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HWBB-0007821 f Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa., May 15, 193? A. News Items 236 BUREAU OF INDUS JRIAL HYGIENE FOR WISCONSIN, Surv, Labor Law Admin. 12, Mar. *3 A bureau of industrial hygiene is planned in the Wisconsin State HeaTTh Depart ment, through cooperative efforts of State and Federal Health Departments. This bureau is to render teohnical service to the Industrial Cojnnission, which is charged with the responsibility of enforcing rules and regulation!, assuring safe and healthful working conditions in the state. a (The March, 1937, issue of the Survey of Labor Law Administration, including this and the following items with other mnterial of interest, can be obtained on application to the Division of Labor Standards, U, S Department of Labor, Washington, D. C.) 237. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LEAFLETS. Surv. Labor Law Admin. 12, March 1937. The Division of Labor Standards has prepared four additional Industrial lad Leaflets, dealing with cause and prevention of methyl alcohol, carbon tdMfed chloride and carbon bisulfide poisoning and carbon dioxide asphyxiation* Copies will be avail-bio for distribution in the near future. Thoee an* ab tainablo inoludei (l) industrial skin diseases, (2) anthraoosilicosis, (8) arsenic, (4) carbon monoxide, (5) chromium, (6) mercury, (7) lead* (8) becsen* poisoning and (9) silicosis. They are very brief, but present the extent of exposure and fundamental rules of prevention for employees and workers. They are obtainable from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C., at 8 cents each. The numbers given above are the numbers of the leaflets. 238. HEALTH OF GRANITE BUTTERS, Surv. Labor Law Admin. 12, March 1937. The U. S. Public Health Service made an extensive slludy of health conditions among granite workers in Barre, Vermont, in 1928, and is now boginning a reex amination. Tho results of the presont study should furnish additional importen data concerning silicosis under controlled and uncontrolled condition*. 239. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LABOR, MEDICINE & HYGIENE FOR MEXICO. Surv. Labor Low Admin. 12-13, March 1937. The Mexioan Gove rumen t has been requested by its Labor Deportment te appro* priate funds for a National Institute of Labor, Medioine and I^rgiefto. X recent cooperative meeting has given iapotuB to a general movement to improve health conditions, including the establishment of thnt Institute. 03117752 HHB8-0087879 Reference to Recent Liter-tare - 2 /--sC> 240* ILLINOIS CODES ON SAFETY .'I'D HEALTH. Surv, Lecor Law Admin. 14, March, 195? The Industrial Comission has appointed canmittees representative of all in terested agencies end is prococdir.g with the development of codes on safety and health. A policy committee hr. s been formed to guide the work gonerally and to avoid duplic-ticn and overlapping of codes. The codes of other States and other safety Informr. ior. collected by organizations are boing used freely as source material. A 241. THE DUST STILL FLIES. Eng. News P.rc, U6, 456 March 25, 193? Last June Now York State enacted r. law to reduce the silicosis hazard in rock drilling and excavation, but the law is still inactive, awiatine action of the Industrial Commission in. formulating a code for its application and administra tion. The main eausu a' delay is a protest by content and gypsum interests over the tcehr.ic-.l definition of silica-boaring rock. The editor urges the end of quibbling over the definition, and action on the law, bo that all concerned may /T^ kr.ov wh.-re the" stand. 242. FIP.ST i.ir. COrDITICNED METAL MINE, Mining Cong. J., 23, (March, 193?) p. 41 Installation of air conditioning with mechanical refrigeration in the Magma copper mince at Superior, .'.rizonn, was announced by?:. K Carrier. The normal temperature at the depths of 3400 to 3600 is 95 to 100 with high humidity, it forced ventilating system is used. 243. MINERS' PHTHISIS IN SOUTH AFRICA. Iron and Coal Trades Rev., 134, 454 (March 5j 1937), from So. African Min. and Eng J* The years since attention was first directed to silicosis and preaautioauy measures wore undertaken have seen a continual decrease in its prevalence* Silicosis cases nev: '-.bcr less than half of what they were in 1920 to 1923, There has been a sli -he upturn in the past year but it is no cause for alarm. Cue probable cause is the great increase in the number of miners. The Sfeevaase amount of rock drillir.- is probably a factor. The reduction of dust from this source is new being studied. B. General and Scientific Pacers In cases where we know or believe that reprints are obtainable from .American an some other authors, their addresses arc given. A few papers under this heading and many under the next one are by Prenoh and German authors. In many cases reprints in the original language are probably available from the authors, but considerable delay will be involved, both in locating the author's address and in sending for the reprint# We suggest in order to avoid some of tint delay, to order a copy of the periodical giving the name of the periodical (as abbreviated here), and the month or day of issue if given, or the pages included if not, from G. E. Steohert 4 Co#, 31 East 10th St New York, N.Y. Thev will first quote prices if preferred, but it will probably average 50 cents or so for ordinary publications. 244. SILICA AND SILICATE SOLUBILITIES. Albert C. Titus. J# Ind. Hyg, A Tox., 19, 138-145 (Larch, 193?). In earlier investigations of the solubility of silica, the methods did not ?'distinguishing the silica in true solution frem that in the oolloidal state, the results were variable and often apparently too high. The author used a cc bination of earlier methods with ultra filtration end determined the silica by the colorimetric method of King and Stantinl# He found 0.05 mg. silica in IOC cc. water when either pure silica or sericite was dissolved, and 0.1 mg. per 1 oc. from dolomitic chert containing S% free silica. In blood serum, which cc tains normally 1 mg. silica per 100 cc., none of the materials mentioned dis solves sufficiently to increase the amount perceptibly. (Reprints are obtainab. from the Division of Industrial Hygiene,Harvard School of Publio Health, Bosto: Mass.) OH1T753 HMBB-0007830 Reference# to Recent Literature - 3 245. THE OCCURRENCE OR SILICOSIS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SILICON ALLOTS. Torsten Bruce, J Ind. Hyg. and Tox 19, 155-162, April 1937. The author presents the results of as investigation of the presence of silieosi; in two Swedish factories producing silicon alloys* In the prooess both silicon and silica vapors rise through the furnace and are condensed and given off as dust, in considerable quantities. In one factory 8 out of 18 workmen examined, who had worked A to 9 years, were found to have silicosis, 3 being in the seoonj stage. In the other faotory, which was much older, 5 out of 26 examined had silicosis, only one being in the second stage, and the first clear case was after 14 years' employment. There were also two other suspeoted cases after 9 years' employment. The lower incidence in the older plant is evidently due to the use of an exhaust system which removes most of the dust which would other wise settle in the plant. (Ir. this survey and others mde in Sweden, dust counts would have added much to the value of the reports. - Abstractor) Reprints ir. English arc obtainable from Dr. Bruce, Royal Seraphimer Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.) <r?\ 246. FURTHER STUDIES IE THE TOTAL PULMONARY CAPACITY AND ITS SUBDIVISIONS IN CASES OF PULHOU.^U :: 7 * IDS 15. Nolan L. Kaltroider, Waltor 7/. Fray and H. van Zile Hyde- J. ir.d. or.-; '.ox.. 1, 163-176 (April 1937). 0 This paver ju:-' a.:.ir es eoTTicr work by sane of tie authors, showing the extent of the imp a i :rr;r.r a' ivnr capacity in cases of fibrosis. In the present paper a ca; reel ion :'-;r ego is applied to the earlier results, and new cases are added As fl'.-ies's ir cre/.ses, a he total and vital capacities are reduced, while tlte rcsiaua.1 air ar.d mid-capacity increase. If emphysema is present, the total crp.-.c-^ay io net mterially changod, but the vital oapaaity is reduced and the rciidaal air is ir.crcrscd. The percentage of residual air referred to total capacity is proportional to the degree of dyspnea. Individuals with minimal fibrosis do not become worse when removed from the dusty occupation. (Reprints may be obtained from Dr. Kaltreider, University of Rochester, School of Medicine, Rochester, N. Y.) 47, SILICOSIS AND RELATED CONDITIONS. Leroy U. Gardner. J. Ind. Eyg. A Tox., 19, 111-125 (March, 1937) The first clarifying studies of silicosis in 1915 gave results that have been repeatedly confirmed by subsequent investigators, namely, that free silica is the only cause of silicosis, that the action of silica is chemical and not mechanical, and that pure silicosis is not infective, that it renders the patie more susceptible to tuberculosis, and that other dusts, including silicates (ex cost asbestos) do not produoo any type of fibrosis. The author defines sil icosis as "a chronic disease resulting from the prolonged inhalation of par ticulate silica." The most distinguishing characteristic of silicosis is the presence of fibrotic nodules, found especially in the nodes of lymphatic vessels, and caused by irritation resulting from tho presenee of free silica. Tho only other cause of similar nodules is the tubercle bacillus} no other inor gar.ic material (oxccpt asbestos) produces similar effects. The complications that arise from silicosis include neither pneumonia, which seems to be retarded rather than assisted; nor heart and kidney diseases in spite of statements to the contrary based on isolated cases. Qaphysema (in flammation of lung tissue) sometimes exists, but the most important caaplioaticn is tuberculosis. It has been fully established, statistically and ex perimentally, that tuberculosis is much more common among siliootios than among normal persons. The tuberculosis of silicotics, however, exists in such a mod ified form that the distinguishing term silioo-tuberoulosis is generally ap plied. Ir. most cases silico tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose, especially in the early stages, because tho bacilli build up an extension of the fibrous tissue and other local reactions and are not expelled through the sputun, fror which they are often absent until just before death. This increased sueoopt: - bility to tubcroulosis has not been explained satisfactorily. Various theoric HWBB-0007831 References to Roecr.t Literature - 4 have been presented, but none of then has beer, conclusively established, and much more work is accessory in that field. Diagnosis of silicosis, whether pure or complicated by tuberculosis, is dif ficult bocausc there arc few physical manifestations before the fir.r.1 stage# It must be based on x-ray examination and a complete occupational history, in cluding that of exposure to dust and the concentration and composition of the dust. In a very general way it can be said that prolonged exposure to free silica dust in excess of 5 or perhaps 10 million pcrticles of free silica is sufficient to produce silicosis, but the action of silica is so modified by the presence of other dusts that higher free silica concentrations may be harm less when other dusts are present. Much more experience will have to be ac quired before any general standard of permissible dustiness can be established. The difficulty of recognizing both pure silicosis and si11co-tuberculosis in their enrli'.r stages, and therefore of beginning adequate treatment before it is too late, makes periodic and thorough examinations indispensable. The real solution of the problem is dust prevention* "The time is not far distant wher dangerous concentrations of dust will no longer be permitted in American in dustries. They have been reduced to safe limits in some of tbemj they can be in all." (Reprints may be obtained from The Saranac Laboratory for the Study of 0 Tuberculosis, Saranac Lake, N. Y.) 243. QUARTZ IN U DCSTRIAL DUSTS AND DEPOSITS ON HUMAN LUNG TISSUESt X-RAY DIFFRJC TION, CHEMICAL AND SFECTEOGR.J'HIC STUDIES. Victor Hicks, Olive MoElroy aaft Mary E. .Varga. J. Ind. Hyg, and Tox., 19, 177-186 (1937) Several samples of industrial and atmospheric dusts were examined by >rt]r dif fraction and spectrographie methods. The methods gave somewhat differawt re sults , as they vary in the emphasis on different substances. Silicon was found by the spectrographio method in all the dusts, and quartz was identified by the diffraction method in most of them. Since quart* dust is eo generally present in the air, it may be expected in lungs, whether siliootic or not. X-ray examination showed tho presence of quarts in 5 out of 8 non-sllieotie lung specimens examined, but an unidentified substance was present in others. The silicon oontent of some lungs in vrhich quartz was thus found was ae low as 1.4 mg. silica per gram of dried tissue, (Reprints may be obtained by addressing this office#} *49. REPORT on 1936 SURVEYS OF MEDICAL SERVICE IN INDUSTRY BY THE AMERICAN COLIEGE OF SURGEONS. M. It, Newquist, Surg., Gynecol, and Obstet., vol 64, pp 403-406 (February 15, 1937), This paper reviews 1,593 surveys of industrial establishments in the U, S. and Canada. The first point considered is the scope of adequate industrial service, with emphasis on medical examinations and supervision, proper care for industrial diseases, first aid and advice about occupational hazards. The second subject is the confidential nature of physical examination record-? Civil courts have ruled that these are confidential. An industrial eonmissic er, however, may subpoena such information as has an important bearing on a claim for insurance. Only results of examinations expressed in eodes should be filed with the worker's employment record. Finally, the problem of medico, service for small plants is a special problem. These plants employed 5& million workers in 1929. The solution of tho problem is "group service , i.o. o. group of qualified physicians should provide service to groups of small plants. 0311*7755 NWB8-0807832 References to Recent Literature - 5 250* SPECIFIC TISSUE REACTION TO PHOSPHOLIPIDS. A SUGGESTED EXPLANATION FCE SB SIMILARITY OF THE LESIONS OF SILICOSIS AND PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS. J. T. Fallon. Canadian Med. Assoc., J., vol 36, 223-228 (March, 19J?) The many similarities between tho tubercle and the silicotic nodule led the author to search for a single substance that is produced in both silicosis and tuberculosis and causes the irritation leading to nodule formation. In both cases there arc largo accumulations of monocytes which degenerate with the pro duction of phospholipids. There is therefore a probability that tho phosphe lipiis arc responsible for tho irritation and resulting fibrosis. This hy pothesis was tested by several methods. After injection of silica into various tissues of rabbits the amount of phospholipids increased until tho 16th week, when it began to decrease. Silicates introduced similarly produced only a mod erate increase in phospholipid content of the lung and no fibrosis. Some of the phospholipid recovered from these animals was filtered to remove silica and then injected into other rabbits. In 4 weeks nodules very much like the sil icotic nodules in the early stages were formed. They also simulated the lesions 5,^ already demonstrated by Sabin, who similarly injected phospholipid from the r tubercle bacillus. In the author's experiments the possibility remains that some silica in soluble fora remained in the phospholipids injected. However, the theory is most attractive, and if fully substantiated answers one of the perplexing questions of the histogenesis and tuberculosis. (Reprints arc probably obtainable from the author, at Banting Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.) 251. ETIOLOGY OF SILICOSIS. V. Rcichraann. Med. Xlin., 33, 226-229 (19*7). The author disagrees with other Gorman investigators who claim to have cbeerred silicotic changes resulting from inhalation of graphite,,and rust, on the ground that no roentgenological, pathological or histological proof has been presented. Of the 20,000 cases of silicotic lung changes ho has seen, he found none that were not caused by several years' exposure to quarts dust* A oheek of a lumber of cases of silicosis, allegedly due to other causes, disclosed that there had been sufficient oxposure to silica dust to produce the result. Arguments against the Jones scrieite theory arc also presented. 252. SILICOSIS IS SPAIN. A, Oiler. Arch J. Gowerbepathol. 7, 383-387 (1936). The author gives statistics on silicosis in the Spanish ITodalqullar gold mines, in which tho gold is found in layers of quarts, but no serieite is present. The mines are dry drillod and have been in operation for 6 years. Ten workers died from silioosis in 1935, and 32 cases of silicosis were found in the 110 employees. In a ceramic factory 16 cases of silioosis were found among 350 workers. Hygienic improvements have been made in both industries. 253. ASEESTOSIS AND ITS PREVENTION. Windel. Arbeitaschutr, 9-16 (1937), A survey of 11 German asbestos plants employing 38S workers disclosed 22 oases of asbestosis and 13 deaths. A short description of the olinieal and x-ray pictures is followed by a careful description of the oxhouat systems needed for certain processes with illustrations. 254. THE CARBON CONTENT OF ANTHRACOTIC LUNGS. E. Muller. Arch. f. Gowerbepathol., 7, 316-318 (1936). TL method for determining the carbon content of an threeotia lungs is presented. It consists primarily of pulverizing the tissue, extracting the fat with ether and alcohol, and then treating it repeatedly with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The method can be used also on other tissue*. 03117756 HBBB-0007833 References to Recent Literature - 6 255. A GR-JHICAL METHOD FOR THE DESIGN OF EXHAUST SYSTEMS. A. Nutting. Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, 9_, 21-24 (January, 1937). } A scries of cherts has been prepared on which are plotted curves indioating basic relationships between air flow and resistance in exhaust systems. They ar arranged in such a way as to solve any simplo design problem directly and quiokl In any problem the static suction at the hood, tho entrance loss into the hood, and tho diameter of the exhaust pipes must be known. (The above issue of the publication may be obtained fresn Keeny Publishing Co., 6 N* Michigan Avc, Chicago, price 50 cents or possibly 25 cents.) 256. INSURANCE COMPANY RELATIONSHIPS .'JIB RESPONSIBILITIES IN COMPENSATION INSURANCE. O A. D. Lazenby. Surg. Gynecol, and Obstot., 64, 393-396 (Feb. 15, 1937). Insurance companies must undertake a definite program of accident and disease prevention. They must see that the disabled workman is restored to usefulness as quickly and completely as modern surgery and medicine can accomplish it, and that claims are justly and quickly paid. The importance of using the knowledge now available in irdustrial hygiene is stressed. The insurance oesapany must cooperate actively if not actually participate in medical research and must apply the knowledge gained to the plants it insures. The author urges adequate train ing by medical schools in traumatic surgery and in occupational diseases, such as lead and arsenic poisoning and silicosis. 257. SILICOSISs ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION. C. 0. Sappington. Mining J. Sept. SB 1936 A brief review of tho subject of silicosis, covering the nature of the disease, its detection and prevention, compensation laws, and preparation of dofonsw of claims. (Reprints may be obtained by addressing Mine Safety Appliances Co. Braddock, Thomas k Meade Sts., Pittsburgh, Pa.) 250. NATIONAL SILICOSIS CONFERENCE. Summary reports submitted to the Secretary of Labor by conference ccssnittees, Feb. 3, 1937. U.S. Dept, of Labor, Division of Labor Standards, Bulletin No. 13. The program of the Second National Silicosis Conference, at Washington an Fob. 3, attended by 150 representatives of the various interested groups, consisted o. the presentation and discussion of the reports of the 4 committee on tho follow ing subjects: (1) Prevention of Silicosis through Medical Control: (2) Prevention of Silicosis through Engineering Control; (3) Economic, Legal and Insurance Phases of the Silicosis Problem, and (4) Regulatory and Administrative Phases of the Silicosis Problem* This bulletin consists of a 51 page summary of the material presented in the re ports, followed by a list of important references. (The bulletin may bo scoured from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., specifying tho department, division and number as above, and enclosing 10 cents (no stamps).) A. three page summary is also given in the Survey of Labor Law Administration, March, 1937, obtainable free fresn the Division of Labor Standards, rJ. S. Dept, of Labor.) C Scientific papers on industrial poisons and other subjects exclusive of dost. 259. A FURTHER NOTE ON INDUSTRIAL CANCER. W. Idwens and W. Jonas. Aroh. f* Owmorbepathol *, T_, 532-537 (1936). A careful examination of the ease history and autopsy of a chromate worker. Chemical examination of a piece of lung yielded 2 mg. of chromium in 300 g. of lung tissue 03117757 HWB8-0007834 References to Recent Literature - 7 260* THE BLOOD PICTURE IN X R...Y -UiD RADIDtt TO KEEPS. I. I. Kaplan and S. Rubenfeld. Radiology, 26, 47-35 (1936). Blood counts or. 22 tochnici-.r.s .and clinicians working with x-rays and radium showed no grave effects of exposure. Then, was, however, some individual sen sitivity. The most characteristic r-.s a decrease in the polymorphonuclecrs and an ir.crc-s.- in the lymphocytes, frequently accompanied by a sense of undue fatigue, and requiring grc'ter protection nr a vacation to restore the ood to normal * 261. ACUTE POISOTi:::- FRO:.' COYTIIED SOLVENTS. E. Schutar. Arch. f. Gewerbepr.thol., 7, 452-467 (1936) The author reports a number of eases investigated bv the. Berlin University Institute of Induetri~l Diseases, including poisoning by methylene chloride, benzene, benzine, butyl acetate, trichlorethyleno and similar substances in mixtures. The symptoms were usually headache, dizziness, vociittiug, loss of consciousness, watering of the eyes and sensation of choking. Cases of poisoning from lead dyes are mentioned in which xylene and methyl alcohol Herr used as solvents. 252. TEL FATIICLOGY OF THE NF7ER COLDFRCIAL SOLVENTS. A. V. St. George. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 7, 6S-77 (Jan. 1937). A List of 23 solvents and the industries in which they are used, is given. It i. difficult to determine the actual effeot of each solvent in industrial use, on account of impurities that modify the effect of the pure substance. Mo-* of these solvents irritate the mucous membrane of the conjunctival, the retjlratory and rastro-intestinal tract, affect the central nervous system and sometime* the liver and kidneys. Practically all of them act on the hemopoietic system. In general the compounds of the aliphatic series usually produce a secondary anemia, while aromatic compounds generally effeet more serious blood damage manifested by types of aplastic anemia with leuooplenic reactions. 263. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 0?1 ACUTE POISONING FROM COMBINED SOLVENTS. F. Luce. Arch. f. Gewerbepr.thol., 7, 437-451 (1936). Experiments on mice to tc?t the acute narcotic effect of mixed solvent# showed tint the effeet is usually1additive. In heavy concentrations, however, the effect of the- mixture is somewhat loss than calculated from the effeot of the components. An exception is found in the case of mixtures of benzene and acetates, which are no more toxic in certain concentration rr.ngos than the separate components. A graphic method for predicting the additive action is included. 264. METHYL ALCOHOL AND TOXIC METHYL COMPOUNDS. F. Flury and W. Wirth. Aroh. f. Gcwerbopathol., 7, 221-226 (1936). The special toxic'ity of methyl alcohol and derivatives fran which it is liberat ed does not depend upon impurities, but is duo rather to the slow oxidation of the alcohol into formaldehyde, which is a very active oell poison. The produc tion of formic acid in the tissue is of only secondary importance. 265* FATAL OCCUPATIONAL 5RCMETEYL POISONING. ?f. Friemann. Smm. v. Vcrgiftungs,, 9, 31-32 (1937). X case of bromothyl poisoning is reported in which a solder*?1 repairing a tank for several hours, become stuporous and died after 4 days. The autopsy showsd hemorrhages in the mucosa of the largo intestine and bone marrow. The ganglion cells were also changed greatly, and bronchitis was present. The victim hod evidently received a largo dotete in a very short period of inhalation. 03117758 HWBB-000/83'-) References to Rccor.t Literature- - 3 266. T"0 C,,SES 0? ANGINA PECTORIS RESULTING FROM INHALATION 0? IRICHLQRETHYLENE. H. Gerbia. Arch, f, Gowerbepathol., 7, 421-426 (1936) Two workers using triehlorothylene isTa badly constructed degreasing plant fell ill with usual symptoms with heart pains r.s well, The elder one, 69, fell ill on the first day ar.d died after 5 days. The younger man was disabled after 1-|- years of work, but returned after 5 months and gradually improved. 267. PRACTICAL .MLAYS IS OF SOLVENTS. SYSTEMATIC ANALYTIC METHODS FROM THE INDUS TRIAL HYGIENE VIE"?0INT. H Weber. Sehrift. do Reichagesundheitsomtes, So. 3. 1. 3arth, Leipzig, 1936. 40 pp, Thu increasing industrial use of various solvents and rocognitior. of the hazards involved in the use of many of them have led to the necessity of roliable methods for their recognition nd analysis. Such methods are described in this book, including pre-examination to determine to what class of sub stances the particular solvent belongs, methods of analysis of each class, and tables of boiling point curves, refractive indices, eharaete-ristic reactions limitations of methods, data on precipitation and other useful inforaation, 268. LEAD HAZARD II, TYPESETTING. E. Lcdcrcr. Arch. f. Oowcrbepathol., 7, 331-377 (1936). Most of the lead ha.z- rd ir. printing shops arises from the fumes in the stereo typing department. In hand and machine typesetters the slight danger comes from dust rather than fumes. The lead in the urirc is high, especially amomg the stcrcotypers, in 11 cases of the latter amounting to 30-60 micrograms per liter. Blood pressure* was found to be slightly higher among printers than in the average population, but the small number of cases did not permit drawing fuller conclusions. 269. THE LIVER IX LE.L AID MIXED POISONINGS. H. Pernico. Arch. f. Gcwerbepathol., 7, 538-S93 (1936), Tn persons unexposed to lead, tho detoxifying action of the liver is shewn by the difference in lead content of the blood entering end leaving the organ. ..bout 2% of all cases of lead poisoning cause liver damage. The jaundioe pres ent in such cases is a hopatogenie one caused by injury to the liver paren chyma. The liver function test may be unsatisfactory since in one ease all ex aminations were negative in spite of liver enlargement and jaundice. Exper iments wero carried out on guinea pigs poisoned with combined lead arsenic and lead trichlorethylcnc. In load poisoned animals tho action of both arsonio and trichlorothylene is very strong, especially the liver enlargement. 270.LIVER DAMAGE IN LEAD POISONING. K. Fcllinger. Arch. f. Goworbepethol,, 7, 414-420 (1936). " In fresh cases of load poisoning various functional disorders of the liver were shown. Those injuries were found only rarely in old cases, indicating thet they usually heal rapidly. However, the process still exists that a lasting liver damage tokens place. 271. CONTRIBUTION TO TEE STUDY OF THE TOXICOLOGY CF LEAD. CRITICAL STUDY OF LEAD CONTEXT OF 3I0L0GIC.A MATERIAL BY THE DITNIZCNE METHOD. F. Lem, 96 pp. Jouvc 1 Cie., Paris (1936). The author presents his own modification of Fischer's dithizono method as the best for tho determination of lead in biological material. Tho load can be de termined colorimetrier.]1y by comparison with known standards and is sensitive to 1/500 mg. Results of the application of the method to various animal organs arc presented. 03117759 r*\ ,<=\ >: ^e^ercnce6 to Recent Literature - 9 272. HE I M2 BODIES AND JETHEmOBiy FORMATION IN POISONING WITH AMI DO- AND NITROBENZOL COMPOUNDS, H. Freifeld, A. Sohilova and R. Ludvinovsky, Folio Haeraotol, 56, 333-342 (1937). "From tho first development of m.etherr.oglobin anemia up to the appearance of the Heinz bodice takes only a few hours. Their number then falls rapidly over o fev; days. The authors advance the theory that the metheaoglobin increases the combustion of carbohydrates, activates oxygen and strengthens the oxidizing power of tissue. If there is such a healing power, nothing is implied regard ing tho toxic action of these substances on the colls and on the nervousvascular system. 273, DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC HENZE'S POISONING. Vi. Freimarm. Arch. f. Gewerpath., 7, 278-285 (December 1936). The author oalls attention to the difficulty of diagnosing chronic oases of benzene poisoning by the ordinary methods. He carried out estimations of vitimin C in the urine of nor. exposed to benzene and benzine vapors. The author hopes that future investigations will show the value of Vitamin C estimation in or.rly diagnosis of benzene poisoning. 274. HEMATOLOGY IN BENZENE INJURY. R. Klima. Wien. klin. Iftdmaehr., 50, 200-201 (1937). Thebonc marrow and blood changes from benzene exposure arc described. There iz an early decrease in the number of leueoeytes and thrombocytes and an increase in the lymphocytes and monocytes. The red blood colls also deorease in the ab sence of any signs of regeneration. The blood changes from x-ray* and radian arc- also briefly described. Prevention is emphasized. Z15. C.530H MONOXIDE POISONING. H. T. Berwnld. Military Surgeon., 79, 386-396 (1936), The carbon monoxide hazard in army and navy planes, street traffic and garages is discussed. Street traffic is smid to increase the oarbon monoxide 2 to 4$ at peak hours. Symptoms experienced in garage worker* and in a well ventilated vehicular tunnel are desc ribed. Symptcns and treatment are discussed. The best treatment oonsists of oxygen-carbon dioxide inhalation with external heat ing. The author does not recommend methylene blue. 276. LIVER FUNCTION AMONGST MERCURY WORKERS. D. G. Tallenberg. Arch. f. Gewerbepathol., 7, 305-315 (December, 1936). Mouth diseases, mental disturbances, lymphocytosis, and presumptive evidence off liver pathology were noted in 17 otherwise apparently healthy hatter*. 277. CHRONIC MERCURY AND AMALGAM. POISONING. A. Stock. Arch. f. Gewerbepathol., 7, 388-413 (1936). The author presents data from earlier investigations on the very general occur rence of mercury in small quantities in soil, water and food. The normal "mercury-free" person excretes 0.5 microgram daily in the urine and 10 miorograms in the feces. Animal research shows that after meroury inhalation oeases there is a rapid fall in the mercury content of the lung and the ret of the body but an extremely gradual one in the kidneys. After oral injection the storage by the kidneys is still more striking. Animal experiment* al*o show that inhaled mercury is more harmful than when ingested. With the exoeption of the kidnefc, the greatest quantities are found in the noao and in the olfactory and frontal lobes of the brain. A large part of the paper i* devoted to clin ical material on chronic poiaoning, and on the development of hypersensitivity to mercury. 03117760 HWBB-00B7836 3 -^c Y''-- References to Recent Literature - 10 278. INJURY FROM LIGHT !E?AL AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN INDUSTRIAL KTOIENE. W. Ehrlioh Arch. f. Gewerbopathol., 7, 517-531 (1936). Tho author has observed many cases of light ir.ctrl injury, and attributes a large proportion of them to cutting by the sharp surfaces, causing infection from or ganisms adhering to the motel. 275. RESEARCH ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ALCOHOLISM IN TEE DEVELOP!'ENT OF ARSENIC POISONING. E. Zimmerman and E. Remy* Arch. f. Gewerbopathol., 7_, 486-496 (193t In animal cxperi~.cr.ts it was shown that larger quantities of arsenic arc re tained in tho body when alcohol, in the form of beer, was also administered. 230. THE USE OF -"HITE ARSENIC IN THE ENAMEL INDUSTRY. M. Dechigi. Arch. f. Gewcrbcpathol, 7. 468-476 (1936). In the pottery industry arsenic trioxidc is often used to produoe a fine white glaze instead of the more expensive stannic oxide. Majolica tiles thus glazed give off arsine in the presence of mold when they are powdered or broken. The author urges protective measures against this source of poisoning. 281. ZINC VAPOR POISONING (NET.l FUME FEVER), CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND THERAPY. F. Chromctzka. Deutsch. Ayreh. f. kliiu Med, 770, 569-576 (1937). Tho symptoms of zi-.e vapor poisoning include irritation of nasal mucosa, bron chitis, marked gastric irritation, and irritation of the mueosa of the urinary passages. Temporary nervous symptoms are frequent. The workers examined were electric welders, who are much more endangered than workers in zino or metal foundries. 282, PROTECTION AGAINST TOXIC GASES IN INDUSTRY. J. D. Pratt. Paper to the In stitute of Chemistry (South-Eastern Counties Section) February 19, 1936. This is a preliminary report on nr. investig tion made by the British Banc Offio and the chemical industry or. the detection of toxic gases in industry. It has been customary to place mice in a closed vessel used for manufacturer or storngi of dangerous products before a workman is allowed to enter, but this test is un satisfactory because mice are not always more sensitive than men. In this in vestigation simple chemical tests were sought and tried for the most frequently used toxic gases, making the test quantitative whenever possible. For eaoh gas it is necessary to determine the maximum allowable concentration into whioh the unprotected men can safely go, for a maximum period of 6 hours. Information on maximum permissible concentration and methods of testing for a nanbor of gases is given. (Reprints are apparently not available, but when the official repor appears in the near future this abstract list will give infermntion as to how may be obtained.) 283. DETERMINATION OF SOLVENT VAPORS IN AIR. J. May. Arch, f, Gewerbepathol., ?, 510-516 (1936). The interferometric method of determination of vapor concentrations in air is described. 284, A MIC NOCCLORN ETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERJ.tINA.TION CF TOLUENE. W, P, Yent, S. J. Pecrch and K. H. Schrer.k. U. S. Bur* Mines Rept. Investigations No. 3323, 1937 Toluene in the liquid or vapor state is nitrated with fuming nitric acid, shich is then diluted with water, neutralized and extracted with butanone. On addii tion of 50> potassium hydroxide a reddish-blue color develops in the butanone, proportional to the amount of toluene, which is estimated by camperison with standards. `.Then benzene is also present, both substances can be estimated by using an already published method. An apparatus for preparing vapor air mixtur is also described. 03117761 H8BB-0007837 HWBB-8H07838 Refercr.ces to Rccor.t Literature - 11 (.. free copy of this report can be obtained by addressing tho Information Division, U. S, Bureau of Uir.es, Washington, D. C. Report of Investigations No. 3267, which described the nothod for benzene, e-n also be obtained from /-'V\ the soir.o source, if a supply is still on hand.) 285. REPAIR OF DRUMS OR TANKS WHICH HAVE CONTAINED CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS OR im.M:l-.?XE SOLVENTS. Heme Office Fora 1975, H.!I. Stationery Office, London (November, 1936). The purpose of this leaflet is to give T.ming of the dangers t'rrt arise in re pairin' vcsecls that have contained cellulose solutions or other inflammable liquids, -nd to describe tho precautions that should be taken before repairs involving the use cf heat is begun. These precautions include ateaming and .-rr\ scraping out solid residues, or if scraping is not practicable, rinsing with a solvent until all solid residues have been removed, then steaming or inmersing tho voss. 1 with boiling water for 20 minutes, while the interior is thoroughly swept out with air. In the case of large vessels, the inside air must be tested by r. competent person, or, preferably, the person who enters must wear suitable breathing app'rafis. Only tested and certified lamps should be used. -c?\ Ever. ir. the cast, of trivial repairs these precautions should be taken, though they may take much mere time than the repair itself. Caps or overs should be removed before heat is applied. A warning notice should be displayed in all places where repair work involving the use of heat is likoly to be undertaken. 286. CONTROL OF CHRONIC ACID FISTS FROM PLATING TANKS. E, C. Riley and F. H. Ooldm U.S. Pub. Health Ftrts., vol 52, No. 6, 172*174 (February 5, 1937). A cross-draft vcr.til'tion system has almost always beer, used to remove miAs ar fumes from chromium, plating tanks, and thi3 investigation was made to evaluate the control with referenoo to standards roccnr.ondod in 1928 by Bloomfield end Blum. The kata thermometer, anononcter and the newer and more convenient Alnoi vcloncter wore used to measure air velocity at the face of the hood. Statio suction was also measured, and air samples woro taken with tho impinger. Where only general ventil'tion was used even in largo rooms, the ohromio acid oonoen* tration was above tho safe limit of 1 mg. per 10 oubio meters. With the oross draft local-exhaust system it is possible to keep it below that limit* Adequacontrol was maintained when velocities of about 1,500 and 2,000 feet per ainut'. were created at the face of tho hood. (A copy of the above issue may bo obtained from the Superintendent of Dooms**tf Washington, D. C. for 5 cents. Stamps are not acoeptod.) 287, TRE^TLENT OF HATTER'S FUR. E. Elod. Arbeitsschutz, pp. 16-17 (1937). In the process of treating pelts for felt hats with mercury it is impossible tc free the fur completely from mercury by heating. The vapor is liberated in all stares of hat fabrication and c-vcn in finished hats. In cooperation with tho Ger.an gold and silver purifying association, a completely satisfactory bath ha been developed, by moans of which the mercury hazard can be eliminated from the hat industry. 288, APPLICATION OF ENGtlUT RING SURVEYS TO THE HATTERS' PUR CUTTING INDUSTRY. J. J. Bloomfield and J. IT. DallaValle. Am. J. Pub. Eealth, 27, 167-178 (February, 1037). A detailed survey of 5 plants and a preliminary study of 36 others showed that tho major hazard vr.s the exposure to mercury vapor and dust. The General Electric selenium sulfide detector was used for determining mercury vapor and the impir.gcr, foilowed by aho Frasor electrolytic method, for meroury dust. The koninctcr was used for determining total dust. The concentrations of mar- qitj cury to which workers were exposed varied from 7.2 mg. per 10 ou. m for shippejjj pliers, 5.4 mg., and blowers, 4.6 mg., down to 0.6 mg. for the least exposed Q miscellaneous employees. The methods now employed for controlling meroury vnpow and dust arc* (1) segregation, (2) local exhaust ventilation, and (3) general natural ventilation. It is suggested that by segregating the operations hand1 ing untrcf.tod pelts, approximately 235? of tt*e workers may be removed entirely HMBB-8007839 Refcrences tc Rocent Literature - 12 from the hazard. Proper local exhaust applied to some operations and good natural or mechanical ventilation applied to piling and shipping reduce the mercury exposure for those occupations. The removal of treated material from workrooms, good housekeeping and good general sanitation are reconrcended. (Reprints may he obtained from Hr. Bloomfield, U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. ) 2S9. THE DET?:.:i::..T:o?; OF XERSJrY IN CARSOTED FUH F. H. Goldman. U.S.Public <r;\ Health S^pts, vol. 52, So. 5, 221-223 (Fob, 19, 1937), This brief paper describes an analytical method used in connection with the the survey reported by 3loomfield and Dr.llaVc.lle (preceding abstract). Ten samples of workroom dust ranged from 0,06 to 0,37 mg. mercury per cubic meter of air. (The above volume and number may be obtained from the Superintendent of Document Washington, D, C. for 5 cents. Stamps arc not accepted.) S' 290, TIE ESCAPE OF 11RCURIAL V.1P0BS HI ViORKSHOPS. STUDY OF METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THESE VAPORS A. 21. Lvoff. I'ed. du. travail, 9, 4-25 (Jan, 1937), In industries where mercury is employed, much oT the hazard arisos from mercury deposited on floors, in cracks, under linoleum and in many other places. Where the metal is accessible, the use of potassium permanganate and hydrochloric ac: reduces the vapor concentration 30 to 60#* However, in workshops where mercury may bo absorbed by walls or is in inaccessible places, the use of a ponctratinc gas that will react with mercury is necessary. The use of hydrogen sulfide in concentrations of 0,5 mg, per liter frr 40 hours was found to reduce the merour vapor approximately 82 to 90#. This treatment of course introduces another hazard and should be used with the utmost caution if at all. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide used does not produce acute poisoning, but chronic poisoninf may follow prolonged use. It present it is used, not only in isolated plaoos, but for entire floors and workshops, after work hours. 03117763 HHBB-00078M AIR HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA. INC. 4400 Firrw Avenue Pittsburgh. Pa. r:\ The Medical Bulletin which was somewhat delayed in printing has been completed and your copy will reach you with this. Additional copies for use in your own organization may be had at *2.00 each. Enclosed is a copy of the Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, and tlie recommended and approved Research Program. As a member of the Foundation you can be helpful in colling this to the attention of other firms of your acquaintance ;;no should bo affiliated. As you know, the Foundation needs a greatly increased membership in order to make up the sum necessary to support this research program. The current dues were set relatively low rrith the ioea of interesting as many firms as possible. Any additional number of copies of this bulletin may be had upon request and without charge. The supplement to Bulletin No. 1 of the Series will be ready for distribution in c week or ten days. This bulletin bring the information relative to statutes and court decisions up to March 1, 1937. Also enclosed will be found an announcement of the publication by the Journal of industrial Hygiene and Toxicology of a series of lectures given at the Harvard School of Public Health in August, 1936, on SHE ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECT UPON MAN. These papers lave been bound in book form and are now available at $3*50 each. If you wish one or more copies, address the Journal of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, 55 Shattuck Street, Boston, Mass. A Symposium on Silicosis will be held at Saranac Lake, June 21-25, 1937. A copy of the proposed program is enclosed. It is thought that you may care to call this to the attention of your medical staff. Also enclosed is a report on Comparison of Dust Counters, which was prepared at the request of several members. H. B. Heller 0M177G4 Director Document Review For Confidentiality 300 0 V"> ; Third Silicosis Symposium Saranac Lake, N.Y. June 21 -- 25, 1937 Monday, June 21; 9:00 a.m. Introductory Remarks. Dr. L. U. Gardner, Saranac Laboratory. 9:15 The Significance of the Silicotic Prob lem. Dr. A. J. Lanza, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. 10:15 Etiology of Silicosis. Dr. R. R. Sayers, U. S. Public Health Service. Discussion. 2:15 p.m. Dust Concentrations and Their Mea surement. Prof. Philip Drinker, Har vard School of Public Health. Discussion, led by Mr. M. T. Durkan, Saranac Laboratory. Tuesday, June 22: 9:00 a.m. Pathology of the Pneumoconioses. Dr. L. U. Gardner, Saranac Laboratory. Discussion. 2:15 p.m. Pathology of the Pneumoconioses. Cor relation of the Pathologic and Roent genologic Findings. Dr. L. U. Gard ner, Saranac Laboratory. Discussion. 4:00 Physiology of the Fibrotic Lung. Prof. W. S. McCann, University of Roches ter, School of Medicine. Discussion. Wednesday, June 23: 9:00 a.m. Roentgenologic Aspects of the N'ormai and the Silicotic Lung. Dr. E. P. Pendergrass, University Hospital, University of Pennsylvania. Discussion. 2:15 p.m. Roentgenologic Diagnosis of Silicosis. Dr. H. L. Sampson, Trudeau Sanator ium. Discussion. Thursday, June 24: 9:00 a.m. The Clinical Picture and Diagnosis of Silicosis with Consideration of Disa bility. Dr. A. R. Riddell, Ontario Department of Health. Discussion. 12:00 The Occupational History. Mr. D. E. Cummings, Saranac Laboratory. 2:15 p.m. Control -- Medical Aspects. Dr. A. R. Riddell, Ontario Department of Health. 3:15 Control -- Engineering Aspects. Prof. Philip Drinker, Harvard School of Public Health. Discussion. Friday, June 25: 9:00 a.m. Administrative Aspects of Silicosis. Mr. D. E. Cummings, Saranac Labor atory. Discussion. 2:15 p.m. Legislative Control and Compensation. Mr. T. E. Waters, Occupational Dis ease Commission, Baltimore, Md. 03117765 HWBB-0007843 HMB8-00078*5 '--C'l THE SNVI30MMEMT AND ITS EFFECT UPON MAN is comprised of the following lectures given at the Harvard School of Public Health, August, 1936. The effects of the social environment. L rence J, Henderson and Elton Mayo. Industrial Fatigue. David B. Dill. Air-borne disease. H.D, Chops and Wilson G. Saillie, Air-borne infection and sanitary air control. William F. Wells and Mildred Weeks Well3. The effects of heat and humidity upon the human body. Cecil S. Drinker. Abnormal air conditions in industry: their effects on workers and methods of control. C. P. Yaglou. The physiological effects of high pressures. Louis A. Shaw, Industrial operations in compressed air. Ole Slngatad, Carbon monoxide poisoning. Cecil K. Drinker. The toxicology of organic vapors and gases. John I. foulger. The toxic dusts and fumes. Lawrence T, Falrhall. The causation of pneumoconiosis. Philip Drinker7 Clinical aspects, diagnosis and prevention of pneumoconiosis. W. Irving Clark. Design of exhaust 'hoods for dust-control systems. Theodore Batch. Besplratory protective devices. Carlton . Brown. The application of air conditioning in normal life. Philip Drinker. Hospital air conditioning. C, P. Yaglou. A laboratory of industrial toxicology. W, F. von Oettlngen. A laboratory of industrial hygiene. Warren F. Cook. These papers have been bound in book form and will be available about April 20. Copies may be ordered direct from: The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, 55 Shattuck St. Boston, Mass. Price, prepaid, $3.50. :iLsDi;D HUBB-0007847 Vr-' ----5 -rrT --- . --. Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Fa., May 1, 193? COMPARISON OF DUST COUNTERS As a result of inquiries from several members, the Foundation procured from Sausoh & Lomb one of their new dust counters and mado a limited number of parallel tests with that instrument, the Owens jet dust counter, and the GreenburgSmith impinger. The comparison under varied conditions showed that no olose eorrelation of the results can be made. The Bausoh 4 Lomb instrument gave result* lying between those obtained with the Owens counter and those with the impinger* In same cases the lightfield method with tho Owens counter and ths Impinger was supplemented by some darkfield tests. Experimental Results Tests were made in which the instruments were compared under the usual conditions for each, i.e, with lightfield for the impinger and Owens counter. The results so obtained will be presented first in tho following table. The non* bers in parentheses indicate the number of reasonably agreeing tests averaged, if Test No. Date Character Impinger, 120 X Bausoh 4 Lomb Million particles per cu. ft. Owens, 1170 X 1 2 1-13 1-2? Outside, fog ft tt 5*3 (2) 6*0 3 1-29 " slight fog 1*? 4 3- 2 Industrial 5 3- 2 It 6 3- i tt 15.0 (2) 8*4 1.45 ? i-10 Lab, clear 9 4- 2 tt h 0.?5 Oil? 22*5 (2) 15.3 (2) 29.7 (2) 51.3 (2) 46,3 (2) 11*1* 5*4 24*5 12*1 145 (2) 96 93 (2) 142, 103 63*5 23*4 The value Per the impinger in test 4 is an average of two poorly agree* ing tests on the same sample. 03117768 HWBB-0007848 Special Report on Comparison of ust Counters - 2 Following are the ratios for each pair of instruments: Test No. Bausch 4 Lomb 4 Impinger Owens 4 Impinger Owens 4 Bausch 4 Lomb 1 4.2 2 2.5 3 17.5 4 3.4 5 5.5 6 7.*, 3.7 r 32.6 9 63.5 27.4 56.5 6.2 17.0, 12.2 85.0 136.0 6.4 3.2 1.8 3.1, 2,2 2.6 1.9 These ratios illustrate the look of correlation of counts. It will be noted especially that the ratios of the Bausch and Lomb and Owens results to those obtained with the impinger are much higher for atmospheric samples than for in dustrial samples. A few impinger samples were counted in darkfield illumination. One difficulty was always encountered, in that fine scratches and pits on the oells. invisible in the lightfield, were so numerous as to give a high blank. Even.idien counts wore made with new cells, the blank became rather high after using the oell a few tires. The following comparisons were made with the saao samples in light and darkfield illuminations: Tost No. 1 2 3 4 Light, 120X 10,6 9,5 1.3 0.75 Dark, 120X 33,9 19.3 12.7 tight, 2SOX Dark, 2SOX 1.3 3*3 The first attempts to use darkfield lighting with the Owens samples were unsuccessful, as the oblique rays did not cross the air space between the slide and the cover glass on which the dust was deposited* Finally that difficulty was overcome by inverting the slide, so that tho cover glass made an oil contact with the darkfield condenser. The following results were obtained with that method: Test No. Light, 120X Dark, 120X 1 5,8 20 2 2.7 15.6 Light, 230X lS.O 8.6 Dark, 230X Light,11701 4.J 19.3 23.4 Tho last test was the only one in which a direct comparison of all meth ods was suecessfully obtained, except the impinger with darkfield. The figures for that tost arc summarized here: NtfBB-8007849 Spooial Report on Comparison of Dust Counters - 3 Impinger, light, 120 X "II " " 92*300 YX 0.1? n0.e.5; Bausch it Lome, dark, 200 X 12.1 Owens, light, 120 X 2.7 ff dark 120 X 15.5 tl light 230 X 8.6 jX--" II dark 230 X 19.3 It light 1170 X 23.4 The exact magnifications were chosen so as to afford a simple ratio of the apparent width of stage micrometer divisions to that of the Whipple disk squares. Discussion and Conclusion The figures obtained, of course, do not constitute on accurate comparison. Ihe number of tests was small, and errors, incidental to the beginning of a series e ef tests, occurred. One source of error in all dust counting, especially in darkfield work, is lack of constancy of illumination. Ordinarily the maximum illumination, namely that given by an arc light, is used in darkfield work. The Bausch k Lamb proeedure makes use of a substage incandescent light, which is satisfactory if the illumina tion is constant, but caro must be taken to keep tho lamp in the proper position. It is possible that the first results are low bocauss that precaution was not ob served, and the apparatus should bo made foolproof in that respect. It is tinderstood that the manufacturers are correcting that defect by providing for attaching the lamp housing to the counter. These preliminary results load to the following conclusions* (1) No correlation of any pair of the three instruments is possible for all kinds and sizes of dust, (2) Under the same illumination and magnification, the count in air is higher than in water, the divergence increasing with decreasing particle size. (3) Tho Bausch and Lcmb counter gives results intermediate between those with the impinger and those with the Owens apparatus under the usual conditions of uso. 98/B00-8flflH M*i 1137 hv, '< i ( i , t > i \ . .> (, i t-A