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328 CHAPTER 29 1962 Guide And Data Boole of contaminants which vary widely in sire and structure. Some are dry and relatively non-adhering while others are oily and tend to adhere tightly to various cold and warm metal surfaces. Those creating major problems in poultry houses are feathers, list (the hair-like fibers removed from the feather rib), skin flakes, powdered feces, and dust from feed and litter. Among other livestock, hair would replace feathers in the list of contaminants. Just as the types of contaminants in poultry house air varies widely, so does the total amount of airbornedust. The amount of dust varies with bird population density, bird size, degree of bird activity, type of litter, and the relative humidity of the air. Very little information is available concerning this filtration load. One test result1* is available and is cited as an example only. An automatic-feed, dry paper filter of 11.5 8q ft filter area was installed in a poultry house where dry, partially-decomposed com cob litter was used. Restricting the filter pressure drop to 1.0 in. of water while filtering air at the rate of 1600 cfm, resulted in dust collection at the rate of 0.7 lb per day. Applying these figures to a minimum ventilation rate for a minimum laying hen population density and cold weather, this would amount to a filter load of ap proximately 1.0 lb of dust per day from a 10,000 sq ft house. Using the same figures for maximum warm weather ventila tion and maximum laying hen population density, about 15 lb of dust per day would come from a 10,000 sq ft house. In present usage, many installations have throw-away glass fiber filters. Usually, the useful life of these filters is too short for them to be used in connection with air conditioners or dehumidifiers. An automatic-feed, dry paper filter has been used successfully to protect beat exchangers operating above the air dew-point temperature. In this situation the fine dust passing through the filter paper and depositing on the fins of the heat exchanger did not greatly interfere with the heat ex change performance as long as the leading edge of the ex changer was not fouled. Operation below air dew point with this filter was more troublesome and subsequent cleaning of the heat exchanger was very difficult. Dust accumulating in the presence of intermittent condensation stuck very tightly. Where greater filtration is required, electronic air cleaners are suggested. However, a pre-filter at least as good as the two types previously mentioned should be installed ahead of an electronic air cleaner. REFERENCES 1 T. Deightoa and J. C. D. Hutchinson: Studies on metabolism of fowls, ifThe effect of activity on metabolism (Journal of Agri cultural Science, 30, 1940, p. 141). * H. Ota: Poultry Respiration Calorimetric Studies of Laying Hens (U. S. Department of Agriculture, ARS 42-43, June 1961). *8. Brody: Bioenergeties and Growth (Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1945, p. 354). 4 H. H. lubler and S. Brody: Relative Efficiency of Surface Evaporative, Respiratory Evaportdive, and Non-Evaporative Cooling tn Relation (o Rent Production in Jersey, Holstein, Brown Swiss and Brahma Cattle, 6* to 105 F (Missouri Agricultural Experi ment Station Research Bulletin 497, June 1952). * K. A. Jordan: Measurements of Component Heat Losses of Poultry (PhD Thesis, Purdue University, 1959). * R. G. Yeck and R. E. Stewart: Ten-year summary of peychroenergetic laboratory research (American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol. 2 1959, p. 71). I R. E. McDowell: Physiological approaches to animal clima tology (Journal of Heredity, VoL XLLX, No. 2, 1958, p. 58). * J. G. Hall, C. Branton, and E. J. Stone: Estrua, estrua cycles, ovulation time, time of service and fertility of dairy cattle in Louisiana (Journal DairyScience, 42, 1959, p. 1086). * R. W. Phillips and F. F. McKenzie: The Thermoregulatory Function and Mechanism ofthe Scrotum (Missouri Agricultural Ex periment Station Research Bulletin 217, 1934). II J. W. Smith et al: The Effects of Air Movement, Air Movement Plus Sprinkling and Air CorUioning. on Semen Production and Physiological Responses of Dairy Bulls Under Southern Conditions (Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Progress Report, Dairy Department Pub. No. 4, 1955). M R. B. Casady, R. M. Myers, and J. E. Legates: The effect of exposure to high ambient temperatures on spermatogenesis in dairy bulls (Journal Dairy Science, 36, 1953, p. 14). " T. E. Patrick et al: Effects of Various Cooling Practices on Physiological Responses, Semen Production of Fertility of Bulls During Hot Weather (Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station. Annual Progress Report, Dairy Department Pud. No. 9, 1957). u L. C. Ulberg: The influence of high temperature on repm. Auction (A review), (Journal of Heredity, 49, 1958, p. 2). u D. A. Schott, R W. Phillips, and D. A. Spencer: The occurrence of estrua in sheep and its relation to extra-seasonal pro duction of lambs (Proceedings, American Society of Animal Pro duction, p. 347). R. H. Dutt and E. C. Simpson: Environmental temperature and fertility of Southdown rams early in the breeding wt>^n (Journal of Animal Science, 16.1957, p. 136). " T. E. Bond and C. F. Kelly: Environment of Animals (U. S. Department of Agriculture, Yettrbook ofAgriculture, 1960, p. 236). D. M. WonrteU and S. Brody: Comparative Physiological Reactions of European and Indian Cattle to Changing Temperature (Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Bulletin No. 515,1953). u S. Brody et al: Milk Production, Feed and Water Consump tion, and Body Weight of Jersey and Holstein Cows in Relation to Several Diurnal Temperature Rhythms (Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Bulletin No. 578, 1955). l* Hubert Heitman Jr., and C. F. Kelly, and T. E. Bond: Ambient air temperature and weight gain in swine (Journal of Animal Science, 17, 1958, p. 62). n E. J. Warwick: Effects of high temperature on growth and fattening in beef cattle, hogs, and sheep (Journal of Heredity, VoL XLIX, No. 2,1958, p. 73). 11 H. Ota, H. L. Carver, and W. Ashby: Heat and moisture pro duction of laying hens (Agricultural Engineering, 34, 1953, p. 163). n Disease Environmental and Management Factors Related to' Poultry Health (U. 8. Department of Agriculture, ARS 45-2, 1961). ** S. Brody: Climatic physiology of cattle (Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 39,1956, p. 715). M Proceedings of Symposium on Energy Metabolism, (Publi cation No. 8, Danish National Research Institute on Animal Husbandry and EAJt.P., Secretary: Corso Trieste 67, Rome, Italy, 1958, p. 93). * H. H. Kibler and S. Brody: Influence of Increasing Tempera ture 40 to 105* F on Beat Production and Cardiorespiratory Ac tivities m Dairy Cattle (Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin No. 435, 1950). M C. Blincoe and S. Brody: The Influence of Temperatttre on Blood Composition of Cattle (Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin No. 88,1951). 17 M. H. Conner, H. Menge, and H. Ota: Effect of high tem peratures on New Hampshire chicks especially bred for thyroid size (Poultry Science, Vol. 37, 1958, p. 1195). ** E. N. Scarborough: That old ammonia problem (Broiler Growing, April 1959, p. 32). * J. Al Whatley et al: The Value of Water Sprinklers for Coding Pregnant Sows During the Summer (Oklahoma A 4 M College, Miscellaneous Publication No. MP-48:2, 1957). * J. G. Taylor: Technical Progress Report on Individual Air Conditioning for Farrowing Sow (U. S. Department of Agri culture, ARS 42-19, May 1958). n R. G. Yeck: Stable. Heal and Moisture Dissipation-with Beef Calves at Temperatures of 60* and 80* F (Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin No. 645, October 1957). * R. G. Yeck and R. E. Stewart: Stable Heal and Moisture Dissipation with Dairy Calves at Temperatures iff 50* and 80* F Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin No. 759, November I960). a C. F. Kelly: Environmental studies with sheep (Agricultural Engineering, September 1959, p. 549). ** T. E. Bond, C. F. Kelly, and Hubert Heitman, Jr.: Hog bouse air conditioning and ventilation data (American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol. 2, 1959, p. 1). ** R- C. Liu, T. E. Kent, and N. C. Teter: Economic^design for optimum winter production of laying hens (Paper No. NA 60-50, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph. Michigan, 1960). * W. L. Roller: Filtration of Poultry House Air (Ohio Agricul tural Experiment Station Research Bulletin No. 879, March 1961)- CHAPTER 30 AIR CONDITIONING FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS Manufacture, Storage of Unprocessed Material, Processing and Printing, Storage of Processed Film THE manufacture, processing, and storage of sensitized ripen for 30 min at 60 C (140 F). It is then ready lor the coat photographic products requires that the temperature ing operation. Mid humidity of the air be very precisely regulated, and in The emulsion, held accurately at the proper temperature many of the operations, since scrupulous cleanliness is essen in a liquid state, is coated onto the film base and is passed tial, clean air is necessary. directly into a chilling chamber where the gelatin is solidified as quickly as possible at 10 C (50 F) or below. From the MANUFACTURE chilling chamber, the emulsion coated film goes into a drying Sensitized photographic film consists of a transparent flexible support called the base which is coated with a gelatin emulsion containing salts of silver. Most film base is cast from cellulose esters dissolved in solvents, although some base is now made from synthetic polymers cast from a melt. To form a film base of the required uniformity by the solventcasting method requires very careful control of temperature and solvent vapor concentrations in the coating machine. The costing wheel must be maintained at the,correct temperature to facilitate the proper evaporation of the solvent and to obtain, the proper casting of the base. Air In the drying and curing sections of the coating machines must be at the cor rect temperature and humidity and must be moved at a rate such that the concentration of volatile solvents removed from the film base does not reach a dangerous level. The film base must be stored in properly conditioned rooms, so that the characteristics of the material remain constant during storage and are satisfactory for subsequent operations. Iu the preparation of the sensitive photographic emulsion, gelatin and one or more salts of -tire alkali halides are dis solved in water. Then silver nitrate and other chemicals are odded to this solution at a definite temperature. Some of the desired characteristics of finished photographic emulsions are obtained by the temperature of the initial precipitation, and by the temperature and length of Jame the emulsion is allowed to ripen subsequent to precipitation. After several more opereQns, most of which require close temperature control, the emulsion is ready to be coated on the film support- alley where it hangs in loops from rods. Temperature, humidity, air purity, and time of drying are controlled with great care to insure a high quality product. As soon as the film has assumed.the correct moisture content, it is wound in rolls and subsequently slit and cut into various sizes for packaging. A 35-40 F chilled water system can best be utilized for room conditioning purposes in open or closed type conditioners where temperatures above 32 F and dew points above 40 F are required. A brine system employing either calcium or sodium chloride is highly satisfactory where lower temperature storage facili ties are required, or where process room conditions must be maintained below 30 F and dew points below 40 F. Brine sys tems using calcium or sodium chloride can be specified to temperatures of --25 to --35 F. Chromates and caustic soda should be used in brine systems to control pH and corrosion. In the drying process of film base manufacturing, it becomes important economically to recover the solvents that are driven off. Temperatures of --85 F are being employed for this purpose, using a circulating medium such as methylene chlo ride with a freezing point below --85 F. In the case of low tem perature application, metallurgy becomes extremely impor tant. Alloy steels with a percentage of oickel are being used and have proven satisfactory. Insulation is critical, and at --85 F it reaches 6 in. in thickness when using cork and the equivalent thickness for other insulation materials. See Chap ter 22 of the 1961 Guide And Data Book. . the preparation of a typical emulsion, it is allowed to ripen for 20 min at 70 C (158 F); then it is cooled quickly to ^ C (1L3 F). More gelatin is added, and the emulsion is STORAGE OF UNPROCESSED PHOTO GRAPHIC MATERIALS sV,^ed for 20 min at 45 C (113 F). The mixture stands overjsht in a cold room to allow it to gel, after which it is Virtually all photosensitive materials deteriorate with age, but the rate of deterioration is dependent to a large extent "fsdded, washed, and then remelted at 42 C (107.6 F). After the addition of more water and gelatin, it is allowed to after- upon the storage conditions. Hie rate of deterioration is in creased by both high temperature and high relative humidity, 329