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FILE NAME Industrial Hygiene Foundation IHF DATE 1956 DOC IHF104 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION History of IHF by Mellon Institute History of INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION A Research Association of Industries for Advancing Industrial Health and Improving Working Conditions TRIAL MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pa EXHIBT0563 1956- EXHIBIT  Ae ee a FOREWORD The history of Industrial Hygiene Foundation is in itself an impresof industrial health practice and sve record of the changing concept of the progress made by industry as a whole and particularly by those affiliated with the Foundation As the pattern has been companies transformed from one of curative medicine to that of the prevention of occupational illness and injury the nature and scope of the services the Foundation has been asked to perform have systematically followed this change Industrial Hygiene Foundation has played an important role in bringing about higher standards of health maintenance in industry Not only has it added greatly to the basic knowledge on the subject through its research activities and through dissemination of informa but it has rendered valuable service to its members in the solu- uon tion of specific industrial health problems and the establishment of medical programs The fact that is most impressive and most gratifying about the growth and achievements of the Foundation is that everything has been accomplished through the unified efforts of many diversified industries There is no disputing such clear evidence of industry's interest in the health and welfare of its workers and consumers March 1956 C. RICHARD WALMER M.D. Managing Director History of Industrial Hygiene Foundation In the early 1930's events of great significance to the of industrial hygiene were taking place An aware- growth healthful environments in occupational ness of the value of disease control which up to that time had barely been ac knowledged was increasingly evident in industrial govern- mental and professional circles Instead of merely providing sufficient medical care to fulfill requirements of compensation laws passed in 1911 industry began to focus attention on the study and control of the work environment as a means to eliminate health hazards That such a policy was economic ally sensible as well as humanitarian was easily proved People were becoming conscious of the air we breathe The fact that in an eight working day one takes into the lungs five times as much air as food and water combined indicated a real need for keeping the air clean and pure in order to protect the health of the worker Attention was further focused on the harmful effects of contaminated air by an incident which occurred early in construction 1930. A number of silicosis cases became evident during the of a tunnel at Gauley Bridge W. Va and some deaths were attributed to it The furor which followed de- manded that concentrated efforts be directed to a solution of problem It was obvious that the cooperation and team- professional groups was necessary The objectives numerous of industrial health cannot be obtained by any one group objectivesseveral groups acting independently With this philosophy in mind industry brought this ' environmental environmental environmental environmental problem to Mellon Institute A small group fi of physicians scientists and industrialists in Pittsburgh gath- ered to discuss the possibility of a scientific research program to work on the solution of the of dust diseases and were acutely particularly of silicosis All aware of the need for assembling and evaluating available information and con- ducting research to provide the necessary technical knowl- edge Out of that meeting the Air Hygiene Foundation with some 20 member companies was evolved and a new Fellow ship in that name was created at Mellon Institute on Decem ber2 193Dr5. .H. B. Meller who had been in charge of the program for the abatement of smoke and dust in the City of Pittsburgh and who had headed air pollution investigations at Mellon Institute was appointed Managing Direc tor of the Foundation The air pollution studies of Mellon Institute had begun with survey the amount soot fall in as early as 1912 a of of different parts of the City of Pittsburgh Conditions in plants making unnecessary smoke were investigated and the effects of smoke on health on vegetation on paints building mate- rials and interior decorations were studied Nine bulletins were published on these subjects Ten years later an eleven- months survey was conducted taking into consideration all solid matter that was deposited and comparing the results in of with those the earlier tests and with the findings Lon don between 1914 and 1923. A third study was begun in 1928 to cover phases not previously considered such as determination of amounts and compositions of solid matter and gases at the sources a study of the distribution and be havior of these solids and gases after they are introduced into background out by the City of Pittsburgh Bureau of Smoke Control and Mellon Institute gave Dr. Meller an excellent 2 for supervising the Foundation's studies of dust diseases and their control The Foundation was set up at Mellon Institute on a multiple fellowship basis The Fellowship System is a practical plan for studying term industrial problems under the auspices of an educational and scientific institution Mellon Institute's activities have been largely in the fields of chem- istry physics and the engineering sciences and technologies with increasing emphasis on their application to the important problems of human welfare The program of the Air Hygiene Foundation fit perfectly into this structure In addition to the administrative supervision by the Fellowship's staff each such group at Mellon Institute is assigned a member of the Institute's Executive Staff as an adviser who is a specialist in some aspect of the over investigational work and is responsible for the progress of a of independent Fellowships The members of the Exec- group Heads and coordinate the utive Staff advise the Fellowship activities of the Fellowships Dr. William A. Hamor Direc tor of Research at Mellon Institute was appointed the Ad- viser to the Air Hygiene Foundation and has made unlimited contributions of his time energy and experience to the prog- ress of the Foundation The young organization wasohfeMleple-d immeasurably by Dr. Edward R. Weidlein President in the activities of lon Institute His deep personal interest the Foundation has been a major factor in the attainment of its outstanding position Thus the Foundation has present the wise counsel of had at its disposal at Mellon Institute leading scientists and the use of the best facilities and equip : ment obtainable Keeping Pace with OpporTUNITIES It was not surprising therefore that by 1941 the scope of the Foundation's activities had expanded to other phases of environmental control The name of the organization was 3 Na changed to Industrial Hygiene Foundation in keeping with the increasingly broader range of activities in the industrial United and by 1955 there were apparimately apparimately 370 outstanding com panies and associations in Stateons its roster The Foundation's staff today includes physicians indus trial hygienists chemists engineers and various technicians particularly in the industries The staff is supplemented by five professional committees legal preventive engi whose members aid in supplying facts and counseland in supervising the Foundation's thoroughgoing studies and re- searches in these five sectors Member companies tafportthhies rich source of accumulated knowledge and experience top echelon leaders in management technology science and solution to their specific industrial health probltehemcosn and trol of health hazards and the development of health medical programs The Board of Trustees is comprised of education The Foundation's investigative activities activities are carried on both in the field and in laboratories Environmental healftorh on an industry scale are conducted surveys many surveys surveys members as are plant studies on specific phases of indus trial health problems In the realm of medicine the Foundatrial is an authority on the establishment expanmsaidonebayndHcon duct of medical programs Medical audits are staf physicians to appraise existing health programs andis recommend improvements or changes to meet present and of specific oper future needs The engineering division the specificplants for equipped to advise on control requirements existing ations new plant design reconstruction in whenever pos and modifications in processes to minimize or pol ution sible to eliminate hazard This division studies air 4 guides control reviews plans for ventilating systems and and its attack on special cleaning problems scientific research carried on by the Foundation Basic includes investigations on the nature and at Mellon Institute of hazardous dusts fumes vapors and mechanism of action factors such as noise illu- and on other environmental gmaisneastion and radiant heat with special reference to actual conditions of plant exposure The development of apparatus and techniques for collecting and measuring air pollutants is an important part of this activity The Foundation's toxicological laboratory makes studies find- in the physiology toxicology and biochemistry of physical and chemical agents their mode of entrance into the body in relation to the physical and chemical condition of the atmos phere and their subsequent possible toxic action The ings serve as a basis for evolving proper control measures to protect the health of workers Each year at its annual meeting the Foundation brings together at Mellon Institute nearly 700 executives physi cians attorneys engineers chemists and industrial health specialists This convention affords an opportunity to exchange valuable information on the year's achievements trends and needs in the industrial health field particularly at theFoundation's medical legal engineering and chemical- toxicological conferences The main session which is de signed for management encompasses the broader objectives relations economic considerations respecting human and administrative policies in industrial health A monthly publication Industrial Hygiene Digest is prepared on all phases of industrial health including the legal aspects aspectsOther publications are the Transactions of the annu- meeting journal contributions by staff members pamphlets on subjects of current interest and special bulletins Numerous technical papers each year are based on the 5 new knowledge acquired through research studies by the staff Two outstanding publications were technical volumes by staff members Theodore Hatch Research Adviser authored Dust with the Foundation the book Industrial Professor Philip Drinker of the Foundation's Board of Trustees Published by McGraw Book Com- pany Inc. in 1936 it was revised and expanded and a sec ond edition published in 1954. Plant and Process Ventila tion authored by W. C. L. Hemeon Engineering Director of the Fouwnas pd ublia shedtby Tihe Io ndusn trial Premin January 1955. The page volume presents a comprehen sive treatment of fundamental principles and their applica tion to practice in the design of ventilating systems for the control of industrial atmospheric contaminants RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS IN THE EARLY YEARS In the early years of its existence the Foundation con on prob ducted and stimulated investigations and research lems in the field of air hygiene and gathered and disseminated factual information relating thereto finding studies research program drawn based on the findings legal and were made in medicine preventive engineering a up law and A review A Survey of Statutes and Court Decisions Respect ing Occupational Disease from Air Pollution was the first of the three major studies completed in 1936. Its prepara tion was supervised by the Foundation's legal committee headed by Chairman A. C. Hirth of Toledo Ohio its Pub lished in seven parts it covered statutory and case law with respect to the rights and liabilities growing out of dust ards and air pollution in industry and was the most compre hensive legal analysis of its kind ever undertaken states closed sharp conflicts among laws of the ocupational the oc upational with respect to compensation for injuries examinations respect examinations disease to regulations governing physical realized of workmen as requirements of employment It was 6 that the lack of uniformity could be remedied by research which the Foundation proposed to undertake Two supplements to the legal review followed bringing the information on court decisions and important legislation considered by the state legislatures up to date In 1937 two more legal bulletins were prepared one on A Critical Study of Provisions for Occupational Disease Legislation which presented an impartial discussion of the important basic principles to be considered in legislation and of the controverted issues involved the second Compensa tion Legislation Critical Review analyzed in summary form the existing laws of the several states and discussed in detail certain of the subjects and problems that are peculiar to these laws The preventive engineering study dealing with Meas urement and Control of Industrial Dust was directed by Professor Philip Drinker of the Harvard School of Public Health Chairman of the Foundation's preventive engineering committee The subsequent bulletin published on the subject thoroughly treated the troublesome and controversial topics that confronted hygienists and industrialists in the general field of dust control and outlined the scientific re search needed to solve various important problems in the The third major inventory study undertaken as pre- requisite to the drawing up of the Foundation's research pro- gram was a world review and evaluation of Silicosis and Allied Disorders This report of the Foundation's medical committee headed by its Chairman Dr. A. J. Lanza brought for the first time a practical summary of what was together what remained to be learned about dust disease 178 tecting page report outlined a point program for pro- workers plan tecting the health of industrial and a definite research designed to help curb industrial disease 7 consideration was recommended to the Foundation for findings led the Foundation to support consideratiotnoctohne tributed greatly to the solution of problems relating Laboratory Moore School Scientific investigations were begun in 1937 Foundation at The Saranac at the Ray Laboratory University of Pennsylvania and at the Harvard School of Public Health The first project at Saranac under the direction of Dr. L. U. Gardner dealt largely with mixed dusts and pro- tector dusts During the 14 years that grants were made to the Saranac Laboratory the research included other projects such as the determination of welofdweildningg fumeosn susceptibility to tuberculosis and disability in silicotics and the effects of aluminum therapy The work at the University of Pennsylvania sought improve roentgenographic apparatus and techniques and sought to place diagnostic procedure on a more basis for use in industrial plants as in the physical examina tion of large groups of workmen Studies at the University of Pennsylvania continued through 1942 and included engineer- and evaluation s^>licagranules ing study of exhaust equipment reactionofs living tissue to as observed microscopically of present exhaust ventilation for the control of industrial health hazards The research at Harvard from 1937 to 1942 dealt with measures dusts the development and improvement of engineering for the control of such industrial pollutants as and gases through mechanical means Specific studies included investigation the relationship of particle size to silicosis an rods coated of gases and fumes evolved in arc welding with and a study of hood design of tanks published in in a numnum published a Results of these investigations were 8 published of bulletins Bulletin No. 2 of the engineering series was ber in 1938-1939 in eight parts 1. The Determination of Benzol Vapor in the Atmosphere 1. The Use and Care of Respirators 3. The Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Vapors in the Atmosphere Design of Exhaust Hoods Design of Duct Work for Exhaust Systems 3. Determination of Lead in the Air Identification of Industrial Dusts 8. Routine Sampling for Control of Atmospheric Impurities Engineering Bulletin No. 3 published in 1942 con usted of two parts Air Flow Measurement by the Dilution Method and Measuring Air Flow in Industrial Ven- tilation tilaon tilation tilaon " A fourth engineering bulletin on Conditioned Crane Cabs published in 1947 outlined practical measures for the improvement of crane cabs removal of irritating dust fumes and gases and reduction of the heat load One objec tive of this bulletin was to point out the many unique me- chanical features required for this particular application of conditioning which the prospective purchaser should look for in the selection of equipment Also published in 1947 was a reference manual on InAir Sampling and Analysis which was prepared dustrialFoundation by Dr. Leslie Silverman of the Harvard School Public Health Even more comprehensive than the PreventiPrevveentive 7 and Engineering Series Bulletin No. 2 Parts , 3 6 and , which were its predecessors on the general subject also were presented methods of sampling and analysis with the view ofof rather complete coverage but choice of methods for the beginner Second indicatedin the medical series was a bulletin on The ComparativeComparative Values of Chest Roentgenograms Made on 9 Film and on Paper for Industrial Surveys published in June 1939 which reported the results of an investigation This was followed in January 1940 by Medical Series No. moeten moeten 3 on the choice of methods of examination of the chest for diagnostic surveys i.. Seeking to help reduce the great losses to labor and management through absenteeism the Foundation in 1940 launched a survey of sick absenteeism among industrial work- men in collaboration with the United States Public Health Service and the American Association of Industrial Physi cians and Surgeons The survey covered 16 member companies of the Foundation representing 70,000 workers in a variety of industries Findings were published as Medical Bulletin No. 4 on Sick Absenteeism in Industry in Febru ary 1940 which included a proposed program for recording absenteeism Absenteeism studies in a number of the com- panies were continued until 1953 and the results presented at the Foundation's annual meeting and included in the Transactions Medical Bulletin No. 5 reptheoresrultts ofea cdom- parison of stereoscopic miniature chest films single roentgenograms on paper and single roentgenograms on large film Effects of Daily Exposure to Arc Welding Fumes and Gases Upon Normal and Tuberculous Animals was published as Medical Bulletin No. 6 in September 1942 Meanwhile the first bulletin in a Special Research Series SO was published in September 1937 on Concentrations of Volatile Sulphur Compounds in Atmospheric Air which was a report of a survey made in and near a group of representative cities A second bulletin on the same subject appeared in 1938 A study of fatigue was made for the Foundation by Dr. R. R. Sayers Director U. S. Bureau of Mines and a member of the Foundation's medical committee The report 10 was presented at the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Founda tion in 1941 and was published in War Medicine Vol 2 pp 786-823 September 1942 With the influx of women into industry during World War II a factual study of the health problems of women in the industrial field based on actual manufacturing condi tions and experience was needed Accordingly Industrial Hygiene Foundation arranged with Dr. C. O. Sappington to conduct a practical investigation of this subject on plant production lines The outcome was Medical Bulletin No. 7 on Health Problems of Women in Industry published in January 1944 In 1948 another investigation by Dr. Sappington was sponsored by H on Industrial Health Department Func tions and Relationships and the report was published as Medical Series Bulletin No. 8. The year survey covered a quarter of a century of progress in industrial health admin- istration providing inventories of industry's existing health facilities procedures and policies for conserving human re- sources in the world of work Bulletin No. 9 in the medical series was published in 1949 on Tuberculosis in Industry Following World War II thousands of veterans were returning home imposing upon industrial management and industrial health specialists the grave responsibility of successful job placement The Foundation at its meetings in 1943 1944 and 1945 sponsored panel discussions on the subject which were subsequently published in three special bulletins under the title Putting the Disabled Veteran Back to Work Other important literature literature on industrial health grew out of presentations at the Foundation's annual meetings and technical papers by the staff Of all the Foundation's publi ' cations however probably the best known and most widely 11 used is the Industrial Hygiene Digest which was begun in 1937 and has been published monthly since The Digest car- ries abstracts of the world's literature onall phases of indus- trial health and hygiene literature Annual of the abstracts is published and a Decennial id for the years 1945-1954 Allied to the mechanics of preparing the Digest is the Library Classification System for Literature on Industrial Hygiene and Allied Subjects devised by W. C. L. Hemeon Engineering Director of the Foundation and Lorraine Sulli- van Boston Public Library for filing the original material abstracted The library classificastysitoenm prosvo vealdua ble that it was reproduced for the membership and added to the available literature of the Foundation While the earliest activities of the Foundation centered around the acquisition and dissemination of technical knowl- edge based on the research sponsored by it field work and consultation on specific environmental and medical problems were allied services that were soon in great demand In 1936 a study of outdoor atmospheric pollution SO was made for a smelting company A similar survey started the next year for another industry has been made winter and summer each year since The first plant dust studies were made in 1938 and plant hygiene investigations to appraise working conditions for their possible effects upon health and to provide preventive engineering measures to control noxious and obnoxious exposures in workplaces were thereafter made for many member companies Besides fostering healthful working conditions the Foundation's plant surveys proved to be in- creasingly helpful in advancing harmonious labor relations A major project in 1944-45 was the control study of the pottery industry and refinement of the technique of appraising the degree of silica concentration to which work men in dusty industries may be exposed H specifications for engineering soon constituted a 12 common basis for obtaining bids and for the writing of contracts and in effect to ensure an adequate result in terms of air concentration while permitting reasonable latitude to equipment companies and contractors The Founda- tion's health engineers were called upon to examine plans for new or remodeled plants from the viewpoint of infusing into such construction the maximum of correct physical working conditions in the light of current knowledge In 1942-43 the Foundation began to expand the types of studies it made Facilities at the University of Pittsburgh and at Mellon Institute were used to conduct the first labora- tory research work by the Foundation's staff on specific problems presented by member companies An experimental study on the solubility of ceramic colors in tissue fluids was made and the effects of perthiocyanic acid on the eyes was investigated through biological testing with animals Chemical dermatitis problems were overcome through the coordination of field investigations with experimental studies by ten derma- tologists THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE FOUNDATION In 1942 Dr. Meller retired and John F. McMahon was appointed Managing Director of the Foundation a position he held until his death on September 15 1950. Mr. McMahon played an important role in the field of industrial health and in the growth of the Foundation He was suc ceeded by Dr. C. Richard Walmer a known specialist in industrial health problems who had been Medical Director of the Foundation since July 1946 Even before Dr. Walmer's appointment as Medical Director the Foundation had begun medical advisory work for its members The first such report was made in 1943 through arrangement for consultation services of an industrial physician to work with the staff's industrial hygienist _ Realizing that the environmental and medical phases of [ 18 maintenance are closely integrated and that the Foun- health in dation must increasingly serve its members both capacities ing to the medical services examination of the records of employment illness and injury and tabulation of the cost of these items where Cou withpthislis ae n evadlua tion of the potential hazards for that particular industry and recommendations for a medical nete o thd e neseds of that company The Foundation has a strong medical staff SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND MEDICAL STUDIES BROADENS There was a pronounced trend in 1947 toward both envianr d meo dican l stumdieseof n an itnduastlry char acter many initiated by associations of industries Five such studies were scheduled for that year This efficient procedure problems and the findings benefit the whole industry aor substantial segment thereof In such a program there is great- er utilization of the accumulated experience within industry respecting a common problem Typical of these was the study of the asbestosis problem made for the companies belonging to one association Another was the environmental survey of a large number of plants in the sand industry and the preparation of a manual on Safety in Sandblasting for the group A Canadian association of industries requested a study of silicosis throughout its member companies A group of glass manufacturing companies jointly sponsored a study of prohbeatlperobmlesms Other assohcaveigoane toneisteop fnurtsher and spon- sored basic research at the Foundation to develop techniques 14 and instruments that can lead to the solution of industrial health problems Large air pollution investigations sup ported by the American Iron and Steel Institute were begun in 1950. Instruments have been developed for the easy meas urement of hourly intensity of smoke dust fall sulfur diox ide and hydrogen sulfide thus facilitating micrometeoro logical studies which can contribute importantly to a sound understanding of and an orderly approach to the whole air pollution problem Stack dust sampling was next investigated A major air pollution research program to develop a technique for tracing the path of stack gases over long dis tances was initiated by the American Petroleum Institute in 1953 Individual companies as well increasingly requested broad environmental surveys indicating management's sincere interest in the positive aspects of health maintenance and the preventive approach to industrial health problems One of these was the industrial hygiene survey for a large oil company and all of its subsidiaries in 1949. Another was the medical study for a large metal fabricator covering 60 plants in 38 states in 1948. A third was an extensive medical sur vey for a glass industry One unique study by the Foundation in 1952 was the community air pollution study in New Haven Connecticut to appraise the air pollution problem of the city thus to assist the board of aldermen toward a decision as to the advis ability of enacting a control ordinance The problem of noise in industry claimed the Founda tion's attention and has resulted in two important publica- tions in 1955. To fill the need for reference material on exist ing laws providing compensation for impairment of hearing Industrial Hygiene Foundation had prepared for its members a Legal Survey on Occupational Impairment of Hearing by ' Theodore C. Waters General Counsel for the Foundation 15 giving references in summary form to state compensation statutes dealing with impairment of hearing and to judicial ography on Noise Its Mea SPI Effects and Control covering more than 2300 refert the usoef engineers executives physicians and others who be concerned with problems resulting from excessive NEW FACILITIES FOR TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH Keeping pace with the growth of the Foundation's ac in tivities the field was the program of toxicological and bio- logical researches many of great magnitude The early arrangement of utilizing outside laboratory facilities to carry on such projects proved inadequate and early in 1948 the Foundation acquired the facilities for conducting new and expanded researches in industrial toxicology and physiology The Foundation's toxicology laboratory was set up in an annex of the Elizabeth Steel Magee Hospital a paorf tthe University of Pittsburgh Medical Center where the neces sary animal work could be carried out Long chronic toxicity studies on commercial substances were begun to determine the health hazards for both workers and users Many acute toxicity tests of the finding type have been conducted on compounds in the developmental stage to guide manufacturers in their programs When lamp manufacturers were experiencing troubles with the use of beryllium in fluor- escent lights theFoundation undertook for them toxicological testing of new phosphors over a period of two years to ascer tain whether their use in the manufacture of the new fluor- escent lamps would have ill effects Another investigation dealt with the nature and extent of possible eye irritating effects of a number of formulations A three program of biological research on the effects of silicon carbide dust on normal lungs and on the evolution of pulmonary tuber- culosis is in progress at the present time A year pro- 16 gram to evaluate the potential response to a variety of synthetic and natural inorganic particulate matter of different size ranges was completed Basic information was obtained through these and other studies on pneumoconiotic deposits in the lungs which has important implications regarding the fundamental mechanism of the action of dusts in general Supplemental to researches on dust carried on by the Foundation were the studies of retention of industrial dusts in the lungs conducted for the Biological Department of the Chemical Corps Department of the Army in the Foundation's toxicology laboratory from 1950 to 1954 under the supervision of Theodore F. Hatch then laboratory director of the Foundation Mr. Hatch is now Research Adviser to the Foundation Investigation of the fate of industrial dusts following inhalation was made with the object of finding the relationship between the particle size of inhaled particulates the site of deposition and the percentage of the material re- tained in the human respiratory system under various conditions The respiratory characteristics of test subjects under different breathing depths were determined for establishing useful correlations between these characteristics and the re- tention of inhaled dust The findings and conclusions of this study included a range of particle sizes from the microscopic region to five microns Invaluable in hundreds of tests made was the iron lung which was lent to the Foundation in 1947 by the Warren Collins Company The mechanism bearing series No. 3 is probably a museum piece in that the first two manufactured by the company cannot be located The only older models were the original ones designed by Professor Philip Drinker a trustee of the Foundation who negotiated the loan of the Collins iron lung to the Foundation Intended for therapeutic purposes the iron lung was admirably adapted to research work In such studies as determination of dust retention in the lungs the respirator was used to control the frequency and depth of breathing of the 17 test subject and to actuate a mechanical partitioning valve on the breathing mask which separated every exhalation into seven separate fractions air came from the nasal the the The first fraction of exhaled i id last fraction from Diferences in the amountosf dust retention ences in the degree of of the respiratory system in the different parts Reversing the usual order of research procedure the Foundation first used human subjects and then animals Making use of exactly the same plan as employed in the hu man respirator the staff constructed miniature respirators for use with experimental animals TWO DECADES OF LEADERSHIP AND SERVICE In its first twenty years of existence Industrial Hygiene Foundation has done much toward making better environ- hehaealtlh atrealhity Special studies made for its member companies are approaching the 700 mark Included are over 400 extensive field surveys and approximately 100 on specific of industrial problems encountered in the plants In addition the Foundation's specialists in engineering medi- cine chemistry and toxicology have made nearly 200 con- sultation visits throughout the country Some fifty basic re- search studies have been conducted in the Foundation's laboratories and analytical studies are well into the second hundred A number of the projects have been on an indus wide basis so that many companies not directly involved in the research have benefited from them In addittoisopne- cific projects the Foundation has assisted members in the solution of smaller problems through inquiries by correspondence or telephone Thousands of requests for technical liter ature are filled each year in addition to regular mailings to members Some 3,000,000 employees profit directly from the Foundation through their companies membership 18 A vast fund of technical information and experience has been built up by the Foundation's staff and is constant- ly being tapped by its members The Foundation is truly the medium through which industries in all categories can unite their efforts in protecting the health of their workers and their consumers Andrew Fletcher President of St. Joseph Lead Con pany and Board Chairman of Industrial Hygiene Founda- tion had this to say about the organization in an address at the 20th Annual Meeting held in November 1955 For two decades Industrial Hygiene Foundation has been a leader in the field of industrial health Not only has it added greatly to the basic knowledge on the subject but it has been instrumental in stimulating and encouraging health maintenance in industry and has rendered valuable service to its members in the solution of specific industrial health problems and the establishment of medical programs The history of the Foundation is in itself an impressive record of the changing concept of industrial health practice and of the progress made by industry as a whole and particularly by those companies affiliated with the Founda- tion As the pattern has been transformed from one of cura- tive medicine to that of the prevention of occupational illness and injury the nature and scope of the services the Foundation has been asked to perform have systematically followed this change 19