Document oDLNLvRzx33xXedKkeoEmVEwo

FILE NAME: Oil Industry and American Petroleum Institute (API) DATE: 1948 Jan 28 DOC#: API122 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Standard Oil Confidential Internal Report - Industrial Work Clothes - Their Provision and Laundering D (?or Information to Members o f A.?.!.- Medical A dvisory CoBBUlttee - He4- For Puoiic a tio n } '****-?* s OtBSIL worn CLOTHES : T il IE FKOTISIOH USD M M IH I11 * * 3y HOI S. BOHSXB, M .A ,} 2.M. * * I n d u s tr ia i l g i e o i s t , S tan d a rd C il Co. (H. J . ) * 5 ' JMUMT 2 6 th , 19W DICAL EBPAHTMSRr TJAHDAHD OIL POMPASI ( S .J . SO S o c te e fs lle r F I s m Bct York 20, 1 . Y. To : ftt* 61 * 8t?Sf 6 jfic ftf ^1" . . . . ( f a r I n f o r m a t ic s t o B f e s h s r iiJ f A P.1, M ed ica l Tt^__ mi i i Miiiiiii i'~ . ......................... ....... mi Imimmii11i limn' ~m 'iiiinwirnimniTiTiiTTTTTrriiTni i I ' -- imimimi mmmi mi hi i i i i iTTTTmnnirrr t n ir mi A, d v is o iiminnnr y ii- Sw <i'i.T J l iU 'lei. For Px*ll8tttie U tm E W IM , W3RI CLOTHES "HES FBCVI510B AUD LAPM BgO > j|g ;. ' EOT S. BOSS3 , M. A. ; E.M, ^ & d u s t r i a l H y g ie n is t, S tan d ard O il Co, ( K .J .) Nodem p e tr o l 'tesshnslcgy and th e production o f sy n th etic hydrocarbon *ati have introduoad a number o f cexpounds and p ro cesses which rosy a d v ersely a f f e c t th h ea lth o f workers unlf'as c e r ta in precautionary assures are p r a c tis e d . Among th e * ; , precautionary sea su r es which are r e c e iv in g e v e r -in c r e a sin g eensiEtam tiosa, t the tim e, i s th e issu ance o f in d u s tr ia l work c lo th in g t o nployeea and th e I n s t a lla t io n plant laundry f a c i l i t i e s to insure that, such c lo th in g lo proparly, cla a sed end m is t . Appropriate work c l o t h e s , p roperly f i t t e d and m aintained, p la y a prcminant p o r t. in an in d u s tr ia l w orker's h ea lth and e f f ic ie n c y . T h is i e s p e c ia lly tru e wfee. person are working tritk sore or le s s to x ic or carcinogenic m teri& l or wh c le a n lin e s s ie -il a fa c to r in the s a in t anance of product q u a lity . Consequently ^ w f o f .the r e g ro ssiv e in d u s tr ia l o r g a n iz a tio n s. such as B l . iuPont de Bemourg. fc Company, th e Amsi ^ Cyenamid Company and tha Borden Company, have fo r y ears su p p lied t h e ir paplqy**s w ith * work c lo th in g and haw in s t it u t e d a laundry s e r v ic e . > . . More than twenty y ea rs' exp erien ce has d e f i n i t e l y shown th a t t h i s p r a c tlc * ' -'fihbstanti&l d iv id e n d s, b o th -fin a n c ia l a s v p ll a s Improved p u b lic ' *aa& *mpLlcowe* At th e same tim e, th e r e has been v ery l i t t l e d i f f i c u l t y or resentment-- k in g .' the p r o v isio n o f work c lo th e s and t h e ir la u n d erin g 'm . th e p o rt .if m^l-oiyeeajitt.. _@t rGiving t h is servie nor from lo c a l o u tsid e la u n d ries and' mrchaiKta.', _ In order to obtain d e fin ite data ae to the p r a c tic a l asp ects o f providing ifsylij c lo th in g and th e op era tin g o f p la n t la u n d r ie s ,.w is it e h*ve been m M `%,%hp 'CteeabfS f f MGrks o f th e diiPont Company at Bap Water, Sew Jersey? American CyelC'C?e^Pijj CalCo-Chemicals D ivision* p la n t-a t Boimd, Brook, few - J ersey ; and Borden* s d iv is i o n laundry a t B ast Hew fo r k , le i^ la r iu Ths iaf-OTmtion ob tain ed .dtariag "* jy ie ita i s herew ith - b r ie f ly sumhariseds . ;* ... ^ ` J. S U A I C E a t . . i_* 5-p -s j i i-A l ,_:' 'w o i j c ; s 'ti'S - ' ' ' ^ - . Work c lo th e s ar u s u a lly is s u e d tspoa 5u i i t i " f r o a 'th >V i" fsns*eaax?^ 'su pervisor a t a storeroo-afc-nae .-end. o f t h e '.S ^ lo y e e .i5 B r fie # Bil&i^'T[i^h';ad" 'looms) or adjacent, th e r e to ^ -T h e r e .appears tp* b tm "alfora p ractid e! a t o th e .'"^ slothing by the nature of mds garaont sake laialk .e t t o e l o t h l s g , w ith th e ex ca p tio p o f m M . , .working w ith giw 9`"Woo3....eljirts.- . . ' \ 'c: k In order fa m ily kept. f th Assricen ' W@piag records bif. eltis Issu^dj, &m$.' ils o f mash a card, i s t h i s a 'us^d t' th'MdmA ' Co^ w ; - . : ' l i b ~$r v&`. (2) - -'* - > *. 0 # - -<-:rvs Aji'i .' Chambers Work: TJpcn employment a l l o p e r a t o r m i saiutessaneiB abn are g iv e n ,i w ; palra""of tr o u s e r s , two s h ir t e , two s u i t s o f lo n g underwear, t v o - la r g e to y e le IT ~ " a cake o f soap ard a p a ir o f --rocdec-eoled sa n d a ls. T te w eandale r e toto *1; t o , from and. ta k in g shower b a th s . They a r e obtained' f r e a t t e Beeee Wooden Company, Columnvs, leb ra sk a r.nd zaex about f i f t y cen t r a p a ir . Bpcn requiiit h ie foreman, am em p lo y e r e c e iv e s two new f o w l s rory s i x w?te and W t every nvc vesha, The f ir s t, .aoue o f c lo th in g i s fr e e a f t e r which. a sp lo y ee ie w ith nvo new iaeuea a year at h a lf p r ie s , upon r e q u is itio n - f t m /t h s f r e n e n ,: M**i h.,?y- c lo tk in g c.ontei'iinated or desaa{;ed to su c h 'a s sten t th a t i t must be discard ed i s ` '$*4 re p la c e d a t Company .ex p en sev C lo th in g grapplied t ; ^leye ' m o s t ytikfo. are term inated. I Bound Brook P l a n t : O r ig in a lly a l l p ro d u c tio n m b were giT an c o v e r - a lle vabde; soap and to w els b u t r e c e n t l y t h s U n io n 'h as i n s i s t e d t h a t t h i s rrf.e e b y teadM 'jti ain tsn an .ee man. T h ree s e t s o f e l o t t o s Are f u r n is h e d a 'y e a r .'1 A s o t "in o lu d e e -teSTp' of drawers ^w inter o r' reer w ig h t)\ M t r <af o r sm rasr w e ig h t), two s u i t e o f e o v e r - s llia oj* t w l m g g w w and two' ja c k e ts ;-r fb fls* t h i s c lo th in g te d t o ha g e ld f o r over th re e pay-day , but. i t i s aow f r w ,. ,'I1 a re "heavy d u ty " 22 t p ; t e r % - W . tool t o a l w l ''!, m d w W a r dtf S t l e a fsfc3&ig 'V Company, f l e x i b l e vp> i"e& nm 's lf f iik '.' Tbfe. e W r-ai$'-ear* "A rsy S u rp lu s^ o r Ovam il fro P a & yn im i "Sew J ^ r y , A l t s lo th i n g is '.- s te n c ille d 'w ith - th e ' check number: 63-91 Park ''dee in d e lib lW rln k , c ^ ts itta d fra !.' Kbhmimm W Coajpaagr* -'3586 , l e A , ' I I . 'a t |i,, 9 p a r q u a r t. T h is in k i e s p e c i a l l y e ffe ^ y $ jj as it w ill tniaerouB w ashings. . . . - - - . "--. " -. ' "': ^ ' C~ :;t" -rr ;: r. . ".`t.-. ~ <'* '* t 7vl;V=? Borden _ S e if d m i - u alea& H i /lo a a tsy * p a s t e , -aprens j ' e'spe "'and > fu rn ish ed fre#* p l a n t en. ( P r e ^ i:tis B 'M o r k e w ) , p la tf o r m i , f e r , i ^ I s - s a le d r iv e r s an fi'lB S erK to ry te d m ie ia a g " . 'Tpaei and- sk a *ar to- aaipi-oynise a n i m s in th e P r in ti k g Shop,'* W A w 4 to w s le '-ars e h s a g ^ ^ d a ily .''!' " : ` *" . - : - ^ & i A 1 G 9 | | H'A f | 0 | ' ' =. . 7 " U,xAVliii*% , . . ' . . <? Lg3 'Plant Laundrie are uetuCJ^ lo c a te d t d e r e ' i b a - r(wtttar^"etMi i ^3 e l e c t r i c i t y a re read3,ly acceB sibl f o r exa^3ls i n em e o r x a r o f th e Es^luy*'' S erv ice B uilding (wsah and locker r o c ) such as s t tM SouM SyA 'ttos C hem icals B iv is io n o f th e A w r is s n C yaaaaid C ^ ^ a a y or- la . s e p a r a ta buiMl3ag-:esieb.?i it he -30 f t . x 60 f t , c o rru g a te d ir o n b u i l d i a i a t th e 0ta*feM Ifesi -ef: dtaBss*' Co^>any. B orden's Imm dry fo r the. Avenue P a ste u risin g . P la n t. " " - ' :. /-/ .V ' ;' "' j.tt ,.v , * "13) ji' gQUIPMSST " Rio n ecessa ry laundry e q u ip a ssi depends ugea fisa ty p e and pjaatitat* o f work e ist M ^ t be p rocessed , Moat s o t t o s and w co lss work .elobhee w ith th e wxcpijl o f w hite isifjgfiii "9 aiaplj- iraahsd cad d ried =3d s o t ironed The n ecessary is lie te d be] C h'etera -Mori: One 42" x 1 Troy Premier Masher (2 s e c t io n s ) manufactured/Ijy th e .tearlean Laundry Machinery Company, C apacity 300 l b s , dry c lo th e s . Used far-L^J o v e r a lls , c o v e r a lls , ja c k e ts , e t c . tea 36" s 54" Masher (2 s e c t io n s ) a s a t f ie t u " by the Trey Manufacturing Company. C apacity 200 lb a . dry c l o t bee and used f o r tow els and socks. One ho" x 10" Mercury E x tr a c to r , manufactured by tb s Troy Manufacturing Coops ^ and has a capacity o f 225 w t e t e t t e a . Os 28" x 10'" E xtractor aazitifaeturad by thev; teariean Laundry Company and has a ca p a city f 75 lb e f imdwwaftr per how * Tbaee> e e a tr ifu g a l extractors rsmoro app raxim taly 5 percent o f t h e water d u rin g th e 15 minutes operating tim e, lo t h extractor, ar equipped with, s a f e t y device wh.ioh p w i covers from being p@a@d when-SBBChlaes -.ere-lxi operation. ' ' ' 1'. On J*-0" x kv Dryer and two 36" x 90" Dryers iSsarfatured by th e A a srlca s at Machinery Company. The two dsyere .get eteoa-hew ted U y m & each d ries, "fia^ p&mB o f wet ciotto per hour a& -'-te^pamias aS IBgPt , "Voci ^m n te hangrii and dried slow ly ovsm igirt i n m -steam-heated, (3 r a d lsto r a )-p la n t fail roe a t a temperature o f feut 13? ' fM rooo en MMXe a ta s t a pound c lo th e s per day.- ' - ' * ' ' ` : ,C. '' i " bl* Bound Brook' P la n ts ~ to b2m''-6few Mosweed Master -and two x ^ " Borvohd M asters manufactured by th e Asaxiemi Laundry SfaeM sery to 5 0 " s sd sai, _3C& lo tr u x E xtracto rs manufactured^ by th e American Xmundxy Machinery Company. - Twel^a' Zone-Air D ryers. manufactured^ by th e A w r fe stf laundry Machinery Company. ' fM * ` ' a ls o has an overhead m onorail :sy ste m -fo r r'tra n sp o rtin g i m f a y fr e e ' th e m ta * "to- e x tr a c to r s and th en t o th e d r y e r s,, :>..y"**11 \ ;*"` *- . - ... . . - -,-;'-'--1<*1. * Fou^-Stft&leafi 8teX. Sidtli. Drus W a ste a a e 'h y 't l Laundry .Machinery C o ^ m y /y Stow .J& tragtaF 'sd b y t h e American. L a a d ta rE a cl- C ^ ia n y . Qm H orelene-ilgj^ T ^ '-A li: of-.-'tMe-' s$upofta..hs -bees' $a m m i o eSboub -.-- .- V : ' fodero durisg' d @ si^ o f laundry aaeMfefy-'Togt>igfe p s ^ t o t ia 's t e lle le s h weehing i t i p o ssib le < r ^ ^ 4 r -fi M ^ tb --e la ix lleA .-r ,ler. @x^l o f t M- Ssaariem 1 CaapaByr -Tm - ' " X ' . l 'ie e ,1fchaa i i l 'aaiiti^pt p s^ w iS ^ e H is ^ S r fttetidsssdrw so m lfa -few qpezm tios/ ' da8i ^ ^ ^ l M B # l & 8 'pHt> sneloei-.fP. jsstfe^f'A- g^ te* > ^ d j^ -- B 8 . sapy'.SSswl "(& 0sa Seal ^ s m m * s t e m aad w ater* B a il t t o t o th e. 40b 'b e tte r , ;f e s t e r ttfc ijeee '.oobtfv \w V -'- Us* AG ffiO volt#' & eyeS*._3 phase e le c t r ie f , . ti@ &h s IfeOSB" M* Wfcw wttlrhht SWP mo*e*. ,/.C!^mpMf>ill4tnyr.''a8tf5e..1WV-4*T' *ea-iwei>tMhieiiLi..y*ftV4n- t" E w ith 7 IP ' n c ^ ' C i p a A t p -|3d . , ^ f ^ - ^ l s ^ e ' ;i^ a a o ; w ^ "CASCADE XBOMMTXG OTEBOli* l a , f o r ' ' o e as.te eaqjpiilfln.' any Asssricaa Cascade Waster # to'asfaifflstib alSy the b@t p r e ia ta m iM d m ald ag fmmsM - Xt opsratiem. Prie f . o . b . C3j j e t e w t i'f o r '-f)sJ2. 99' w fo r Ss i-tofeie ete i? ...... V n :k\ - ...;. , 9 - '* . a * - JTS'JS SEEACTOK' -- - u.T,r:.i to r>ncyz- surplus water from cashed laundry t : -s ntxpi-: r a p r i l i . - in c re a s e s production and c u ts la b o r cost by i . i a i a s t i a g a .\2 sc-zzc.. - i i n t i i n s o ' wcr& fr e a t i n s i t i s uxQ.o&&afi from th e ' w ashers t i l i t is ci.-iioeite.d ra sc k d a ic a lly a t th e damp a c e sn b ly or v a rio u s .- f m i lk in g d e p a r t--a-.::. ? n c e f , c o. C incinnati fo r th e 50" is e , the- m ost ger.-?,rally used., witb. <x c a p a c ity o f ;20 lbB , i s $ 5 ^ 0 -0 0 . :,CK3-AIE EKTiXG TUMBLES ' in c o rp o ra te s an e n t i r e l y new p r i n c i p l e o f tumbler e n g in e e rin g which e n a b le s i t t o d ry a l l e l o s s i f i e a t i o a s f la u n d ry work ` 1 ra p id ly and a t e rr.re e d y low c o st due to concentration o f h eated a i r in / "se n e '1 where work i s n o s t th o ro u g h ly opened up f o r g r e a t e s t exposure t o i the drying a i r . This r e s u lts in lower ateaa and power co ats and sw eeter - sm elling work b ecau se g r e a t e r e f f e c t iv e n e s s o f th M g h - v e lo e ity , . heated a i r makes d ry in g l e s s dependent on t e a t . H o rk .Is d rie d more . n a t u r a l l y , a s when hoig i n `a s tr o n g , w arn b re e z e . P r ic e o f th e 36" s 30" t t ZCKE-AIP. DKTI3SC lUiSLEK complete i s $745 f .o .b . C in cin n ati, Ohio. ' 1AUBHRT PEPSOHML The ih s s b e r s Works Laundry s t a f f baa a 'forem an and' seven " an. o n .the 6:C0 A.X. t c 4 :0 0 ?..M, s h i f t and one Ban on th 4 :0 0 P.H . to 12:00 M idnight, The wage rate at present ie $ 1 .3 7 per hour pins a $3.00 per day bonus* The Bound Erook P la n t Laundry h as a s t a f f o f a f o ra a a n mid el& m n s e n : _ .. on day s h i f t , a ix man c s a fte rn o o n s h if t and two m s sn th e m id h ig h t s h i f t . Tui. woman working one s h i f t o f e i g h t h ours a s k in g n e c e s s a ry gsrm rjb' r e p a i r s * JUAu9 VR a t th e h irin g rat o f $1.035 h o u r f o r 30 dayfe? $ 1,065 p e r h o u r f r th -aB*t"6o days, aftfer w hich th e washers `and countermen g e t $1.10 p e r hour* . - The Bcrdsn Company's laundry has a forem an a t $71.00 p e r si, fiv e' w eses a t p e r week, one s e a m s tre s s a t $ 4 6 .CO p s r week, & d r i v e r a t $ 6 1 .0 0 p er. week who e o lle e ts.C it* and d e l iv e r s th e la u n d ry from .t'h e v e r i e r b ra n c h e s and s ta tio n . . : ' s^ There appears t o be v ery l i t t l e la b o r tu rn over w o n g th e p la n t laundry worteye r. The average s e r v ic e a t th e Borden Laundry i s 15 y e a r s , 8 -years a t th e Chambers Work*`^,7"w'v Laundry and 5 y e a rs a t th Bound' Brook. Jlaat- k m d r y . . .. y v . . ; '* * ; *- * - .. . - ..... -.` V v t * AMOUNT 0? LAIMIST FBOCUgSg). - Th S la s h e r s Horks Laundry fioe from 750 t o S50 . btm dle;; (p a n ts , s h i r t s , u s d i r w a r j s o c k s ,/ to w e ls , c o v e r a lls d j m p w s ) pr day*. . .u This is approxim ately 4,000-jdes o r about t w t s M dry w ig h t. . \ The Bounds underwear Pleat- .Laundry on an aver&gs does about. 36QO c o v a r a H s ,-7200 suit., towel, p e r 4 . h o u r s " `V- ' Ths BorddSMIREfisy i s th e o n ly a m f tfea la u n d r ie s v i s i t e d t h a t fin ia h e e a y ' w ork, th e o th sx ^ tK Q f' do "ro u g h d ry work; Oa th e a v e r s e th e y f i n i s h 400 "` s e a ts , 480 ap y o ee,'12 aps8 10,000 tw e lg , 1?5 aM. 75 s h i r t * ; . Zn th Bough Dry c l a s s , th d a i l y average! o u tp u t 1 ITOO^ co at , 1000 80 to s te ia `.. aad. 4o tm io sax la . ' . . IAPHgRr rac13DTKgS 'TbBT<b i s , a f c o u rs a , s e w v a r i a t i o n i s tte Im m A s j grosedur- a t th e v a rio u s la u n d rie s v is it e d , ta r e v a r , th a pro ced u re a t th e C h a tte rs Worto iaiffidry 1 which i s o u tlin e d below , _ls ty p ic a l: ' a O' 5` C.U17 ~b .jundry baga, eor.-^inLsg: a p p ro x im a te ly 23 b u n d l e s , a ra re c e iv e d i a i i rcm the. t a r leva ciarjy; dousee 07 gursga truck, lach, b u n d le i s t i e d and tin -tic -g e d , shewing E&a'e ctotci number, maje end chaugs-house. The bags are e p e s r i and biAles placed on v e r tin g ta b le . Cue m removes ta g end p a sses ,, bundle or. to another wc-rher vbc en ters name and nraber on a laundry check s h e e t. ' Furs1: aeon ^heh ca u ls out p ie c e s by nsx> (p a n ts, s h i r t , so ck s, e t c . ) , which second - man Gnters on check l i s t . A m astered id e n t if i c a t io n s a fe ty p in (10 to a s e t - obtained fro n B. Eo-cnaten & Company, Casden, lew J e r s e y ), i s pinned t o each .* r p ie c e of c lo th in g . C lothes are separated in laundry b ask ets .as t o w oolens, tow els underwear, and socks 1 p a n ts, s h i r t s , te. 'The s lo th e s ar th en washed as f o l l o w s . A. C lothes (n o t from dye o p e r a tio n s; - -- --- :-- Gals, of A at. per - Teffip. Opera BgO in Ingredient 1 0 # Dry . -of . tio n Washer Used Cl o t t e s Water B lase Viator. *-- ' Wash 5S P e rlit 8 02. . - S im plex ' l 6 02, x . l F , - ; iiM s . 38 Bins 78 S ta p le * W ater l oz. * = *= - 160F , /. . _ 170% , - - B in se 78 W ater iuor. ' B in se 78 Water '=*S' - Cold Binse L _ J L _ Water . '2s"'OB c o m Running *. Tims 5 Kin. 10 Min, : 10 Mia, c-,;.. 5 M 4 / T'' 5 M u , ' 5 -M i:'A'. .9 Mia, -, JL' C lo th es from Eye O p e ra tio n s a r e washed a s above w ith t t o - s c e p t i c s t h a t 12 ossb'. o f P e rlit i a l k a l i 1 i s ' used in s t a d o f B 'o z s , m A a, o f 8 im p les in s te a d of l ozb. ' - C. Greasy and P aint S ta in ed C lo th in g ; Op^ratio n Wash Suda Blase Binse Blase Bias Gals,, of BgO in . Waster 38 k. - - V Ingredient 12r od ( t e i l t - (BaatroH ' .(Jfercoioid iSij^plas . Water , - W a t e r [': W a t e r . ' 1 Hater M , per -100# Dry Clsfcbs .16 O. , 1 Ft, 0 02. 32 02. . of . . ' ~ IgO ` . ;. 18 , . - **** u\ * Ib am ig -',. T ' .;V .. i ,M s k - ;> 170% .' " . ' i 6o f . ioor-. J - v 100% . '... . 1.- C oM . "' -. V. 10 Hixu-':':. ` . 9 Mi;..*- 5 mi --A 5 H . '-I ' IL Hsai ClotM ns: 100%. w ith one p in t and given two r in s e s - HSfil C lo th in g e x tra m sh,, La-mdry (Hot, f r m . Dye O p e ra tio n s ) ar w asted i a f 8 g a lla a e f ustr.*t.: o f B t^ e o o l IS Fast p&r lo o 3b, o f d r y e l i t e s f a r 10 'M a t s i w ith 7O gallos-, e5 w t r a t 1'00I% f o r 5 s i s u t e s sph, - '. .- t p .f * from Dya A reas i s 'given s a a s tr^ssst @ * e w bag sr washed d a i l y w ith wool eefcM an . , ' . > .. ' "" (Th es^poim ds: P e r l i t e , S i d l e s p P e n t r o i l em& I f e r e S ls id as4 i n th e w ashing o p e r a tio n s a r e product from. 1 S o t a s t e * >'J|s S. ' sv York aad C hicago, DuPonol- IS Past 1 a. B aPost -p ro d u ct.) ' k:-.' :: - J-C. j'ifiiat&nt Trqs.taorr. o f C loth in g ; A fter c lo th e s save b ees washed and W7VZ.3, c'zaj are l e f t m -;-s iv..v7s v r v isy r {e x tr a c to r ; where approxim ately AO gallon o f I ..re F.etaidant CH .An ^nrenivs suLiarvtte pinduct made by th e DuPont Caarpany) s o lu tio n '1 .1 Sp. g r } i.5 -.idsd. C lo th ? 3 a re s e a te d m t h i s s o lu t io n fo r-tw o minute w ru rr .rd d r ie d .' The a v i u tic a ie u ecc'-u red , b ro u g h t up to th e o r i g i n a l s tr e n g th and re u s e d . A ll p ie c e s or* f la n e - c r e a t e d c lo th in g a re Etemped (3 d ia g o n a l b a r s ) w ith ` w a te r s o lu b le y e iio v i j e {" L ith c s c !" P T e llc v 3 G p& ste, a dye s t a r c h m ix tu re nd@ by C hancers Wcrxs DuPont Jc.upany T ech n ical L a b o ra to ry ra d a p p lie d .by a ru b b e r s t a ^ ) 1 before they are returned to the areas. This gives area sup erv isio n a cheek os m s who a r e re q u ir e d t o w ear such c lo th in g . ' S o rtin g and B u n d lin g ; A f te r c lo th e s have b een d r ie d th e y are s o r te d on masbersd. hooks os moveable r a e t a . The ra c k s axs th e n r o ll e d t c o u tg o in g "bundling" ta b le wh^re^ each man's c lo th e s i s checked w ith o r ig i n a l "check l i s t " * th a n bundled. Bundles b k ^ packed in th e Chang Sous Laundry Bags (w hich have been la u n d e r e d ) . A f te r ty i n g up and tin -ta g g in g a carbon copy o f -the "check l i s t " i s p la ced in each bag which ie o f ' value to the change house attendants in handling d istr ib u tio n o f clo th in g . Sharp a r t ic le s , such as razor b lades* l e f t in pockets o f d ir ty clo th es presen ts a se r io u s hazard. C ars must be e x e r c is e d in han dlin g laundry p in s . C loth in g eon- -A laminated w ith to s ic m a te ria ls such as B etra& phthylaM ne, B enzol, e t c . , are ape*, i a l tr e a ta sn t at th e L ab o ra to ry b efo re b ein g s e n t t o th e Laundry. They kept se p a ra te and hand-led w ith rubber glove. . . Bound Brook Plans Laundry Procedure; The washing o p era tio n a t th e Bound Brook V>: laundry is very sim ila r to th a t o u tlin ed abpvs except th a t a l l coverall are- givs^ xX a 10 t o 15 minute soak in en a g ita te d s o lu t io n o f k pounds o f Soda Ash in 80 gallon ' o f w ater at 1 5 0 F ., r in s e d , then washed f o r 20 m inutes in 9 o z s . 92^ Armour Soap ; Jx* Powder in 6o g a llo n s o f w ater at 150F. in a Uorwood Cascade S a a h e r, rinsed i n a c e n t r i f u g a l e x t r a c t o r - f o r 20 m inutes and d r ie d 20 t o 30 m inutes to a Zone-AST."- **-' drier, The fo llo w in g fo rm u la ha been recosssasded f o r la u n d e rin g work c lo th in g s o i l M w ith grease and g rim : , . . "Dae a m ix tu re c o n s is ti n g o f 2 p a r t s by w eight o f B e d im to 1 o f soap, or k pert of S odim ie ta silie & t to 3 o f s u f f i c ie n t t o th e wheel t o g iv e d e s ir e d a a o u s t 'o f @ud. and o e e le r e d 8das 3 p a r t s by waigfefc o f soap s M 2 M atasilierfi . ' . ' M ataailie& t aapj> and add For f l a t w a tt part o f S o d im . . I M M |j* - The S h a k e r s Hor&s o f t b s duFoot Coaspany rep art th a t eov ral3B B K fW d ew te on th e average wihhrtaM 15 t o aO'wasMisg b e f o r e tMy.'c must ba rep lsp R ^ L S M 1b probably duo t th type o f compound, aesoetes'i. r&tSmr^ ' th a n t th l i * 8 r l || peratioas. ' The Bound Brook P la n t o f th e C aleo Chemical B iv is io a t e s b o m d that- th Ilf o f t h e i r s o v s r - a l l s i s 150 w ash in g s] and t h e i r underwear# ab o u t 200 sgtshtog T o ta l Cost Q L au n d erin g Wor& C lo th e s A ccording t o Mr. A. C. P@a@e* Ge@sml ' S u p erintendent o f th e Bound Brook P le a t Laundry th e t o t a l c o st (in c lu d in g labor* s a la r i a is , r&sx, lig h t, s ts a a , w ater, in te r e s t r t i m t i e a ) o f la u n d e rin g nrk 71 'Vi'. c l o th e s i s $ 3 ,0 3 0 p e r pound o f d ry c l o th e s . The c o s t o f la b o r M m aterial f t l i s o n ly $ 0.C l6 p e r poiasd o f ry c l o th e s . Tteffl b a s t prie t h a t could, b o b ta in e d f r * o u ts id e l o c a l la u n d ry was $0.08 p e r pound dry c l o th e s . / . ,, Mr. V. m K it e , F o r e s f th C hasbers Work Lamsdry report t h a t tb s' t o t a l . c o s t , in c lu d in g a l l d i r e c t and. in d ir e c t charge a about -iO.'CB'per peiisd a f d ry ` o v' I Si Department of the Interior { 1 f i I^Lf]^W J^5EA l^F MINES HN W *fINCK, TCiRrCTQft ' INFORMATION CIRCULAR* . S f # r NovkMDE 1936 '. ; / :1 '^FL^r/s-/T' ' :: 3 g ^ ' . ;, . , ;.... MS o r r e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i o n m t o e NOt'STRY,..\VIT SUG3 SSV .Q H Si ' ' ' ' a'.'v". '<>v>xv,'.v:< . . T . u FOR THER SOLUTION ; ' 'f.T1', * U Bru RY LOUISIANA STAU UNIVERSITY J .* SY M a ... .,r V ii.,0 .vs:^j1:V1*'-* :'''1L*V. ' G` M' KmTZ AN0 H* C. Fowls* A-.' ' ' DEC 1 4 1 9 ^ --T,;: % * S5*$fc icv tn b o r 153&' ^gA?,Tbg;r? ot 50S PP.Q3L3US 0? X55?I'KATORT PROTECTION IN EES , KSTSOLEtW IiaXfBTRTi TiXTH SUGGESTION'S SOP. THEIX SOLUTION*/ By. G.M* K iutpi?/ and H.O* p o r ls r - t / . , ... Proper re s p ira to ry p ro tec tio n 0/ workmen, reg a rd less of th in d u stry ?r the in d i7idsial.-0ccupi.tiop, is fundnnental fo r th e ir h e a lth , c a fe ty , and ef~ ricienoyfh'E he.pro'bleae involved in providing th is p ro te c tio n have v i r tu a ll y . ;h* Bano.'elenentB* although i t i$ u n lik ely that two ohs, even, on the erao type ?f work,--rill have'exactly the eace hazards* S atisfactory solu tion of problems jro.&ted.by, ataosphnrio condition that are unspfc or detrimental to the health ^ ^ afficiea cp r pi,.worker cna he reached only a fter careful analyois of Individ^--. '^1 ^oircrcsaptanc,' . 'Tha cpe.c.if its iapaylty* in the "air to'which' each worker on '.srh j-ch 1 exposed srast ha determined, i t s dangers recognised, nnd a ffe c tiv e -rctective ae&sures taken *- rseaeurea that not only protect hut o ffe r a aininua- -- * inconvenienc* to the Porker* Health and safety atudiei cf respiratory h*z~ "^*r^p!iuira ^a^hrond knowledge of the physiological e ffe c ts produced hy various usti., .isistay fu ses, end gases and of the physical and chemical reaction* that e m it quant its-tir detection end elim ination .of-thee truhst-ancau fro the air'"1""1 reathed'hy '.urorkaan* ' ' ` . . v ; '. ' /.I,'*> - ' - . . "'*v - pertaining to protection against toxic ga-eea in the jtrcl^;^tojtry;l*^ertxi4iY, hut writing* dealing with dusts and other rtivumns; ab hors* W terial peculiar to that industry are rela tiv ely fen* iccrdiiglyi^^*'panay dealt nainly with hazards of the latter type and make* tt protection against then*, By drawing on the experience :. ^thhruiadui^it .it* it hoped that th inforoatian w ill help to presets greater' alth.and -safety ano&g workman and aeciet safety, personnel, and compensation psrunenta inkhhe petroleua industry to meet their Individual problems, whether ey pertain to burning lead, spraying paint, ennd-'hlacting, cleaning and repair- 5 ttnes and^gtille, or other occniDations in which nan are exposed to respire- 7 .*n1"a. o tr. is *tsr k. ' !<l' , ' - - ) -' ` ` ' in preparing the fo llo w in g d ic c u s s iM of dust and r e la te d hazards.' wk-lift p e tr o le u a 1in d u st7 , M aterial has been dreu-n f r e e ly fren and freq u en t er- is rcc.de to" a c e r ie s 0'*: p u b lic a tio n s prepared r e c e n tly hy th e S e s lth *). .`. l * . unc Bureau'.of Minas w ill welcome r e p r in tin g of t h is paper, p rovided the ' ; Hw'ing..footnote acknowledgment i s used: ''Beprintod ix o a U .S . Bureau <,o f Mine .Inform ation C ircular 69I 5*11 `' ` P rev en te d ,'a t.th e 'In te rn a tio n a l Petroleum E x p o sitio n and Congress, T ulsa, ,;;,0k la v ,.H cy,21, 1536, , . i3scciato'*rcining' engineer; U,S, Bureau of M ixes. ' ' " Sparer petroleum 'e*.n gin eer,' U.S. B ureau'of M ixes. ' Vr**.-* *lx sfci ^ 1 l v < N I k -. l . s ^ , . . . . J * ' *  ; '0 , *'\sf,> ^ and Sofoty Barraanche c: the U nited S tates Burecu of Liir.es, e n title d L ite ra tu re on E ffocta of 3 ren th iag Duets, w ith Special Reference ^to S i l c i ii C ^ m Sene idea cf the importance of the problem of re sp ira to ry protection^ and the tremendous cost in cid en t to th is type of hazard nay he gained fre a X) following figures J ' . ' r4. ' '.^1;;'.'. : V ' i j f f - South .Africa has paid over $05,000,000 in condensation'for. e U iw r i^ g alone and has an a d d itio n a l outstanding l i a b i l i t y of $34,000,000; in. 1932 "vrUtl>S<'1-11^ V$5,000,000 were allow ed. In Ifieconsin during 1932 approxln&tely $207,000 was p a id in compensation fo r occupational d is e a te i, and"4?tts.193.9,1 1932, inclusive, tho indcanity cost o f the S tate fo r creased over 0 p e rc e n t, w hi'le aecidiaappt't.-nesopeas*.t i o n :in- contrast L f than 30 percec.t57 The eapejrienpe .0.f ..etw !te'Hlhi c ite d , b ut"in thins d iscu ssio n courts cf the United, State* a fo r B licosc, and Sapoingtous/ estim ate* th a t these c l a s s ' 200 percent over those in th e puevicus yoar* Although '"oat* a c t be allowed end other cases v i l i bo thrown out cf court 'l i ti g a t i o n " ia ` siv e , and udgnenta of the order of $14,000 and $21,000 ance not tmcccjaon*^ dreda of case* ere being s e t tl e d fo r sm aller nountsc " ' ' h ' ' ' Y'3&Lf . .^ >:cu.VJi-cb[ An in cre asin g in te re ftt in so c ia l e c u rty i* T.^need'''by being considered and passed in many S tates r e la tin g to bijenriY caused cupational disease* and to compensation fo r people a ffe c te d 'by^tiibite'' d is * * .^ ^ The in te re s t of in d u strie s r is o is increasing in th is v i t a l problem,, whier not new, However, because in d u stry generally hno not t ten ia e'g re ate r; in preventive measures in tho p a s t, nuch f" *"'" +iw>,vii !' XL" la rg e suae of neney probably w ill be p aid . An in d ic a tio n of th e growing r e a liz a tio n c f 'tie * importance p f atmospheric conditions is found in the annual expenditures TiOW'bciig saAel' a ir-c o n d itio n o ffic e b u ild in g e , fa c to r ie s , end many fo rk in g p la c e r by near* ;X}J --* ' - .* y ' * Harrington, I),, raid Davenport, Sara U, Herierr of L ite r tu rc on E ffects cf Iro ath in g Ducts, with Special Reference to S ilic o s is . ? a r t 1. Chapter 1' D efinition and C la s s ific a tio n cf Dusts. Chapter 2*. Sources of Exposure. to Dubto Chanter 3 P hysiological E ffe c ts of B reathing Dusts! I.nfers*..-.- tlon C ircu lar 6S35, Bureau of liir.es, I 935 6s pn,. P a rt 1I-A, Chapter 4. Irevention cf Dust D iseases (Sections 1 and 2 ); Information C ircu lar cYY 3urc^u of h ih e s, 133$ 117 pp. P a rt I I - 3 . C o p te r U. Prevention of Dost Diseases (Sectiono 3 ~ Information C ircu lar 6sHS, Bureau of H ire s ,....; 1935 210 up, Dart III-A* Chapter 5. Economic and le g a l Aspects of Dcst-g Diceaoe in Industry (S ections 1 and 2): Inform ation C ircular 6S57, DursO/ O fliir.es, 1935 256 pp. . ' ;;* R U l'\.Y dJ G .i.f , 7(ih,, The R e sp o n sib ility cf the Health Departaebt fo r Occt^pational'^.'V , Disease Control: S nfety E rg in eerin s, v o l. 63, September 193U, y p l 'l 126 ........... ' ` * ``.V J 5 aippppiUini g to n ^ C ,6 ., Discussion of papor by Dick, P.O ., Role of X-Doy in In u e tris l Hygiene Ind. l'.cd, , vol. 4, I 335, D l 6l . !( 430; -.X- R. 11 1 'SpX. v e n tila tin g r.ystens of orcrpcr ecin to keep the p.ir fre e of hanardour cube tancer h/ . Although :he rcop of th is 'p rp o r is confined to discueBiong of i a d i r ii a a l p ro te c tio n against re sp ira to ry hasards, the impor tan c e . of a p o sitiv e .a y s tea fo r p r o p e r . ly v en tilatin g buildings sp ecific work, or working p l a c e s / / - looked* > . v >1 ';X cr^ -X'.'- ' -. V .y '*?>; Many people believe th a t s i l i c a dust id 'the lung a adversely and th a t s ilic c a ia ia a disease th a t haa Refill.- i comparatively recent years* K either idea ie c o rre c t, nor i t the Pitt.xrf^re to ry protective equipment new* H ippocrates, bom about U6Q-IB, '1C f. irpoke-- cf.- &'X;vGvb m etal digger *-3 a non who breathed with d i f f ic u lt y and hod Cthdr..symptoms Snilai1"-g- to those found in s i l i c o s i s . Celeus, a Eo.nnn medical w rite r rh .lived in the 1 f i r s t century, wrote I ''Ey fo r the most t e r r i b le fo ra of erwtoiaticxn^i*. that^which the Greeks called phthisic* t spreads to 'the lu n g s, , On, top._o;L u lc e ra tio n r$ 'and'';-sltSi'lvvoi', 'tkich''& i'thaw^' distmo^hr:' aha a t, o ta ^ t aieWj, *9.- According to Earring-ten and D avenport!/, ''Probably .the o l^* i,p u b iish siit,;d i t ^ - <re-<.--. gar ding the harcsfulnecit of eroosure to dust ia the statem ent in. P lin y '*. N atural H istory that ''Minima (red oxide of lead) re fin e rs in the factory, envelop,.their face with loos bladdirra, which enable thee to see ulthout;.viaheJLiagJ th e . f a t a l? i u dunt1* This reference ia of upeoial h is to r ic a l in te re a t,.; ,4'*' f i r s t mention' of p ro tec tiv e equipment eg ain et the hanards^ iro n 25 to 79 A.D. ' ' ? { *.'.1' 'X f-` ig' felu Proa about 15. 51, . when . Anatus ... .. Lugitanus reported tupied v ith the preparation of gypsum end lime died, of l - o i i g j ^ t h i f i . ^ ^ ^ ^ . ^ `; iiseasd &nd various step of p ro te c tio n a g ain st it'b a re y h e e ii.io r.e ro h le fi ' *' continuous. P h th isis now is'c o n sid e re d g e n erally aa being*aynocya'rtuhwith.iubftr-- , c u l0s i s , md although many neople use the word "s ilic o s is * &$ & general tern , a c tu a lly the a p p lica tio n is only to dieonse Caused by s i l ic a &ist*-.,"'?acuiaoconi" , osiB (from the Greek pnermon, lung, and kor.ls, d u st) is the general', term now being applied to All dust diseases of the lungs, whether caused.by fibrous or-.enfibrou* cubiutancss, and i t is lik e ly th a t th is word w ill be heard more, and more', 'Other ' -;ur.6s given special duct d iseases are c il i c a to s ia , axithrscosis, Biderosig, and j^uhn a iin l , vbhchXFe' e%uoes, Teepee tiv e ly , by the fin e p a rtic le s -o f ivarious s ilic tte T , coals, iron or iron ores, and .e.-eVea^crg, }*$,,;vk- ,r- 7; 1i:t <i?P:y Kv.i.', To. f a c i l i t a t e the follow ing discussion the subject h&VbeVn'divided into four subheadings ! . LU h. 1. hat i igroua natTiOspheren7 1`* ..a-: .nu.,1 rrkhTV-- c i-u rl rc>. Detect ors fo r te s tin g p o ssib le hazardous ataoerpheres, ? * Equips * Use of ''!x' ..X - 'V y ty ,'3 : lcc;-i ". io S uussi n e s Peek, May 2 , l ^ p o , p, 1$, p3,000,(X)0, ^vraa spent, for.-. a ir condi t i or i ?fOTk Ci ted. Infi Mi- (505 ry^o^l. : . o , 915 V, , H / '.'y? /{.'. l`4 ,, , : "S', rA is''DiKCSRWS asy.osfsuoe? i-r V; "e atmosphere* 18 more e a s ily ' defined v i t h. accuracy thon.' __ _ 0us one. p o ssib le d e fin itio n fo r a dangerous ataosphero is - An atm csphb^ i dangorirne when i t contains en or s o r t fo rtig n su b stan ces, roch a g&V-' . n i t , or fumeo, ip s u ffic ie n t quantity td b harm ful or explosive^ or wvihrhv> dos g not contain'enough oxgen to allow working w ith n a x is rn 'x fiic ie n c ^ ' support l i f e , or when the temperature and humidity are too] h ig h 'f o r hii&s/ durance/ * . ` " i" ?; '* Hesearch has' appertained that under con* circuo'w a c e ^ (ouch'as hydrogen culphide, c-rrbrn monoxide,. chlorine c e rta in fumqs] (such as mercury vapor, a c id , 'ani rahS aie ts(su c h la`p a ia t`,' lacquer,, and some in aecticid * '-' heedth'1 Other, examples could be named 'in each ' ` ' a u th o r itie s .bl isv'a3''that breathing..any kind o f 'du*f tiling" if ' i t is ' in su ffic ien t concentration and breathed V1erg*ehcughrlal ,0 date thio theory haa not been accept*! generally Some-person`c ^ ' W tner* ore cates that appear to beer cut the theory) that the pretence mm * experts ballsve tha^ the nos t~~dsrurarm 3~~dus i p a x il c l ea cannot be'seen hr tha.tffi .2he,iE* of p a rtic le # in prolonged eu, lik e ly to be under 5 microns than o ror; proba.1L,, __ _____, ___ __ ( 1a that ranging ira a . 2 micron. to 0*5 micron or B aallW ^b ^ch t^a^th ^ft^jl^ ' palpable p a r tic le a re a d ily 'reapin' Via suspension in ' th e hair? f o j^ o n g ^ p a r ^ <of tins 2ha a i?.9 of fume p a r tic le s ranges free r 1 to 0*2 m icron'in'di& faew ,w V-Vii dlaanogtehr,eravltohrodusg,h i tth eisre thnoauygbhet athlaotwtehre lismmiatilnlegr sthises.p&asr tvi celiels asthpn hgirgehaeter rc' st*hr$I;s: unices e sp e c ia lly warned, employers and workmen are prone to regard impel-' pcble nonvisible dust as a lto g e th e r harm less, !Dust p a r t i c l e s under 5 n lcr^-i' in z i n re a d ily pass through the couth and nose, tra v e rs e the* bronchial' - y j passages, ,tnd lodg# in the alv eo lar tis s u e , iro n which remote p a r t 3 of the `J s;; ~ung stru ctu re they u su a lly cannot be dislodged by hawking or coughing* * , ........... . '< > .< ,,i? ^P^ lil^ 3 -jO -h e _ qble to . s t a t e with exactness'. th V if else and jauxbej i o f j u g t l p u r t i c l es th a ta c ^ y h b e ^ jZ Ih ln liZ .An dry 6rsut i 0a c Ircurij~in p rops rat*oa by t^e Health and1Safety Branch o f'th e Bureau of Hines include3'/ *h^i EvcvC^ent that ao u stain a ir contains 2 lrtrga partiale 'rr`"` ~0 c ity a ir contains 1|J to 100 such p a rtic lo e p e r cubio .centimeter' . _____________________ . __________________ 2 / ^rk cited , In f, `c ir e , bSho, p. 0 0 ,-- .-- ,-- -- ____________________________________ : _____________- -- v '505 -lu r.'-O ' bu:d; ' i ,jh- v '-2c': :<KXC-; :jexo: l ^ S--: ' i 'l'Ss''^ B|Sf *V, *r\V :a- n st c o n c e n t r a t i o n c o n s i d e r e d p e r m i s s i b l e tes ocr trenth& i by a vorbren at 17 noint in tha norm al'bra& thig: sc a -1 - hoc not been i e iir.it ely. b ta b li shed. Ihe commission, i t g iviTsory,ccc^-lV.'-v n itte e , .onplcytro, and s c ie n tis ts have agreed on a te n ta tiv e figura-. cofir,-' 15 s i l l o n countable d u st p u rtic l a under 10 n iero n s in -lo n g e s t Linen Bien'.' vnth fr 1i- c ilic n content of ;,5 '"ercent in a cubic fo o t of. the. a ir as 0- tem in by th t United S ta te s Public Health Service technique* V ariations in free -silic # . content tr ill rcakft p roportional inverse changes -in th is . - standard j Q the casa of p ra c tic a lly r>ur s i l i c a the permissible dust c r u Id bu p,';?, dot thmat;c-wXIT'p/ffi c I H f " 'hy bo'untaola jptrticcB la nor abose r,'art iic ie r ci thin tbs range of s ire fre e 2 to 10 microns in the. dins- 0icr Hurt partir.!} .laager than ,10 r.icv o n i I n the longest emersion do net ordinarily reach pe ;c cf the body rrhero 'they can'produce ir.jvu7 ,2-/ . Iren the foregoing discussion i t can be aeon th at;.despite!the..exten d ed Study civan to the ho.sard of dust d e fin ite end exact in fo ro a tio n p ia ',.1 Hem to the ro sp irato ry system caused by duet, lik e that;, snjjAdL-.'byj gn.aen^iriists, send fvmfcsj depends upon the concentration and tha le n g th 'o f exp0r a r e J `but;-unlike these substances, the else of the dust p a rtic le s e n te rs in to -th e .ik&zard;''j:3e-~`l - . cause of the very, nature of th is problem, which p e rta in s t o 1c e rta in ' c e n g e ^ 'a n d th e ir effects upon the human body under -mricuo end vjirylug c irc ta o ta n c e e , -and because tbs required technique of dealing with tha subject cannot 1 reduced to the exactness of a mathematical equation, sa fe ty engineers end a l l others concerned ruth dust hazards t r il l do ell to ^play safe^ by p ro te c tin g , in so far as feasib le, against any atmosphere th a t is not normal* , Come o f tha noro Conner, occu pa tio ns in th e p e t r o l e u m I n d u s t r i e s where r e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i o n may be needed a ra c l e a n i n g t o n i c s , , g a g i n g , o a u d - b l a s t i n g , handling coke, cleaning coke out r f s t i l l s , c leaning b r i c k , handling dusty c a te r i a l s (rueh aa f u l l e r s e a r t h , cement, l i r e , gypsum, c l a y s f;and;! dry c a u s t i c s ) , c e r ta m bolding operations, burning lend, burning o f f p a i n t , p a i n t - s p r a y work, ernsn p oi nt in g i n close c u a r t e r o , nr.d tha n a ry o p e r a t i o n s i n which1to hen en o_ro ;OSbC '<0 dust tad hydrogen s u l r h i d s About 10 years ago hydrogen su lp h id e p o i s o n i n g rras co n si d e re d &n cun- c v V-, <*s *J . 4Y hazard of the p e tr ole um industry, f i e l d and p l a n t nerknen. inacw about the joui. f i a c c a of hydrrgan s u l p h i d e , and even s a i t r y ltele engi r.ec:-rj re;`0 at a losa roga- n s the o p u l i c f t i o n of trure and p r a c t i c a l methods cf pn'ooctin Oht corid.s*WMJ T.5 beer, changed r a d i c a l l y , p.a4 through p e r s i - e i c c t threaticn the induoerVw in eral krona about hydrogen c u ln h id a gas, workmen HO pact lo 0 ria_!iti< and most ccr.psniee a re f a i r l y -r ail equipped to ccr .CL",: this ho-zard, u Sir r i ngtor., 1, pp. SG und Pi. md Davcr.rort, 3ara 6 ork cited.; 'In f, Ci--c. &hT " 2 .THU I T : 3 p. 1 'C. 515 D srscro n s yon k i t i i g rossusis i m s u o u s twosphehss . T': development and ccsm ercinl ran u fa ctu ra of e ff ic ie n t an. detectors for restin g the per cent aces cf p o i s o n o u s ,i r r i t a t i n g ,1,and in i! 03eo ar.d vapora th a t arty bo pro cent i- the athosnnare have b e ta 'g re a t bocrt/i those a.usage d m h e a lt h and n i t t y cond' ' ` Only id th in re c en t years has-thisi nary I ces neera requir* on* sore t* then &a an. e s s e n tia l port-ninthsirr.'i'5.ty^tqpl]^ end oT9 thoroughly fa m iliar rd th their- c o n stru c tio n and,1.cpcr^tichr.nl V ^th^'i o, ,, '. ' Ib te c tc ro fo r inilnnanbl g.-u th a t tor in mosti`c n a i n the * ?, J4,S.A ., and U*C0 fho cevaral d etecto r* d i f f e r ,in,"ecnstiT^tit.r- opereba on eeoenti& lly the sane p r in c ip le , namely, th a t vhea an.' eleciriu fih ly * , heated f ilm c n t iu introduced Into, an atmosphere co n tain in g inflannable electrical resistance of the f ilea ta t v ili vary in direct- preportionhtoitht^j &rcmt of inflaraaable ga p rtaen i* \ variation of that recisb k 'call^w g i ca a e ste r graduated, in percentage of gaa or percentage, ofi c x n lo s ib iliiy l^ ; str-i seats are reasonably ivccurnts fox percentages frets' rrch tc-itht^erp^i^S i <sits r, : . w '.). ,,'vg , ' .fi "V '.M r-A vvr-1 dV* ,, Sha B u rre ll d e te c to r f o r inflammable g&s has anottr-'bbeessnaAb.ugaaedd.jbkj*':;^t*??.^ ~ky( vs those th a t h&vo bwowo*n* UmiWe^ni tWi4o.VnUeOdL. TUh5e goppUdeTrii.aVtAiyo-Un< of tWh^UiLsO d e tse to r isfb&sf' on the p rin cip le th at the p roducts of combustion of-most in fls rm b lo gasefi'.'hisj^ lteescar e svsoelumine at the volume same tem peratura and o recru ra than the gas th a t is bumifi>^ is in d ir e c t proportion to the amount or gae turned* -X, rumber uo4f ic.uoinitji,nLuiuouuus minifilfcvznrmjr,able gas 4 o tec to rtsare-'cn tha. carhet^djg;^ it they tre not intteenndded to be used as p o rta b le instrum ents E nd'are1nottdsep^^ ribed in this pappee:r, * - . : potectcre fcr Toxic Pesos Carboo-iioaoxide detectors l >V Ss, O" ,,, 3 V / <}'& Hoolomita detei to y , - TThcr. carbon monoxide (co) ie passed thrVcgb^K^ ground pun ice saturated v?ith i.od.i.n..e. p...i.n..t..e..x..i.d...e....i..n.^ _th_e_ pr*se=ce.'tc_^_,__ pr.uric a c id ,'fre e led ilo ig liP c ra tc d , v lich ctohna the pumica'a g reen i.r ^ co^er, 2y ccuparing the shade of green obtained by a ne&sured: volino*, efisic/, rm n & color ocale, the fecount of carbon monoxide can be determined ' Pbe rsn^ _ 0, tnia instrument is O.Op to 1 p e rc en t. I t s accuracy depcadi cenorhat oo thoy-1?: a c u i t y oi the individuo! to o stin a te tha tru e sh*doc P h is ,devio is used, , : ^ ex.ene*vely by tho Bupecu of P ines, nuauafactured-gas corspanies, and others derby Spring to aac trt^ in the presene* cf carbon monoxide. (? Tyrotannic acid d e te c to r **This device io coxp&c-tVbut r e q u ir oh e. r - p . l i t t l e technique in ite operation and is used p rim a rily fo r detecting ;th<s preaesce.^ te - oX carbon monoxide in tho blood I t is Tory accurate end t r i l l 'detect i r c a 'cercpfX' bis to 0*2 percent of the gag in the air* I t operate3 on the p rin c ip le !th a t''th e sfV .V. s'a f i n i t y cf carbon. noaoxidv.i o r the hemoglobin of the blood; is about)'3^0- tia a s th&V 1K,, of oxygen, To t e s t the atmosphere fo r carbon monoxide * s n a ll'i'b o ttle f is .f ille d [ with the a ir to be examined, and 01 cm3 of blood, 'which is d ilu te d .to 2 cm3 v ith 3;~, d is tille d , water, is placed in the b o ttle A fter .about 1$ Minutes of. a g ita tio n lip th is blood solu tio n is. tr e a te d with a compound of p y ro trnnio-pyxogallic acid and **& ra s u ltin g color compared, with a etandard color s c a l e .. .`Ab tj-o *' j it*.of r D f t.' f.'b .. "r i' Continuous carbon monoxide d e te c to rs , - These d e te cto rs''are nadir Vint H a t , The amount of heat generated i s , i n d ire c t p ro p o rtio n ''tp ^ th a ^ ^ d in t- c f' d a ry g i' ^,bon oonoxide present# 3y neons of thermocouples the aaouai'^of js. d ia l narhed in percentage cf Carbon nor.toride.pro aa n t l i 'H i *rdins t runsenfi 'hira^.y. fcccurate, the ,portable,,type,hari* a dial.graduated " . ' . f . ,, y\-\f u-y* Carbon m onoxide-detector ampoul e , ~,T his device-'conaiti.'.es*i ' . `. f r approximately 10 minutes I f oaxbon. monoxide is p r e s e n t 'the so lu tio n ' on'1the' iotton w ill become gray to g ra y ish , depending on th e concentratinV-^"t"di<f<o>1a rL, ' ' , ' Hydrogen Sulphidg D etectors . , ipsi&l 5 ' , * , , - . . .. ,'V ** Although hydrogen sulphide' (H^S) has a d e fin ,ite. c id a r^ (*t'k>^l >j'i**?^*`v.'*4 . . . , M..S.A hydrogen sulphide d e t e c t o r . - ph enist e of-the-Bureau-"of-iineV " -ecer.tly have p e r fe cte d a po rtho le means of d e t e c t i n g hydrogen sulphide Tho deCctor depends Upon the USB c f s i l v e r cviidn on rHTaifii cVr-iriE. YTr-sm n b #*v ' 1 1 . 1 , ", .- acetate ty.par, - Thi9 method ha3 been used to detect hydrogen-rei" I--.de, but i t ig not p o s itiv e end i t s accuracy is lim ited Tbs method c o n sists $ u " S"u;ra^-r`S & piece cf absorbent with l e a l a c e t a t e and .piaping the paper h;v3i? ',vh^_'T. Eunesphori to be te s te d . D isco lo ratio n .in d ic a te s .that"hydrogen 'tulphi.de'1". '' prestnt. ' , , ................b.* r'' ^ m/ a .* : m'A ' V ': <f. t505 - 7 - Oi ? ' ^'V c; l i ^ T hu i ./'v vy : ] il C :Vl p . l b . ; 1 ' * \ r v-- i/tf,i.. : i J -;p ; ufs y <i V-. *v- .T `f:. -i: nU.UT Jvr.' i>;vM1:r.; ^xT J p:i-~ ,. u. T r- -1s. v<j/T ri Letsctor for '.c @ ' of ^c ^ -wo Safety Taerro T H jS 3 ." .' A <" ifOfctE ihe avU ^ ! w oc Erba advisa of exo leniva b-<i * r; --> _ fo r de lecap i - not a i o o t r o d ..lif.V .h , *>^ft v-1V*,. , i :i_''-3cy T CfU:i c y UEa i e a U T U ' -w fc*wnyi t r e s a f e s t ) oxygen *, t o Boo i f a f l a r e ------*e fo r tb i B 3TM*pOB* b i ? : ! " ; 1. 1. a 6 readil7.-a.13 n o s V to : r a y . 1 0.' t o l l / - i f c e t h e r f t : a c a ta ^ u e0 an; fittci v v *-v uraon vno LOaS-MerS tr&ired -Aa,,ar s , c o n s t r u c t i o n , arid p r o p e h Kosterbi/ ^ ^ S l i M ^ ^ A H e c o r d i ^ A m o u a t o f a fit P - ' ^ b / U / i . .X' n7 m----t-a--r- -i-f0 ar ~:- uthe 32 and iL'tO t d e v ic e , *xc ............................. _ on t a t a a r b e t t n a d ^ U e throne-a t1e require* M 1 5 f: T. Y y n -> v S - 1 .. a r a o t i M ^ M ^ H ? ^ ^ ^ 08 i ^ > . _ a ir* ' Pperatb , ,, . ^ i ~ h ~ j?t H . tihheetspa'':d i c l t c lUa th e attrogvjht3>-t ju c o l l a r + T v, ^ S a n < s ra lt a ta r r p lo o f .the dustbpai oratory cr s iri k?>.VJd2l fc o f y v , assursi sa ;ht rrofoasor Ihirhcr a ri r*. , tv ^ T 'o u -i *^d c o n tin u e r d u B t f r e c c r 'd s f v l i i 'rea tfi' -re i --k u a n - C t t d u e t C o s e r ..;, v , ~ : 4 S 2 j r i h ^ ^ ^ ::-' " "* ' ' d ' ^ ,n a r or " f B ansj of sell : :c n -s ; ", ? ? * * f . M V l S t f ; .,. / ' t ' y n - n s . l a ubuaI I / -;.y. a f a r r a . r s : n l ^ x s i n c lo tt, s k a t i d p d h ^ r i."! " ! b7 "^ t a t evea i 7 caras r r o a i t e j atsaseke- Eitke"- ^ 4 f h l ' ' ?" " * or " ls 5 *-' W .M a M 5 - " se4 `-5 l a d i c s t s .a s ? r s c e n ; c ' r * .n w v & U v U r i& lfr** ~~ S-'.V Other b a s c a i s a s s i a -- e,-s 7 ? 7 " `:S6 ---r, ^ T ; * v` v tD ^ : e r n i . n e Co-S , -St, ft .u- btat , c,, r d.usa t ,, , t '"'? e ;; ' i = c l l '> ' t l s i : t i r f : V ^ | i t h e p _r_e_s e t., s Cf.. a v*o U o ^, .- : 0 ? r a : Lee i iq u c ra r raa psascncar r r - 'T U - U ptfei . . Sel ect 102 i ' rf :rj'aiUr "bv 2n^I. Y{;i T - 9 Proper indivi d u c e r v i- on a Job r i t h a r c te c tiV i sea,lf tb 'o b n d iiio T 'tn e r j . yv ^er or i ar-STir '-*b tlec:ior =00t cf the reroi ' ' ' ' c l i c rrirojg- q -u a c tin n 05 2, T. -N'-pJ. P ^ erc e~0 Uh orygen to suan,ort li^ e? i - *' ^ at SMi s.cahyriatlag g ,, ccr.cer.trationa jnd ch aracteristics? zire - ." esent and. vrh&t are theirU <''*'*Urj- * 1 ennd ir yh nfe*hoJ f T l T i ' i U L J i U l i , fu.eiej - --___ `.. T d t gojicea t ra aj on ? c j^ ^ c o a b ir .n ti p e g p f t h e s * a r e t r c o o " '*'? * i u ths p . r i t d of , ^ . n -0 bo? ' " ^ ^ `V* ' 2.'C{v 6 3 1 3 v ', .. ,, v. -- ^'8v#r i co- 7h:-$;yg U ,,$ 'Shot ie the temperature end humidity * J' - fccr w ill be 'corking? 6 Unde? That conditions Trill r.on be vo: bs "n crpnoed oUArtere end is d oucning sn a il th ro u g h .-------. ----------- ,.- - enter or leave?' ' ' , ' -y v' .^py. ??.<,*&t> k ^ r 0 7 17111 n, continuous current of \ir I s vent l i s t ing^the/ enclosures? , S. Ifi l l fo rk b e.ro u tin e or eacrgency? )i\ r 9* 7U1 vork cover & large or se ll nr*? ' "' v ir r b y li'u y p - ^>vv '.k.; ... 10. Hot? .vuch of the bend rnd body should he protected?-'.T hat. is* -, -;U.f u i i l i t ho flufficient to cover ju st tho nose end south or., should the.eye* ' ' ', or even tho e n tire head be protected? . .,* ' ' V *'. I ''"vi1i"*'t.. . . ' 1 This p ro tec tiv e equipment oouaiet# of a f u l l or h a lf facepiece.' or/ & ;., aouthplecs and nose c lip , Trhich is attach ed by Deane of a f le x ib le 'ru b b e r .1tube. . to a cnrdster hung in fro n t of or on the h&ck of the v e n re r. .. - ; , r r ; U'.' ;. ;" V .. Adyfihtnfsa, x 2h0 ap.ak is l ig h t in w eight, occupies . l i t t l e ' space* i s 'f M,*]i jnurre present in U n ite d percentages or q u a n titie s* \ ' ' ' " v w +* n* rn * f * * -" # V * a> M V A M V W W V V % d W ^ * . . \ ... KR. fe:.i lef *f*--5*"w>VAhiMrJf e i 'uae Sha ,. < fv- inc .. hiardw ntagetu The natdc Cannot he Trorn - -*^~V ,V -U W A V U ^ y T I U ^ i -4 Jl \ V i . ~ J u , i . y i V W V ' / W ^ V i i ^ W V ^ ^ V * V V ** V ' 7acspieea m a t f i t tig h tly to the face; cny leaks in die a t ^ thafV'the* r sidl'd s , r '.eotjivs_?_ an.*d....s..ayj c...aua. a_ death> t.o thia t.fear.ar* . The.. ao.sk caa.. .'hja. .V0ra'O.hlyXvk>th<hk.&t v ^ iiru o s a p e rc e n ta g e of a l l gasos. In a vgjra.ana. huaid aV- .. h o s i e r s or during hard "cork the face -oerepirss, the re sista n c e of th e c a n is te r -r.creaties rap id ly , and th* sack beccnos uncomfortable to Year; sometimes, too, p p-bher nay i r r i t a t e the akin, The sack can ho frern in 'esf sty"only fo r 'the. ` ;' length of than Indioated on the c a n is te r. A nan nay enter a angerous"atndcpher-e v ith eu t Cot cr nor a other persons being p re s o rt, a p ra c tic e th a t,- even Trith'-any type c? re sp ira to ry -p ro te c tiv e equipment, exposes th e 'v e a re r to th e 'haszferd c? . lo sin g h is l i f e . Some prominent petroleum orgauisatione p r o h i b it >the',u o 'of; c*ri-, > is *er gas SaiUSS pni c tip u l^ te that ea ergoncy re c p ira tc ry ,p ro tac t'f'cd''truBt'-' bo''oV-lu' " t a i a e d by Ucing c. suit;able fr e s h t i r hoee nook. - r.-, i-u o 1 .-' - v i . < L 1- . lupt P.o go i rat or 8 C-V ?.tr. id & Ihiot ro sp im tera generally c o n sist .of h a lf fn c e p itc o a 'to 'K H ic h \a rc 'c t- .;: tp,ched an exhaust vj_O-ve and a f i l t e r i n g medium th at removes tjhe dust frtis-`tKo; in~. h tlo d K.ir) Eono nre equipped r i t h a f i l t e r oedlua th at renoves p a in t Bit* 8 and '. ./-h Borne f'^Kcs ' 'U&yli Ad^antagce,-- They nre light ,in weight and inexpensive; those &FJ by tba'U ntited States Bureau of Wine* are effective. * ' F*4$fc Dis^dyfata^eg *- (They cannot be vom la en rtmosp.he'B^that ,vcoattig 5JS& tc x ic gaseg or fumes or th a t .3 d e fic ie n t in oxygeni**'_ f i l t e r ; 'p ^ B . n u s i ^ s ; ^ a t- c e r ta in in te rv a ls , depending on, the concentration ^of^UBtr c r e d i t s ', piece must f i t tig h tly to the face end has the, Base `.type ask in Kara, fcuaid p.tasoa*oherec* So.n* types restri*cvt,c-' .the7;' fvi.e. ?ld ,orfa*.*i*V: iU>' ' ^ ' 'eSeWlf~0onftoiVno&'/t /Owxygen *Sreot,h, ,lnfl A^ np' aratuq.^, . - . . Jhig apparatus consists chiefly of a mouthpiece f a ^ te n e d ^ .... ^.. hose j ^ d varices,reducing, v a lv e2---to- u toil; 0* 'oxygen u d & ^ H ^ p r ^ ^ 'rather ooapiicated aachina. and tnsight 12 to 21 pounds for .the Jit-hour -- l o a t he pouade for tho-2-hour type, , . .' :'' , c.\r._--,, v*.p : ; \ .. , ' . v , , ' *`'Vjd ti:'' ., ; , ' . .- AdTnnt^geg - She s&chine can be worn in. any &tno sphere, th a t wi3i. . ir r it a t e or poison the sdcia/uhch properly assembled and equipped ^th;,the-pr, rubber p art* in good condition* ` ,'. Disadvantage g*;' It i s ;bulky, heavy, 'and rather; expend,ir<r`Xj# S Eoee Kaska and B eopim tors with P o s itiv e A ir , ' ... ffhebe saska have essentially the same type of facepiece as describeir; for the. canister mask, but instead'Of being fastened .^0 .ei, canister., fed. to a supply of fresh, pure air* Ihe. supply may.be J,huTrCrJa^iiMshieCdl'-iDbiyy *, blower^i or electrically operated, or by* an air compressor, the l`attice,.'of" w`h`ic*h:s h o u ld ^ In pure'air*; '; - '' ;.. 7 - .%<*5. , . Advantaes3, The rnn.sk is lig h t in rreight end^costs.i^ttie^t'oxain^?^^ ` * ..................... piration end tends to cool the fa ce* . Ifnen a hand end person is always present* (i7ith the approved . . _ _r i#.,, ___ -r i^ tig h t, the roarer can'inhale enough air through th ^ .h o o ^ -t^ /sc^ a '.i^ ^ blower should stop.) Permissible hono masks can be worn'ijt'^y<a^o,'sphorft_ w ill not poison o r 'ir r ita te the- skin, but the directiona on* the .anprovsti.platJ^S EhoUi be followed e x p lic itly * , . : h ...} ' . ; ' ' .. : - P la^dvantarcs. ~ The m?.ak and blower cost more than a c a n iste r nask./r. T.iQ area of trav e l i H a lte d to the length cf the hose, rood aoveoents are hao.ii'J Capoed to ema extent by the hone.' M anifestly,- the a ir fo r th e hose end tbo ohould bo fr th and pvu-o, but unfortiiiir.toly th is ia not nlwey* so*,,; ij.'i'` b>-,t ' / 1 . 1 -> r> /Air ioce Mask Without P o s i t i v e X ir Supply, -r ^iv^vw4' This'mask is e s s e n tia lly the ease as the hose n asi' '^ 8t^ie'5c ri^ d ^ r ^ ',` $xc$* :t that i t is not cor.nocted to a blower# The Intake o f '^hkh ^ s5 A s`p i & c ^ -:'', ' *n fresh s i r , and the wearer p u lls or sucks the a i r through the h o tto .'^ `,'','^ '4k;J';' _ ^_ Advantages i - The mask can he worn 1rs any etmoopher' th& V w ill n.ot,,,u t e r - '^ l ? poison or i r r i t a t e the skin, although i t is not recommended fo r use^i-h toxic eases. . ' ,V'-t ' **. * - I)iS8dvantegQB. - I t must f i t tig h tly to -the face The d ie tance th e ' wearer may travel i t very H alted# I t ay ho uncomfortable bli< piece in hot, humid ataorphere, and tho a ir jn a n ife stly (>b Bounce, . ~ 1' ' .-oosely eve 'Y/Jjr. e < , > ^ v a n ta g e s , - The head and sgainst a b raiiv ea, The incoming a i r Wear in dusty atmosphere hut 1 a c t ?'l( in which i t s safe uae is doubtful* shoulders* or coreredi^pw W ci^ _ ^ _ . cool the head. I t . : approved fo r use H poioaou^^ViLi*Jor^haaei " ` ` . pisadvantagets * vrearer cun escape -'1 K d u t e ly no p r o t e c t ! ; ......................................... , ( M M v r * - .................................... . , The Sureau of Mines w ill approve, equipment of arsyuofT such equipment oet* the Bureau1 te a t requirements* a a d j s m f e ^ ^ v r `6; h p ^ * fc { $ `W t:. ?n market. As suggested,* w ith reference to d e te c t cr a'.ffpzTt a t l n i ^ o ai h ^ 's - w d r e # atmosphere, d e fin ite knowledge of the c 'o n s tx u o ti'o n r ^ 'd ! ^ e ? a ^ ic S ^ ^ ^ s ';: ^ l f e ^rot0cti76 69,uipnent should he gained hy in sp ectio n , -** ' *. V v,' : US3 0? S Q U lr O il 3? flQREE&S h?f--v , / i . * * i Selecting the equipment is simple compared w ith gotting-m en oV skr; i t a fte r i t is supplied* Generally workmen w ill wear masks re a d ily is/p lac -where ' ney have seen ethers asphyxiated, or in sene sim ilar tro u b le , hut they are lik e - '. *y to reaiBv wearing p ro tec tiv e equipment where the dust cannot he seen cr There .ha fumes and m ist have no objectionable odor. There are th ree main reasons fo r re sistan c e; F ir s t, iahred objection to any new id ea ; Becond, .the fe e lin g / . ; *rf * *"s i " i vidual ie a Bupermaa end can ntake i t n w ith o u t.p ro tectio n .; and, >> ' ^k ird , the inccnvenieac of wearins the ecu lucent. :, 'i '*, V , , . ksny plans that look workable on paper could be suggested fo r cathb- ' J-Hhing resp irato ry p ro tec tio n , but in p ra c tic a l operation d i f f i c u l t i e s u s u a lly , y -e experienced, Probably the simplest plan la f i r s t to "eell the .su p e rv isin g " ' '*'A.*x4*' ^vv;.r >. ' -IV c- : r" i-ce t ni be i i f i c - i l t i f w ^ , - - . ts h802 byVec\*^P0r 0iciaia =ay b5 n e c .TM et^ J ia{ied; ctbcr**, .? discipline, v v* ` 2&ibly accorp^M ed "^6n tb,s *erbsr r.u i'jS ' y Sv- Ct friir sw errisicriS ' 'n ^y?- ^ i s c i t e . " ' ^ f i 02' 2, ?roW ,, flre t , 4' s s s s S S S i? ; : 9& s s m ? * * t .: ^- --tee , as S J *L * *' ^ vyefrceSoaf tthSit, ; c ^ 8d8' ' v:' 13 ere-- "ece en ^ R tib le p ^ t c 'f" ' acent-feti^ o t e**<n , : c .C"K' " '................. ......... ... .. ' ' 1 '' 'V -'^ ^ rf,, - >?KS- , ' ** . i ** * - ^ - -se asd Jiraiaiiy i v r--ed te *f e*r"''*e-*Vi tiilhlsl ^fro'?";' t t l v o e , J 4 ^ > I V " ~"* ~P . protftotv equip " * ' v '- t.V -`itbora r r W ^ 8^ in<i 0bted. to Df , . ' . ' - MSSBfci t0, 1 *. i .o " r ik & g g | ^1811 ,tha fl,~ea-''it'j-r >r'f wrc---r7i#?5^ ' . .. -V > n^P '; .' ' , '' ;' ' =, -.tei- - J ; S ^ . 0V ^ to " 4 * * * w * ia g this - J u b --~'. ^ U . S i i i i i s t t f f - . , * * - - - * . . ?:^'-l!l**"'.V'^Vc?!'.*t'*k''-..-. * - T. t i r -thiA: -J >C`