssem.oly is sealed `tr t"c O rings. Both top anc bottom sections c e center-drilled end tapped to rec-;vo /2- in. pipe. Apparatus Hook-up 1. . To the top section; connect c 4* :.o. nice.', an elbow, and another niepie to which a plastic pipe cr hese :icy be clomped. The plastic pipe. *s connect ed to a cut-off valve topped into the system. 2. To the bottom, section.. cc\".:t i s'-ort r.iapte, cn eibev/, r-d .on.sfhe' nipple to connect the water merer. Th: outflow *; run off info a convenient drain. (Note - Ail riflings should be ere:: c stainless st:.. Ribbon dope i? used cs nips dope couid foul the filters.) Collecting Sample1 1. Remove the fcp section o: c rembly. 2 On the sintered fi'te.--supper', cy (c) a '.Vhctman 541 filter pepe which has been cut to size, (b) c 0.2 . n rcre s'ze Millipore filter sheet, and (c) another V/hcrm.cn 54! -His- caper. ' - f* -or sheets ere all 2v3 ren oierno-er 3 Wet t.-.e rimer papers f *.ter cutv/arcs, and smooth out 5he ripples. - 4 Replace the fop and spin or. he wing nuts finger tight. 5 Open the wafer valve slow!'* w'-h the bleed vclve open. When ie tost chamber is filled, close f'-c a'.ecd vclve. 6 Run approximately 303 -^C0 gc lers through the filter, or until the outflow slows !a a trickle. -38- ASARCO ELP 0003779 JOH NS-MANVI LIE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report No. E404-79 '7. Shut off the water. Note the Initial and final meter readings, and record volume, data, location, and any other pertinent data or observations. 8. Open the assembly and remove the top Whatman 541 filter paper plus the Millipore filter sheet. Leave the bottom Whatman filter paper in place for the'next test. This bottom filter paper is only used to protect the Millipore from possible damage due to direct contact with the sintered metal support. 9. Fold the filter sheets together into a petri dish for shipment to be analyzed. -39ASARCO ELP 0003780 3? -- < u. utrJ'it wtJZfa arrJi r* " uccml C2 C3 S-2 ro* Or 2e*. 2. c <o <JMZ --uo rt > Vf u 44.* A uM b. I oa --u ac :*: ros ca 'X i ! i: i t: ; f i. i- i-i iii III flI V*: i:! ?3; 4: 1: ASARCO ELP 0003781 JOHNS-MANVIUE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER * ' Report No. E404-79 ; APPENDIX II Table 3. Municipal System Characteristics and Data S ummary : ripe System Diamatsr (in.) Length (ft) Area exposed to water (sq ft) Wcter volume flow rc.'e (nal/min.) Water linear flow rate (ft-min. 1 Malvern ' 8 2800 . 5860 125 48 Glendale* 1 1 ! t i 12 ! 6 ! 1300 12,000 ; 4150 18,700 i 800 138 80 54 Pipe area exposed (sq ft. cal) -Water volume in pipe Water properties (well sitol Total hardness (ms/-.C'!C03) Cclcium hardness (^Ot'CaCO.q) Alkalinity (mc/;CcC03l Dissolved solids ( rng/t) pH Average initial fiber level (,.p/gal) (well site) Average fiber level increase (-n/g.:!) C .80 4? 2; no. 1.06 7.8 0.17 C .28 0.54 . 1.06 0.96** 94 61 114 328 8.0 O.C23 G.C15 *Thc first 1300 It cf the Glendale syst em utilized 12-'n. diameter pipe, followed by 12,000 ft of 6-in diameter pipe. ** Overall system jiMflltfllHi J '] i.; -41- ASARCO ELP 0003782 APPENDIX D-2 , Z'~!NS-MANVILLE RESEARCH J.-Q ENGINEERING CENTER;Report No. 425-T-I360 INTRODUCTION 7'.--ing 1968, o TRANSITS pipe fest line v'as installed in a building situated adjacent -r che Research filtration plant. The purpose of this installation was to determine --vr amount of asbestos fibers entering a potable water supply after passing through "^.ANSI fE water pipe. PROCEDURE I-'ginally, the system v.as constructed for 175 GPAA to pass through the installation t~ a once-through basis. Trial runs revealed that a once-through system was not r=-dsible duo to almost immediate plugging of filters. Consequently, the system was rmverted to a semi-closed recirculating system with c small amount of filtered fresh - --sr continuously entering the system, and cn equal amount of system wafer dis-- marged to the sewer, in order to prevent dissolved solids buildup. (See Figure 1 ~z apoendix for schematic and equipment list'. (Rr fer also to Research Report No. -I5-T-1345). "*-e most critical portion of the fest involved two Millipore filters, one before the ""ANSITE line and one after flie TRANSITE line. The TRANSITS line was 30 feet of C ass 200 RTPP from Waukegan Plant. The pre-TPANSITE fifter was a 40 plate vHliporc containing 40 sheets (293 mm diameter) of 0.8 micrometer filter paper, rrfore entering the TRANSITE line, all water passed through this filter.^ The 0.8 -- "cromefer size was chosen based on ahem lab tes's shewing that 0.8 micrometer **-ter paper would retain 100 percent of the asbestos. (See Research Report No. -- 75-lnt-I3QI). After leaving the TR4NSITE line, ten percent of the wafeY was sampled by a ten plate Millipore filter c:is6 containing 0.8 micrometer filter paper, ""'us, all of the asbestos fiber found cn this filter can be considered to have come **om the pipe wall. Hardness of the -o'er was controlled by a water softener and pH was controlled by a chemical injection r.-ump using dilute sulfuric acid. Water volume -as about 150 GPM and flow rate wo: 6-8 PP5. A series consisted of a minimum c* ten weekly runs ot a chosen pH and hardness level. At the end of each weekly run, the ten papers from the sampling Millipore were delivered to the chemistry tab.for fiber analysis. A fresh TRANSITE: line was installed at the start of each series of runs. , Fiber analysis was originally intended to be based on the magnesium content found on the sampling Millipa-c. However, due to the extremely small amounts of fiber and because of traces of magnesium bom cement in the pipe and magnesium in the water, this approach was abandoned. The results from the first few runs were, there fore, considered invalid and are not =eported. Runs "C" through "G" results were considered to bo as accurate as possible and are reported as valid runs. (See Tables ASARCO ELP 0003783 mmmmm . 1-->CS-MANVIUE RESEARCH ~ ENGINEERING CENTER Report No. 425-T-I360 - "!>. Fiber onolysis was performed by the chemistry lab using particle and fiber z * ~.'s of magnified electron microscope photographs combined with a radioactive fra. -echnique. Observation of the data showed that in all series of runs, the amount r:rer in the water is extremely srqoll. For instance, calculating the numbers of - - Ions needed to produce one gram of filler results in the following: Run No. GaI Ions Required for 1.0 g Fiber C 5,950,000,000 D 8,130,000,000 E 12,800,000,000 F 71,400,000,000 G - 11,200,000,000 H -43- LP 0003784ASARCO e Johns-Manville Research end Engineering Center Report No. 4il5-f-1360 Figure I. Schematic Diagram of Tc*t Line Installation i ij hi w fi -44ASARCO ELP 0003785 JOHNS-MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report. No. 425-T-1360 Figure 1 (cont'd) - List of Equipment - Test Line Installation Inlet Water Flowmeter - Fischer A Porter No. I0A3535SY - 9.5 GPM max. Inlet Water Filter - Pali Trinity M'cro Carp, filter housing No. MCSI002UXI6 utilizing two pleated paper filter os:.-ridges No. MCYI00IUX rated for 100 percent removal of 0.8 micrometer. Chemical Pump cn Inlet Water - Chcincon Pump - Model No. L24 "Raider" Dlatomite Filter - BIF Model No. IC':5-03 vacuum diatomile filter, 240 square feet, flow rc:'c 175 GPM at five psig, Operated with leafs removed and no diatomife in system. Pump - VVeirman Model 2KB (Cer}riruac!) capacity 175 GPM at 220 feat TDH, 2-inch . discharge, 3-inch suction flcrgoc "0 HP 3500 RPM motor 460-3-60. Cuno Filter - "Micro-Wyn.!) cartridge type filter, type CG 40 S-4 for 175 GFM at 1.0 micro meterfilter density, 95 ps`g into' - five psig pressure drop. Cartridges used are 160 each of JM 2E7P r* equivalent. Large Millipore - MilUpore 20 so' multi plate filter unit complete in 30 set plate . capacity bell housing. 0.8 micrcnsrter filter papers. Sample Millj'pore - Millipore five- set multi-plate filter unit complete in five set capacity bell (lousing. 0.8 micr*- ncter filter papers. Sampling Fiowmctrr - Schutte -3. "c rtina Figure Nc. 18410 size 6HCF6 type SK W/S.S. fittings, 17.5 GPM at 55 psig enr-i -ch conne :fions. Sampling CrfIce & Reccr ler - Be :kmc" model No. 153062, capacity 17.5 GPM with one pair l-i--'2 inch , vC orifice f :gc.s. pH Meters - Beckman Mod*'I No. 9r,0. Water Softener - Sears Roebuck / -.odel Mo. 625.3474 - capacity 8.5 GPM. Total Flow Orifice C. Display - F--xboro, serial No. 423484, capacity 300 GPM (mod<?l No. unknown). Water Testing - Hach portable engineers kit - Model No. DR I834B. -45- ASARCO ELP 0003786 ASARCO ELP 0003787 l* A * a |/I CaCO) Run lh tc s -'J a n u a ry 6,1955 J u ly R$, 1.' J ASARCO ELP 0003788 -gt'- ip r ll 6, -1570 Kovcatcr 6, 1970 r* S&- zn SO CO -1 OV vt ? 8Vp SO to so so Os v* w v r O o Ca O O ;i 8. * 7*s* O O w o l?r 1 1 th l0\ CIU*Al T:S VA7 05 ji oC9\ So? So3 1 VI fc) U H "8 8 -1 n> H10 oWs r*4- tOv) 8 o' S S 9\ Cl CO H nn ru nt M * I VKH .S' S' & S: W 7V1 7V* *1x^1 rv> r\> ro ro -J * -1 HIsu >< to r h ^ OS OS -*J ` *r f1JS C><M > *1 (t ^ a u 5::2 n v> Li o r.n *50 5i /. CK 3 Cs uVO o C\ It* se * I* 5 ca P& C\ ?r rc--p :ri2 V115 73 ---4c ob d rr* o tor *or fi. too uo --* pi o b x sa ASARCO ELP 0003789 ASARCO ELP 0003790 O'o *!o Con J*o. CJo EQUIVALENT AVERAGE DEATH RATE foO --*o -DOSE MPPCF YEARS (LO O SCALE) Prepared by M arvin A . Schneiderman, P h.D . Associate D irector for Field Studies and Statistics N ational Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda,MD, 20014 USA J ASARCO ELP 0003791 ASARCO ELP 0003792 MUNICIPAL Y/aU'. ASIIMS ANALYSIS Swmpto || Glebe source frittered Quantity Ash (Gati) mg s 3.0 Per Crnt fiber m Ash 0.043 . Hoc* tn Orirttr*)! Y/glif 0.24 pH 6.1 u~ total Solids Hardness ms/t mg/i 479 154 *2 Globa dlst. system 5 40.4 0.0053 0.43 8.0 414 143 |J San Olego source 1*4 Son Diego dill. system 5 4-1/3 2.0 10.0 0.047 0.137 0.77 3.14 -- s.o 753 324 |5 Long Beach source 5 20.9 0.040 2.51 -- - 16 Long Beach dlst. system 4-1,3 10.3 0.098 2.34 8.0 409 104 \7 Providence source 4 2.7 0.141 0.95 9.4 43 2? |3 Providence ditf. s>:tem 4 3.4 0.141 1.45 10.5 84 54 1? Providence dlst. system 4 2.5 0.351 2.'? 10.2 82 45 20 Providence source 4 1.0 0.302 0.74 , 9.8 42 31 2t Providence dlst. system 4 ' 0.7 0.574 l.Cl 9.8 41 30 22 Vfichito dlst. system 2 2!.! C.315 1.52 9.0 359 113 23 V/icWto source 4 5.4 0.C84 1.13 8.4 355 72 24 Wichita dlst system 1 27.4 0.022 4.C3 8.9 330 10S 25 Memphis dlst. system 5 7.4 0.422 4.-- 2 8.3 59 23 46 Soglnavr source 4 18.0 0.00024 0.2:2 8.0 133 104 47 Saginaw dlst. system 4 4.2 Q.0004S 0.0*343 9.0 t!3 80 48 V/Innepeg source 49 V/Innepeg dlst. system j M.O s 4.9 0.024 0.034 0.57 C.7 7.8 137 97 98 4Ph;nolpbtholcln Alkalinity * iMethyl Orce^e A'tcolinlty (fotc* AK'cr?nify' in mg/ C0CO3) Calcium Tol.il Hardness AlTcItnii/ <>t&4 ma/t Iron mg/l 124 214 0.02 s 118 .228 0.10 -20*1 114 0.07 -- - 74 134 0.C3 25 5*10(15) 0.02 5S 35*15(50) 0.05 u 20*15(35) 0JM 25 10*5(15) 0.31 25 S*10(15) 0.03 41 13*32(95) G.C1 49 2-:4(E*) 0.35 52 9*80(?7) 2.5 16 34 0.03 75 82 0.725 54 48 9 87 43 87 O/'!! o.O:r C.C3S- * Jtmlofa River Brcetcwood, PA. Ncwton-Homilton levhMn Amity Hot! Connecticut River Cannon, VI. Littleton, N.H. Lebanon, N.H. Greenfield, Mass. Middletown, Conn. CHRYSOTIiE ASBESTOS COf-TSVTi OF RIVER WATER 3/71 0.0 0.0 2.94 4.04 4/71 S/71 4/71 0.0 0.0 2.89 4.30 1.31 0.0 2.34 2.94 2.75 0.0 3.35 0.0 7/r o.c 0.0 8/71 9/71 10/71 4.04 2.37 10.79 7.02 9.20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 11/71 12/71 1/72 2/72 3/72 0.19 1.21 1.09 2.34 2.92 6.18 8.57 0.0 1.6! 5.48 14.9S 14.63 5.-! 4.16 -- -- 0.0 8.44 -- -- 43. CJ 2.61 4.39 6.33 13.93 0.0 0.0 23.48 U.i? 1.43 2.81 0.0 3.41 4.41 1.25 2.77 3.13 0.0 10.10 0.0 5.03 2.44 0.47 4.75 4.74 C.O 1.92 4.07 14.48 1.83 13.79 0.0 2.98 0.0 2.9J 0.83 1.44 AM 0.88 0.43 1.25 1.70 1.43 0.48 1.58 0.0 1-IS 1.03 0.0 l.?4 1.3* 12.08 3.02 0.48 0.0 1.84 0.0 1.03 0.0 4.59 1.75 4.52 8.43 Note: All numtsers In mlcrcgramt per gollon* 0 * no fibers detact*! or fibers than considered reliable All velvet determine** by electron microcope observotio*. No fibers were visible In ony of the samples urdar optical microscopic obierrntion at 4S0X magnification. ss/i-s-73 -51- ASARCO ELP 0003793 APPENDIX E DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP In persons occupationally exposed to csbertos (McDonald and Enterline) most of toe cancers reported are of toe respiratory system. However, some of the asbes tos is ingested, and excesses of digest!we system cancers are also reported. The figure compares the-rates of digestive system cancers following exposure of two groups of asbestos workers: McDonald - miners; Enterline - retired industrial workers. Since McDonald and Entortine measur* ii*ir responses on different scales, an attempt was made to eauafe these sccnrs ring the bronchus and lung date. This led to an "equivalent average death rcie' (EADR) of ten being roughly ccmpcrable to a "standard mortality ratio'1 ',5MR) c: 1 CO, an EADR of 20 = 5MR of 400, EADR of 30 = SMR of 600, etc. as shown cn to5 figure. It also led to a dose response rnicticnship as shown by the line of triangles. This dose response relationship is not appropriate for the digestive system. In fact, there appear to be two dess response re!` ;ionships in these data with rhe cne for the miners at a higher risk than the ir.rus'rial wcrk2rs for toe seme exposure in .r.ppcf years. Because of the paucity of data, sarr.a dorss groups for both the McDcna'd series and for the Enter line series were combined AcDonald originally reported six dose groups collapsed here into four. Enter!in s first reported seven dess g.cups. In one publication, he col lapsed these irto r"ve, and in this figure they ers fu-trer collapsed into three. Both the Me Dor alt'' data and the Enterline data shew posi'ive dose response relationships. The Enter'h* data are oI ossibl4v consistent with a threshold somewhere above ten mpeef ye rs. The McDonald acre show no e-."dsree of a threshold. " -52- ASARCO ELP 0003794 Al PENDIX F Research suggested for further elucidation of the primary question "Does the use of asbestos-cement pipe in potable wafer systems constitute a health hazard?" Not arranged in priorities. 1. Develop a standard method for determining asbestos in water according t<? needs for item 2. ' 2. Determine the quantify of usbjstos by categories of size (length and diameter) as if actually exists during variations that might be introduced overtime, installation, topping, etc. in potable wafer supplies distributed in asbcstos-cemenf, metal and plastic pipe. 3. Determine the increment cf asbestos fibers added to the water as If traverses a:; csfos-ccmenf, metal and plastic pipe systems under varying circumstances of installation and operation. 4. Determine the contribution that the asbestos content of soil, in which pipe of the three kinds is imbedded, mokes to the asbestos content of the wafer traversing the pipe. 5. Determine the effect of water flew in an asbestos-cement pipe loop (not installed in soil) under varying conditions of velocity and aggressiveness, and also with respect to diifance and temporal influences. 6. Examine the use of crocidcUfo content of wafer as a "marker" of fiber migration from the asbestos--cement pipe wall fc wafer in operating systems* (Pi.o !ccp ervr' !* 7. Conduct animal studies both by inhalation and direct ingestion to exemine the quantitative aspects (total and for various kinds, sizes and shapes of fiber) of fiber entry into and its fate in the gastro-intesfinal system and migration from the system. Clearance and migration studies. 8. Conduct animal inhalation and feeding studies, to explore possible carcino genic effects (gcstro-infeslinal, peritoneal and others). Perhaps combine ^ . this with "6. 9. Conduct studies to ascertain whether or not fibers migrating from either lung or gastro-intesfinal tract might reach the peritoneum. Perhaps as part of ^6. -54- ASARCO ELP 0003795 10. Conduct a direct study of human population groups exposed to asbestoscement pipe distribution systems in contrast to distribution systems of other materials in terms of cancer experience -- especially gastro intestinal and peritoneal mesothelioma, 11. Conduct studies to develop better dose relationships involving occupa tional exposure to asbestos and gastro-intestinal and mesothelial cancer experiences. -55ASARCO ELP 0003796