Document oM7wYm75GgbOg6Y0Yz0MBYqpw

* 1 1 ; Monsanto IWIM -Hkui ^ ) i* Alt*IK i Industrial Chernies, la Co. - St. Louis *' December 17, 1971 .. jhi 1 m(Ki TO . Directors of Marketing Plaid Salas Directors Plaid Sale Managers District Salas Directors CONFIDENTIAL At thslr Board Beating on Dacamber 9, 1971. Monsanto's Board of Directors approved corporate Monsanto decisions previously taken as follows: 1. Terminate all sales of PCB fluids for use In heat transfer applications by formal notice to all custo mers. 2. Immediately implement a plan to terminate all sales of polychlorinated terphenyls by March 31. 1972 for plasti cizers. 3. Sales of PCB fluids for transformer or capacitor use will be dependent upon the. receipt of agreements ac ceptable to Monsanto, holding Monsanto harmless from legal liability associated with the use of PCBs In transformers and capacitors from customers whose financial responsibility makes suoh agreements mean ingful in Monsanto's opinion. Since Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company sells these products to many key corporate Monsanto customers, we want you to be aware of these decisions and their implementation so that customer visits don't lead to surprises. What MICC produots are involved? 1. Spaolalty Products Business Group Functional Produots Group HTgff......... ...................... ...........* . . . ... Heat Transfer Fluids; Thaminol1 FR-Lo Temp Thenainol FR-0 Thermlnol FR-1 WATER PCB-SD0000076719 2 Capacitor Dielectric Fluids: Capacitor 21 Aroclor 1016 Aroclor 1242 Aroclor1 1248 Aroclor 1254 Transformer Askaral Fluids: Inerteen 100-42 Inerteen 70-30 Inerteen PPO Pyranol A13B3B 2, Plasticizer Business Group Rubber & Process Chemicals'- Division HOT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Plasticizers Aroolor1221fl Aroclor5432 Aroclor5452 ArooloiJ5460 Aroclor6000 Series Mont&r 5 Santiclzer 301 Santiclzer 311 3anticizer 326 Santiclzer 327 Santiclzer 335 Santiclzer 336 Santiclzer 337 MX? 101 What effect will this have on our customers? Whil everyone wishes these decisions did not have to be taken, and while they will cause soma inconvenience to customers, the pioture is not so gloomy as might be supposed. 1. These decisions should not come as a complete surprise to any customer. We have been alerting customers by latter periodically since February, 1970 ofthe problem associated with PCBs. 2. We phased out PCBs from certain applications (plasticizer, hydraulic fluids, and process fluids) from aid-1970 to early 1971. 3. W discontinued sales of PCBs to new heat transfer fluid systems several months ago. 4. Sinoe August, 1971* many existing PCB heat transfer fluid usars have effected conversions to non-PCB fluids. (To data over 150 of such systems have converted. We have retained 90JS of these conversions for Monsanto with our non-PCB heat transfer fluids Therainol 55 and 66.) TN&S 004839 WATER PCB-SD0000076720 I -3- What help are we offering our customers? 1. Hast Transfer Fluids As explained in our customer notification letter, we have assembled an experienced engineering team to give help to customers as they decide on conversions. We also offer the services of a high temperature incinerator to dispose of used PCB heat transfer fluid, and will accept return of originally packaged PCB fluids. 2. Dielectrics The decision on dielectric fluid will probably not affect most of you ainca transformer and capacitor manufacturers are a reasonably small and separate group. We emphasize that we are not discontinuing dielectric PCBs since their usage is important to the national interest. Monsanto is conditioning such sales, however, on obtaining certain financial safeguards, while acting responsibly in the interest of the electrical industry, its consumers, and thus the country. We are also active in ANSI 6107, a committee set up to develop guidelines and policies for handling PCB in the electrical industry. 3. Plasticizers Monsanto is working to develop a list of suggested re placement products and suppliers to be used as a guide in replacing our Arocloi products in existing formula tions. Questions frog customers Customers are going to ask questions about these decisions. We would suggest that your salesmen not try to answer these questions but to refer the customer to St. Xouia: Heat Transfer Fluids Telephone > Mall: ,Dialeotrlca (314) 694-2514 Cwarning Pa ton Monsanto Company P. 0, Box 14617 St. Louis, Missouri 63173 T. L. Gossage 314) 694-2545 P. Q. Banlgnus 314) 694-2513 i c. Paton 314. 694-2520 TN6S 004840 WATER PCB-SD0000076721 Plasticizers M. S. Clark: (31*) 6g4-25l8 Direct inquiries from customers to Monsanto district offices should bo handled in the same way. If you wish to pass on questions or statements from customers, please feel free to do so through the same ohannala. Key Monsanto customers Attached you will find a list of key corporate Monsanto customers who will be given apaoial notification of Monsanto's decisions. Separate lists art given for Heat Transfer Fluids and chlorinated terphanyl plaatioizers. No list is given for dlelaotric custom ers since discontinuation of sales will not result unless our tanas are rejeoted. Customers not Included in these lists will receive the formal notification letters by mail (copies attached). Key customers will be notified as follows: : Heat Transfer 1. By mall: Formal letter plus cover letter indicating That conversions are already underway or (in the case of multi-plant locations) have actually taken place at some locations. 2. By phone; Formal letter will then be mailed. 3. By phone plus personal visit (letter hand-carried): In this category we may ask assistance from Regional Vice Presidents or Directors of Sales/Marketing to introduce ua to the "right" people. The personnel primarily involved from Specialty Products Group in notifying key customers will baj , H. S. Bergen, Jr. - Business Group Director T. L. Ckssaage - Director of Marketing N. T. Johnson - Field Sales Manager C, Paton - Product Manager Plasticizers ............. 1. BymailJ Formal notification by letter addressed To the Office of the President to be mailed on 12/31/71. 2. By phone: By regional managers and salesmen during period from 12/20/71 to 12/31/71. This will cover all Important accounts. TNGS 004841 WATER PCB-SD0000076722 -5- 3. Personal calls: By regional managers and salesmen from 12/20/71Tto 12/31/71 with follow-up visits by St. Louis management personnel from 1/1/72 tp 1/1V72 at key accounts as appropriate. Customer Notification U. S, Domestic Customers Heat Transfer Fluids: December 15-20, 1971 Plastlolzer Aroclor: December 20-31# 1971 Canada Notification will follow the U. S. pattern as quickly thereafter as practical. International Aotion will be taken through World Area Marketing management in the flrat quarter of 1972. It li very Important that you do not make this subject a deliberate topio of conversation in your dealings with your customers. Please do not preempt the business groups in volved in notifying customers. Me have alerted you so that you are not caught unaware should daULoata negotiations con cerning your products be going on. We would &atc in return that you treat this information in confidence so that we can implement these corporate decisions as effectively as possible for both Monsanto and our customers. Competition Be particularly careful in how you handle this information at the following accounts: Dow Dow Coming All oil companies Dow is Monsanto's major competitor in synthetic heat transfer fluid. They have never had fire-resistant fluids like Therminol FR fluid. However, they will be out to obtain refills of fluid with Dowtherm against our Therainol 66. If the customer oper ates at temperatures below 550?. or so, ha may elect to go to lower ooat fluid such as Thermlnol 55. In these oases, our competition will be petroleum-based fractions from Humble, Mobil, Shell, ete. TNGS 004842 i WATER PCB-SD0000076723 6- - Finally, say we ask that this aemo be 'furnished only to those with a need to know. C. Paton Product Manager Dielactrlo, Heat Transfer & Prooesa Fluids Specialty Products Business Group W. S. Clark Product Supervisor Plaatiolzer Business Qroup Enc. (K. T. Fluid Letter) (Plaatiolzer Aroolor Letter) (Key H. T. Fluid Accounts) (Key Plasticizer Aroclor Accounts) TNGS 00ABA3 WATER PCB-SD0000076724 SPECIALTY PRODUCTS BUSINESS GROUP MONSANTO INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS COMPANY PCB TASK FORCE - HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS GUMMING PATON Product Manager Dielectric, Heat Transfer and Process Fluids ______________________ t____________________ PAUL W. GANN Task Force Co-Ordinator .JIM (J. R.) RODER Product Supervisor KAREN LABITZKE Secretary TASK FORCE TELEPHONE NUMBER: (314) 694-2514 TASK FORCE MAIL ADDRESS: Cuimning Paton Monsanto Company P. 0. Box 14617 St. Louis, Missouri 63178 DON (D. E.) ROUSH Product Specialist --DEAN DANZER ~ " --BOB (R. L.) NEARY --FRANK (F.M.) CALKINS -- SKIP (0. S.) RATTERMAN, Conversion Engineers TNGS 004844 i WATER PCB-SD0000076725 Monsanto MONSANTO INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS CO. 800 N tmdbtrph Boulevard St Louis. Mitioun 63188 Phona i3U) 694*1000 December 31* 1971 Dear Sir: We are writing to advise you that Monsanto has made the decision to cease the sale of polychlorinated terphenyla for use as plasticizers and for use in other open system applications effective March 31 1972- These products have been sold by Monsanto under the trade,name Aroclor. Normal volumes of our existing Aroclor product line may be purchased between now and March 31, 1972, however, no shipments will be made after that date. Sales during the last six months of 1971 will determine normal order quantities. Monsanto is working to develop a list of suggested replace ment products and suppliers to be used aB a guide in replac ing our Aroclor products in existing formulations. This list may be obtained by contacting any of our regional offices whose addresses and telephone numbers are shown on the attached sheet. Very truly yours /dbw w. E. Schalk Sales Director Plasticizers a u*i of Mottimto Company TNGS 004845 WATER PCB-SD0000076726 Monsanto MONSANTO INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS CO. 600 N Lindbarph Boulevard St Louis, Miiioun 63166 Phone* CII4 6B4`K)00 December 15, 1971 Dear Sir: We are writing to advise you that, effective this date, Monsanto will no longer sell the Therminol PR series of heat transfer fluids. This important decision by Monsanto's management has been carefully considered. The Therminol FR series of fluids contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). As wo have previously advised, you, studies Indicate PCBs may be accumulating in the environment. In some instances, PCBs have been found in food or in the food chain. An article by Carl Q. QUBtafson of the Federal Water Quality Administration appearing in "Environmental Science & Technology" and dealing with this subject is attached for your information. Because of Monsanto's concern over this problem, we have discon tinued sales of PCBs where the usage was in so-called "open systems." We have discontinued sales of Therminol PR materials where the usage would be in food processing applications. In addition, we have encouraged Therminol PR fluid customers to swltoh to other materials. As a result of these efforts, many of our heat transfer fluid customers have switched from Therminol FR series fluids to other materials or systems. ............................ Our action in discontinuing Bales for use in. heat transfer systems has been taken because of the problems which may arise should there occur accidental leakage of PCBs from ouch systems. We believe this action 1b in the best interest of all our customers who have continued using these materials in heat transfer applications. a unit ol Monsanto Company TNGS 004646 WATER PCB-SD0000076727 -2- In order to help you accomplish a Change-over from Therminol FR to another heat transfer fluid with the least difficulty, Monaanto will offer you the following special services: 1) We have assembled a team of experienced engineers who will be available to visit your plant on request to consult with you on available alternatives. Of course, the decision Is and will be yours as to how you elect to proceed. If you consider such a service would be of assistance to you, please telephone (31^) 694-2514, or write directly to Dr. Cumraing Paton, Monsanto Company, P. 0. Box 14617, St. Louis, Missouri 63178. 2) We will pay freight costs incurred in returning the Therminol FR to us and will properly dispose of the material (by high temperature incineration) at our cost. We will contact you concerning Instructions about drainage, drumming and shipping of material to our facility in St. Louis. 3) We will accept return of any unopened drums of Therminol FR series products which may be in your possession and credit you for this material at full purchase price if returned to us prior to March 1, 1972. We sincerely regret any hardship that this decision may cause you, but feel you will agree Monsanto has made the oorreot decision. Yours.sincerely, Attachments Howard Bergen, Director Specialty Products Group Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company TNGS 004847 m WATER PCB-SD0000076728 feature PCB's-prevaient ! Intensified research is needed to minimize their dangers Carl Q. Gustafson, Federal Water Quality Administration, Athens, Ga. I during the pail three yean, a special class of compounds, called polychlorinated biphenyls fpca's), has claimed ihe attention of ecologists and pesticide analysts in this country. These compounds were not discovered in the environment until 1966 in Swe den and 1967 in the US., despite the fact that they have been available com mercially for 40 yean. Interest in pcb'* has arisen because they arc frequently found in fish, bird, water, sediment, and olher environmental sample! when such samples are examined for chlori nated pesticide residues. That a wide variety of samples containing pen's has been collected from England, Scandi navia, The Netherlands, Antarctica, Central America, and many different parts of the U.5. makes them truly ubiquitous pollutants. I'olychiorobiphcnyil arc made by substituting chlorine atoms for one or more of the hydrogen moms at the The Monsanto Co. slated recently in a letter to Congressman William F. Ryan of New York that as of August JO, it would no longer sell pen's lo customers for use In general plasticizer operations where disposal of the endproducts cannot he controlled. After some lag period--the rime It takes to eventually dispose of the products made from pen's and currently In processor's Inventories--the quantity of Pen's getting Into the environment may be substantially reduced. If Monsanto's former customers look for Pen substitutes, rather than purchasing pen's from manufacturers in Japan and Europe, the projected decrease could become a reality. Cart G. Gustafson M F.nriromwMsI Seims It 1hnoloy numbered positions of the biphenyl structure. In Ihe process of replacing hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms, a large number of substitution combinations arise. For example, three monochlorobiphenyl isomers are possible, 12 dichlorobiphenyl isomers, 21 trichlorobiphcnyl Isomers, and so on. Theoreti cally, 210 compounds can be prepared by this substitution process: a typical example would be 2,4,6,2'4`-pcntachlorobiphcnyl. Whenever aromatic hydrocarbons such as biphenyls are chlorinated, the product is a mixture of compounds, in cluding isomers. It is quite difficult to synthesize single, specific chlorohiphenyl compounds in the laboratory unless involved procedures are em ployed. Consequently few of the indi vidual compounds have been prepared in the pure form for study. In the commercial process for pea manufacture, biphenyl is chlorinated with anhydrous chlorine in tall cy lindrical towers with either iron filings or ferric chloride as the catalyst. The by-product is hydrogen chloride: the product is a mixture of several pcd's. The degree of chlorination is deter mined by measuring the specific, gravity of the mixture or, when the product is more viscous, the bali-and-ring softcning-point test is used. The whole pro cess lakes from 12 to 36 hours. In the U.S., Ihe sole manufacturer of mi's is the Monsanto Co,, which markets (hem under the trade name Aroclor. rca's are also manufactured in Europe and Japan, under Irade names such as Phenochlor and Cfophen. The various Aroclors are dif ferentiated by a four-digit number, with the last lwn digits indicating the percentage of chlorine in Ihe mixture. f*reprHs The three most important physical properties of the rca's are low vapor pressures (they have high boiling points), low water solubility, and high dielectric constants. They are mis cible with most organic solvents and compatible with many types of poly mers. Although some individual polychlorobiphenyl compounds are crys talline, the Aroclor mixtures are either liquids or resins. The chemical properties that make pea's desirable industrial materials are (heir excellent thermal stability, their strong resistance to both acidic and basic hydrolysis, and their general in ertness. They are quite resistant to oxidation. Monsanto reports, in a tech nical bulletin on pea's, that they can be heated lo MO C. under 260 pxi. of oxygen pressure "without showing any evidence of oxidation as judged by de velopment of acidity or formation of sludge" The physiological properties of the Pea's make them potentially significant contaminants of the environment. For any pollutant, two factors are involved: acute toxicity, which is immediately evident because of a high death rale or other maiming effect; and chronic tox icity, which Is the result of a slow ac cumulation of the poison in the body and is a sublethal effect. Whenever acute toxicity is high, a pollutant will be readily recognized and appropriate remedial actions will be introduced. If. on the olher hand, acute toxicity is low, TNGS 004848 WATER PCB-SD0000076729 ihe physiological effects will go un noticed until the chronic effect* make themselves evident. When this happens. the problem may have advanced be yond immediate or easy correction. Acute toxicity All studies of rcB'* in animals indi cate that acute toxicity is not a signifi cant factor. Their acute toxicitles are on the order of those of other chlori nated aromatic compounds. Monsanto has sponsored two investigations of the acute toxicitiet of Aroclor mix tures. In the first, at the Kettering laboratory at the University of Cin cinnati. Dr. J. F. Trcon and his co workers investigated the toxicity of Aroclor vapors for guinea pigs, mice, rabbits, and rats. All animals survived a 24-day exposure to 0.B3 p.p.m. of Aroclor 12*12 for 7 hours per day on 17 of those days. Even after more pro longed tests, there were no severe ef fects from Aroclor 1242. In the second investigation, still in process, three groups of beagles are fed Aroclor 1242, 1254, and 1260, respectively, at a rate of 100 p.p.m. in their diets. After three months no significant abnormalities have been noted. Similar studies on fish have been per formed in several luhotatnrics. Dr. dieldrin or nnr. As with fish, their tox icity appears to be inversely propor tional to the chlorine content of the mixture. Based on the above data, it is un derstandable why the polychlorobiphenyls, commercially available for 40 years, have only recently attracted attention as toxic environmental con taminants. Chronic toxicity The chronic toxicitles of pen's pre sent n more disturbing situation: several chronic effects have been observed. It wits discovered, quite by accident, that fin's have a toxic effect on chickens. Professor F.. 1. McCune and his co workers at the University of Missouri found their chickens dying after they were placed in a feeding house, parts of which had been freshly painted with an epoxy paint. Careful investigation rcvcnlcd that the toxic factor was Aro clor 1242, a binder in (he paint. When Aroclor 1242 was fed to the chicks it produced the ssme characteristic effects as chick edema factor. McCune re ported: "Gross pathology included hydropcricardium, hydroperitonium, en larged heart, liver, and kidneys, and hemorrhage of internal organs. Mi croscopically the kidneys showed marked tubular dilation and numerous caslt." Another chronic effect of rca's is related in wildfowl. The accumulation of high concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in birds resulted in dis ruption of normal breeding behavior and in the formation of thin-shelled eggs. A dramatic example of this effect has been observed in the case of the brown pelican. On the Anacapa Islands off the California cout, no young were hatched last year from 300 pairs of nesting birds. The shells of most eggs laid were to thin thst a dent occurred when the egg was picked up. There are two possible causes for the laying of thin-shetted eggs by wild fowl. One is a low calcium reserve in (he bird: the other is the inability of the bird to deliver the needed calcium to its oviduct, where the eggshell is forming. The calcium level in the avian biosystem and the calcium reserve in the secondary bone structure or medul lary bone, found only in female birds when they are breeding, are controlled by (he hormone estrogen. A high es trogen level it associated with the for mation of this calcium reserve. Chlo rinated hydrocarbons, such as ddt, Richard Schoctlgcr of Ihc Sport Fish eries and Wildlife Fixh-Peiticide Re search laboratory in Columbia. Mo., reports that 96 h0ur.Ti.5n toxidtics of the Aroclorx to trout range from i.!7 to no p.p.m. Compared to ddt, whose 96 hour-Tl toxicity is 0.002 to 0.009 p.p.m. for trout, the pen's have a rela tively low ttculc toxicity. With the more sensitive blucgill, the 96 hour-TL6,, for Aroclor 1248 is 0.278 p.p.m,, while lhal of nnr is 0.008 p.p.m. Aroclor toxicitie* appear to be inversely propor tional to the chlorine content of the mixture. Shellfish, oysters, and shrimp are more sensitive to Pen's. Dr. Tom I Duke, at the Bureau of Commercial l Fisheries Pesticide Field Station, rc- j ports 100% mortality of juvenile pink shrimp exposed to 0.10 p.p.m. of Aroi clor 1254 in water for 48 hours. This 1 concentration of Aroclor 1254 will , cause a 100% decrease in shell growth of oysters after 96 hours. To achieve the same effects with ddt in theje ex periments, only 0.0006 p.p.m. and 0.01 p.p.m.. respectively, were required. There is very little evidence lhal Ten's are toxic to insects. Studies to dale show that they arc less toxic than Volixne 4, Number to. October tV70 ItS TNGS 004849 WATER PCB-SD0000076730 chlordane, dicldrin, and pen's, activate enzymet in the liver which transform eitrogcn into a more water-soluble compound that ii readily eliminated from the bird's body. This means that when estrogen levels are low, calcium reserves wilt also be low, and there fore very little calcium will be avail able for strong eggshell production. Dicldrin and pcb's arc more effective than ddt in thii type of enzyme-lnduclion activity. Aroclor 1262 has an es tradiol degrading potential four lo five times that of p.p'-doe or technical grade dot. The ability of the female biril lo deliver calcium to her oviduct during the last 20 hours, when the eggshell is being formed, is related to the func tioning of the enzyme carbonic anhydrasc. When birds that have ex hibited tile ability to lay normal egga arc injected with a metabolite of dot (not1) just prior to the formation of the eggshell, they will lay thin-slicllcd eggs. This indicates that dot also In hibits the activity of carbonic anhydrasc, the enzyme that controls the flow of calcium from the blood slrcam of the bird into its oviduct. Since dicldrin seems lo have no effect on carbonic anhydrase, we may assume that neither do the fee's. How ever, these compounds delay breeding time significantly. Many ornithologists feet that late breeding has a stronger influence on the reduction of bird populations than docs the laying of thin-shelled eggs. If this in true, pen's arc a more potent threat than ddt to our declining bird populations, es pecially for predatory birds that ac cumulate fairly high levels of pen's be cause they cat smaller animals that al ready have concentrated Tea's in their own tissues. Other investigators hive produced evidence to show that pcb'i are simi lar lo ddt in their activity. Dr. Joseph Street at Utah State University has shown that when pea's accumulate in the liver, they induce microsomal en zyme activity by bringing about more rapid metabolism of diugs, insecticides, and other foreign compounds. He fed rats a diet containing SO p.p.m. of Aroclor 1254 or Arocior 1260. After ID days on (Ids diet, the lest animals were administered hexobarbitoi at a dose of 100 p.p.m. to induce sleep. In comparison with a control group, the sleeping time for these rats was reduced by 65 to R0%. Street also found that Aroclor, when fed at the 816 Environmental Sdrnct! & Technology same level, will reduce dieldrin stor age in adipose tissue by 90 lo 95%; in crease aniline oxidation by 200 to 300%; and increase epn detoxication by 430 to 470%. In addition, the pcb's cause activation of organothiophosphatc compounds, which adversely af fect the system. This latter effect coun terbalances the detoxification of diel drin. Normally, when a substrate activates an enzyme. It is converted to a watersoluble form that will be eliminated from the system: however, this is not the case with pen's. Because they re main in the system for prolonged pe riods of time, their enzyme induction activity is always present. In this way the normal concentration of important body chemicals may be lowered to the point of bringing about malfunctions in the system. For example, Street be lieves that the pcb's bring about steroid degradation, which can lead to altered endocrine relationships. The chronic toxicity to man is aa follows: ............................... Like the chlorinated naphthalenes, the chlorinated diphenyls have two distinct actions on the body, namely, a skin effect and s toxic action on the liver. The lesion produced in the liver Is an acute yellow atrophy. This hepato-toxtc aclioo of the chlorinated di phenyls appears to be increased if there is exposure to carbon tetrachloride at the same time. The higher the chlorine content of the diphenyl compound, the more toxic U is liable to be. Oxides of chlorinated diphenyls are more TNGS 004850 WATER PCB-SD0000076731 I I I toxic than ihe unoxidized ma terials. The skin lesion is known as chloracne, and consists of small pimples and dark pigmentation of the exposed areas, initially. Later, comedones and pustules develop. In persons who have suffered systemic intoxication, the usual signs and symptoms arc nausea, vomiting, loss of weight, jaundice, edema, and nlHiominal pain. Whole the liver damage has been severe, the patient may pass into comn sind die. Sax, N, Irving, "Dangerous Prop erties ill Industrial Materials," 3rd ed,, I'an Nnslriind-lteinhold, New York. I96A. The tihiqtiily of 1-rn'x is related to the wide spectrum of applications that have hecn found for them. The Inrgcst single use of pen's is related to their electrical properties--ns coolant-insu lation fluicK in transformers. For this purpose the Aroclors arc also sold under such Unde names as Chlorcxtql (Allis-Chalmcrs Mfg. Co.), Dykanol (Federal Pacific Efcctric Co.), Inericcn (Wcstinghousc Electric Co.), Nonumol (Wagner Electric Co.), Pyrnnol (General Electric Co.), and Thcrminot (Monsanto Co.). Other uses of pen's include formula tion into ballasts for fluorescent fix tures; impregnation of cotton and as bestos for braided insulation of elec trical wiring; a plasticizer in wire and cnhlc coatings; capacitors and askarcllype transformers: and plasticizers of vinyl ch'oridc polymer films. Because of their thermal stability and fire re sistance, the pen's also find application in high-pressure hydraulic fluids, spe cialized lubricants and gasket sealers, hem transfer agents, and machine tool cutting oils. Miscellaneous uses in clude: formulation inlo some epoxy paints; protective coatings for wood, metal, and concrete; adhesives; and in carbonless reproducing paper. One of the primary manufacturers of carbon less reproducing paper also sells Aroclors in an encapsulated form. Generally the kinds of applications described above mean that the rcs's will be in many typos of products thal eventually find their way to the domes tic market. When used in manufacture of ballasts for fluorescent fixtures they will be found in kitchens, bathrooms, stores, and offices throughout the coun try. Wherever office forms are used that do not use carbon paper, one may find pen's formulated into the microcapsulcs of dye that comprise the re Gas chromatogram A It of a standard pesticide mixture, B Is typical of Aroclor 1254. and A + B Is the chromatogram of a 50 : 50 mixture of both. The concentration of Aroclor 1254 is approximately 10 times those of the pesticides In A, hence It Is un derstandable why PCB's were not readily recognized In pesticide chromatograms. Gas chromatograph (Packard 7620) conditions: gas flow 80 ml./mln. nitrogen; tem peratures--ovon, 210* C., Inlet. 230* C.. detector. 218* C.: Nl" electron capture detector: 5' x Vi" Bias* column packed with 8% SE-30 on Chromosorb Q 80-90 mesh. producing layer of the business form, pen's have nlso been found on the transparent receipts used in credit card, charge forms. As plasticizers they can he expected lo appear in many con sumer plastics. Since the chronic toxicitics are so significant, il becomes important to know just Itow extensively the pro's arc distributed in the ecosystem, and just how llvy find (heir way inlo the environment. Rainwater in En gland, brown seals off the coast of Scotland, white-tailed eagles in Swe den, cod in the Baltic Sea, mussels in The Netherlands, adclie penguin eggs in (he Antarctica, brown pelican eggs in Panama. Arctic terns, shrimp in Florida, river water in Japan, waters in the Great Lakes, human hair, and human adipose tissue--samples of all these have been found to contain ren's, TNGS 004851 Vohim* 4, Numbw in. Oclabsr 1870 817 WATER PCB-SD0000076732 thus making ihem a claw of widely diipcried pollutant!. Readily atMerbed The properties of fob's that make Ihem industrially useful are the ame propertie* that cause them to persist in the environment. These in clude thermal liability, resistance to oxidation and hydrolysis, solubility in a wide range of organic solvents, water Insolubility, high dielectric constant, and compatibility with many types of macromolecules. Their resistance to oxidation and hydrolysis also makes rCB's more stable and persistent than DDr. Consequently, they could even tually accumulate to a higher concen tration than dot, especially if the use of dot is sharply curtailed in the U.S. The solubility of pcb's in nonpolar solvents explains why they are readily absorbed into fatty tissue and into the liver. Their resistance to oxidation or other types of chcmicni degradation explains their persistence in the en vironment and accumulation in animal tissue. The latter effect is enhanced both by their insolubility in water and solubilily in organic solvents. Their chemical inertness and resistance to metabolism account for their low acute toxicity. But as they slowly build up in a living system their con centration approaches toxicity levels, at which poim chronic effects make themselves evident. It has been established that fish-eat ing birds will accumulate large concern tiulions of rcs's, tu in the case of the white-tailed eagle, which hat been found to have as much as 14,000 p.p.m. of pcb's. Peregrine falcons, taken off the coast of California, were found to have as much as 2000 p.p.m. In their lipid tissue. When shrimp were exposed to 10 p.p.b. of Aroclor 1254 for 48 hours, they accumulated 1300 p.p.b. of pea's, which represents a 130-fold con centration In a very short lime. Oysters, exposed to an identical concentration of Aroclor 1254 for 96 hours and then placed in rcs-freo water for four days, still hsd a concentration of 33.000 p.p.b, of Pen's, which constitutes a 3300-fold concentration. This means that even though the concentrations of pcb's *re In the parts-pcr-billion range in the environment, their high lipid solubility causes them lo collect in fatly tissues of lower animals and marine life. Therefore, species at the top of a food chain will also accumulate pea's In their bodies, particularly in their lipid tissue and liver, in much the same IIS EmlrwimenUl Sdsnc* 4 Technology way an they accumulate DDT and other chlorinaled pesticides. Because of the low solubility of pea's in water, when a solution or dispersion of Ihem is discharged into a river or lake, they will accumulate on the sedi ment in relatively high concentrations. Subsequently, they will redissolve very slowly in the water as conditions change. Therefore, It will usually take a long time to flush out a contaminated area. Accidental occurrence The reason that fcb's have not been found in the ecosystem as extensively as dot, and aic not present in environ mental samples at as high a concen tration as Dot, is that pcb's find their way into the environment accidentally. dot is deliberately spread because this Is 1 Iks only way its insecticidal proper ties can he utilized, pcd'j are not In tended to get Into the environment, but they do because their unique chemical propertie1. prevent them from being de stroyed by uur usual waste disposal methods Thus, they inadvertently es cape and Iwcomc widely dispersed. In Sweden, where the use of DDT has been banned, and where the main power source is hydroelectric, investi gators find that the concentration of pcb'i in the environment is as high as that of ddt. There are several ways by which pcb'i get into the ecosystem. One of these is by incineration. Products con taining pcb's, such as carbonless re producing paper In business forms, plastics (especially polymer film and sheeting that contain pcb's as plasti cizers), spent ballasts from fluorescent light fixtures, and objects coated with pcB-formulated coalings, all find their way lo the city dump or incinerator for burning. The pcb's do not burn but are vaporized. They are (hen carried into the atmosphere, where they collect on particulate matter and are subse quently returned lo the surface of the earth, into the rivers, lakes, and oceans. In this way they become widely dis tributed throughout the glohal environ ment. Another source is probably land run-off from Industrial wastes and dumps. A third source is the point of manufacture and the plants where pcb's are processed into other products. They can escape through the plant ven tilation and exhaust systems into the atmosphere and through its waste treat ment system into sewers or directly into waterways. TNGS 004852 WATER PCB-SD0000076733 It is interesting to note that the inci dence of rce't in environment*! tem ples is highest in industrialized end ur banized erees. Birds whose primary habitat is the San Francisco Bay arc* have a larger concentration of rcn'i per unit of body weight than those lo cated in Baja, Calif., which is com pletely rural. Aquatic life in the Archi pelago of Stockholm, the most indus trialized area of Sweden, were found to have n higher concentration of i't n's than Ikh samples taken from Ihu west ern coast of Sweden, a less develop'd irea. Sediment samples iiikon from southern portions of l.akc Michigan itavc a higher concentration of Pen's than those from other parts of the lake. Monsanto stales that until * recent change in marketing policy (see inset, page Hl-I I. sales of Aroclors were itteteasing at the rate of 89f per year. While this increase docs not seem sigulicaiil, it may he important if the in creased consumption was in consumer products and thus would find their way into our nurtnul solid waste disposal systems; Such an occurrence would mean n definite uicrca.se of rt n residues in the environment, and therefore u marked increase in their chronic tonicily cfTccts. Detection ren't were not discovered in environ mental samples until very recently for several reasons. First, ns indicated above, they hove not been deliberately distributed about the ecosystem. Sec ondly. because of their relatively low acute toxicilics, their presence was not immediately evident. Finally, they are difficult to detect analytically. The Pen's were first detected as in terfering peaks in Iho gas chromato graphic analysis (oc) of environmental samples being analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues. When pcb'i are pres ent in a sample they give a pattern of several ac peaks, whose retention times are similar to those of dicldrin, dot, nnc, aldrin, and hcpiaehlor oxide. Beemtso the peuks were not large hi sharp, investigators tended to ignore them until S. Jensen. In Sweden, and R. Risebrough, at the University of California at Berkeley, identified Ihctn as corresponding to common constitu ents of environmental samples being analyzed for persistent pesticides. The problem of the interferences of t*( n's with the analysis 0/ other chlori nated pesticides has been largely over come hy prior treatment of the sam ple. Several investigators have used column chromatography to separate ren't from chlorinated pesticides. At * recent meeting, sponsored by the pwqa's National Water Quality Labnratory, Duluth, Minn., a general pro cedure was recommended for separa tion of rrn's from pesticides. In this procedure for biosamples, the sample is extracted with hexane as in regular pesticide atiolysis. It is then partitioned with acetonitrile to remove fats, the clcnned-up extract is passed through a Fluorisil column and then through a silicic add column. Finally, the sample is analyzed by gas chromatography, with a cbloiilk-specific detector. In this way the pesticides arc retained on (he silicic acid column for later elution and identification. Research needs To assess fully the significance of frn's as environmental pollutants, ad ditional research is needed. No one really knows the extent of the chronic ctTects of these chlorinated hydrocar bon*. Some problems that need to be considered urc: Although fen's are known to ac cumulate in human organs wc do not know at what concentration they will begin to exhibit toxic effects. Will these chronic cITcct* be similar 10 those shown in animals--microsomal en zyme activity, calcium metabolism in hibition. ami so on? What are other possible chronic etfccts7 Which of the many res coml>ounds in tltc commercially available mixtures arc responsible for their tox icity? Can commercial ren mixtures be modified to eliminate the toxic com ponents? Puic samples are required to answer these questions. At the present time work is continuing at the pwqa's Southeast Water Laboratory to sep arate each of the Aroclor mixtures into its many components, and to identify each component. We need to know all the uses for the rrn's. What is the annual produc tion of rca's? Our knowledge of these facts is limited and needs to be ex panded. These facts should bo known if we arc to accurately determine how they get into the environment, and take steps to prevent further environmental contamination hy them. In view of the complexity of the isolation and accurate quantitative analysis of mi's in chlorinated resi dues, a straightforward, unambiguous measurement of them needs to be de veloped. What is the fate of rcs's in naturat waters? More needs to be known of their partition coefficients between bottom sediments and water. This is vital if we are to estimate how long It will take for a river bed to clean itself of contamination. It will alto be useful when assessing the effects of rca's on murine life that feed on the bottomi of lakes, rivers, snd cslusries. We should also learn more about rca solubility In water of various ionic strengths. Are present waste treatment sys tems adequate to handle rcB'i? Do spe cial measures need to be taken when rrn's are part of the waste effluent be ing treated? By trying to get some of these an swers now, wc may find that wc are in a position to control the escape of ren's into the environment before ad ditional damage is done. So frequently, action is taken only after it is evident that massive damage hat resulted from a particular pollutant. In the case of the rtn's we may have an opportunity to resolve the situation before that happens. Additional Reading Hubbard, H. L, "Chlorinated Biphenyl and Related Compounds." Encyclo pedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd ed.. S, Intersclence Pub!., New York, N.Y.. 2964. pp. 289-298. Reynolds, L. M.. Bull, Environ. Contam. ToxicoL 4, 128(1969). Risebrough, R. N., at. a/., Nature 220 (1968). Carl O'. Gustafson, chairman of the Department of Chemistry 0/ Klng't Collette, BriarcliO Mtnlor, N.Y., re ceived a Ph.D. In organic chemistry from the University of Delaware in 1957. During the 1969-70 academic year, he was on leave at the rwqe Southeast Water Laboratory in Athens, Ciii., where he simlietl trace organic analysis In waste effluents. As a mem ber of the Nutional Wain Contami nants Characterization Research Pro gram, he worked with rctt'.i and pulp and paper mill effluents. TN6S 004853 Volume 4, NumWr 10. Oclofctr 19ft) lit WATER PCB-SD0000076734 KEY PLASTICIZER ACCOUNTS American Mineral Spirits Co. (Div. of Union Oil) Borden Central Solvents Chrysler Colonial Press Continental Can Dreyfus H. B. Puller General Electric W. R. Grace Inmont Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company Nashua National Starch Products Research Company Swift Uniroyal United Resins Vais par Yates Manufacturing TNSS 004854 WATER PCB-SD0000076735 HEAT TRANSFER ACCOUNTS (Key to Monsanto or because of Thermlnol FR Fluid volumes) We selected only those key customers who bought Thermlnol FH fluid in 1970 and 1971. We are, however. Bending letters to customers (Borne of whom are key accounts to Corporate Monsanto) who show up in 1968 and 1969 Thermlnol FR IBM runs. However, since these key accounts have not bought any fluid In 1970 and 1971, we believe the Thermlnol FR systems are very small (under 50 ftallons). Consequently, we would nob expeob our formal notification letter to cause a major upset in Monsanto-customer relations. 1. Key Accounts where the formal notification letter was accompanied by a cover letter. Parent Subsidiaries (if any) Alcoa ' Atlantic Richfield Cargill Celanese Cities Service Oil Co. Chemetron Continental Can Crown Zellerbach B. F. Goodrich (100 gallons only) Koppers Marcor 11 Libby, OwenB Ford Mead Minnesota, Mining & Mfg. National Starch Olin Phelps Dodge Sherwin Williams Standard Oil of Indiana Teledyne Union Camp Union Oil Westvaoo Arco Chemical Company Gaylord Containers Morrison Molded Fiberglass DIv, Standard T. Chemical Container Corp. Aeroqulp Proctor Chemical Amoco Chemicals Teledyne Read Co. Harshaw Chemioal American Mineral Spirits Co. t Letters will be addressed to the Direotor of Purchases at the Head Office of the parent oompany. TNGS 004855 WATER PCB-SD0000076736 2. Key Aocounts notified by phone (December 17 to 20, 1971) with follow-up formal notification letter. Parent Subsidiaries (if any) Alroo American Cyanamid Armco Steel Athol Manufacturing Betz Laboratorlea Boise Casoade Borden Company DuPont Duval Sierrita East Alco Aluminum Ethyl Corp. PMC Corporation QAF Oeneral Electric General Motors Oilman Brothers W. R, Grace Grumman Gulf Coast Aluminum Interplastic Corp. Kaiser Aluminum Litton Industries Malden Mills Martin Marietta Motorola N L Industries Naloo New England Petroleum North American Rockwell Norton National Southwire Northwest Industries National Distillers Owens Corning Owens Illinois Pennwalt Pioneer Plastics P&G Quaker Oats RCA Republic Steel Reynolds Metal Riegel Paper Schenectady Chemical Soo Valley Topco Associates Alrco Speers Hewitt Robbins Harvey Aluminum Velsicol UE Industrial Chemicals - THGS 004856 WATER PCB-SD0000076737 -3 - Parent Subsidiaries (If any) U. S. QypBura Ui St Steel Uniroyal Universal Oil ProduotB Upjohn Westinghouse Seara Roebuck & Co. Revere Copper & Brass -- - - DeSoto Chemloals- . 3. Phone Calls (December 17 to 20, 1971) with personal visits by St. Louis Specialty Products Group management December 21, 1971 to January 1, 1972. (Formal notification letter will be hand carried) Parent Subsidiaries (if any) Allied Chemical Armstrong Cork Bendix Burlington Industries Continental Oil Deering-Milliken Diamond Shamrock Enjay Chemical Firebtone F6rd Motor Qeneral Tire P. D. George Ooodyear Inmont Kentlle Lever Brothers Lubrizol Occidental Petroleum PPQ Purex Reichhold Rohm & Haas Shell Standard Oil of California Stauffer Sun Oil Tenneco Texaoo Union Carbide U. S. Plywood-Champion Witoo Pee Dee Fabrics Sylvan chemical Rumble Oil Aerojet Qeneral Hooker Lanson Chemical Chevron Argus TMSS 004857 WATER PCB-SD0000076738 -4 Visits will be made to the parent company only by St. Louis personnel exoept in the oaae of Hooker. We plant to visit Hooker in Niagara Falla not Occidental Petroleum. 4, Key Customers who will be sent formal notification letters only (for competitive reasons).____________________ _ Dow Dow Corning ICI America THGS 004858 WATER PCB-SD0000076739