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tabbies 1934 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS Cleveland, Ohio October l to October 5, 1934 The Cleveland, Carter and Statler Hotels Copyright, 19JJ, National Sufay Council. In.-. Publication Plan THE TRANSACTIONS of the Twenty-third Annual Safety Congrcis, National Safety Council, 1934, are published in two volume*. The first, containing the General Sessions, the Special Subject Sessions, and the industrial Section Sessions, ia presented herewith. It Is sup plemented by a smaller volume containing the sessions of the Street and Highway Traffic Sectioa, the Child Education Section, and Home palely. The large volume is being sent automatically to the Industrial mem bers of the Council; the smaller volume it sent automatically to roemt :is who are believed to be chiefly interested in those sessions. It may a.so be secured on request by other Council members. For the benefit of many members who have1 found it advantageous to distribute copies of these TRANSACTIONS to supervisors, fore men and others among their personnel, who may keep them for contin uous reference, the following quantity prices are quoted: 1 to 10 copier, of the large volume, 51.50 each; 11 copies and over. $1.25 each. Copies of the smaller volume, S.50 each. THE PLAN OF PUBLICATION is the same as that followed for the last three years. It is a condensed record. The papers ot each session or division of the Congress have been assembled, edited with care and discernment to eliminate extraneous matter and abbreviate the less essential portions, and the concise remainder is presented for study and reference. Although not "complete'' in ihc sense that every word is reproduced, it is an interesting and valuable record which em phases the memorable parts of each paper or address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council Library, available for additional reference ai desired. Although the National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from d scussion at its conventions matters which are not pertinent to ita purposes or which are contrary to its policies, the Council cannot ac cent responsibility for the views expressed either in the papers pre sented or the discussions thereon. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago CONTENTS PAGE Council Officers ittd Directors.............................. ................................................... .... < Council Purposes and Policies...... ................................................................................ 9 Annual Meeting of Members......................... .......................... .. ............................ H Annual Banquet .......................................................................... .............. ........................ *1 Subject Sessions-- Dust in Iudustry........................................................................... ...................... 23 Fire Prevention in Industry,............................................................................... . 31 Fusion Welding ahd Cutting................................................................................. 41 Industrial Nursing ................................................................................................... 43 Industry and Its Motor Vehicle Accident Problem..................... .. SI Maintaining'ffttercst in Safety.................... ......................................................... S3 Mechanical Methods of Handling Materials.................................................... 5? New WortrCTs ............................................................................................................. 73 Poisonous Fumes and Vapors,.................................................................. .......... 79 Safety Equipment ................................................................. .. 83 Safety Organization and Program........................................................ ................ 93 Safe Use of Chemicals in Industry................................... ,............ .................. 99 Safe Use of Electricity in Industry............................... ....................................... 103 The Injured Worker................................................................................................. 1)3 Why People Fall.................................... 121 Alt Ohio Day....................................................................................... 127 FERA Safety Conference............................................................................................... 131 Industrial Safety Lectures-- Selling the Safely Idea........ ................................ ................................................... us The Psychology of the Safety Movement in Changing Times................... 140 Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section...,........ .................... (49 Aeronautical Section ...... ...................................................................... .......................... 1S1 A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section.......... ........................................................... .. 159 Automotive and Machine Shop Section.,................................... .............................. ]$3 Cement Section1.................. .............................. ............................................................... 177 Chemical Section' .................................................................................... 187 Construction Section ........................................ 199 Delivery. Taxicab and Bus Section............................................................................. 209 Food Section ........................................ ...................... ..................................................... 219 Marine Section ...................................... 227 Meat Packing. Tanning and Leather Industries Section.................................... . 243 Metals Section ........................ ...................................................... ........................ 25j Mining Section .................... ..................................................................... ........................269 Paper and Pulp Section.................................................................. ................................ 2119 Petroleum Section ....................... ............................................ ....................................... 307 Power Press Section.,... ................................... .................... .. ......................... 32s Public Utilities Section___ ..................................................................... ...................... 337 Quarry Section ........................................... ...................................................................... 349 Refrigeration Section............................................................... 357 Rubber Section ..................................................................................................... .. 363 Safely Section, ARA--Steam Railroad Section, NSC....'...,........................ jgj Textile Section ............................................................................ ............. ................. 413 Transit Section ...................... 419 Wood Products Section.,,. ......................... ........................ ............... ........................ 43s Index............................................................. 44S National Safety Council Incorporated HONORARY MEMBERS .Win mtiiin *>r' th'i.v ASn Sint Kucrmt-.u. Kxntyiacw Uuutinr W. Ctunru Aktiiuk Williams OFFICERS (1934-1935) Jims 1-. Long, President, IJunr.hr 1- Cantv. Vice-President [tir Puldic Sslriy, |j. D. FicxNr.U. Vice-President for Politic Relations. I.Kiv t;. Palmm, Vice-President lur Safely Councils. Ai.m.kt S. Krx.iiLA, Viie-Proidvnt ior Engince-riiii:. C. W, Smith, Vice-President lur Industrial Snlcty. |;, T. SntKVsrcv, Vin- PrvsnIini fur 5lruilicr>lfiji. Da. C. H. WnTettx, Vice-President Ivir Health. A. VV, Whitvtv, Vire-President for F'liK'aiioii. W. fi. Wmmi, Vice-President f.u- Finance and Treasurer. \V. J|. C Diriov, Manapiiu; Director anil Secretary. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1934-1935) A. F. AmisxunNi., Eastman Kodak Couneniy C. 11. At;cl. Past Presiilcnt. ). I. R.tKASH, Past President. C. W. I'csi-uui-'r. Past President. 1:. W. U*.u;n, Wood Products Section. IP. II. C.x iiain.v. .Valiniial Safety Cmmeil. ltnaear W, CaMHilvl. Past President. T. H. Carkow, Anttricati liailtvay Association. IvuniHT 1. C-vtlin, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company, ). E. Cuujxtv. DeiliUltrtn, Sled Company, l.v.tvis A. lJr.Ht.oiJ, Past President. Mascus A. Dow, Past President, r> D. l-r.ssti.u, Cortsidrintj Engineer. It, I.. I'r.sNr.i.i.. Kansas City Safely Council, t'.ii r. K. W. Fistcr.. Jc , Marine Section. Cl [\ '.'uchis. r.ilnyh Valley Safety Council. Ji,ias fic null. The Pullm.m Compjui. Mi., i t 11 vc r. Viiioimaitr A Msinmc SIh>p Scclion, t. | 111,11,1,1m. flime.. \,nl, Me.rc A XI,Jo.,,,l.rc lfailr,,a,l t.,. Ho. It cmiaa I, ll`-n<tis. SII.,1 ,X lliytm.i) Tiaftie Section. InosiAs P. Kcsaxy, Iinlnsiria) Commission ol Ohio. V-'.tt.ria G. King. Past PnciiU-oi 4 Officers and Directors Fkanklik 31. Kiikmi, Evanston Safely council. JoitK E. l.osn, Tins Delaware !e Hudson Kailtoad Crtcjc. Tuns. II. MacDuXai.ii, United Stales Department of Apricnllnrc. IF MrithKK, Portland (.'emeitl Association. I. W. Miu.,ihii, Aeciilem Prevention Mannfaelurer>` Section. IIahoi.m 1.. Mj.sra, 1-, 1. ilnPimt tie A t umors X; l_V, Inc. Am n nu T Moukv, Past President, Ij:te Is. PaLMtp. Part President. C. IF Pt.T i tuoNti, Past President. C. Is. lt.il.aTOX, Western Pennsylvania Salely Conned. Al.w.ur 3'VP te.tiL.t, fiiilnstrial I'clatimu Counselors, Inc. It- Cot.. II. A. If KM.vi.m, Past President. Gsmiua'. Is); ^esioiii, General Flrtcric Company, Isommt I.. Si'tiMirr, Fouisvitlc Safety Coimril. lianas' A, .Seitut.vr, United Stairs Steel Corporation. CiiAkiKS hVScorr, Past Prcjidciit. t.rstr.H D. SvYjitit k, Aeronautical Section. W. Smith, Stan,lard Oil Company fIndiana). Wai.tku Desr Smith, Dckitvaic Safely Cuttncil. If. T. Sniix.vrt.N, Elliott Service Coin|.uiy. tUiKM'i: P. TaVlo*. Massachusetts Safety Council. I. '. P. T.a.yt.'X, Past Prriidrnl. J, A. Vnss, Metals Scclion (d.oiu.r. U. Union Pacific Railroad Company. Du. ,11. W'atjhiV, AiiH'rican Tckplumv ,V Trtepraiiti foni|i:itt>', A. W. Wiiit.xkv, Xalinual Rurcaii of Casually & Surety Underwriters. W. IF Woktii, International Harvester Company. A ter in:H 11. Yocixti, Past President. DIRECTORS (1934-1935) I'hlokiiick A acuta. Cltild I'dnealinn Sertinn. U iiila>! J'. Aansii.Y, Safely Dir., MiluanPer .\<>`<ht!u>n of Cmtntteree. A. 1.. AwMStKOXr,. ICastnuiit KikIhV Cuinpany. XXTi.Uam II. B.tKsa, Quarry Section. ). I. Pax.isii, Oonsidtinj; Enutnecr. II I). Hsxta. Pa|ier & Pulp Scclion. I.h.\i:m W. P.F.ct,-. United Stales Ruldier Prcalncls, Inc. W. A. littxxETT, Worcester Safety Cnnncit. C. Wv ll>routsr, WVitrrn JcJertric Coin|e,iiy. tis.Hi S. P.r.vvtt. I.llieriy Mutual Insurance Company. I.. I-. Pu.asck, Jones F I,aui;lilin Sled Curp. f I*. iaiavrNli.sr.EX, Kcimsln Safety Cumiict. I . -W. Pau;x. \V,ni 1'rndiieIs Seelioii, t Putt. II, llnncKM.sX, St. I.fmi., Saiity Cottneil. Pm.sjnv 1>. C .K.i.i:m. I'.allimnte Salely Council. W. It! f. ivts/t.Y, K.jirucl Safely' Ctimirit. I\ J. I'anci.v, Chicago Salrty Connril. I`, II, CAOeotf, American I'aihia.'' Asj.ciatioit. 11 Tii-rnly-lUird Annual Safely Congrcu---National Safely Council Koiurt I. Catlin, Aetna Casualty Sc Surety Co. Carl C. Ciehixts, Refrigeration Section. litisitiK D. Conlin, Rahway Safely Council. Jf, Ilium nr Convox, Safely Dept., Nashville Chamber of Commerce. ). V., Cui.uiKtv, rtciMclicm Steel Company. I'niVAMn Dana. IWioii Elevated Railway. If. A. Dumsox. CmtiulliitE Engineer. ICtLiniiu II. U.vus, ntackilunc Valley Safely Council CiiAkLij D, Da.wson, Grand Rapids Safely Council, l.t.nis A, Di.IIlois, Consulting Engineer. Jav R. Dicmk. Mason City Safety Council,, James II. Diiuglas. Tltc Philadelphia Gas Works Company. I nuts I. Duplin, Metropolitan l.ife Insurance Coni|iany. CiiAMi.es !. Rasies, Textile Section. D . Fcsnei.i, Consulting Engineer. D. Er.Nxr.rL, Kansas City Safety Council. Unx.Aii A, FiXgnr.lXEl. Toledo Safely Council. ("ait R. W, l iswr, Jr,, Marine Section. II"". mu II. Inxn.s. lUirroughs WcMcmne & Cn. (U. S. A.) Inc, K. II I'ummx, l-tltigli Valley Safety Council. E. N, GiiiustiNr.. Ciiustruclion Section. Onto M. lia.ucs, The General Crushed Stone Co, IIimmv Grii.niMT, Tin Pullman Company. D'tsii II.m.e, The Atclii'nn, Tupifca Santa F* Railway Co. Mirie C. 11 Air, AnlimKiiite ft Machine Shop Section. Mau. rioii.iNf. II. HaNhv, Riclmionil Safety Council. I> '. II lmmixctok, United Slates Bureau of Mines. G. T. I In lmi;tii, Chicagnfi North Sh.ire S: Milwaukee R. It, Co. Cut-s. E. IIii.l, New Vorlc Central l.iuci. Ilnx, 11 mom G. IIotkman, Street S: Highway Traffic Section, f"i .nipt I. Uni.rnNfi. Altianv Safety Council. Jfi.it'S IV. IfoNKE. Hudson Counte Safety Council. Hakrv D. I mm el, Pennsylvania Dept, of labor Industry. It* Jvnsih. Berkeley Traffic Safely Cuiuniiision. Fk;a P. Knur, York County SaR-iy Council. Too.uan P. Kearns. Industrial Cmiimissimi of Ohio. K, T, Kflier, Detroit liulustrial Safety Council, fa a V. Ku'nfm. Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. R. J. Kmi.ii, Public Utilities Section. Eranki.in M. Kreml, Evanston Safely Cmincil. t". I.. I.sFountain's:, Great Northern Railway Co. I"m ink J. 1 a\aiia.v. Fort Pill Mallcnldc Iron Co, .Inns I.aim mm in. Meal PaiLiny, Tanning .1- I,rather Industries Section. Simps I.akari'*, Safety C.awnil. C*dumlnn (Oliiol Chamber of Commerce. Ji'MCn f il l u ji, RixlieAter Safety rupncil. Dm. R. M. f.irTLt. Nrw York Heparlnum of Ifilncalion. G. O. I.iiCkwijoii, Pelroleiiin Svvtinn. I E._ l.osn. The Delaware .V Hudson Railroad Corp. U'. If, fovu, Safety Div, Cinuingliam Cliamlxr of Commerce. Officers and Directors A. E. l.u.vosrEAjiT, fielivcry. Taxicab Sc Bus Section. Titos. II- MacDosaiu, United Slates Department of Agriculture. I. . T. McAmtiiuh. Peoria Safely Council. Miller McCUNfOCK. Harvard Univerdiy. T. Jf. McKkKN'ev, llliriuis Steel Company, South Works. A. 1). McWhorter, Safety Div.. Memphis Chamlicr of Commerce. JI. T, Martin, Fisk Rubber Company. J, O. Martin, Employees* Publication Section. F. \V. Matsok, Minnesota Safely Cewuicil. 1C. J. Mr.iimen, Portland Cement Association. T. O. Meisnem, rower Press Section. Wm. G. Mintra:*, Mining Section. I. W. Accident Prevention Kiiiiiiniivnt Mainifacmrcrs1 Section. Jl inucu L.'Miner, K. I. dnPonl ilc Nemour* Sr Cn.. Inc. II*.nmv J. MlNEi'a, Rlixiilictli Safety Council. I. AivnEKCe Mj Moore, F.ustluy Safety Council. It. If. Mi.kleV, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations. Jons A, OaRTFJ., Carnegie Sled Company, George C. A. Oyp, The Detroit Edison Company, l.cw R. Palmer. Kigiilatde l.ilc Assurance 5ncicty. John C. Parker, Brooklyn Safety Council. D. ivra A. Patton, Newark Safety Council. C. In Pktiiihi.xk, Aimrican Mutual Lialdlity Insurance Company. Gen. George fs. Pillsrurv, War Department. J. IV PnwT.it, Seattle Traffic St Safety Council. C, F~ R.iestiiN. Western Pennsylvania Safely Council. Ai.iiert S.' Kecula, Imlnslrial Uclations Counselors, Inc. I. t. Col. llf.NRV A. Reningf.r, I.cUigli Portland Cement Company. M.vkinos Rite*, Paterson Solely Council, G, E. Santoro. General Elelcric Cmnpany. IIknmv C.'Sciiaffntr. Eric Safely Council. T. A. Scnr.MPL, Fixid Scclion, Hi inter 1.. Schmitt, l.oiiivi!le Safety Council. II. V. Sciirliiier, Transit Section. IIimiiv A. Sciiui.ti, United Stalei Steel Cnriiorntirni. Ciiami.es It. Scoft, nure'au id Safely, Inc. I.r.iu* D. Si.yuol'r, Aeronautical SccImmi. Eari. S. SitAKT/rji, Utica Safely Council. Kay If. Sheets, Madisun County Safely Ctmncil. Dm. I.. A. Stumor, Bcililcltcm Steel Company. Erxlst ].. Si.MONns, Neve Haven Safely Cnunril. l.iK E. Skin.. CJceel.iml Safety Cimm il. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Cumpauy (Indiana). Wai.tjm Dint Smith. Delaware Sahly Cmincil. K. T. .S.ii.ennii.n, Elliott Service ('iiiupany. E. C. Si-MiN'G, I.ansdalc, Pa. liiHMOK'R. Sili-iie:ns, Safely Ilureau, IlnlValn Chauilnr of Counurrc. I.uiius S. Sturms, United Railways Sc I'lcttric Co. t 8 Twenty-third Huuntil Safety L'ont/ress--National Safety L uitncil Dr. F. M. SumtAN, Troy Safety Council. Alfred H. Sw.vynf, General Motors Corporation. Cla.rf.kcf. P. Taylor, Massachusetts Safety Council. Arthur M. Tone, Consulting Marine linsiuecr. W. W. Trench, Schenectady Safety- Council. W. D, TuRRKVfLLE. San Antonio Safety Council. J. A. Voss, Metals Section. H. A. Walker. Rubber Section. Georor H. Warfel, Union Pacific Railroad'Company. Dr. Cassius H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Company. Harry M. Wriuirr, Illinois Bell Telephone Company. Aldf.rt C Wnnr, Jr., Springfield Safety Council. S. E. Wjtm.YC, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A. W. WiirrKRY, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. W. H. WtMANS, Union Carbide & Carlton Crp, Dr. C.-E. A. Winslow. Yale Medical School. Harry Wisr, Sit, Oiattanoojta Safety Council. J. M. Woerz, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. W. E. Worth. International Harvester Company. I*. J. Zauft. Safety Bureau. Duluth Cluunher of Commerce. Earl W. ZnmFJutAsr, Safety Div., Syraewe Chamber of Cnuv** J. B. Zook, Cement Section. r #* r- -* *.*. TWENTY-TINRH ANNUAL SA EE TV CONGRESS NATIONAL SAEETY COUNCIL Dust in Industry FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1934 The session devoted to 3 discussion of Dust in Industry was called to order Iiy Dr. E. G. Mciter, Director, Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Employers Mutual Lia bility Insurance Co., Milwaukee, who presided. Dr. Mciter briefly welcomed tlw delegates and then introduced the first speaker. Types o Dust That Cause Occupational Diseases By LEROY U. GARDNER, M.D. Director, Saranae Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, of the Edward L. Trudeau Foundation, Saranae Lake, N. Y. The s|icaker said in part: Experience has demonstrated that the lime tissues can lolcrmc very large amounts of most kinds of foreign dust particles without serious interference with function. The lung may be intensely pigmented by colored dusts with no evidence that respiration is impaired. But dusts composed, in wlWe or in part, oi silica have been shown to lie dangerous because they stimulate the growth of the connective tissues of the lungs and bring about the formation of sear tissue. This destroys the normal elasticity of the organ which is necessary for respiration and it tliickcns the delicate membranes so that a irec interchange of gasses is impeded. Fortunately, these results only follow the prolonged iulialatiun of wry large quantities of silica. Experiments have demonstrated that the injection tof silica intn the tf*M*-s .! animals kills the celts where the substance lodges and excites an inflatyitn:tt at. When healing takes place a wry dense and characteristic kind oi scar tissue forms. Most imu-siliccous dusts produce no inflammation ami very little scar. It has been shown that such changes do not follow the injection of silica unless the particles are very line, three microns or less in diameter, and unless enough of them localize in one area. With larger particles the rale of reaction is so slow that little change occurs within a year. As a general rule, the finer the particles, the more rapid the rclhdar resjionse. The reaction to fine silica begins within four or five hours and it continues for a period of years. If the silica, is combined with bases in the form of silicates, it rarely produeei such active and _ progressive changes. The silicate of magnesium, asbestos, does cause the formation of scar tissue in experimental animals and in the human lung, but most other silicates are not generally recognized as irritating. Recently it has been claimed that a hydrated silicate of aluminum and imtassimu. called scrioite, is responsible for most of the cases of silicosis. This silicate, a transformed feldspar, is often associated with quart* and it has lieen identified in the lungs of persons suf- 23 24 l\vcnty-lhirtl Annual Safely Conyre.u--Maliuntil Safety Council ferine; from silicosis. However, at least two types ft sericiic have failed to excite significant changes when injected into animals. ICxpcrimcnts with this substance arc still in progress. Kaolin, an nltimino-silicatc of potash, has also produced quite characteristic changes tit the limns of rabbits, But our present knowledge doe* not permit us to assume that silicates as a class will produce serious tissue damage. Most observers now believe that unrannhincri silica, or quart*, is poisonous to the tissues because it is slowly dissolved in the fluids of the bmly. Certainly the majority of the experimental observations suggest a chemical injury, hut it is difliCtiit to understand how enough of such an insoluble substance as quartz could !*e dissolved within eight hours to produce a well marked, acute inllaimnatinn. It solubility were tbc only factor one should discover a more active response after the injection of the more readily soluble silicates, hut such is not the case. Hor nierly it was held tliat silica produced its effect mechanically. The hard sharp quartz particles were believed to abrairi the lung surfaces and excite the fornuition of scar tissue as a manifestation of healing, This theory is no longer tenable for when animals are injected with other bard, slurp particles like diamond, carbo rundum or aluminum oxide, there is no inHammatinn and practically no formation of scar tissue. Ultimately it may lie shown that tbc irritation of silica it due to some unrecognized property pmsihly related to its atomic structure. When quartz particles are inhaled they produce three specific effects which are not excited by any otlier tyjsc of dust yet studied. They alter ile Iwhavinr of the pulmonary phagocytes; they stimulate the formation of circumscrilied nodules of scar tissue; and they subsequently increase the susceptibility ot the lung to infection, espe cially tuberculous infection. Phagocytes that ingest ton many quartz particles are killed by tins irritating substance. As the cells die duty liberate their burden and several new phagocyte* come out to take it up again. By a rqictition of this process enough phagocytes accumulate so tliat many of them ingest only a few particles. Under such circum stances the stimulus is not strong enough to kill hut merely accelerates'the motility of the cells. They naturally lend to Icave'the air spaces, enter the tyiiq>h:uic ves sels and accunmlnlv lit the lymph nodes. This process Itecmue* morr rapid tinder the intluCTicc of the rrritating silica and very considerable lUiniitcrs of particles are consequently localized in the mvlcs. After six or eight years the quartz in the nodes has caused a marked over growth of the fibrous elements in these structures. Ultimately the reaction develops to such an extent that the node is entirely replaced by. a mass of coarse, glassy scar tissue fibres, often several times as large as- tbc original node. Such nodules en croach njion and compress llu- lymphatic vessels. The drainage system of the lung is choked and effective removal of subsequently inhaled dust is gradually diminished. Oust now accumulates around the lymph vessels and sheets of scar tissue develop in this location. These preliminary changes do not constitute the tlisea.se. silicosis; ib.-. nvolvc only tbc lymphatic system. The respiratory tissues are not appreciably aii'cetcd. In good stern X-ray films these preliminary elinnges may lie visualized as a thick ening and I leading of the slmdnws cast by tins blood vessels together with widenrng of the shadow of the.root of the lung. .The blond vessels arc thiekeurd because the most iiiqnirtant lymphatic vessels course through their walls. The leading is due to the minute nodules of silicotic scar tissue in the lymph nudes within the lung. The root shadow is widened because of the silicotic reaction in (he lymph nodes in this location. If still more dust is iulialcd it can no longer lx* effectively carried off through the lymph vessels. The phagocytes now carry it into the walls of the air spaces. Chen the celt* group themselves in nodules hut sometimes they arc scattered. Tit these locations the silica again stimulates the formation nf scar tissitc. The result is a general thickening of the septa between the spaces and undulatum throughout the functional portion of the lung. This change seriously interferes with (miction as interchange of gas cannot take place through the thickened walls of the air spaces and the tisstios lose their normal elasticity. I.css involved air spaces dilate and their walls stretch, producing the condition known as emphysema, which is also incom patible with effective respiration. With the formation of silirntic nodules in the functioning parts of tin: lung the hast in hulitsiry 25 disease, silicosis, is said to begin. On the X-ray film-such nrfdulcs cast clear cut, round shadows. As they increase in numlwr ami size they lh>t out the h>rmcrly accentuated linear shadows at the hinod vessels. In a well marked ca.su Imth lung fields may lie thickly seeded with hundreds of Mich sharply delincd. rounded. ixxlular shadows. Where there is emphysema, nfteti at the bases, no markings are visible and the film -appears black. The condition of silicosis is a progressive one and it enntinttes to develop after a man lias left his dusty occupation. Serious results only follow, however, when he. leaves with many nodules in tltc lung tissue itself. As such tuxiulcs increase in sire they replace important functional elements. Obviously the rontimicd growth ot only a few nodules situated in the lymphatic system could have little cttcct other than to increase the obstruction already present. 'file serious part of silicusis is its frequent complication bv tuberculosis. Tliis may arise from reactivation of a prc-cxistant latent infection nr it may result from a new infection from without. The danger of iufcetitm increases with the amount ot silicosis present. The course of the infection in the silicotic is usually chronic and it often tails to produce characteristic symptoms for months or years after its onset. Many times it is accidentally discovered in routine X-ray examination of groups of active workmen. However, evidences of disability arc much more marked in silicotic individuals with infection than in those with uncomplicated disease. Occa sionally tuberculosis may run a very acute course in the silicotic subject hut this is also trite in other persons. The cause of the_ susceptibility of the silicotic lung to tuberculosis is not perfectly understood, hut it would seem that the action ut the silica on the tissues creates a medium favorable for the growth of the bacteria. The tubercle bacilli multiply and a slowly progressive tissue reaction ensues, but the usual clinical symptoms of tnlierculosis are often held in abeyance for a long time because the chances for absorption of poisonous products of infection are mini mized by tltc obstructed lymphatic system. It is also imssiblc that some if these jmisons may lie absorbed on the silica particles, as Cummins has suggested. Ulti mately the infection gains the upper hand, symptoms develop and death iVmn tuber culosis ensues. The only other, type of dwt which is generally recognized as a cause of severe pulmonary injury is asbestos, a silicate of magnesium. This -tilstance is fibrous in character and is more readily soluble than quartz. A|pareiitly the (Votvetive upper respiratory mechanisms seem inadequate to prevent tltc inhalation *;' many such fibres and even quite long ones may |>cnctrate Into the finer bronchial tultcs. These structures have irregularities in their walls which seem to hold the fibrous dusts, fn tliis location the asltcstns particles are surrounded and ingested by phago cytes. The cells do not seem to he particularly irritated for they arc not espe cially numerous nor do they migrate rapidly into elumps as in the case of phago cytes dealing with quart*. Apparently most of them carry their burden of ashesto* fraemeitts directly into (lie walls of the tubes in which they lie. The mildly irri tating dust sets up a proliferation of the connective tissue cell* in the walk result ing itt collaf-likc thickening of the tlilies. Contraction of the new connective tissue narrows or closes tltc tube and thereby shuts off the ingress of air to the more peripheral air spaces. These si*aecs then collapse. a enmlition known as nlekvtasis. This in itself is a cause of fibrosis nr scarring of lung tissue. The result is a fibrosis of mmx'roiis relatively small areas in the lung due to the collar-like constricting fibrosis about many small terminal bronchial tidies. The lymphatic system seems to play little part in disposing of asbestos dust atnl^-.y- insignificant amounts of this dust are found in the lymph nodes. Mot a few cases of asbestnsis die of tvilicmtlosis or bronchopneumonia hut the prevalence of the former infection is probably much less common than in silicosis. Surveys of large groups of asl>e<tn* workers fail to reveal such a high incidence of tuberculosis as found in similar studies on silica workers. The inhalation of unusual amounts of non-siliceous dusts apparently fails to pr.v. ducr sipiificant alterations in the lung. It is of course possible that injurious .me* nu\y ultimately he tliscovrretl. hut none are recognized today. Tlte turn-siliceous particles enter the lung and are ingested by phagocytes as in the case of quartz, Tlte cells arc nut*' stimulated In move very rapidly and as a consequence many of them remain within the air spaces for a long time. Some, particularly those eon- 26 Tiuenty-third Annual Safely Congress--National Safety Council mutiny relatively few particle*, make their way into (lie lymphatic system ami accu mulate in the lymph nodes. In sufficient concern ration, or pcrliaps Ix-causc they arc mixed with small amuunts of silica, they set up a low grade, imti-progfcssivc chronic inflammation. But this reaction results only in a little thickening in the lymph nodes mid about tJie lymphatic vessels. The lung tissue may be variously pigmented, black from' coal or ml from iron, hut there is no formation of scar tissue that inter* feres with function. The suscqitibility to tulrcrculnsij of the jicrson with such pip;* mentation is not increased hut it is apparently quite definite that pneumonia is unduly prevalent in coni miners and that chronic bronchitis results from the inhala* tion of cement. The X-ray films of men working in uoit-siiiecous dusts shows either nothing at all or a more or less marked accentuation of the linear shadows cast by the blood vessels. This, of course, is due to the chronic inllammatory changes about the lymphatic trunks in walls of blood vessels. The effects of mixtures of free silica and nun-siliceous materials are (css clearly defined and should receive more serious attention. It would seem unwise to assume, as has been done in the put, that the non-siliccous substances serve only as inert diluents and that only the quartz eorntwient of a dust is of significance. fixpcrimental and clinical data are accumulating which suggest that at least .some other dtlsts may materially modify the action of quartz, both in its capacity to produce nodular fibrosis in the lungs and to iucrcase the susceptibility to tul>crcuio>is. For example, animals inhaling heavy concentrations of a mixture of equal parts of pure silica and hematite dust for eight hours a day over a period of M months have shown not even the slightest indication of nodule formation in the lung, whereas pure quartz dust, inlialcd for only two hours a <lay.. produce* definite uodulatkm. It also seems to Ik true that animals inhaling such a mixture arc much less susceptible to tulicrculosis titan those exposed to pure quartz. In the ease of the human iron miner, some lungs show definite silicotic nodniatiun. others only a very few nodules and many no nodules at all. All exhibit heavy deposits of iron particles with a ceihtfar connective tissue reaction. When these findings can lie correlated with chemical analysis of the lung tissues and the approximate amount of rock work which llicsc miners have performed, some relationship iKtwccn the exposure to silica and die fibrous nodule fonnatintt may Ik established. Tuticrculnsis in these iron miners is apparently less prevalent and much less severe than in mvn exposed to pure silica. What has been said of iron miners is also prolohly true of unttuin workers and coal miners. Jt is generally accepted (Jut men in the latter occupation have less lulKrvutnsis than the average for the age period: Cummins Iwlicves that they have the infection but that it is so atypical and benign in its mauiicstntifns Hint it escapes diagnosis. Mentiiin should also be made of mixed dusts like certain slates ami granite containing large amounts of free silica in combination with silicates. F;xpcrimcutally these substances hcltave atypically and do not produce nodular fibrosis unless there is compliralmg infection. The same may also he true in human (Kings. Unques tionably such dusts arc capable of producing typical silicotic nodules ai.<; they pre dispose In tuberculosis. From a theoretical stattilfu'iiu they should receive much more intensive study to clarify or view* on the whole subject. At the present time it appears that the action of their quartz component is modified and partially neu tralized by the other substances which they contain. Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed to Dust By STUART W. GURNEY and DAVID S. BEYER Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston Tlic speaker said in part: A tiumher of our states Jwvc had references to dual elimination in their labor laws for a good many years, but no state lia* as yet thoroughly enforced these laws. The codes of live states which we investigated provide that grinding, buffing and polishing wheels should be exhausted, although two of the states exempt from these provisions wheels on which water is used. si? third stmuml Safety Congress--National Safely Council ;amint relatively few particles, make (Ik-ir nay into I In; lymphatic system ami acvu-utdale in llw lymph uusht*. In sullivinii cumviilrati-Hi, nr (H-rliap* l-cvumi: they aie mint'll nil 11 Muall 'nmnuits f iiliia, Ihc-y vet ii]i a lun* gratis-, it-m-pruei essiec clirunic inll:niiiii:iti>iii. Mill this rcactimi remit..' only in a Ii111 c tliicl^vtiiiif; ill llw I)ini'll nudes am) abunl llic lympliatic vends. The lung |isuu may Iw variuiiily pigmented, Mack (ruin rnal or red (roni iron. Inn Ilx-re is uo lurinalimi ui Mar tiv-ne dial interii-rcs nillt (imolioti. Tile susceptibility In llilKTL'ljIiikii cd llw pcr.suu with Mich |ii||* mentation ii not _ increased but it ii apparently quite definite licit pin.-uutiMiia is unduly prevalent in coal miners ami licit chronic bronchitic remit* from the ittlialaliun of cement. Tlic X-ray filmi of men svorking in nuu-siliccous dusts sltow* citlwr nothing at all or a more ur Iris marked aeccnlnnltin of the linear ilculinvi cast by the hluucl truch. This, of course, is due to the chronic hitlatunialory change* qlmnt the lynqihalic trunks in walls of blood vessels. The ctfecti of mixtures of free silica and nuu-iilivcinii malerials are less clearly Icrnicil and iltonhl receive more scrinus attention. It would seem unwise-to asinine, as has been ilonc in the past, that the tiou-siliceotia sulistances sene Only as inert lilueuts and that only the quarts component nf a dust Is of significance. Experi mental ami clinical italn are aixunudalitig which suggest that at least some nthc-r dusts' may materially modify the action of quartz, both in it* capacity la produce itiuliilar fibrosis in the lungs and to increase the susceptibility to hiiierculmis. lor example, animals inhaling heavy concentration! uf a mixture of equal part* nf |mre silica ami henialite dust (ur ciplit hours a day over a period ot I) months liave shown not even the slightest imlication of noihile formation hi the lung, whereas pure quartz dust, inleilcil for only two hours n day, produces definite itodulalimt. It also seems to be true- that animals inhaling such a mixture are much less susceptible to tulicreulitsis than those exposed to pure quartz. In the ease nf the human irm> miner, souk lungs show definite silicotic undulation, others only a very feu* nodules and many no nodule* at all. All exhibit heavy deposits of iron particles with a cellular comtrclive tissue reaction. When these findings can be eurrelalexf with chemical analysis uf the lung tissues and the approximate amount of rpek work which these miners hare perinrmed. some relationship between the exposure to idea and the fibrous nodule formation may Iw established. Tuberculosis ill these iron miners is apparently lest prevalent amt much tess severe than in men exposed In pure silica. VVlial has Keen said of iron miners is also probably true of foundry workers ami cnal miners, ft is generally accepted that men In tile latter nccitpaliuiy have less tnl-crculn-is than the average for the age period: Cummins believes that they liave the infection but tint it is so atypical and benign in its inaiiilcstations that it escapes diagnosis. Mention should also Iw made of mixed dost* like certain flairs ami granite containing large amounts nf free silica in roniliiiiatinti with silicates. x|tcriiiiculally these iiilotaiiics lieluvc atypical!)- and do not produce nodular fibrosis unless there is complicating infection. The same may also he true in human beings, Unrptcstir,unhly such dusts are capable of producing lyi>ieal silicotic ikmIsiIcs and ll*ey pre dispose to tuhcrculosis. From a tlicvireticnl standpoint they sltonld receive much ni-irc intensive sttnly to clarify our views on the whole subject. At live present time it appears that the action of their quart* coinivoiicnt is inodifictl and partially neu tralized by the other substances which they contain. Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed^to Dust By STUART W. GURNEY and DAVID S. BEYER Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston The speaker said in part: A mimlier ul Our slates have bad references In dust elimination in their labor laws fur a q<wl many years, but uu stale lias as yet thoroughly enforced these laws. The codes of five slates which uc investigated provide that grinding, bulling and polishing wheels should Ik exhausted, aliltough luu of the slates exempt from these provisions wheels on which water is used. Dust in InJttrlry This seems ill-advised, since a study of wet ami dry grinding in Connecticut by Winslow and Hrrcnhurg lias shown licit llie application of water doev not iy gn> means eliminate llw dust liazard. It may Ik rengirked that, with everything else equal, a high static. xuvti-n 'lt give a biglw-r velocity at llic [Kslitt uf origin of Ilie du-t, fume or gas Item i low oik; but Ibis aksu: is it a nicasurc uf tin- cI!eelivceces of any cxhauvl s-^-hisi Wisconsin lias adopted |Ik principle of specifying a limit to the umidH-r ul^dn-t particles of respirable size |Kf cubic fool of air. Alter all, this i' vvliat wt are primarily interested in, to keep live dust contamination down to a point utieic- it will not be harmful. TIkm variatiniis and coiinictirg pros Worn in slate codes merely reflect the gen eral lack ol authoritative standards. It is accordingly fortunatv that dvfiuitr strii* are umv Itciisg taken by live Amerirau Standards Av.Aviation to tlcvchip llic iifnpvi iiavis (tic such eottes. There are two cummillers working on this problem; the Ventilation Code Committee, sponsorcs! by the American Society Heating A YenI dating Engineers, and the Exhaust Code Commit tec. sponsored by the Interulionai Association of Industrial Accident floards ami Commissions. It is aj-i arranged to appoint sub-committees to lake up five specific subjects-. Abrasive drawing, chromium plating, granite cutting, ruck shilling, amt spray coating. Id addition, a Stib-Conmiillcc on Fundamental I'riuciplcs of Design ami Opcralinii ami Maintenance of Exhaust Systems will lie appoinlcsl. llic two most important consiikrulious in an effective exhaust s; stem are: 1. Vcloeity of air flow; 2. Arrangement of the inlets ([roni the slandpi. iil i> near ness to the dust source, shape, etc.). Many an installation that is otherwise all tight lails In rciuuve llw du>t siieex-fully merely because there is not enough air living draw ii through the ry.lc. i. In a scries of lesls that were conducted under ached working conditions hy 'J Ii- --I*-r F. Hatch, Department of Industrial Hygiene, Harvard School of rnhlic f nlth a machine used in dressing stone was employed, and it was noted that with an air flow- through the hood of 2.10 cubic feet per minute, there were over our hundred million dust particles in the surrounding air. When the air flow- was incren-rd In a little over 250 cubic fed per minute, the tins: ennrnitration had dropped lo I--i tv million, a marked improvement. As the air flow was (urtlirr incrt-a-nl. thr Ir-). in dust concent ration was relatively slower, ami it took a volume nf almnt .It-D ruhic fcct per iiiinute to Itring the tlust coiiccntratinu down to Jen or fifteen million pnrliclvs per cubic foot, which was considered rcasonahly sale for this type nf duv|, ft is accordingly possible sometimes to take an ttislallali'xi that is nut satis factory and, if llic remainder of the system is well designed, hy lucrely spuding up (Ik Mower or adding a larger one. to bring almnt the desired rcsulR Another very important consideration is in get the inlets uf the exhaust sy-hm as close as posiilile to llw source of the dust. The drop in efficiency as we g< i fnrtiter away Irunt the inlet is really surprising to one who lias nut studied the prim riples involved. It should be remembered licit if wr base llic npcil end nf an v liaust pipe or air <IikI in operation, the air tends to flow in front al` sides, run front behind llic opening. As we move away from the end of the pips-, llic vclicils drops very rapidly, so that even at a distance of five incites irnut the linud iltivt'lneity may be less than 10 per cent ><f that right at the lmm| inlet. This is the must inipoftanl eonsiih-ralinn to keep iimuiml anil nng which is frequi-utlv lust sh;hl of in designing exfiaitsl systems, ft is not inicnimmni to sec an Cell.nut inlet a lew inches in diameter with which the person making the installation Imiwil hi draw ilnsl from a distance of seseral feet, Imt llir air llusv even a fool or two away from the entrance to tlic inlet may be negligible. Still another important cunsideration having to do with the slc-igu .>1 tin- iu'el is the addition of a Ikinge. Tlic effect of this fiance is to cut down the air dial would Dow iu front behind the opening, thus drawing it nearly- all from the fmiil. Thus the efficiency of the system is substantially- increased aud ilic scope f.l tin- ex haust extended appreciably, w-ilhniit Increasing the power consumption or otherwise adding to the expense of keeping up the system. There are also olhtr cnnsMcratmns of perhaps Iwscr importance. l:nr rxamplv air cannot be "pulled'* from a distance hy merely directing an exhaust pijw Inward the point in question, but it can be "puslx-d" or bhnvn, directionally, for a cumidrr- 2$ '`-third .-huiiuil Safety Coiiyrrjs--National Safely Cuitncil Ilk distance. This principle may lie uSs'd alfi .ln(.igcml-l\ in iliriflniii the dw! '..ward tin' opening of (lie exhaim inlet .mil thus grtting the tlrsirs'd icitilli uiilt i Inner exhaust velocity and |mucr consumption than would lx: rcipiircd i( sucimu Mne were ilc|icsidctl iiihhi. This principle ha* Ihcii applied clfccuiely in drilling material ruutaiuing nsM-slns, where the cxhaiol inlet i* |ilace>i at one side of the hill ami a tm.ilI air jet at lip- opposite si<k >( the drill, Mowing arms* the table liicit.* the particles that would lly nut limn Ihii ljilcaml direct* lliciu hack jnt llit exhaust system. It is also being a|t|dietl In funndry shake-nut work. Other cmitideralimi* in designing exhaust system* include the eliminalimi nl HiimirvCiry Ih-iiiU nr em\ c>. iJn* pr*u i.n hi d eli.in-* >nl d*mx*. ami the proper run* drnclioii 'if jninl*. W here tlvere is a general vrnlilatiiig installation and nut <ir m"r-exhaust systems, care must Ik- taken In s,-,- that lltcy tin mil conllict with enrlonihcr. After an exhaust system hat fievu installed it should lie toted hy taking actual ilu't cinuil< In see that tin: dust is rcallc Ming cut il"wu to tltc dcsiroj |iul, and such oiiint* tin add lie taken at intervals after the imtallaliun lias Uvu nude. In stv that it is still (inK'linning properly, Tib' fact llgil the <lu>t [uniiits licit eausi' lire Irnuhl*' are vi small that tlH*y arc invisible under ordinary eundiiiinis ties* than lit Micro*** nr 1/JalWlh nf an inch in diameter) uiten make* it hard to convince the practical plant manager that llierc i* any dust present: it also (takes it iiii|nis<itilc hi tell, without the use uf spe cial insirimietil*. uhclficr the completed exhaust system is actually removing (lie dust. It might serin like an insult to mie's intelligence to say that after an exhaust system has mice liccti installed it sln.-uld lie maintained in good operating cmiditimi. 1 Imci'ier. the mmieriui* cases uuc cneimnter* in the planIs where this uhvkjut nercs* .it; is not carried nut. indicates that it is really one of (he major vnuxiiler.alinti* in cmmeelion with the cluuiieilinn of dust or fume*. Case* are ant unknown where the Mower ha* in smite manner tiecmue reversed so that live air i* lieii'C ejeelerl and diffusing ilw dii.t. rather than drawing it in', other instance* where tfie ctlieivuey of the system lias tieen low ered nr ils value mdlifnd In- eh `Heine up. dis connection nr u ear ing out of the piping, etc., arc all Ino common. One concern, nf which tin., writer* have knowledge, tia* a "t,"" tnlw permanently installed in mie of it* main exhaust sy .Ictus *n tliat tlw foreman nr safety man caH l< II at a glance whrllicr there arc any change* licit would indicate a hrcak-doieu in the system. Ail such installations sliuuld have regular inspection* by some cuiupclent person as a rmitine pari of their upkeep. It wilt lie sufficient licre to discus* respiratory cigiipmcnt very hrietly. Tlie simplest form nf this cijliipmvnt is the filler rrspiralor. Such respirator* have a rlelinitc value for tcmjmrary use such a* sweeping ufx deaning not hins. sMiia-liny materials, etc.. Iml they reipiirc careful lilting ami constant *U|ivrvisiiiii to sec licit tliey are Ming pro|icrly u*ed. It is our opinion. after watching the sincere elforls in a oooifs'r nf plants to enforce live me of these respirator*, dial it is ratlicr impr.actiealile to ropiire lliem to be used mi full-time npvialimi. Our imtiees (lie mni. tinder these cmulitimis, surreptitiously po-liing the respirator aside and gasping in free air like a fish nut of water. Certainty, it 11'ey arc to Iw used any Considerable length of time, Itciliiriit rest perhbf* should lie allowed where I lie men eau gel out into tlie free air for a few iniitiilc* refrestmieiit. There are also tlie barge air-fed helm Is, nilll vvlii*^i Uio.l of ns are familiar, used for sandblasting. etc., wltieli liave lieu carried lo a Ini'll stale of perfection kr the purjwi.es |u which llwy ace aitiplrd. tt'e Iielievc, 1Micenr, tlial oitteh more tis<- couhl lie I'l.ide ."li.iot.'gr' '"ily of the type id ap|iaraliis that lirs midway Iwlweeii die Tiller respirator ami the air-fnl heloiet. namely. the light, air-fed respirator which covers the nose ami imiulli and leave* (fie rest of tlie face exposed, W ith a light hose attachment, flit* del ire oiler* considerable freedom of imucmiiil, and if air ootids were supplied so lM' li".r eoidd lie ipiickly Irtm.ferred (roiu mir oullet to auothrr i| wonlil seem lo In* praelicahle I" use lliciu over a. cmi.iilvruldc arra. Tljey atfonl the adcunlagv* of a t'ore air supply without races.ivr weight ami without the restriethit to iireathiui! dial .i imposed liy the filter respirator. Unit til fllduafry The Medical Supervision of Workers Exposed to Dust By W. J. McCONNELI,, M D. Assistant Medical Director, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York City The speaker said in part: The liarmftihu-.* of dii-l* yaric* widely in uter i- anec with tltc physical and clteniie.il nature* >( eaeli individual suhdauee. Ccfkiiu diot* are soluble or siiplnly snliyhlf in the Muly fluid* aod their Minuiul i-lletti at* pieiportioivil to tlie toxicity uf (ftc coni|Hnnds fotimd. la-ail. nicreury, nml .ir-vine are example* uf tKiisuiPUt* dust. Ollier dti.l> exert theii harmful illcct. I.i-'-*!:s on tfie skin amt iimcoti* im-nihratte* ami lliimigli iiri(ati"o to the respiratory ('' age. lilirooic acid and alkalies arc examph-.. Alteiilinii re*aully ha* liven railed lit Ihc lirolialily harmful cdcct uf dust* arising from radio-active ore*. A fuitrilt uroup td dust* wltieli are iumlnlilc nr very dillieiilllv sohilde ill the Imd* lluid. may iiiits.il* leiriiifiil (lallwlogii'al lung i muliii"u<. `I lu .< neie l: .ol-liiided into iioiidil'i 'i.i. ami tihrosi* pri.lueiog dusl*. The oigajiii* dn.l., oeiiuly the ivedaMi1 I'l.r,, Midi a* cotton, jute, hemp, etc., are nmt-lihrojt* producing dti.is, 'The lihr.-i. pi.-M' mr, litsli arc iimitetk in far as we hare evidence. In a few of the inorganic imm-rnl dust*. iikIi a* free silica, crystalline siUom. ipiaetr. and certain comhineil sitw.ite- Of lltc rdtrosi* prwhtcittK dust*, those having a high iwrecnlagc of tree silica wii admitlcilly the most important lice.mse exposure met a periml of year* In .nth ilust* distinctly t>rcdistN>*es the individual to tiiliercoMsiv Tlie cflvelivc'icss uf dust control uica.urc* in prciciiting disca-e* prmhuid lo dust* can lie determined only liy careful physical examination of the worker. exposed muter the guidance ol CIHII|H-Ient nudieal supervision. The lieiiefils wlij.h accrue tu the employer and employer, alike, a* a result of the pliy.ieal i-xaininalion of all applicant* for employment, a< well a* periodical examination of (ho.c ahv.i-li cngaRetl, wmih) tndicalc very careful considevatimt hy itulu.iry nf a program tm inttlrol uf sickness. Stull a pnerdure protect* the employer from eiie.ieing an applicant already physically ur mentally impaired who later may . laim di.it ;tfi for a comlitiiai either nut associated with cmplnyinnil or cmitraeted dtniu* a pn vinos ctuphiemrtil. The .ipplicinTs pliviical and ineulal Condition is cslahli.hed and hy keejHng record nf his sultsei|tH'"t illiK`es and larciilcul., (lit: rpiv.lioii of re' sponsilulity for injuries ami lickucss need never arise. The applicant is protected from engaging in uork for which he is pin oV.ith ill adapted wliich. if undertaken, might easily l>ritt= almut serious iuipairmeiil i t Itis health. For example, an applicant with an ancstcd tulicrcnlosii U d work in a certain dusty occupation, if allowed to engage in such work might ri'.ofil> enneert an inactive tuberculosis into ait active one; thereby ciukuigeritig lit*- "i at least urionsly impairing the applicant's future efficiency ami earning rapa. in Whereas (lie same applicant if assigned to a position that involves no null ex posurc, might be expected tu eonliime for years a* a it.cftd and prialurtiic work Mian. Tltc examinatiiHi of applicants for rmplovnKnt likewise proleets those that art already employed from tltc risk* of emnmiiuieahlc diseases *tti;li a* tula ri iito.i. and various acute respiratvtry and other infections Itcing inlrmlueed inln llwir mid.i hy a new applicant. Many of the younger individuals who seek cmphvymenl have never before re cciectl a tliitrnvigh physical examination and con*e>|ueully are unaware o! d,,. de feet* from vvht'ch they suffer. As a result of physical cxamiualioit.. in.iu'- t|, (ei l arc loeatcd which may he rcnmvc'l or rorrvrtcil Iwiore they have e;ut.nl ir epaiald. damage, tlwrehy merei'iog the efficiency of tlie worker and 'ifieu avutiog d< tioil' ami finally chronic tlixealo. Furllierionrc. incipivitt lulK-reiihoi.. uu.ii.pi' id ill- eases of the Ivcart. kidneys, and a h".t of other discaset of a similar ml ar. disrmcrrd and llte ippliiaol referred lor proper toedic.il sure aod (realmsn'. w h'is I otherwi.e might have Men iioxlpoovd until tm late. 01 even more iinportanei' (lent the initial |iliy.ie:il cv.'oniii.ilim of appMani. i (hr ps-rimlie exaiin'iiafinit and care uf old employees hy an imhi.lry. Sin h a pro cednre serves to cheek tin1 cllieieiiey of preienliee mea.io . ih-.leu. d to p, ,.,, ,, occupational disease*. It offers the must effective way of rouirolling the health m 30 Tivaity-third Annual Safety Caayress--National Safety Council large groups of workers hy discovering early riot only occupational diseases, but ninny other conditions llml go undiscovered until the worker is acutely ill or Ivcenmes disabled. Tf llte various nnitngiuus rnndilions go unrecognized olhcrs Ik* enure iniectctl, thcrclry causing serious economic loss, as well as endangering the health of a group of individuals. The information obtained front physical examinations affords the medical super visor the opportunity to make certain that employees arc engaged in initahle work out of which they arc yettin? maximum results, tn correct the effects of undue ex posure to harmful environmental conditions, and generally to lessen all occupa tional hazards. As a public health measure, it is impossible to over .estimate the value of periodic examinations in establishing interest in sickness prevention. Tire set-up of a proper program for medical control of workers exposed to dust depends ujron the iiunilKT of employees involved and individual plant conditions. A series of articles under the title of "The Medical Department Manual" by Dr. Hart ff. Fisher, appearing in current munhers of '`frwbistri.il Medicine." gives a com prehensive aerrtrim of the organization and operation of .1 medical department. 1. The establishment of a medical department with adequate facilities and med ical personnel who have qualified in the field of industrial medicine. A process analysis of all o|tcrations in the plant should Ik made and tire mediral supervisor should list all possible health hazards and familiarize himself with their physio logical cfTccts. Tf necessary, lie should conduct research studies to determine the harmful effects of new substances introduced into plant processes about which little is known, fit cooperation with other departments, he should investigate the extent of the hazards ami devise measures of control. 2. The routine examination of all applicants for employment. The procedure should include a detailed history of the applicant's previous illnesses and accidents classified under fa) diseases of childhood, ft*} general infectious diseases, fe) respiratory diseases, fill venereal diseases, and fc> accidents ami restrlting physical defects. A drtailed history of previous occupations engaged in is very important. A mere statement of the tyi of industry-hi wln'rlt the applicant was engaged has slight value, if any. Thr exact duties performed in earh Kcupation should Ik notcil and inforuiatinu ascertained as to the preamble lengllt *f cximsurc to hazard ous substances, After the history has l>ccn taken ami .1 photograph fur identifica tion puriwjscs fit |iart of ruulinci is made, the applicant should lx* directed to the examining room where lie is instructed to remove his clothing for physical exam ination. Tin's examination should Ik made as rnuiplele as is considered necessary to determine the applicant's physical condition. If tlic applicant lias been nr wiU Ik exposed to dusts which induce long dis eases. an X-ray picture of llte chest is an important part of the. examination. This part of the examination may he referred to an experienced roomgenetogist. as the- value of this met Itot I of diagnosis depends njtott the tyie nf pictures taken and the experience of the reader who interprets them. 1*lie examining physician also may need additional information obtained by laltoratory aualv--. nf' the blond, snnttmi. anrl tlic urine. These aids to diagnosis should Ik provided .<r made avail able whert desirable. .1. The rating and placement of applicants. In cooperation with the personnel department, the applicant should Ik rated anti placed, nd only hi bis training and past experiences, but also no bis physical anrl mental abilities to fill vaennrics occur ring from time to time. Tfic reenrd of fit's physical mid mental examination should lie the confidential properly of the mctlical dqiartment. 4. Periodical physical examinations. The frequency of periodical examinations necessarily must depend upon individual circumstances according tn die need for such examinations as determined bv the supervising phvsieiaii. U'lwrc physical examinations arc made for the first time, the employees of long standing should Ik givm amide explanation if the lieitefils of such examinations ami lv given assur ances that their jolts are secure. a. Provision for (lip disabled. Fjnplnvecs who develop disabilities rfttring the eotirsc of employmrnt sbc.idd Ik rc-assicncd to oeenpaliotts which will not interfere with or aggravate tlic disability, nr they should ! c provided for in other ways. .tntnuRXMPjrr T-'Ctilythird .In iiunt Safety Congress--National Safety Council The Dust Hazards in Industry By DR. K. R. SAYERS Medical Officer in Charge, Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation, United Stales I'uhlic Health Service, Washington, D. C. Ilie '|x her i i I in pan; U< ali/iug IIn- iinporlauvc nl the dint priJdcm in I'try, lli I'nitnl Staten 1'iildiv lleallli Service in inn)>eralMl uilli ilk* I'lirvail tiiiiri If i'.iii its first >1 mly of the luullli i[ w.'iker* in dmly tr.iiies in l `` 14, die niine nf J<i|,liii* lliiuKvi; ami lain, in l`lj.l. tin* I'ldilie fb-allh Sirrict' -gm.ilnl L Milo nf dint >lihlu->. These laier studies were all eiimliicted ill the n- iii.iiiiii i in order In jhiiiiii as del.iiled a emtiiMrisiui as |os>ihlv Klwivu ilk' ivnl iiiivvligaliou-i. UrUlly, llwwi until.aK ( stud} may Ik' dieiiled as fnllnivs: (I) cxaiidlialinu In riiiine the gnnral physical condition nf Ihe workers himhr nlifcrvatimi; (2) i.il physical es.imiiMlimi |n deleliniiie the |irevaleik`c nf |ievific diseases nf the .ir.ilnry system and the lung I'.uIII .liigv resulting frnni eNl*i>tire In Ilie Jiarlieular I Isi/ard; <J| rvv.ird III the nature anil severity nf Ilk* disaldtug illnesses; (4) l>sii and ik tailed study ni the occupational viiviroiuminl; (5) occupational l.ilil) siatisiiiS relating to the specific dust; and (6) autopsies. Die first >is imeiisive investigaitons carried unt lie die Service dealt with the lih nl unrl.ers i\1"*mi| in dusts in a vvineitt plant, granite culling industry, raeile and t>iftiniitiwiis dial mining, silverware mamrfaclisrijlg plan!, eidtnn elnlli miai luring, ami ill municipal street sweeping. Itricf slikliei were taler cumlucled nf lain slate, granite, marhle yml talc ipcirrios, while more recently a rather .nsive study ui die lieallh id anlliracile dial miners was completed. ` t hese sis dust studies showed that tile workers in the granite culling plants iier,- ,\|.sid In ilie highest iliist (oncoilrations were found to suffer from an ns >! pulmonary tubrrcidnsi* alter 15 years or more of exposure and developed usis Innn 2 to 111 years. lu the group extused to a lesser amount of dust, nsis developed wily after prolonged exposure, with no excess of Ittltcrculiisis. i;is fnuiid lli?' a dose relationship existed between the degree of dust exposure the extent and severity of the pidnninary damage. Anthracite coal miners i ml Inaii it\ipnia-a and other signs <d pnviiinocouiosi* and cx|ierieiiecd a high id respirapiry sickness; in addition, an excessive mortality from influenza* nttouia ami possildy luberridosi* was found. Bituminous coal miners experid a gem rallied fibrosis nl the lungs anil an excess mortality from influenza pneumonia, Cement worker! showed some signs cd early imcninncoiiiusis with ixeess of diseases of the up|icr respiratory tract. On die other baud, workers >c tui.m clntli ami silverware mantnaeluring plants and municipal street sweepers : negative fur respiratory conditions and oilier illnesses wlren compared with general industrial population. 'otk tJi iltiiifi. For five years, tire United States Bureau of Mines studied lead zinc miners in the Trr-Siale District. Oklahoma. 'J'be ore here it high in free v 01 the 7.722 men examined, a group of 1,647. or 21.3 |ir cent, was definitely nosed as having silicosis, nut iucluiliiiz those diagnosed as liaviug tuberculosis, the men di.iguintd as having first-stage silicosis had worked an average of niii!. 'ni ihose men starting in the mines after 40 years of age worked an .igc ni'iady d year*. i hr wo. k oi rixk drilling in subway and tunnel doustruclion in Kew 3 ork ii in |. I.H re(|Kcii similar lo that of mine id the activities in the lord rock at I. a.i mi ,u lar as die ncaiiuei in silmli iln>l js cioticd, llw type of *.4 it- iiitihanr haistil ficetoily die icvult uf a study oi ruck ilrillers, ii ...J i.iai.Mi mas rrpii.J L> ilie New Vmk Tulmculosis and lieallh a 'iimii \i| i \ain<iiaissi bJ Jt(t nek drillers, lajaiiirt and excavators showed I IK. ur a? ler iiii! of the imn had silicusit in sirious stages nl progression, evi-unre ,,| IIM,,i u| these men (75 i*cr cent) had hern for 20 years or more. 'itui/fiaJ-/ini/. Xo study rif the health (>f samllibslcrs lias liren reported in lire ed Stares; hosveief. a study of lire dii-t cxpo-airc of sanilb/axlezi nas recently .deled by the United Slates Public Health Service in coo|k*ratioii with the Quarry Serfion J51 National Salcly Council. This inrcsiigaliou indicated that, judged by the nature of lire dust and degree of the e.\*|io.nire, a real hazard exists in this occupation, This study also Itrough! mil tlie (art that it is jmssihle to conduct sandblasting uilli safety, pruvbled pro|H.rly ik-signed and netI maintained eipiipiiKiil is used. Itiul-mi,i,vimj Siliru H'urbrrt. Must f Ilie data on silicosis have been gathered from studies made Imlb ill industry anil expelimctil.dly nil dusts containing free silica in tin* form nl ipuilz. Sm.lt studies liavv Ii ii made in ilie granite iwliniiy, Iml lire trades, hard n<k ilrillini;. etr. 'Ilnre arc oilier free silica minerals in i-xhtciuv dial are ihiI er>sl.illim in nature Inil nf an aiis.iI-Iii.us euin|msiii.Hi. In Santa Uarlcira t mnHy. I'aliinioi.t. llmr i \i .|* the largest awl ptiicsi ili.iiniiia.-ei.in iliia ik'imsii ill the world. This siibstamr i nii'i .ts nf almiil Xa jht iitl her siliia. f\ii 11ilIi1 an rsamiiupintl was netik' nf IhX unrkiTs seiceleil aiontig fIt,ne einpkiyeil Ins, lleiii I >ear, I In 2 years, 2 In 5 years, and nmre ili.m $ pari. All nf the wnilifrs were Me.111.Ill lalmrers and Ike exaininali-ms eiaisisted ni n ra) diiirmiieiliniis, snekd ami nHitieal bislnrivs, and iliojeal ev.iiniii.ilPan i,f die ilmh. I tint ik lermituipn* w ere aUn niade bill iIk-m* were IhiI rejMiileil. The nnlstandiilg (ealni'e revealen he ilk- evaiiiiualinii was llw splendid physical inodilinii of ihe men. l-aglily-fiHir per rent nf the wnrkrrs were rcpnrtvil in rxcdleni physical eisnlition. It was found id) iikil slmwed signs of carle poeiiulneniiinsis: 15 uere in the moderately aih.iiieed stage and fi ill the advamed stage. This latter finding was among workers with a history of exposure ni more than 5 years, t>iul Hasan! in ike Cinnilr tjimrry liuliiilry. it is a Common belief dial grauile ipiarrying is mil so dangerous :ui industry as granite* culling in enclosed shells; ipiarrj* work is ibmv outdoors and hvnt*.' may Wot t< allriklid with very much dust . exp.sure. However, certain iprarrv opcral i.m, rcvpiire the use of pntiiiiulk pints, which are usually associated with the Inrinatinu of eousidvralile ipiaiititics of dust. It was thought that a study nuidg in a representative granite i\iarry might vast some light mi nor |irnhlcm. Aeiivdingly. a sIIhIv oi a elinicoriidiograiiliie nature* id fil ipiarricrs teas inaile ami occupational iU,,i exp.i.iires were also olitaiived. The dost dctcrimnatiniis show licit nearly dti |xr cenl.ol the workers (drillers) were cx|iost-d to many times the aninimi of deist c(n>sidereil sale at die present lime: Drillers were the only persons showing iiathuhigie lung changes. Half rd these workers with an cximsurc of 5 lo 19 years had silicosis, and 4 uf the 5 men with more Ilian 2ft years nf such trade life showed this condition. This study suggests that igiarry drillers tigiy e.V|k*riece as high a ikatli rale from pulmonary hilk-rciilnsis as d>> piieiimalie-tmd Workers in granite cutting shrill. /:/(i\l iif JuJiiih-if MarUf Dull, The imhitonary lihri.de rhauges due ( die inhalation of marble dust appear In fse slight in Comparison with those caused hr stone dust conlaiiiing a high percentage of silica in the fririii of ipurlx. A recent study made by us among marble workers showcil that atthongIt marlde dint, when inhaled in cooccnlraliuiit averaging atmul 25 million particles per ctibie f.ii of air, produced a mild bilateral, linear fdirusis in a certain mimlier oi the SO mm examined, no serimis lung changes were noted anil there was no disability due In the dust, even niter many years of ex|Mt>ure t more I ban 40 year, in Muni* cases V The marble dust under crmsiikrai ion consisted id `Id per cent i-alcite and 2 |nr rent dolriiiite. with no silica present. Dust Itucard in .1 finwTr ludutlry. Artificial abrasives arc widely used in iitihotry ami for this reason Ihe efTcci of Ihe inhalation of dusts produced in the inaimiaciiirc or prr|iaration nf tlu.se prodiuts is of great importance. In 1025. lWf and again in 1031, Dr. Clark of the Norton Company at Worcester. .Mass.! made investigations of workers cx|Misnl In aluminium oxide and silicon carbide dint produced in tlie in.umfarlure of grinding wheels, which slmwed that during a luriml uf 13 years there were proportionately twice as many cams of imhniHiarv mlwrciilosii anMMig lliose working in the alira>ive dud departmcols as in deiiarmienls ulurc* uu abrasive dint iiecurrcd. In l'J.51. Kv*der. ui New Jersey, rrimrtcil the iKiiirreiWe ni over loft cases of alleged silicmis in the abrasive powder imhotry. in nliieli iIil* ilttst eonsixlrd of 99 jut mil free silica. li.rr.iUr,- hi Silicate lhiil. It has Ikcii the Mid that the inhalation of duM> Composed Id silivalvs fcnmbiueil silica), in tomparison with silica (free silica in llu* iorin .2 tiiiarlz). was innocuons. Of recent years many invesligaton Imr Ix.uinc cognizant of dig liuzards oi silicate dust eX|k>surv. Aslk'ilnsis, a fibrosis ;.ij j'uYHi y-ihiril .lnntitil Saji'ly ( miijn ss--.ViiiwiuilSitftiy i iinuai l iltc In u;i caused by the inlialalion oi asbestos dust, has already been descrilwd .III in i;i clinical anil r(wmi:innernohic manifestations liy imislipalurs in Ollier . iinlrin. Iml date no studies bate liceii rc|nirlcd in the United Stales. Cement 'ml. n lilt i contains about 22 |ier cent combined silica, has been studied, and the ilitI* nf tin- .niti l.ili.m by workers has Iwvitdiscussed, here. In March. I9.1J, n lev-en. of the United Slalei Public Heallli Service, reported ilic result* of a itulv completed amoup ireiiHilile talc and slate worker*. The stale dust to which brse uorl.er*were vx|Ki*rd e.msiMed mainly u( silicates, there being less than per n ni id quartz in the <imb The talc was a hydrous calcium-maKiwsiuni silicate' title 4a |Kr cent laic and 45 |ier cent Ircmnlile, with no quartz present. The .-nit* lI Ik- stinly seeiiK'd to indicate a relationship lietiecrn the amount ol dust dialed ami lb. ellcct id lhis dust on the liuip* oj workers. - w.Ill 111, Stmliiu. Kivenily. 1 aiua and Vane cMimalcd lint there are sonie lil.UMI uorhir- eiien|sed in the mining, ipuirrying and mamifutliiriiu; industries l this fovmtry in vehieli an exposure In silica dust ti> a liarmlul degree is ennlid. Tlnir analysis [ mortality eX|H-riencc id twelve life insurance Cnmicuiies .r tin- |nriia| I'M,vI'l.Vi >)hiuiiI that die actual mortality from respiratory lulw-rn|..-is aiming Ilie silica e\|io'iil i-crons was alHint three tiim* that of a noiilita dti.-l er>-ii|>. il' one eoiisiikr. their data for certain occiiieilH.iis in metal lines and granite and sandstone ipeirrics. laviipalions Lumen In lie exposed In .eli r. me...I ral h sis of ha/.mlmis dusts, thru (lie CMliliiarison is inure si rtk ing. since ii atltial dt.iilis among these workers was found In l#e leu limes llwl of llw e\itled deailis. More detailed Maiislics on occupational ntnrjalily as reported hy the i ai'lrar-f ieiiera) of line land and Wales f 1921-1*12.1). and iimniiarued by lirillen. |H|| die Idyll rate id J.Wln |n-r HSl.llV) for tin amt copper miners, while the rale r "all occupied anil mired malrs" was only ISO. Ollier Occupations with silica \|io.,ure show til an excess. I'iiiiii (lie ceiilence just presented concerning the injurious rlfects proiluced by it miinl.iiii.ii of rerlain dusts, il f* apparent that a knowledge of the properties i a ei'tn dud width delcrinifie its rapacity lo produce pulmonary pathology it -niiid. NiniKriuts investigations of the industrial dust prohlein indicate that e-e |irii|nilies arc the chemical and iniiitraliccicnl comimsition of the dust, its munlralhui in die iiulu-lrial aniiosplicre, ami its particle size. In an earlier 1-onion of lhis iliecnssimi eriilcucc was presented which indicated at a close relation existed lielivven morbidity and mortality rale* frnm various ipiratory diseases and the iNjRiMirc to certain dusts in induslry. In the study the dost liazard in ihc granite culling industry, it was definitely proved that . re is a ilircil relation bclwtrii I be iiia.CniluHc of the dust exjmsure and sickness nl death rismhiiip from IuIh reulnsis. It is quite eviiknt, as a result of these lilies, iliai the remedy of ihc this! evil lies in the effective removal nr suppression die dust to concentration considered safe. However, no set rides may he establied for ihe iiiovhaiucal protection In lie insliiulcd in an attempt lo control imlitsil ihi-l. specific cmulilimis encoiiniereil in a plant will determine the ty|ie of 'lerlinn In |.c eui|doyc-d. Tin- protection of workers against -rerlain dusts known to lie toxic may at nrs lit 'ittumplishcd by the siilci notion ol a non-toxic material fur the toxic out. ic rxa. ipk* ol such a procedure is die imssible use of a. metallic nr other type ariilir at a lirasi ec for sand in ihe sandblasting process in those operations in iich il s nut essential lo use sand, a nltance high in quartz content. Again. .- nmlu lira) cncliitiire of the dust-creating process also serves to protect ihr rkcr. in cxi'i'llviit illuslraiion of lhis type of protection is alTuninl hy Ihe -k ru la.ulblasi barrel used in the .leaning of small olijects. Snmvlimcs i| is -`d ie to pr.iirvl the worker hy the iiihsiiiuliiHt of wcl (or dry priwriscs, as vvcl dliuif iusiea.l of dry. In uie inMancc. in ihc Rranitc cuttini; slndy, prcviirtisly niimiid. an o|>eralur mine a diamond ipdnl tool worked ilic stone' wet; the nliniv! ilii'i amounted to 22 million part ides |er cubic fool. The same operator is linn I..|iii-Icd l work the stone dry; as a result, the amount of dust reached bi-Ji figure oi 45 million jiarlick-s |ar euliic foot, fit the weaeinj; <>f aslKslos di it has lum |M>ssihlc to redurc the amounl of duct in the air hy wet ivcavi'iis! ni -i.iiirili of tlie anioiint present ulnit the process is conduclcd by dry iih-iIuhIs.. other rxaiuplr nf this procedure in allaying dust is the use of a spray of water f hi,Ifry .iiiliiih in tcynv-r ami jaeli-lianunrr drilliim in liard risk, alilnniph the miv type n| Kelly dust trap is now hialim> much favor fur this kind nf work. The Kelly trap natsists nf a metal rhnmlier di'sinned to nrclnsc the drill steel at tlie ruck surface. No alleuipl is ntaile to sivnre a iiKcliauital seal with the rock or iKlwesst the trap amt the drill steel. The dust is removed h>- an ad stream ami is tamed iulu an e.sbaiist system sauimxlrd lo the trap, l-'.wapc iliisl |Cirlidis throitpli ofivaiiniis IslMttM tin- mieveit risk siiiiaces au.f the trap is prevented lay tlie air seal prislm'ixl lie the iullowiuK air. Tests made on Pa irjp under actual uorkitiK conditions show that tin- dust contculraliou at tlie Worker's hrralliint; nine may lie kepi down In less than It) milliiui |iar tides |n;r cubic foot with a Ml culiic font jn-r mimile rate o! air llmv thriuipli the lnal. I liitrap it a step Cnrwjiid its tlie prof cam ilu-t removal; Intweecr. in luultrerniMid work, such as in iniut-x and siitnvavs. lln-ri- is still ills- need to solve lie piobl.'iu ol cinu|iacl dim ilisimsal ei|ui|iiliilil. lu certain cases, null as in tlw s.aiUdsliu)t of larjse casliiiRi in saillilat rooms live pratt it.liysafeguard in tlie vrorkvf is In provide him with a mask or helmet of the isisiliv't air pressure type. In Ihe sandblast inie-lif;ali..n previiunly iikiiI lotted, il w.ls f.iiiMil that wluat If.un 5 In 6 culiic feet ni practically dust-free air t>er minute are supplied lo the Iwlns.l. the worker receives ideal protevlion, Ifnivevtr. iuie must always Itear in itiiud that the nltimale criterion nf protection should tie die iliisti.ilcierniinathui of ilw air within the IivIuk-i dm inn bbistint: and iu.i tlie ipiaulily of ilic air supply ilsell. In most ilnsly inoctsses. Ikjwcvvt. tlu* most eOevtive means oi dint elimination are by tlie use of properly ilesipue-ti exhaust' veiitilaliiai systems, Siuee in man? iustaiK'es il is difficult, costly, and at time, an unnecessary procedure In remove all the ilnst in Ihe vicinity of a worker, wv need first in ileleriniitf the mininihin aiiHmnt of a certain'ilnst which die wurker van apiiarenlly tolerate with impimilv. Suck iufornialHHi can lie made available by tin.- type of studies carried out by the Public Health Service. Frir example, in Ihe erniiitr study already referred f". it dust at tlie lireuihins level of uIkhu IU million part ivies pyr evibie (.sit 1.15 |H.-r cent free silica). Studies of dust removal devices used in yranitc cultiny plants at the time ibis uork was conduclcd showed tlial a linear velocity oi I.5IU feet per minute- a, nu-asurvaf fiy an aneiii.iiiielcr at lfie face of the diist-removaf tuuut. veoidil keep tlie dust al llw lirvathint; level to an aiiHWHit less tlian II) inilliiut partirles |-er cubic ita A wind altvmld lie said cuuccruiivK personal respiratory proteetioit ayauist rliots. It has already Ictii slmun that in tlie use of ikisiiivc pressure re-pirai.ire il.tices in saiHlIilastini!. it is im|<rlant to bare a well-desiuneil lirviee su|>i>lieil nitli abut (1 cubic feet nf dnsl-l'rcc air |icr utinulc to pile' lull prnlctlloJi Ip tlie worker. Willi reference lu respirators oi the filler ty|ie. there is still iimtlt to lie avcomplidtcd in the design id an elTicient and comfortable mask for continuous ii-e. Oi yreat value are stamlartl inrlliods for the le.-tins nl the iTnciencv oi respiratory proletlkni devices. Hiuikcr advocates tivliitjt a iL-iire apain-t the iiarticular ilit.-l which the respirator is In eiK'oimlrr. these tests lo iw made both in the lah..ral..r> aiut under actual industrial conditions. He _ further sii-zRvsteil that some ituparii'.i) api-ncv Vlsmtd cistilitct sturh tests and vertiiy tlie devices ior iu.iiistrial list*, tluwork Iniitp done <at a taisl basis. Tlw U. S. P.iireau oi Mines lias prepared ,-ath a stlmlulc Im testine and appruviug respirators. I wish III stress the importum-c id Rial luit*ckcvpiii|i ill the ellnrt to conilc,l the dust hazard, find lumwkcepinR should not only imply llw remuvul ui accuimikited ilnst alsml a wnrkroont Imt should aim embrace eflicimt inaiult-uancv ilml removal dciices and respiratory protective eiptijnneiit. Syilvm.itic in<|ierli..i: nl all dust suppression equipment should lc an axiomatic principle in every itiisiv industry rather than the casual altefitiou which it now receives in many instances. Report of the Nominating Committee The cliairinan called for llw report oi llw .Vominatinj: Committix- at this |Mijni and new officers lor the sctliiai In serve dunny tlw ensiiinj; year were noiniiuii d and elected as lollows; T IF E N TV- T It f K n A N X U A L S AFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Safety Section, A R A - Steam Railroad Section, NSC Chairman--C. I_ LaFountaikk. Great ^Northern Railway Co.. St. Paul. Minn. First./`rVf-CVrcfinnrtie-- H. A. Parish. Chicago St North Western Railway. Chicago. Stroud Fiec-CUainnan--\V. H. Fan.I N't:. Central Railroad nf New Jersey. Secretary--J. C CAVtSTOX, American Railway Association. New York City. .I cantFete - report nf these sessions is published by the American Railway Association in a booklet entitled, " Proceedinns of the Fourteenth Annual ,\feeling of the Safety Section, Cleveland, Ohio, October 2-4. 10.11." Copies of the booklet are available from the Association nf .Jnterieau Railroads, ;V. I'. C. The follatving is a condensed` record. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 2, 1934 Tlic opening jessinn of the Safety Section. American Railway Association-- Steam Rail mail Section. Rational Saiety Council was called tn urder !>y Ch;.irm..,i I^ilMiimtaiue, Great Northern Railway, 3t. Paul, Minncsora. who presided. The invocation was delivered by L. G. Bentley, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. The report of the Secretary. J. C. Cavistou, New York City, in wliich he outlined briefly the activities of officers and standing committees durincr the last year, wa* rcatl and approved. The Qtairman then presented his annual rqort. Annual Report o the Chairman By C. L. LA FOUNTAINE Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn. The s|icakcr said in part: Let tis go back for a tnometu to the resolution adopted at our annual meeting in 1924, which set a goal calling for reduction. Iwsed on die 1923 record, of 35 i>cr cent in casualties to employees on duty. Class I railroads, by 3S3 Safety Section, A R.1---Steam Railroad Section, iVSC* 395 pacts under traffic. ns more anil more is dcpoitr`d, until eventually llic wheels of a passing train are lifted tip and over the rail, Highway repairmen operating road* scrajicrs are sometimes careless or ignorant of these dangers. Track foremen should make it their dirty to advise all such t*TSons of the possible consequences of this dangerous practice. >in far very little has l>ccn said ahmit inspection*. ft is, however, hy regular and careful track inspections that incipient rlancerj may best Ik found and cor* reeled. The trackmen, the foremen and the supervisors should train most earefuJIy the men upon whom they are to rely. With sections rapid) v l*emiuug longer and longer, it is not always possihlc for the foreman to sn|ervise his gang and also patrol his track. The track inspector therefore _ Incomes the first line of defense. He must he able to think clearly and rapidly in whatever emergency may arise, always rcmcmficrinR that the safety of the train service rests in his hands. Moreover, the foreman himseli must he ready at all times of high wind, heavy rain, or any unusual weather conditions to patrol his track, and to him is given the power to preserve the lives of passengers and trainmen, and to him is given the privilege of speeding up the wings of transportation. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3, 1934 Report o Committee on Prevention of Highway Crossing Accidents By H. A. ROWE Manager, Claims Department, Delaware. Lackawanna and Western Railroad, New York City The speaker said in part: The report of this committee for the year 1933 again shots s a slight reduction in the nnniltcr of accidents and fatalities at railroad highway crossings and a substantial reduction in the nttmljcr of injuries lor the fifth cnnsceutivc year since the year 192SL The rcenrd is as follows: Year Accidents 1928.......................................... 3.WM 1933.......................................... 3.235 Fatalities 2.548 1.511 Injuries 4.447 3.497 Reduction....................... 2.565 (44%) \.0$7 (41%) 2.970 (44`,i) Casualties during the lour months June. July, August and September in the Careful Crossing Campaign, compared with the same period. 192S to 1933, inclusive, were as follows: Year Accidents Fatalities Injuries 1928 ...................................... I.7W 1929 ...................................... 1.827 1930 ...................................... 1-171 85B 749 WO 2.092 '140 1.505 1931 ...................................... 1.103 490 1.194 19J2........................................ 899 432 1.022 1933 ........................................ 990 491 1.124 It will he noted that automobile rcgistratimi in 1933 was 23.827.290, ami repre sents an increase of 1.4 per cent over the preceding year: this is quite comparable with the mmiher m' automobiles registered in the peak year "f crossing accident casualties. Gasoline cnusiimption. which is a fair harometer of atitnmnhilu use. was 14,025,- 542.000 gallons during the year 1933; which is ail increase of-a trillc less than 2 per cent over the preceding year. The increasing two of smaller cars witlt greater mileage per gallon of gasoline, indicates that the traffic over and across railroad tracks was fully equal to that of 1932. Safety be vl inn, .IRA--Suvut Nailrmtd bed inn, A\YC* 389 which one is to train another. hi safety.- it is knowledge of safe practice*. These are shown hv the causes t accidents am) he juh analysis. IVhcu sate practices arc reduced in writing they are usually caJJeil rules, ur at least they arc etpnvaktit to rule?. Therefore, it all *afe practices in any necnpau'nn were reduced i rules amt tf complete nlmdtertce to such rules were secured, it would insure complete immunity from accidents from man failure. This mean* that the first step in safety is to |x-nvidc adequate rules; the second step is for local oillecrs and Mij-crvistir* (the teachers! to knmv ami understand the rules; awl the third step is to see that ihc employees know, understand and obey lire rules. In cuttMinaitce with llicse nh- scrvarious, the following items arc presented for tire consideration of the .Safety Section as some of the csscittial dements in an effective safety program; 1. A comprehensive set of safety rules ontlmmg the safe ways t working. 2. A practical, working understanding <>f the rules or safe practices by ail local officers, supervisors and employees, to be assured by suitable examinations, 3. Invariable obedience to all rules, violations not resulting in accident* repre sentin'* the same degree ot culpability as when accidents do result from such violations. 4- Definite and not perfunctory observations hy local officers awl supervisors to detect violations of safety rules and formal report of violation* detected as a requirement of manaccment. 5- Formal disciplinary action on proven violations, with entry on discipline record covering every ease. .* fi, A monthly and cumulative record of the violation* of rule* or unsafe prac tices detected hy each local officer and supervisor, and a monthly summary hy departments for divisions ami system. 7. AM accidents, regardless of how trivial, shall lie reported and invciticnted promptly to determine ransc, rcs|tonsihilty awl disciplinary action to be taken where responsibility is shown. & ,,.Invertical ion shotihl invariably develop an answer to these two qncstimi*: fa'I .T\v;H*cddnt clttc to the violations of a rule? (h) If uH, should a rttlc he provided ? TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 2. 1934 The "Green Book" By LEW R. PALMER Secretary, Committee of Award, Railroad Employees* National Safety Contest and Conservation Engineer, Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York City The speaker said in part: Tin* year 10.1.1 ended the ten year perimt .f the Railroad Employees' National Safety fomest as set up by the National Safety Council and recorded in the respective issues of the "Green Hook." A constant study of railroad safety contest records during a period of ten year* Ins established what I believe to lie a fundamental fact: tint it is necessary to break down cmr vntirc Class I railroad estn*ure into a stilVicicm number of compvtim; groups so that there wilt not lw ton wide a variation l>ctwcen the man-hour cxj>osure of the largest group contender as compared with tlic man-hours of the smaller contender* in the same group; otherwise, the larger unit, whit it more utiif**rni casualty rate, will he Itatulteapped !y the more. widely fluctuating rates of the smaller contenders: for it is generally reeegniaeti that tinder normal conditions the greater the man-hour exposure tin more uniform the casualty rates arc year hy year. For that rrasou, the revised plan suggested ior die 1934 Railroad Employer*' National Saicty Contest includes six group* tor standard Qass I railroads and two groups for switching and terminal roads, it Itcing a matter of record in connection with switching and terminal roads- that a great deal more interest has been dcvelojwd In our annua; contest since these road* were given what tvas considered a fighting chance for ccupctitive honors. ,,Sit/V/3* SccUon, ,-f tY.-f--.Yfptim Katlrnud Si'il ion, AVi'C -103 in this safety movement. Cut l'now reatin:. wliat it-means to me, ami you can rest assured that never .igam will l do tlat kind of work without my guggles on." That is some more superviMoin Koticc the rwult*. Don't think tor a mumcnt that am deprecating punishment lor mm-enforcement of rules. Safety rules should lie adopted ami they should he rigidly enforced hy whatever method* are necessary 10 cause- the employee to comply with tliem. iSut enforcement is only a part of supervision. Here is some more supervision that brought good results. On the Wabash Uaiiway this year we laid oO miles of new ilO-pouud steel \Vc luul a yang of 115 or IJO section men engaged in that work. About the time they started this work we happened to have a division safety meeting within four or five miles oi where this camp was. The supervisor, a Mr, Watkins fay name, loaded his fellows up and brought them in to the safety meeting. I was there and I told them just how to do tlieir- iob without anybody getting hurt Alut three months later, they completed that job, and not a single man had been injured. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 3, 1934 Interesting Employees in Looking After Their Own Safety By J. CLYDE MIXON Chief Clerk to General Superintendent, Northern Division, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company, Savannah, Ga. The speaker said m part: One oi our South Carolina philosophers. Huh yuiltau, once said: "If we would |iray more often fur common sense, we would not hare to pray (or rain." lixpand time tluiuglit for yourselves. Safety ti common sense in action. "ImereMiiig employees in looking after their own safety" is hut another way of saying. "Sell the idea of safety to your men." Henire one can sell anything to someone else mic must sell oneself. You may lie sure that jn a section where there is a pour safety record it is primarily the result of the indifference of a >ii|*ervisory officer, or the result of his nubility to sell the idea to his men and keep them sold on it. We must keep everlastingly at this proposition of safety. A wise man who Jived in the Orient mice said"Nothing is ever definitely finished among men. for men tlnng stop* only to fieutn .main." We can put that down as a law of nature. It ha* liven said that "eternal vigilance is -the price of safety", aiul that is unite true. We must constantly drive home the doctrine oi safety mindvdticss. If the supervisor is indifferent, there isn't anything to do about it but "decapitate" him. and the sooner the I'dter. because it is an indication not only of narruwnos but of his umvortiuness to be a leader of men and a rqircscntative of enlightened management. It should not be difficult to get men interested in looking after their own safety. Tlie first law of nature, the law of the jungle, the law oi sell-preservation, is or should he invoked hy every worker, tt requires some time, however, for men to be sold on this idea--that they must look after themselves. There is also, of course, the appeal to a man's higher nature, the duty he'owe* to his family, then to his itlhov workers and the politic whom lie serves. But I svant to approach this subject largely from the angle "f responsibility ami the opportunity of the supervising officer. U thrills me sometimes when I think of the opportunities the supervising nlficers--the foreman, the master mechanic. the trainmaster, the superintendent--have if they exert themselves as tlie leaders of the men working under their supervision. What an opportunity this man has to accom-